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Merkuriusz Nr. 5/2020 M E R K U R I U S Z 5/2020 (rocz. XV) Jak Polacy odzyskali Ojczyznę Wydarzenia w Polsce – maj 1920 • 1 maja 1920 – Wobec rozbicia przez polskie natarcie sowieckiej 12. Armii dowództwo Frontu Południowo – Zachodniego podj ęło decyzj ę o rezygnacji z obrony Kijowa i wycofafiu reszty wojsk sowieckich za Dniepr. • 2 maja 1920 – Od pocz ątku ofensywy na Kijów Polacy wzi ęli do niewoli 25 tys. je ńców. W Moskwie bolszewicy powołali Rad ę Rzeczoznawców Wojskowych (z generałem A. Brusiłowem na czele) zło żon ą z wy ższych dowódców dawnej carskiej armii. Bolszewicy, podobnie jak we wcze śniejszej odezwie KC WKP(b) z 29 kwietnia, starali si ę zaapelowa ć w ten sposób do rosyjskich uczu ć narodowych, pragn ąc je zmobilizowa ć do powszechnej walki z Polakami. • 3 maja 1920 – W Warszawie obradowała 1 Konferencja Komunistycznej Partii Robotniczej Polski, która pot ępiła wypraw ę wojsk polskich na Ukrain ę, a tak że przaj ęła m. in. postulat utworzenia polskiej republiki sowieckiej. • 5 maja 1920 – W rozmowie z gen. Antonim Listowskim, przy okazji narady sztabowej w Berdyczowie, Piłsudski przedstawił swoj ą ocen ę sytuacji na froncie, a tak że generalne zało żenia całej operacji. Siły sowieckie na Ukrainie nie zostały całkowicie rozbite, ale w du żej cz ęś ci zdołały si ę cofn ąć za Dniepr i na południe. Niepokoj ąca była kwestia odsłoni ętej południowej flanki. Piłsudski stwierdził, że polska armia nie b ędzie mogła ruszy ć do Morza Czarnego: „i ść w t ą przestrze ń bvezbrze żną, a ż do morza! – niebezpiczne i niepo żą dane ...”. Wojsko Polskie miało umocni ć wi ęc swe pozycje wokół Kijowa i czeka ć na powrót głównych sił sowieckiego Frontu Południowo – Zachodniego, by zada ć im decyduj ący cios. • 7 maja 1920 – Sejm uchwalił ustaw ę o likwidacji serwitutów na terenie b. Królestwa Polskiego. Ogólnorosyjski Centralny Komitet Wykonawczy Sowietów wydał odezw ę wzywaj ącą polskich robotników, chłopów i żołnierzy do obalenia pa ństwa polskiego i utworzenia Polski „robotniczo – chłopskiej”. • 7 – 8 maja 1920 – Jednostki 3. Armii dowodzonej przez gen. Rydza – Śmig ůego wkroczyły do Kijowa, przenosz ąc ofensyw ę na lewy brzeg Dniepru. W mie ście rozpocz ął działalno ść rz ąd Ukrai ńskiej Republiki Ludowej Symona Petlury oraz stan ęła garnizonem ukrai ńska 6. Dywizja. Po zaj ęciu stolicy Ukrainy natarcie polskiezwróciło si ę w kierunku południowo – wschodnim, dochodz ąc pod Kaniów. 1 • 9 maja 1920 – Zaagitowany przez bolszewików angielski komitet robotniczy „R ęce precz od Rosji” rozpocz ął systematyczny bojkot w portach brytyjskich załadunku sprz ętu wojskowego dla Polski. Na froncie ukrai ńskim Polacy zaj ęli Bracvław i Tulczyn. • 11 maja 1920 – Ogólnorosyjski Centralny Komitet Wykonawczy Sowietów wydał dekret o ”środkach walki z ofensyw ą polsk ą”, wprowadzaj ąc stan wojenny w 24 guberniach europejskiej cz ęś ci RSFRS. • 13 maja 1920 – W Warszawie odbył si ę I Zjazd Zwi ązku Zawodowego Literatów Polskich. Prezesem został Stefan Żeromski, główny propagator i organizator zwi ązku. • 14 maja 1920 – Zgrupowanie sowieckie Frontu Zachodniego (pod dowództwem Michaila N. Tuchaczewskiego) rozpocz ęło – najpierw siłami 15., a nast ępnie 16. Armii – od dawna przygotowywan ą ofensyw ę na litewsko – białoruskim odcinku wojny polsko – bolszewickiej. Przeciw polskim