ANADOLU AKDEN‹Z‹ Arkeoloji Haberleri

2005-3

News of Archaeology from ANATOLIA’S MEDITERRANEAN AREAS

Suna - ‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araflt›rma Enstitüsü Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations ‹Ç‹NDEK‹LER

KAZI RAPORLARI • Alanya Kalesi Çal›flmalar› 2004 M. Olufl Ar›k 1 • Arykanda Kaz›s› Raporu 2004 Cevdet Bayburtluo¤lu 5 • Badema¤ac› Kaz›lar› 2004 Refik Duru 11 • Elaiussa Seb0aste’de Arkeolojik Çal›flmalar 2004 Eugenia Equini Schneider 17 • Harmanören-Göndürle Höyük Mezarl›k Kaz›s› 2004 Mehmet Özsait 23 • Karain Kaz›lar› 2004 Harun Taflk›ran 29 • Kelenderis 2004 Y›l› Kaz›lar› Levent Zoro¤lu 35 • Ksanthos - Letoon Kaz› ve Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Jacques des Courtils 41 • Limyra Kaz› Çal›flmalar› 2004 Thomas Marksteiner 47 • Myra-Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Kaz›s› ve Duvar S. Y›ld›z Ötüken - Nilay Çora¤an 51 Resimlerini Belgeleme, Koruma-Onar›m Çal›flmalar› 2004 Bülent ‹fller • Patara 2004 Fahri Ifl›k 57 • 2004 Y›l› Perge Kaz› ve Onar›m Çal›flmalar› Haluk Abbaso¤lu 67 • Sagalassos ve Çevresinde Arkeolojik Araflt›rmalar 2004 Marc Waelkens 73 • Side Tiyatrosu ve Çevresinde Kaz›, Koruma-Onar›m Ülkü ‹zmirligil 79 Çal›flmalar› 2004 • Soli/Pompeiopolis Antik Liman Kenti Kaz›lar› 2004 Remzi Ya¤c› 85

YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI • Adana Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004: Kozan K. Serdar Girginer - Fatih Erhan 93 • Alanya ve Çevresinde Bizans Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Sema Do¤an 97 • Asi Deltas› ve Asi Vadisi Arkeoloji Projesi: Hatice Pamir - Gunnar Brands 103 Samanda¤ ve Antakya Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 • Bey Da¤lar› Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Nevzat Çevik 109 • Burdur ‹li Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Mehmet Özsait 117 • Da¤l›k Kilikya Deniz K›y›s› Arkeolojisi Projesi: Cheryl Ward 123 Ön Rapor 2004 • Da¤l›k Kilikya Yüzey Araflt›rmas› Projesi: Rhys F. Townsend - Michael C. Hoff 129 Mimari Çal›flmalar 2004 • Kilikya K›y›lar› Sualt› Arkeolojik Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Volkan Evrin - Mert Ayaro¤lu 135 Korhan Özkan - Çi¤dem Toskay Evrin - Korhan Bircan - Murat Bircan Levent Zoro¤lu CONTENTS

EXCAVATION REPORTS •Work at the Alanya Citadel in 2004 M. Olufl Ar›k 1 • Excavations at Arykanda 2004 Cevdet Bayburtluo¤lu 5 • Excavations at Badema¤ac› 2004 Refik Duru 11 •Archaeological Research at Elaiussa Sebaste in 2004 Eugenia Equini Schneider 17 • The Harmanören-Göndürle Höyük Necropolis Mehmet Özsait 23 Excavations of 2004 • Excavations at Karain in 2004 Harun Taflk›ran 29 • Excavations at Kelenderis in 2004 Levent Zoro¤lu 35 • Excavations and Research at Xanthos and Letoon in 2004 Jacques des Courtils 41 • Excavations at Limyra in 2004 Thomas Marksteiner 47 • Excavations at the Church of St. Nicholas in Myra-Demre S. Y›ld›z Ötüken - Nilay Karakaya 51 and the Conservation-Restoration and Documentation Ayfle Çaylak Türker of the Wall Paintings 2004 • Patara in 2004 Fahri Ifl›k 57 • Excavation and Restoration Work at Perge in 2004 Haluk Abbaso¤lu 67 •Archaeological Research in and Around Sagalassos in 2004 Marc Waelkens 73 • Excavation, Conservation-Restoration Work in the Side Ülkü ‹zmirligil 79 Theatre and its Environs in 2004 • Excavations at the Ancient Port City of Soli/Pompeiopolis Remzi Ya¤c› 85 in 2004

SURVEY REPORTS

• Surveys in Adana - Kozan in 2004 Serdar Girginer - Fatih Erhan 93 • Byzantine Surveys in and Around Alanya in 2004 Sema Do¤an 97 • The Asi Delta and the Asi Valley Archaeological Project Hatice Pamir - Gunnar Brands 103 in 2004 Samanda¤ and Antakya Surveys • Surveys in the Bey Mountains in 2004 Nevzat Çevik 109 • Surveys in Burdur Province in 2004 Mehmet Özsait 117 • The Rough Cilicia Maritime Archaeological Project Cheryl Ward 123 in 2004: A Preliminary Report • The Rough Cilicia Survey Project: Architectural Work, 2004 Rhys F. Townsend - Michael C. Hoff 129 •Archaeological Underwater Surveys of the Cilician Coasts Volkan Evrin - Mert Ayaro¤lu 135 Korhan Özkan - Çi¤dem Toskay Evrin - Korhan Bircan - Murat Bircan Levent Zoro¤lu ‹Ç‹NDEK‹LER

• Do¤u ve Kuzeydo¤u Likya - Güneybat› Pisidya Bülent ‹plikçio¤lu 141 Epigrafik-Tarihi Co¤rafi Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› Projesi 2004 • Mersin-Olba (U¤uralan›) Arkeolojik Yüzey Araflt›rmas› 2004 Emel Erten 143 • Olympos Antik Kenti Çal›flmalar› 2004 B. Yelda Olcay Uçkan 149 Yalç›n Mergen • Likçe Yaz›tl› An›tlar Projesi: Martin Seyer 153 Rhodiapolis, Karmylessos ve P›nara 2004 Y›l› Araflt›rmalar›n›n Baz› Sonuçlar›

D‹⁄ER ÇALIfiMA RAPORLARI • Burdur Müzesi Çal›flmalar› 2004: Hac› Ali Ekinci 159 Gölhisar, Yusufça Erken Bizans Dönemi Kilisesi Kurtarma Kaz›s›

iv CONTENTS

• The Epigraphical-Historical Survey Project of East and Bülent ‹plikçio¤lu 141 Northeast Lycia - Southwest Pisidia, Work During 2004 •Archaeological Surveys at Mersin-Olba (U¤uralan›) in 2004 Emel Erten 143 •Work at Ancient Olympos in 2004 B. Yelda Olcay Uçkan 149 Yalç›n Mergen • The Lycian Inscribed Monuments Project: Martin Seyer 153 Some Results from the 2004 Surveys at Rhodiapolis, Karmylessos and P›nara

OTHER REPORTS •Work Conducted by Burdur Museum in 2004: Hac› Ali Ekinci 159 The Rescue Excavation of the Early Byzantine Church in Yusufça, Gölhisar

v

KAZI RAPORLARI / EXCAVATION REPORTS

Alanya Kalesi Çal›flmalar› 2004 Work at the Alanya Citadel in 2004

M. Olufl ARIK

Alanya Kalesi’nde 2003 y›l›nda bafllanan “Tonozlu Gale- The work at the Vaulted Gallery (TG3), east of the ri (TG3)”, Kilise’nin do¤usu ve Tonozlu Ko¤ufl ile Kilise Church and in the area between the Vaulted Ward, the ve güneyindeki sarn›ç aras›nda bafllat›lan çal›flmalara Church and the Cistern to the south initiated in 2003 2004 y›l›nda da devam edilmifltir. 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar›- continued in 2004. However, the 2004 campaign fo- n›n a¤›rl›¤›n› ‹çkale Kilisesi ve çevresinde yap›lan kaz›- cused mainly in and around the Church in the Inner lar oluflturmaktad›r. Citadel.