armiom (4. – pod dowództwem gen. S. Szeptyckiego i 1. – pod dowództwem gen. Stefana Majewskiego, ł ącznie ok. 65 tys. żołnierzy) z rejonu Witebsk – Tołoczyn – Orsza rzucono na tym odcinku ok. 80 tys. czerwonoarmistów. Główne walki rozgorzały wokół Borysowa o przepraw ę przez Dźwin ę. • 18 maja 1920 – Przybyły z Ukrainy Naczelnik Pa ństwa J. Piłsudski został uroczy ście przyj ęty w Warszawie, m. in. na uroczystym nabo żeństwie w ko ściele św. Aleksandra, a tak że na specialnym posiedzeniu Sejmu. Marszałek Sejmu Wojciech Tr ąbpczy ński powitał Naczelnego Wodza: „Od czasu Chocimia naród polski takiego tryumfu or ęż a nie prze żywał. Zwyci ęski pochód na Kijów dał narodowi sił ę, wzmocnił wiar ę w woln ą przyszło ść ”. • 21 maja 1920 – Piłsudski przyj ął w Belwederze głównego politycznego antagonist ę – Dmowskiego, który po prawie 5 latach nieobecno ści w Polsce powrócił do kraju. Dmowski postawił swoj ą osob ę do dyspozycji w słu żbie pa ństwu polskiemu. Po spotkaniu Dmowski powiedział o swym rozmówcy: „ To niew ątpliwie wielki człowiek, cho ć nie mogli śmy w niczym uzgodni ć naszych pogl ądów”. Piłsudski natomiast stwierdził o Dmowskim: „To jedyny polityk, z którym warto dyskutowa ć – cho ć ró żnimy si ę zasadniczo w naszych zapatrywaniach co do przyszłości Polski”. • 21 – 22 maja 1920 – Strajk prosowiecko nastawionych kolejarzy czeskich i słowackich w Bratysławie zatrzymał transporty amunicji dla Polski. • 22 – 26 maja 1920 – 4. Armia gen. S Szeptyckiego odrzuciła nacieraj ące na froncie białoruskim oddziały sowieckie za Berezyn ę, nie odzyskawszy jednak przedmo ścia na jej wschodnim brzegu w Borysowie. • 25 maja 1920 – Siły sowieckie na froncie ukrai ńskim wzmocniła skoncentrowana w rejonie Humania 1. Armia Konna Siemiona Budionnego (w sile ok. 16 tys. szabli), co pozwoliło Armii Czerwonej na odzyskanie inicjatywy strategicznej na Ukrainie. • 27 maja 1920 – Armia Czerwona rozpocz ęła kontrofensyw ę na Ukrainie. Obok jednostek 12. i 14. Armii rol ę siły uderzeniowej miała odegra ć 1. Armia Konna, która po przełamaniu frontu polskieho miała wyj ść na tyły 3. Armii gen. Rydza – Śmigłego i 6. Armii gen. Iwaszkiewicza, d ążą c do ich zniszczenia. Wg publikacji Andrzeja Nowaka - Władysław Adamiec ♣♦♥ ♠ Strajk dzieci z Wrze śni - Od samego rana mo żna było w śród dzieci zauwa żyć dziwne podniecenie (…). Nie umówili śmy si ę wcze śniej, że nie b ędziemy odpowiada ć na pytania zadane po niemiecku. Czuli śmy, że wszyscy post ąpi ą tak samo – wspominała na antenie Polskiego Radia uczestniczka strajku. 2 Uczestnicy strajku dzieci wrzesi ńskich, u góry po środku Bronisława Śmidowicz, źr. Wikimedia Commons/dp 20 maja 1901 roku dzieci ze szkoły we Wrze śni rozpocz ęły strajk. Uczniowie sprzeciwiali si ę brutalnej germanizacji, a przede wszystkim odmawiania modlitw i prowadzenia lekcji religii w j ęzyku niemieckim. W 1887 roku usuni ęto nauk ę j ęzyka polskiego z programu szkół ludowych. Trzy lata pó źniej j ęzyk niemiecki wprowadzono do nauki religii. Na to nie chciały si ę zgodzi ć dzieci z poło żonej 50 km od Poznania Wrze śni. Pierwsze akty nieposłusze ństwa rozpocz ęły si ę w kwietniu 1901 roku. Jednak apogeum sprzeciwu miało miejsce dopiero miesi ąc pó źniej. Uczniowie z trzech klas odmówili odpowiadania na lekcjach w j ęzyku niemieckim. Nauczyciel wymierzył 14 uczniom kar ę cielesn ą za nieposłusze ństwo. -Dzieci kolejno opuszczały szkoł ę. Zbite, spłakane, zwracały na siebie uwag ę przechodniów – wspominała uczestniczka strajku. Przed szkoł ą zebrał si ę tłum popieraj ących dzieci rodziców. Spo śród nauczycieli, uczniów poparł jedynie ks. Jan Laskowski. Zarówno dzieci, jak i rodzice zostali postawieni przed pruskim s ądem. Wymierzono kary grzywny i wi ęzienia, mimo to strajk trwał nadal. - W rezultacie zaborczej polityki Prusy weszły w posiadanie polskich ziem zachodnich. D ąż yły one do jak najszybszego ich zintegrowania w ramach monarchii Hohenzollernów. Cel ten zamierzano osi ągn ąć za pomoc ą wynarodowienia ludno ści polskiej oraz akcji kolonizacyjnej – wyja śniał tło historyczne polityki germanizacyjnej prof. Lech Trzeciakowski w audycji Urszuli Lipi ńskiej. Sprawa brutalnej kary, która spotkała dzieci z Wrześni nie pozostała bez echa. W obronie prawa do nauki rodzimego j ęzyka wyst ępowali Henryk Sienkiewicz i Maria Konopnicka. Zdaniem prof. Lecha Trzeciakowskiego, o sprawie pisała te ż prasa zagraniczna Incydent we Wrze śni zainspirował fal ę strajków dzieci, która przetoczyła si ę przez zabór pruski w latach 1906-1907. Opór germanizacji stawiło 75 tys. dzieci w ponad 800 szkołach. ♣♦♥ ♠ Covid-19 má jen ob ří reklamu. Není to mor, varuje p řední český onkolog Profesor Jan Žaloudík v rozhovoru pro Seznam Zprávy popsal, jak covid-19 ovlivnil zdravotní pé či o chronicky nemocné a chod spole čnosti. Lidé by se kv ůli covid-19 nem ěli utáp ět ve strachu, ale racionáln ě uvažovat a žít, říká v rozhovoru pro Seznam Zprávy léka ř Jan Žaloudík, bývalý ředitel Masarykova onkologického ústavu v Brn ě a senátor za ČSSD. Jak koronavirus ovlivnil pé či o dlouhodob ě nemocné a jaké riziko reáln ě znamená? Profesor Jan Žaloudík upozor ňuje, že v ětším nebezpe čím pro spole čnost m ůže být zabydlení se v opat řeních, ne činnosti a obavách z nákazy. 3 „Obávám se, že cestu ke zdravotní gramotnosti patálie se SARS-CoV-2 nabourává sm ěrem ke zdravotní negramotnosti a neznalosti a za symbolickou roušku se skrývá iracionální strach,“ říká v rozhovoru. Koronavirová pandemie utlumila provoz některých nemocni čních provoz ů. Může se to podle vás negativn ě promítnout na přibývání závažných chorob včetn ě těch onkologických? Da ří se nyní na fungování před pandemií navázat? Chci v ěř it, že patálie s covid-19 v Česku nijak neomezila dostupnost akutní zdravotní péče. Detailní přehled o dění ve všech asi 180 nemocnicích však nemám. Pokud jde o závažná onemocn ění chronická, i ta ovšem mají svoji ur čitou míru naléhavosti. Nikoli v hodinách nebo dnech, ur čit ě však v týdnech, nanejvýš pár m ěsících. I menší požá řišt ě, nechá-li se doutnat, časem proho ří nebo vzplane. Tak to vidí požárníci. V různých segmentech medicíny to m ůže být r ůzné. Pokud jde o onkologii, je z velké v ětšiny soust řed ěna do 15 komplexních onkologických center – KOC, šesti center hematoonkologických a dvou center d ětské onkologie. Operace řady nádor ů však probíhají mnohde i mimo tato centra, také v okresních nemocnicích. V Masarykov ě onkologickém ústavu v Brn ě, pln ě specializovaném jen na onkologii už od roku 1935, poklesla operativa a oza řování v dob ě koronaviru jen o 13 až 14 procent. Protinádorová chemoterapie nebyla omezena v ůbec a je na 100 procentech ve srovnání se stejným obdobím lo ňského roku.
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