Güney Nef’te Yap›lan Çal›flmalar Work in the Southern Aisle ‹çkale’nin afla¤› yukar› ortalar›nda, Tonozlu Ko¤ufl (TG1) The Church is located about the centre of the Inner ile ‹çkale Kap›s›’n›n bulundu¤u kesimde yer alan Kilise, Citadel, close to the Gate of the Inner Citadel and the bugünkü haliyle, çeflitli dönemlerde müdahale edildi¤i Vaulted Ward (TG1). It is in a very bad state of preserva- anlafl›lan bir bina harabesidir (Plan 1). tion and is understood to have been altered many times (Plan 1). Kilise’nin güney bölümünde 2003 y›l›nda bafllanan çal›fl- malara 2004 y›l›nda da devam edilmifltir. 2003 y›l› çal›fl- The work initiated in 2003 in the southern part of the malar›ndan sonra, üç nefli bir bazilika olarak yap›ld›¤› Church continued also in 2004. Following the work in anlafl›lan ilk binan›n güney nefi olarak tan›mlad›¤›m›z 2003, this section was identified as the southern aisle of bu kesimde yürütülen çal›flmalarda, mevcut döfleme the first construction here – a three-aisled basilica. In kotunun alt›nda -0.45 m.’de güney nefin orta duvar›n›n 2004, 0.45 m below the present floor, the remains of the temel kal›nt›lar› ortaya ç›kart›lm›fl; ayn› kotta ayr›ca hay- foundations of the middle of the southern aisle were li sa¤lam durumda slip tekni¤inde bir Bizans seramik found, as well as a well-preserved Byzantine slipware kâsesi de ele geçirilmifltir (Res. 1). Çal›flmalar ilerledik- bowl (Fig. 1). As the work progressed further below, var- çe, daha alt kotlarda, s›rl› ve s›rs›z çeflitli seramik frag- ious glazed and unglazed potshards, brick fragments, a manlar›, kiremit k›r›klar›, bir benzeri 2003 y›l› çal›flma- lead loom weight – a similar example of which was lar› s›ras›nda da ele geçirilen bir kurflun a¤›rflak ile kimi recovered in 2003, various metal pieces, coins in a poor metal parçalar, bozuk sikkeler ve flafl›rt›c›d›r ki yo¤un condition and surprisingly enough, a large number of olarak istiridye kabuklar› ele geçirilmifltir. Bu kotta böyle- oyster shells. The fact that numerous seashells were en- sine yo¤un bir flekilde deniz kabuklusuna tesadüf edil- countered at this elevation must have a particular mean- mesinin herhalde özel bir anlam› olmas› gerekir. Belki ing and might indicate glass production, which required de bu yo¤unluk, istiridye kabuklar›n›n kalsiyum kayna- calcium, which could be procured from oyster shells; ¤› olmas› ve kalsiyumun cam imalat›nda kullan›lmas› ile however, it is too early to reach any secure conclusions iliflkili olabilir; ne var ki, kesin birfley söylemek için as to their use. henüz erkendir. Another surprise was to uncover near the southwest Güney nefteki çal›flmalar s›ras›nda, mekan›n güney-bat› corner a skeleton lying in an east-west direction. This köflesine yak›n bir konumda ve do¤u-bat› yönünde uza- skeleton extends under the south wall, i.e. the wall was nan bir iskeletin ç›kmas› hayli sürpriz olmufltur. ‹skelet, built over the grave.

1 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS mekan›n güney duvar›n›n alt›na do¤ru uzanmaktad›r; Work along the Northern Façade baflka bir deyiflle, duvar, iskeletin bulundu¤u mezar›n The soundings made at the western corner of the north- üzerine yap›lm›flt›r. ern façade of the Church exposed the foundations of the wall of the north aisle of the old basilica and it was Kuzey Cephe Boyunca Yap›lan Çal›flmalar inferred that the wall was largely removed during the installation of the pig iron water pipe. When the exca- Kilise’nin kuzey cephesinin bat› köflesinde yap›lan son- vation work was extended, burnt nails and wood pieces daj çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda, eski bazilikan›n kuzey nefinin were found at a depth of -0.35 m, in front of the small temel duvar› ortaya ç›kart›lm›fl; duvar›n, buraya sonra- doorway in the northern side of the church. Existing dan pik su borusunun döflenmesi s›ras›nda büyük ölçü- remains suggest the presence of an original timber floor- de y›k›larak ortadan kalkt›¤› sonucuna var›lm›flt›r. Çal›fl- ing here. As the work progressed, one grave (M1) at - malar geniflletildi¤inde, Kilise’nin kuzey cephesindeki 0.80 m in the northwest corner and a second one (M2) küçük kap›n›n önünde, -0.35 m.’de yo¤un olarak yanm›fl at -0.80 m to the northeast of the first one were found. çivi ve ahflap parçalar›na tesadüf edilmifltir. Mevcut izle- It is also understood that the burial site extended to the re bak›larak, bu kesimde vaktiyle ahflap bir döflemenin northwest. Almost all the rock formations in this area oldu¤u muhakkakt›r. Çal›flmalar ilerledi¤inde, Kilise’nin seem to have been used for burials. Three more burials kuzey-bat› köflesinde -0.80 m.’de bir mezar (M1) ve were uncovered here between -0.40 and -0.80 m (M3, bunun da kuzey-do¤usunda -0.80 m.’de ikinci bir mezar M4, M5). The mother-of-pearl cross uncovered in M3 is (M2) ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Mezarlar›n, alan›n kuzey-bat›- especially noteworthy (Fig. 2). This elegant find was s›na da yay›ld›¤› anlafl›l›yor. Neredeyse, buradaki bütün found placed just below the chin of the skeleton and kaya formasyonlar›, do¤al bir mezar yeri gibi kullan›lm›- having been cleaned it is today in the Alanya Museum. fla benziyor. Bu kesimde ortalama -0.40 m. ile -0.80 m. aras›nda üç mezar ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r (M3; M4; M5). During the course of the work in this area of bedrock, Bunlardan, özellikle M3’de ortaya ç›kart›lan sedef haç numerous unglazed potshards, beads, glass fragments, ilgi çekicidir (Res. 2). ‹skeletin çenesinin hemen alt›na glass bracelet fragments, illegible coins and an arm- gelecek flekilde yerlefltirilmifl bu zarif parça, temizlene- piece belonging to a terra cotta figurine, all dating from rek Alanya Müzesi’ne teslim edilmifltir. the Hellenistic Period, were found. Yerli kayalarla dolu bu kesimde yap›lan çal›flmalar s›ra- When the work was extended to the north end of this s›nda, çeflitli kotlarda, Hellenistik Dönem’e ait bol say›- section towards the front side of TG1, some other graves da s›rs›z seramik, boncuk, cam parçalar›, cam bilezik were identified. As we ran out of time, we were unable parçalar›, okunamayacak kadar bozuk durumda sikke- to open these graves, which were covered by baked ler ve piflmifl topraktan bir figürine ait kol parças› ele clay tiles measuring 45x65 cm that were especially geçirilmifltir. Çal›flmalar, bu kesimin kuzey ucuna ve TG1’in önüne do¤ru yay›ld›¤›nda, burada da kimi mezarlar›n yer ald›- ¤› görülmüfltür. Üzerleri 45x65 cm. ölçülerinde ve belli ki mezar için yap›lm›fl piflmifl topraktan kiremitlerlerle örtülü bu mezarlar, zaman›m›z kalmad›¤› için aç›lma- m›fl; 2005 sezonunda ele al›nmak üzere, çamur harçla kapat›l›p geçici koruma alt›na al›nm›fllard›r. Öyle anla- fl›l›yor ki, kilisenin kuzeyindeki alan, vaktiyle burada mevcut üç nefli bir bazilikan›n ortadan kalkmas›ndan sonraki bir devirde, ihtimal Bizans Dönemi’nde (10. yy. ?), bazilikan›n y›k›l›p ortadan kalkm›fl kuzey nefinin bulun- du¤u yer bir nekropole dönüflmüfltü. Bu alanda ele geçi- rilen Bizans sikkelerinin ço¤unlukla II. Iustinos’a ait (565- 578) olmas›, söz konusu bazilikan›n da ‹. S. 6. yy.’a ait olabilece¤i anlam›na gelebilir. Di¤er taraftan, Kilise’nin kuzeyinde ele geçirilen seramikler ve sikkelere bak›- larak, bazilikan›n inflaat›ndan önceki bir dönemde, bu kesimin, Hellenistik Dönem’de de kullan›ld›¤› sonucuna Plan 1 / Plan 1

2 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2 var›labilir. Özellikle terrakotta figürin bafl›, kol ve kimi made for these graves. So these graves were covered by kaplar ve sikkeler, kentin akropolü say›lan bu bölümün- a mud mortar in order to protect them until the cam- de, bir Hellenistik Dönem tap›na¤›n›n da bulundu¤unu paign of 2005. As can be inferred, when the first basili- düflündürmektedir. ca deteriorated (possibly in the Byzantine Period, 10th century?), its northern aisle area, which is to the north of the present church, became a necropolis. As the major- Bat› Cephe Boyunca Yap›lan Çal›flmalar ity of the coins recovered in this area belong to Justin IInd Kilise’nin bat›s›nda yap›lan çal›flmalara, cephenin güney (565-578), it is possible that this basilica can also be kesimindeki duvar›n önünde bafllanm›fl; burada, a¤z› ve dated to the 6th century. On the other hand, potshards duvarlar› moloz tafl ve tu¤lalarla örülmüfl dairesel a¤›zl› and coins recovered to the north of the church suggest bir kuyuya tesadüf edilerek içi boflalt›lm›flt›r. ‹çinde yo¤un that this area was also used in the Hellenistic Period, olarak II. Keyhüsrev dönemine ait bak›r sikkeler, cam long before the construction of the basilica. In partic- parçalar› ve çini hamurlu seramik parçalar› ele geçiril- ular, the terra cotta head and arm of a figurine, some mifltir. -0.80 m.’ye kadar kaz›ld›¤› halde, daha da derin vessels and coins suggest the fact that there should have oldu¤u anlafl›lm›fl; dar oluflu kadar topra¤›n da sertlefl- been a Hellenistic Period temple erected here, upon the mesi dikkate al›n›p çal›flma zorlu¤u dolay›s›yla bu kotta acropolis of the city. çal›flmalara son verilmifl; içi doldurulup a¤z› tafl ve çamur harçla kapat›l›p geçici koruma alt›na al›nm›flt›r. Öyle Work along the Western Façade anlafl›l›yor ki, mevcut kal›nt›lara göre, kuyu, hemen güneyindeki toprak alt›nda görülebilen sarn›çla irtibat- The work along the western façade began before the l›yd›; bilemedi¤imiz bir dönemde ve nedenden ötürü wall by the south end of the façade; a round shaped doldurulup iptal edilmifl; bu esnada da ocak olarak kul- well, built from rubble and bricks, was found and its fill- ing was removed. Mainly copper coins dating to the lan›lmaya bafllanm›flt›r. Nitekim, ocak olarak kullan›l- reign of Sultan Keyhüsrev IInd, glass fragments and pot- d›¤›, kuyunun gövdesindeki tu¤lalar kadar, içinde ele shards with tile paste were recovered. This well was geçirilen buluntular›n büyük bölümünün yanm›fl olma- excavated down to a depth of -0.80 m but it was under- s›yla da anlafl›labilmektedir. Bütün bu ifllemler, kuyunun stood to be deeper; its small diameter, as well as the oca¤a dönüfltürülmesi sürecinin geç devirlerde oldu¤u- hardness of the earth caused us to terminate work at this nu; ocak haline dönüfltürüldü¤ü s›rada burada kapal› bir depth and it was then filled in and its mouth covered mekan›n da bulundu¤unu gösteriyor. with mud mortar and stones for protection. As can be Kilise’nin bugünkü bat› giriflinin önünde yap›lan çal›fl- understood from the remains, this well was connected malarda, mevcut döfleme kotunun alt›na inilmifl ve temel to the underground cistern discernible just to its south. seviyesinde kalan yerli kayal›k zemin ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. This was filled in at some point in time for unknown

3 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

reasons and it began to be used as a kiln. This function is further supported by the fact that both the bricks and the finds therein were largely burnt. All these suggest that its conversion into a kiln took place at a very late and that it was contained within a building. The work in front of the present western entranceway to the church was continued below the present floor level and the bedrock was reached at the foundation level. Traces on the rocks show that those rocks rising above the intended floor level were levelled off by hand. The burnt nails, wood fragments and metal angle irons sug- gest the presence of a simple timber lean-to roof, built to protect the entrance. In addition, works culminated in the probable identifi- Res. 3 / Fig. 3 cation of the west façade of the three-aisled basilica. Further, coins, tile fragments, earrings, rings, numerous Kayalar üzerindeki müdahaleler, kilisenin döfleme kotu- glazed and unglazed potshards and metal fragments, nun üzerine gelen kaya formasyonlar›n›n elle düzeltil- dating from various periods have been recovered from di¤ini göstermektedir. Giriflin hemen önünde ortaya this excavated area. ç›kart›lan yanm›fl çiviler, ahflaplar ve madeni putreller, vaktiyle burada bulunan basit bir ahflap sundurman›n varl›¤›na iflaret etmektedir. Di¤er taraftan, çal›flmalar Work inside the Church sonucunda, üç nefli oldu¤u anlafl›lan bazilikan›n muh- The work inside the church had to be restricted to the temel bat› cephe duvar› da tesbit edilebilmifltir. Ayr›ca apsidal part in the east and to the entranceway in the alan›n genelinde çeflitli dönemlere ait sikkeler, kiremit west, due to the structural danger presented by the parçalar›, küpe, yüzük, çok say›da s›rl› ve s›rs›z seramik weight of the dome. ve metal parçalar› da ele geçirilmifltir. The work in the apse revealed an extensive layer of ash. The deterioration of some metal fragments that were Kilise’nin ‹çinde Yap›lan Çal›flmalar recovered here is understood to have been caused by a big fire. This evidence suggests that welding was carried Kilise’nin içinde yap›lan çal›flmalar, kubbe yükünün cid- out here, during the installation of the pig iron pipe. di strüktürel problemler do¤uraca¤› anlafl›ld›¤›ndan, do¤u bölümdeki apsisin bulundu¤u kesim ile bat›da girifl bölü- When the 2004 campaign ended, it was understood that mü ile s›n›rl› kalm›flt›r. when the old basilica fell down, a new apse in the form of a deep niche was built inside the previous apse and Apsis bölümünde yap›lan çal›flmalarda yo¤un bir kül a new triple-arched window was built inside the apse tabakas› ile karfl›lafl›lm›fl; bu kesimde ele geçirilen kimi window and the apse was then paved with square metal parçalardaki bozulmalar›n, yüksek atefl dolay›s›yla shaped bricks. The floor paving has largely disappeared olufltu¤u gözlenmifltir. Bu veriler, pik borunun döflenmesi (Fig. 3). s›ras›nda kaynak ifllerinin burada yap›ld›¤›n› düflündü- rüyor. In the entrance area, a floor paving of square bricks was exposed 40 cm below the threshold. Çal›flmalar›n bu y›lki bölümü tamamland›¤›nda, eski bazilikan›n apsisi içine, y›k›ld›ktan sonra bu defa tonoz- lu derin bir nifl halinde ikinci bir apsisin yap›ld›¤›, apsis penceresinin içine de yeniden üç kemerli bir pencere yerlefltirildi¤i anlafl›lm›fl; ayr›ca, apsis döflemesinin de kare tu¤lalarla oluflturuldu¤unu ortaya koymufltur. Döfle- menin büyük ölçüde ortadan kalkt›¤› tesbit edilmektedir (Res. 3). Girifl bölümünde ise, eflikten yaklafl›k 40 cm. afla¤›da kare tu¤lalardan meydana gelen bir döfleme ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r.

4 Arykanda Kaz›s› Raporu 2004 Excavations at Arykanda 2004

Cevdet BAYBURTLUO⁄LU

2003-2004 k›fl›n›n çok ya¤›fll› geçmesi, Arykanda’n›n As the winter of 2003-2004 had higher precipitation çok e¤imli ve genelde kayal›k arazi üzerinde olmas›na than average, certain areas of Arykanda, which is locat- ra¤men kentin baz› kesimlerinin sel sular›n›n tahribat›- ed on a steep and generally rocky terrain, were dam- na ve ören yerinde rutin y›ll›k temizlik iflleminin ötesin- aged by floods and this led us to begin our campaign de moloz ve birikinti temizli¤ini zorunlu k›lm›fl bir with the removal of rubble and flood deposits beyond ortamda ifle bafllamam›z› gerektirdi. Ç. Ulutafl’›n Bakan- the regular field cleaning work carried out every year. l›k temsilcili¤ini üstlendi¤i kaz›, ‹. Bayburtluo¤lu, Arfl. The state representative was Ç. Ulutafl of the Antalya Gör. A. Özcan, Y. Mimar-Restoratör E. Erder, Foto¤rafç› Archaeological Museum. The team members were M. A. Dö¤enci ve arkeoloji ö¤rencileri H. Sancaktar, ‹. Bayburtluo¤lu, Research Assistant A. Özcan, architect- S. Topçuo¤lu, G. Bilen ve R. Meral ile gerçeklefltirdi. Dr. restorer E. Erder (MA), photographer M. A. Dö¤enci and A. T. Tek ve Sanat Tarihçisi Dr. M. Tekinalp üniversitele- students of archaeology: H. Sancaktar, S. Topçuo¤lu, rinin kendilerine izin verdi¤i sürece kaz›da yer ald›lar. G. Bilen and R. Meral. Dr. A. T. Tek and art historian Tüm ekip üyelerine teflekkür ediyorum. Kaz› ve onar›m Dr. M. Tekinalp joined the campaign for a certain peri- çal›flmalar› Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›’n›n birimleri olan od of time as allowed by their universities. I would like DÖS‹MM ile Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler Genel Müdür- to extend my thanks to all of the participants. Excava- lü¤ünün daima ilk s›rada yer alan katk›lar›yla yürütüldü. tion and restoration work was carried out with the pri- Yöneticilerinin kimliklerinde onlara teflekkür borçluyum. mary support of DÖS‹M and the Directorate General of On seneyi aflk›n bir süredir Arykanda kaz›s›na önceleri Cultural Heritage and Museums, both departments of araçla, sonralar› daima maddi katk›lar›yla destekçi olan the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. I would like to Türkiye Garanti Bankas› A.fi.’ne Genel Müdürleri Say›n thank the directors of both institutions. Again I would Ergun Özen’in flahs›nda flükranlar›m› sunuyorum. Son like to send my sincere thanks to Türkiye Garanti Ban- olarak AKMED (Suna - ‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeniyetle- kas› Inc., and particularly the general manager Ergun rini Araflt›rma Enstitüsü) kurucular› Say›n Suna ve ‹nan Özen, for supporting our expedition for over 10 years, K›raç’a desteklerinden ötürü teflekkürler ediyorum. firstly with vehicles, than with financial support. Finally, 2004 y›l› Arykanda çal›flmalar›n› dört ana bafll›k alt›nda I would also like to thank Suna and ‹nan K›raç, the özetlemek gerekir. founders of AKMED, for their continuous support. I can summarise the 2004 campaign at Arykanda under 1- Temizlik ve Ören Yerinin Yeniden Gezilebilir four titles: Duruma Getirilmesi Çal›flmalar› 1- Cleaning and Arrangement in Order to Make the Yukar›da da de¤inildi¤i gibi 2003/2004 k›fl aylar›n›n çok Site again Suitable for Visitors ya¤›fll› geçmesi yüzünden sel sular› baz› yap›larda duvar y›k›lmalar›na ve ören yeri genelinde yo¤un bir moloz As mentioned above, the high precipitation and flood- pislik birikimine neden olmufltu. Y›k›lan duvarlar aras›n- ing during the winter of 2003-2004 caused damage da stadionun bat› ucundaki teras duvar› en önemli göçü- to the walls and the site was, in general, covered with ¤ü oluflturmaktayd›. Ayr›ca 2001’den beri temizli¤i süren rubble and silt. The most important architectural de- sarn›ca da bir miktar moloz daha eklenmiflti. Y›k›lan struction occurred where the terrace wall at the western veya dökülen-akarak gelen birikintiler nedeniyle Ary- end of the stadion collapsed. In addition, the cistern that kanda kaz› bitirilip terk edilmifl ve uzunca bir süre has been undergoing cleaning since 2001 was filled

5 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS temizlenmemifl-bak›lmam›fl manzaras› arzetmekteydi. with more rubble. Due to all the damage caused and the Yaklafl›k 15 günlük bir çal›flma sonucu stadionun duvar› rubble and silt accumulation, Arykanda looked like a onar›lm›fl; yap›lar›n içlerine dolan molozlar ve birikin- site that had been abandoned for a long period of time tiler temizlenmifl ve ören yeri tekrar rahat dolafl›labiline- after excavations. It took us approximately 15 days cek duruma sokulmufltur. to repair the wall of the stadion, remove the rubble deposits and bring the site into a condition suitable for 2- Sa¤lamlaflt›rma, Koruma-Onar›m Çal›flmalar› visitors.

Küçük eser ve yap› baz›nda yürütülen çal›flmalar sonucu 2- Reinforcement, Conservation-Restoration Work 2001 y›l›nda kaz›da bulunan ve Ankara Üniversitesi Bafl- kent Meslek Yüksekokulu’nda temizlik ve konservasyo- Two swords, one gladis and one javelin head recovered nu yap›lan iki k›l›ç, bir gladis ve bir karg› ucu 2004 kaz› in 2001 have been cleaned and conserved at Baflkent mevsimi bafl›nda teflhire konulabilecek flartlara sahipti. University Technical School in Ankara and were ready Ancak eserleri Ankara’dan Antalya’ya getirecek resmi for display at the beginning of 2004 campaign. Howe- yaz›, tafl›y›c›lar›n yan›nda olmad›¤› için getirilemedi. ver, due to the lack of an official letter they could not be Keza Anadolu Üniversitesi’nde temizlik ve onar›m yap›- brought to Antalya. Similarly, the glass vessels cleaned lan cam kaplar da ayn› gerekçeyle müzeye teslim edi- and restored at Anadolu University could not be brought lemedi. Yap› baz›ndaki çal›flmalarda öncelik “Fellows and turned over to the museum either. For the architec- Mezar›” diye tan›mlad›¤›m›z, kap›s› zengin mimari süs- tural works, the priority was given to the monumental lü an›t mezardad›r. Yap›lan tafl analizleri ve bunlar› sa¤- tomb with its richly decorated doorway, known as the lamlaflt›racak kimyasal maddeler ODTÜ Mimarl›k Fakül- “Fellows Tomb”. Material analysis was made and chem- tesi Restorasyon Bölümü laboratuar›nda araflt›r›lm›fl ve icals to reinforce them were investigated at the labora- 2004’te hem koruyucu hem de sa¤lamlaflt›r›c›lar denen- tory of the Restoration Department of the Middle East mifltir. 2005 y›l›nda büyük ölçüde uygulama aflamas›na Technical University and both preservative and reinforc- gelinmifltir. ing substances were tested in 2004. In 2005, the work reached the stage of application.

3- Yay›n Çal›flmalar› 3- Publication Work Arykanda’y› kapsayan ve ziyaretçilere cevap verebi- Following the guidebook on Arykanda for visitors, lecek rehber kitap yay›n›ndan sonra kaz›n›n genel ve efforts for general and final publications of the excava- nihai yay›n çal›flmalar›na a¤›rl›k verilmifltir. Otuz y›l› tions were initiated. It has been a great effort to harmo- aflk›n bir süredir farkl› kiflilerce yap›lan mimari çizimler- nise the architectural drawings prepared by different de el ve uygulama farkl›l›¤›n› gidermek bile epey zaman people during the course of 30 years. When it is taken almaktad›r. Buna baz› yap›lar›n kaz›s›n›n bafllama ve into consideration that the excavation of some struc- uzun bir süreçten sonra bitirilmesi gibi faktörler de ekle- tures lasted a very long time, the collation of drawings nince resim ve çizim, yay›n için bir sorun durumuna gir- and photography become a real problem for publication mifltir. Bununla birlikte ilk nihai raporlardan birinin May›s purposes. Yet, we hope that one of the main final reports ay›ndaki sempozyuma kadar bas›m aflamas›na girebile- on the site will go to the printing house by May. ce¤ini umuyoruz. 4- Excavations 4- Kaz› Çal›flmalar› Excavations were carried out at two sites in 2004: 2004 kaz› sezonunda iki yerde kaz› faaliyeti sürdürül- müfltür. a- Cistern Initiated in 2002, the cleaning work conducted at the a- Sarn›ç cistern aimed at the removal and piling up of 800 cubic 2002’de temizli¤ine bafllanan ve yaklafl›k 800 m3 ’lük meters of rubble and vaulting blocks. Although two moloz ve tonoz bloklar›n›n temizlenerek istiflenmesini pulleys were used, the work could be accomplished hedefleyen çal›flma çift makara kullan›lmas›na ra¤men only in 2004 as the deposit was also sieved. The cistern topra¤› elenerek at›ld›¤› için ancak 2004’te tamamen was carved from the conglomerate bedrock. If it is filled temizlenebilmifltir. Konglomera türü oluflumlu yerli to the start of the vault, it can hold 800 tons of water. kayan›n yontulmas›yla oluflturulan sarn›ç tonoz aya¤›na The single aisled and rectangular cistern ends in an apse

6 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS kadar su ile dolduruldu¤unda en az 800 ton su birik- in the west and is covered with a low barrel vault of tirme kapasitesine sahiptir. Plan olarak tek nefli, bat› conglomerate blocks. Its waterproof floor is paved with taraf› apsidal bitimli dikdörtgen olan sarn›ç, konglomera square shaped baked clay plaques. The floor of the ap- bloklar›ndan yap›lma bas›k beflik tonoz örtülüdür. sidal west end is specially made with polygonal pyram- Taban su s›zd›rmayacak flekilde döflenmifl kare fleklin- idal or conical tiles pointing toward the bottom. This deki piflmifl toprak plakalarla kaplanm›flt›r. Bat› taraftaki was meant to neutralise the abrasive effect of water apsidal bitimin zemini özel olarak haz›rlanm›fl ve dibe falling 6-7 meters from above. do¤ru sivrileflen çokgen piramit veya koni formundad›r. 6-7 m.’den düflen suyun düflme ile yapaca¤› y›pranma Our expectations from the cleaning of the cistern’s th bu tarz çukurlaflt›rma ile önlenmifltir. deposit had been high for it was last cleaned in the 5 or the 6th century AD. The heavy marble block bearing Dolgusundan birçok buluntu bekledi¤imiz sarn›ç büyük inscription was left inside owing to its weight. The few olas›l›kla ‹.S. 5. veya 6. yy.’da son kez temizlenmifl; a¤›r finds and those that are recovered are of a size that oldu¤u için ç›kar›lmayan yaz›tl› mermer blok sarn›çta could be carried by small scale floods, which support b›rak›lm›flt›r. Bulunan eserlerin azl›¤› ele geçenlerin de our hypothesis. sert ya¤an ya¤mur sular›n›n ufak çapl› sel denilebilecek h›zdaki suyun tafl›yabilece¤i a¤›rl›ktaki malzemelerden b- Area to the South of the Great Basilica oluflmas› bu kan›m›z› desteklemektedir. As illegal digging, robbery and smuggling increased b- Büyük Bazilika’n›n Güneyindeki Alan from 2000, we stopped our work to the left of the flood- bed in 2001. In order to minimise the hopes of illicit 2000’den itibaren Arykanda’da kaçak kaz›lar›n tekrar diggers active at night and to diminish their chances for bafllamas› ve h›rs›zl›k olaylar› nedeniyle 2001’de sel yata- an easy escape, our excavations focussed at the Acrop- ¤›n›n bat›s›ndaki çal›flmalar› durdurmufl ve gece çal›flan olis and the upper levels. When we finished the excava- kaçakç›lar›n eser bulma ümitlerini asgariye indirmek, tions in this area completely, we resumed our work in ayn› zamanda kolay kaç›p kaybolma olanaklar›n› orta- the lower city. At the beginning our aim was to excavate dan kald›rmak için kaz› a¤›rl›¤›n› akropol ve daha üst a triangular shaped area closing the road for vehicles seviyelere kayd›rm›flt›k. 2003’te bu alan› tamamen kaz›n- and pedestrian traffic reaching Tomb 1 past the Nal ca 2001’de afla¤› flehirde ifli terk etti¤imiz kesimde yeni- Tepesi. Thus we aimed at presenting the road network den çal›flmalara baflland›. Bafllang›çta Nal Tepesi önünden in the lower city with what remains, identifying the 1 no.’lu mezar yan›na kadar giden yaya ve araç yolunu formation of the insulae in regards to urbanisation, and iptal edip kabaca üçgen fleklindeki bir aday› tamamen to uncover new examples of various crafts in this area, kazmak ve ortaya ç›karmakt›. Böylece hem flehrin afla¤› which comprised the domestic and work areas. Some of kesimindeki ulafl›m sistemini kal›nt›lar›yla sergilemek, the abovementioned expectations could not be realised, hem flehircilik aç›s›ndan insulalar›n nas›l oluflturuldu¤u- as the waste-earth we had piled in the old flood-bed in nu saptamak ve hem de ifllik-ev dokusundaki bu kesimde belki farkl› ifl kollar›ndan yeni örnekler bulabilmemiz order to build a road could not be built by a tractor with olana¤› mevcuttu. Yukar›da de¤inilen beklentilerin bir scoop owing to the dust. Thus, the road that had formed k›sm› gerçeklefltirilemedi. Çünkü flehrin üst kesimlerine to the south of the Basilica remained in use. It is used by araç ve yaya trafi¤i için eski sel yata¤›na y›¤d›¤›m›z at›k visitors and this road forks before the Nal Tepesi, one topra¤› düzelterek yapt›rmay› düflündü¤ümüz yolu kep- branch going east, and the other diagonally, reaching çeli traktör iki gün çal›flmas›na ra¤men toz bahane edi- the Tomb 1. The area between these two branch roads lerek gerçeklefltirilemedi. Böyle olunca Bazilika’n›n was cleaned of the maquis overgrowth. Starting the güneyindeki oluflmufl yol yaya ve araçlarca kullan›l›rl›¤›- excavations from north toward south, it was seen that n› yitiremedi. Arykanda’y› gezen ziyaretçilerce kullan›- the building remains begin about 0.50 m below the lan, Nal Tepesi önünden biri do¤ru do¤uya, di¤eri verev surface. olarak 1 no.’lu mezar binas› yan›na ulaflan yollar orta- It is worth mentioning the visible remains before going s›ndaki alan maki türü a¤açlardan ar›nd›r›l›p kuzeyden into details of the excavations. In the area of 25x25 güneye do¤ru kaz›lmaya baflland›¤›nda mimari kal›n- meters excavated, there is a big peristyle house and t›lar›n yüzeyden yaklafl›k 0.50 m.’de bafllad›¤› görüldü. an independent bathhouse, about the same size as the Kaz› safahat› ile ilgili ayr›nt›lara girmeden önce aç›lan bathhouse on the slope, located to the south-southwest ve görülebilir durumdaki kal›nt›lardan bahsetmekte yarar of the peristyle house. vard›r. Kaz›s› yap›lan yaklafl›k 25x25 m. boyutundaki

7 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 Peristil ev / Fig. 1 Peristyle house alanda biri çok büyük bir peristil ev, ona göre güney- I- Peristyle House güneybat›da ba¤›ms›z, Arykanda’daki yamaç hamam› Similar to the Western Villa in Arykanda, the structure is büyüklü¤ünde bir hamam yer almaktad›r. connected with the small square where the north-south stepped alley to the west of the Fifth Bathhouse and the I- Peristil Ev east-west street intersect via the two rooms and door- Arykanda’daki “Bat› Villas›’n›n” benzeri olan yap›, do¤u- way with three steps unearthed in previous years (Fig. 1, da, daha önceki y›llarda aç›lan iki odas› ve üç basamak- Plan 1). The room paved with fish-scale mosaic- now l› kap›s›yla 5. hamam›n bat›s›ndaki kuzey-güney do¤rul- protected by a roof- is the most important room of this tulu merdivenli sokak ve do¤u-bat› do¤rultulu soka¤›n residence in the east. The room to its west has a pressed kesiflti¤i yerdeki ufak meydanc›kla ba¤lant›l› k›l›nm›flt›r earth floor and opens into a corridor, as does the room (Res. 1, Plan 1). Üstü çat› ile örtülerek korunan, bal›k with mosaics and this corridor is connected to the peri- pulu fleklinde mozaik döflemeye sahip oda, peristilli bu style via a big doorway. In the first phase, the floor had büyük yap›n›n do¤u taraftaki en önemli odas›d›r. Taban› a lower quality pavement, coarse but not presenting any toprak olan ona göre bat›daki odan›n da güneye aç›lan irregularities; however, in the second phase, possibly kap›s› bu odayla birlikte bir koridora aç›lmaktad›r. Kori- thanks to the fact that its owner was wealthier, it was dor yine büyük bir kap› ile peristile ba¤lanm›flt›r. ‹lk covered with a layer of earth and then paved with a evresi tafl olan ve düflük kalite, ölçü bak›m›ndan standart coarse mosaic of 1.2x1.2 cm tesserae laid in a geomet- bir üretim olmayan ama kaba da olsa düzgün görünümlü ric design. As the underlying layer was of earth, the trees bir döfleme izlenimi veren zemin yap›n›n ikinci kullan›m on the surface reached through with their roots destroy- evresinde, belki sahibinin zenginleflmesi ve modaya uyma ing them. Thus the floor has survived in bad state of çabas› yüzünden basit toprak dolgu yap›larak yükseltil- preservation in patches of a 50x60 cm maximum. The mifl ve üzerine geometrik desenli iri (1.2x1~1.2 cm.) columns of three sides (west, south and east) of the peri- büyüklü¤ünde kenarlara sahip mozaik döflenmifltir. Bu style were recovered either in situ placed on a pave- döfleme tafl döfleme üzerine kal›nca kireç harçl› bir taba- ment of 5 cm higher or toppled and broken. These ka de¤il s›k›flt›r›lm›fl toprak üzerine döflendi¤i için tafl columns of ca. 30 cm diameter are of grey limestone zeminden 0.50 m. yukar›daki yüzeyde bulunan a¤aç- with large pores and display coarse workmanship. The lar›n kökleri bunlar› patlatm›fl, en büyü¤ü 50x60 cm. slight variations in the diameters of the columns are also boyutunda olan ama genelde çok erimifl ve parçalanm›fl observed in their bases. The peristyle connects to the

8 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

west through a doorway; however, we are not able to make any comments concerning this side, as no exca- vations have been carried out in this direction to date. To the south of the peristyle are 7 rooms side by side, located somewhat lower due to the slope of the terrain. Some of these rooms functioned as larder or storage as can be understood from the pithoi or amphorae uncov- ered in situ. This section must have been covered with a timber roof like the Western Villa. Although the structure is rich architecturally, very few small finds have been recovered (Fig. 3, 4, 5). Amongst the small finds can be cited baked clay works, a few Late Roman vases of fine quality and bronze and iron door and lock pieces. Plan 1 Peristil ev plan› / Plan 1 Peristyle house According to the small finds and from the architectural evaluation, also supported by other data to be published flekilde elimize geçmesine neden olmufltur. Peristilde in the final reports, it can be said that the structure was kullan›lan sütunlar için flu anda üç yan› (bat›-güney ve built towards the end of the 4th century AD, it was dam- do¤u) belirli, düzgün ve tabandan 5 cm. kadar yüksek- aged in a fire early 5th century and the peristyle was likteki döflemeye yerlefltirilmifl sütunlar ya in situ veya paved with mosaics after this date. Although I personal- k›r›larak devrilmifl durumda bulunmufltur. 30 cm. civa- ly find it curious that the young members of the team r›nda çapa sahip bu tafl sütunlar iri gözenekli gri renkli identify the structure as the Bishop’s Palace, recalling bir hayli kaba yontulu kireçtafl›ndad›r. Sütunlar için çap the presence of Arykanda at the Church Councils, I have eflitli¤i yönünden görülen cüz’i de olsa farkl›l›k kaideler- to state that to date we have no evidence to support this de de gözlenmektedir. Bir kap› ile bat›ya ba¤lanan peri- claim. stilin bat›s› hakk›nda kaz›s› yap›lmad›¤› için bir fley söy- leyecek durumda de¤iliz. Güneyi ise kot fark› nedeniyle II- Bathhouse peristil seviyesine göre daha afla¤›da yan yana 7 odaya Besides the washbasins discernible in some of the hous- sahiptir. Baz›lar› kiler-depo fleklinde kullan›lm›fl olduk- lar› in situ ele geçen pithos veya amforalardan anlafl›lan es of Arykanda, we have so far brought to light six pub- bu k›sm›n üstü t›pk› Bat› Villas›’nda oldu¤u gibi ahflap lic bathhouses. This shows that Arykanda was a resort olmal›d›r. representing a superfluity of bathhouses and the tradi- tion of bathing in Antiquity. In other words, the citizens Buluntular›na gelince: Mimari olarak zengin olan yap› and the city of Arykanda were described as “favouring küçük eser baz›nda az say›da buluntu vermifltir. Bunla- their comfort, pleasures and delights” in the ancient r›n içerisinde PT eserler (Res. 3-5), az say›da kaliteli Geç sources, they had more than enough facilities for clean- Roma vazolar›, bronz ve demir kap› ve kilit aksamlar› liness, perhaps they procured for their clients with more ele geçmifltir. entertainment than only their famous wine; these could Ele geçen buluntular ve mimari elemanlara dayanarak be the reasons for them to be identified as such. I find binan›n ‹.S. 4. yy.’›n sonlar›na do¤ru infla edildi¤ini; authority in myself to claim that this bathhouse was ‹.S. 5. yy. bafllar›ndaki yang›nla hasar gördü¤ünü ve bu built earlier than the adjoining peristyle house. The tarihten sonra peristilin mozaikle döflendi¤ini, bu tarih- locations of the bathhouses in Lycian cities and their leme için nihai yay›nda kullanabilece¤imiz baflka veri- ventilation systems are among the factors to identify lerin de bulundu¤unu belirtmek isterim. Kaz› ekibinde- them. Typically Lycian in outward appearance, the sixth ki genç arkadafllar›m›n yap›y› “Piskopos saray›” olarak bathhouse has a calidarium ending in an apse (Fig. 2) adland›rmalar›n›, Arykanda’n›n konsil toplant›lar›ndaki and its praefurnio adjoining the east wall- not unearthed varl›¤›n› an›msayarak ilginç buldu¤umu ancak bunu flim- as yet- and its localisation according to the wind direc- dilik destekleyecek hiçbir kan›t bulamad›¤›m›z› ifade tions in the Arykandos Valley, all indicate an ideal loca- etmem gerekir. tion. It is highly likely that this structure had been built facilitating the chimney outlet, conditions existing before the structure to its north was built.

9 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

II- Hamam Arykanda’da baz› evlerde varl›¤› hissedilen “yunak”lar bir yana; flimdiye dek genel hizmete yönelik alt›nc› hamam ortaya ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Bu da de¤iflik yer ve türde daima tekrarlad›¤›m›z Arykanda’n›n y›kanma ayr›cal›- ¤›n› antik dönem için fazlas›yla veren bir konaklama yeri olma etkinli¤idir. Bir baflka anlat›mla baz› antik kay- naklar›n “rahatlar›na, zevk ve sefaya düflkün” olarak tan›mlad›klar› Arykanda kenti ve Arykandal›lar antik ça¤lar için lüks say›labilecek dinlenme tesisi ile birlikte temizli¤i de sa¤lad›klar›ndan; belki yine antik devirler- de ünlü flaraplar› yan› s›ra baflka e¤lendirici fleyleri de müflterilerinin hizmetine sunduklar›ndan böyle an›l›r olmufllard›r. Hamam›n hemen kuzey bitifli¤indeki peris- til yap›dan önce infla edilmifl oldu¤unu buluntusuna, mimarisine bakmadan söyleyebilme hususunda kendi- mi yetkili görüyorum. Zira Likya kentlerindeki hamam- lar›n yap›l›fl yerleri oran›n havalanma durumu bunu saptamada etkendir. Tipik bir Likya hamam› görüntüsün- deki 6. hamam da apsidal bitimli calidarium’u (Res. 2) ve kaz›lmad›¤› için ortaya ç›kmam›fl do¤u duvar›na bitiflik cehennemli¤i ile (praefurnio) ve Arykandos Vadisi’nde- ki rüzgar ak›mlar›na göre yönlendirilifli ile yer yönünden ideal noktalardan biridir. Kuzey yönünde bina yap›lma- Res. 2 Calidarium / Fig. 2 Calidarium dan önce buran›n baca çekimini dikkate alarak yap›lm›fl olmas› kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Entered from the west, the room used as a frigidarium- Bat›dan girifli frigidarium-apodyterium olarak kullan›lan apodyterium has a floor paved with square shaped pla- yönden olan mekan yer yer korunmufl kare fleklindeki ques preserved only in places. This frigidarium-apodyt- plaka tafllarla kapl›d›r. Kuzey tarafta t›pk› Nal Tepesi erium has a pool-piscina like a recessed niche in the hamam›ndaki gibi gömük nifl fleklinde havuzu-piscinas› north side as at the Nal Tepesi Bathhouse, while the bulunan frigidarium-apodyterium di¤er üç duvar önün- other three sides have benches for changing. From the de giyinme-soyunma için yap›lm›fl sekilere sahiptir. frigidarium, one reached the lutron, which is further Frigidarium’dan lutron’a geçilip buradan tepidarum’a connected to the tepidarium on the north. Again, as in kuzeyden ba¤lant› yap›lm›flt›r. Yine Arykanda’daki the Great Baths-Gymnasion of Arykanda, the tepidari- Büyük Hamam- Gymnasion’dakina benzer flekilde tepi- um connects to the calidarium almost exactly in the darium hemen hemen tam ortada caldarium’a geçit middle. vermektedir. A hoard of 216 coins was recovered in the water canal Hamam›n frigidarium’undaki su yolunda ele geçen 216 of the frigidarium and most of the coins date to the 4th sikkelik definede ço¤unluk ‹.S. 4. yy.’a aittir. Bunlar içe- century, dominated by those minted in the reign of risinde özellikle Honorios’a ait olanlar dominantt›r. Honorius.

Res. 3, 4, 5 / Fig.s 3, 4, 5

10 Badema¤ac› Kaz›lar› 2004 Excavations at Badema¤ac› 2004

Refik DURU

Badema¤ac› Höyü¤ü kaz›lar›n›n 12. dönem çal›flmalar›- The 12th campaign at the Badema¤ac› Höyü¤ü was na, 2004 y›l› yaz aylar›nda devam edildi. Baflkanl›¤›n› conducted during the summer months of 2004. The yapt›¤›m›z kaz› kurulu, ‹Ü Edebiyat Fakültesi Protohis- excavation team under the direction of the author in- torya ve Önasya Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dal› ö¤retim üyesi cluded Prof. Dr. G. Umurtak (vice director), archaeolo- Prof. Dr. G. Umurtak (Baflkan Yard›mc›s›) ile ayn› anabilim gists S. Üstün and T. Güngör and students R. fiamdanc›, dal›ndan S. Üstün ve T. Güngör ile ö¤renciler R. fiam- H. Çelikçi and G. Avyüzen of Istanbul University, Fac- danc›, H. Çelikçi ve G. Avyüzen ile Koruma ve Onar›m ulty of Letters, Department of Protohistory and Near Bölümü ö¤rencisi F. Yuvarlak’tan olufluyordu. Kültür ve Eastern Archaeology, as well as F. Yuvarlak, student of the Turizm Bakanl›¤› Temsilcisi, Antalya Müzesi araflt›rma- Department of Conservation and Restoration. M. Samur c›lar›ndan Arkeolog M. Samur’du. Kaz›m›za bu y›l Basel of Antalya Archaeological Museum joined us as the Üniversitesi Arkeobotanik uzmanlar›ndan Dr. D. Martinoli representative of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. de kat›lm›fl ve alan› ile ilgili çal›flmalar yapm›flt›r. Kaz› Dr. D. Martinoli, an archaeobotanist of Basel Univer- resimleri ve küçük buluntular›n foto¤raflar›ndan büyük sity joined our team this year. The vast majority of the bölümü, ‹Ü Edebiyat Fakültesi Foto¤rafç›s› S. Dereli tara- excavation photographs and photographs of finds were f›ndan çekilmifltir. Kaz›n›n harcamalar›, Kültür Varl›klar› taken by S. Dereli, photographer of Istanbul Universi- ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü¤ü, DÖS‹MM, ‹stanbul Üni- ty’s, Faculty of Letters. The excavation expenses were versitesi Araflt›rma Fonu Baflkanl›¤› ve Türk Tarih Kurumu financed by Directorate general of Cultural Heritage Baflkanl›¤›’n›n sa¤lad›¤› ödeneklerden yap›ld›. ULUSOY and Museums, DÖS‹MM, the Istanbul University Re- Otobüs ‹flletmesi, kaz›ya kat›lan ö¤rencilerin Antalya’ya search Fund, and the Turkish Historical Society. Intercity gidifl otobüs biletlerini temin etti. Kaz›lar›n gerçekleflme- bus tickets for the students were donated by the Ulusoy sini sa¤layan kurumlar›n de¤erli yöneticileri ile Badem- Bus Company. We would like to extend our thanks to a¤ac› Belde Belediye Baflkan› Mustafa Y›ld›z ve Da¤beli the heads of these institutions and companies as well as Belde Belediye Baflkan› Ali Gökay’a en içten teflekkür- to Mr. Mustafa Y›ld›z, the mayor of Badema¤ac›, and lerimizi sunuyoruz. Mr. Ali Gökay, the mayor of Da¤beli. Bu süre içinde, a¤›rl›kl› olarak ‘A Açmas›’n›n güneydo- The work this season focussed mainly in two areas – in ¤u ve kuzeybat› kesimlerinde iki ayr› yerde çal›fl›ld›. ‹lk the southeast and northwest parts of Trench A. The first kaz› alan›, en eski yerleflmelerin araflt›r›lmas› için 2002’ excavation site, Deep Trench 2, was opened in 2002 in de çal›flmalar›n bafllad›¤› 2. Derinlik Açmas›’d›r (2. DA). order to identify the earliest settlements. The northwest ‹kinci ve en genifl ölçekli çal›flma alan› olarak, höyü¤ün slope of the mound was picked as the second site with flimdiye kadar araflt›r›lmam›fl olan kuzeybat› yamac› a wide-scale area of work, in order to clarify the situa- seçildi. Bu alanda yap›lan araflt›rmalar ile özellikle ‹lk tion of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) II settlements in the Tunç Ça¤› II (‹TÇ II) yerleflmelerinin bat›daki durumunun west. The 2004 campaign did not provide any concrete ayd›nl›¤a kavuflturulmas› istenmifltir. 2004 y›l› çal›flma- results that could lead to any change in the established lar› sonunda, höyü¤ün eski kaz› dönemlerinde saptan- stratigraphy of the mound. m›fl olan tabakalaflma durumunda, herhangi bir de¤iflik- lik yap›lmas›n› gerektirecek geliflmeler olmad›.

11 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Neolitik Yerleflmeler Neolithic Settlements Mimarl›k: 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar›nda, Erken Neolitik Ça¤ Architecture: The 2004 campaign did not focus on the (ENÇ) yerleflmeleri üzerinde çok fazla durulmad›. Höyü- Early Neolithic Age (ENA) settlements. Small-scale ¤ün de¤iflik yerlerinde, bu en erken dönem yerleflmeleri works carried out for these early settlements at various için yap›lm›fl, dar kapsaml› çal›flmalar›n sonuçlar› flöyle points on the mound can be summarised as follows: özetlenebilir: – Deep Trench 2 was dug deeper to reach virgin soil – ‹ki y›l önce aç›lmas›na bafllanan 2. DA’da ana topra¤› and having worked about 30 cm in a sterile layer that saptamak için derinleflildi ve -9 m.’de, ana toprak appeared to be virgin soil at -9.00 m, we decided that görünümündeki steril bir katman içinde de 30 cm. this was the native soil and ceased work here. This kadar çal›fl›ld›ktan sonra, bu derinliklerin ana toprak proposed depth for virgin soil is also in conformity düzlemi oldu¤una karar›na var›larak, 2. DA’daki çal›fl- with the results obtained from Deep Trench 1 of the malara son verildi. Ana toprak için önerilen bu derinlik, previous year. In the Deep Trench 2, in a layer of daha önceki y›llarda 1. DA ile de uyum göstermekte- 3.50 m thickness, from -5.60 down to virgin soil, no dir. 2. DA’n›n -5.60 m.’deki en üst yüzey düzleminden architectural remains, other than a thick layer of ana topra¤a kadar olan 3.5 m. kal›nl›¤›ndaki birikim- burnt mudbrick deposit over ENA I / 8 ground level, de, ENÇ I/8 yap› kat›na ait olan taban›n üzerindeki were found. Mostly traces of mudbrick and burnt kal›n yanm›fl kerpiç birikimi d›fl›nda, herhangi bir ground on the profiles have been recorded. Thus, it mimari kal›nt›ya rastan›lmad›. Ço¤unlukla kenar kesit- has been determined that the ground levels of lerindeki baz› kerpiç izleri ve yan›k taban kal›nt›lar› ENA II / 4 building layer is at -6.13 m görüldü ve bu izlere uyarak; ENA I / 5 building layer is at -6.62 m ENÇ II / 4 yap› kat› taban›n›n -6.13 m., ENA I / 6 building layer is at -7.60 m ENÇ I / 5 yap› kat› taban›n›n -6.62 m., ENA I / 7 building layer is at -8.22 m ENÇ I / 6 yap› kat› taban›n›n -7.60 m., ENA I / 8 building layer is at -8.42 m ENÇ I / 7 yap› kat› taban›n›n -8.22 m., ENA I / 9 building layer is at approximately -9.00 m. ENÇ I / 8 yap› kat› taban›n›n -8.42 m., – In the southeast part of Trench A, new stone founda- ENÇ I /9 yap› kat›’n›n da yak. ol. -9 m. derinliklerde tions belonging to the architecture of the period of oldu¤u anlafl›ld›. the Grill Plan foundations, believed to be contem- –A Açmas›’n›n güneydo¤u kesiminde, ENÇ II /4 ve poraneous with ENA II / 4 and ENA II / 3 building ENÇ II / 3. yap› katlar› ile ça¤dafl oldu¤u kabul edilen layers, extends under the EBA II settlements on the ‘Izgara Planl›’ temeller çevresinde yap›lan çal›flma- south side, it was not possible to excavate these and larda bu dönem mimarl›¤›na ait yeni tafl temeller, therefore, they could not be followed properly, and kaz›lmas›na imkan bulunamayan güney kenardaki the content of the architectural remains in this area ‹TÇ II yerleflmeleri alt›na do¤ru geliflti¤i için, gerekti¤i could not be clearly understood. gibi izlenemedi ve bu alandaki mimari izlerin anlam- – Four independent storage bins, side by side, were lar› tam olarak anlafl›lmad›. uncovered during excavations to the west of house – Höyü¤ün kuzey kenar› yak›nlar›ndaki ENÇ II / 3 yap› 7 in the ENA II / 3 building layer near the north side kat›n›n 7 numaral› evinin bat›s›nda yap›lan düzenle- of the mound. In the 1995 campaign, a storage me kaz›lar› s›ras›nda, yanyana infla edilmifl, 4 ba¤›m- system of 6 cells was uncovered between house 1 and s›z depolama kutusu bulunmufltur. 1995 y›l› kaz›la- house 3 in the ENA II / 3 building layer (Duru 1998: r›nda ENÇ II / 3’ün 1 numaral› evi ile 3 numaral› ev 776; Pl. 2, /1,2). This new group of storage units aras›ndaki sokak ortas›na yap›lm›fl 6 gözlü depolama closely resembles that of the 1995 campaign, and the sistemi (Duru 1998: 716; Lev. 2,5/1,2) ile büyük ben- sides of these storage bins were built from separate zerlik gösteren bu depo grubunda da, kutu kenarlar› clay plaques. Plenty of grain has been found inside ayr› ayr› kil levhalar›ndan yap›lmflt›r. Kutulardan these boxes. içinde bol miktarda tah›l tanesi bulunmufltur. Pottery: Not much pottery from ENA I / 9 – 5 building Çömlekçilik: 2. DA’daki çal›flmalar s›ras›nda, ENÇ I / 9 layers has been discovered during the work in Deep - 5 yap› katlar›na ait çok fazla çanak çömlek (çç) bulun- Trench 2. Almost all the shards are small and belong to the mad›. Ele geçenlerin hemen hepsi de kaplar›n kar›nlar›na bellies of vessels; therefore, no new or complementary

12 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1

ait küçük parçalar oldu¤undan, bu en erken katlar›n çç information regarding the pottery art of these early lay- gelene¤i ve kap repertuvar› konusunda yeni ve tamam- ers, nor additions to the vessel repertory, could be lay›c› bilgiler edinilemedi. obtained. 2. DA’da gözlemledi¤imiz çok ilginç ve önemli bir özel- A very interesting and important feature that was ob- lik, ENÇ I evresi tabakalar›n›n düzeylerine kadar olan served at Deep Trench 2 is that numerous potshards of birikim içinde, ‹TÇ II’ye ait çok say›da çç parças›n›n ele EBA II were uncovered in the deposit reaching to the geçmifl oldu¤unu san›yoruz. ENA I levels. Piflmifl Toprak Eserler: Izgara planl› temellerin oldu¤u Baked Clay Finds: On the first day of our work in the kesimdeki çal›flmalar›n ilk gününde, bir önceki y›l inilen Grill Plan foundations area, at the level reached the pre- yüzeyde, toprak üzerinde, çok sa¤lam durumda, k›r›l- vious year, a very well-preserved stamp seal (pintadera) madan günümüze kadar gelmifl olan bir damga mühür was found. With the swastika motif on it, this piece is (pintadera) ele geçmifltir. Üzerinde ‘Gamal› Haç’ kabart- one of the select pieces of the Badema¤ac› stamp seal mas› olan eser, Badema¤ac› mühür kolleksiyonunun en collection. Amongst the other noteworthy baked clay güzel parçalar›ndan biridir. Di¤er piflmifl toprak eserler finds were: a small ladle with a handle ending in an içinde hayvan bafl› fleklinde biten tutama¤› olan küçük animal head and a fragment of a vessel that is shaped bir kepçe ile ayak biçimli bir kap parças› say›labilir. like a foot. Tafl Eserler: De¤iflik yerlerde ve derinliklerde ele geçen Stone Finds: Noteworthy amongst the stone finds recov- tafl buluntular aras›nda, çok say›da keski ve balta ile ered from various spots and depths were numerous yüzlerce tafl boncuk tanesi, çakmaktafl› ve obsidien dil- chisels and axes, as well as hundreds of stone beads, gi çekirdekleri ile dilgiler a¤›rl›kl› bir yer tutmaktad›r. flint stones and obsidian blade cores and blades. Kemik Buluntular: Badema¤ac› ENÇ buluntular› aras›n- Bone Finds: Having an important place amongst the da say› bak›m›ndan önemli bir yer tutan kemik spatüla- ENA finds at Badema¤ac›, numerous bone spatulas and lar ve delgilerden bu y›l da bir hayli örnek ele geçti. awls have also been uncovered this year. Bitki Kal›nt›lar›: 2. DA’daki derin tabakalar›n moloz Botanic Remains: Archaeobotanist Dr. Danièle Martino- birikiminden, Arkeobotanist Dr. Danièle Martinoli çok li collected many plant remains – seeds from the rub- miktarda bitki kal›nt›s›-tohumu toplam›flt›r. Bu malzeme ble deposit in the deep layers of Deep Trench 2. Having gerekli izinler al›nd›ktan sonra, incelenmek üzere ‹sviç- received official permission, these samples were sent to re’ye gönderilmifltir. Switzerland for examination.

13 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 2 / Fig. 2

‹lk Tunç Ça¤› Yerleflmeleri Early Bronze Age Settlements Mimarl›k: Yukar›da belirtildi¤i gibi, 2004 y›l› çal›flmala- Architecture: As mentioned above, research in the west- r› program›nda, höyü¤ün bat› kesiminde bir araflt›rma ern part of the mound via a large trench was part of the yap›lmas›, büyük bir açmada bu yamaçtaki durumun da programme of the 2004 campaign. In 2003, when the araflt›r›lmas› vard›. 2003 y›l›nda kuzey uçta yap›lan genifl- trench was extended to the north, it was observed that leme kaz›lar›nda, do¤u yamaç boyundaki tafl döfleme- the stone pavement on the eastern slope continued for a nin bir süre devam ettikten sonra bozuldu¤u, kesildi¤i while and was then interrupted; and, although our exca- gözlemlenmifl ve çok genifl bir alanda çal›fl›lm›fl olmas›- vation work was conducted over a wide area, neither na karfl›n, kuzey ve hafif kuzeybat› kenarlarda ‹TÇ yer- architectural finds, nor small finds from the EBA were leflmesine ait mimari kal›nt› ve hatta küçük buluntu –çç encountered along the northern and slightly north-west- vs.– ele geçmemiflti. Hatta ‹TÇ yerleflmelerinin höyü¤ün ern sides. Further, it became doubtful if EBA settlements bat› kesimlerinde varl›¤› konusunda bile kuflkuya düflül- existed in the western parts of the mound. In order to müfltü. Son kaz› döneminde durumun kesinli¤e kavufl- clarify this situation, in the last campaign, work began turulmas› amac› ile, bu kesimde, 10 x 35 m. boyutunda, on a new trench – West Trench (BA) – of 10 x 35 m ori- do¤u-bat› yönünde yeni bir açmada –Bat› Açmas› (BA)– entated in an east-west direction. As work progressed, çal›flmalara baflland›. Çal›flmalar›n ileri safhalar›nda, bu this trench was extended towards north, reaching a açma biraz daha kuzeye geniflletildi ve kaz› alan›n›n width of 40 meters in places. This trench yielded inval- geniflli¤i yer yer 40 m.’ye ulaflt›. Dönem sonunda, bu uable information by the end of the campaign. The açmadan çok önemli sonuçlar elde edildi. BA kaz›lar› architectural results obtained from this trench (BA) can sonucunda elde edilen mimari sonuçlar› afla¤›da özetli- be summarised as follows: yoruz: – It is now possible to claim with certainty that the – Kesin olarak söylenebilir ki, Badema¤ac› Höyü¤ü ‹TÇ Badema¤ac› EBA II / 3 period settlement extended II / 3 dönemi yerleflmesi, do¤u yamaçta oldu¤u gibi, across the western part of the mound, almost symmet- hemen hemen simetrik flekilde bat› yamaçta da devam rically with that in the east of the mound. Four fully etmektedir. Bat› Açma’da kaz›lan dört tüm bir de and one partially exposed structures in the BA have a yar›m yap›, höyükte ‹TÇ II / 3 ve 2’de çok tekrarlanan megaron layout, which is very common for the EBA II ‘Megaron’ plandad›r. / 3 and 2 building layers of the mound. – ‹TÇ II / 2 döneminde, megaron planl› evler baz› de¤i- – In EBA II / 2, the houses with a megaron layout were fliklikler geçirmifl ve ante duvarlar› höyü¤ün merkezi- modified and their antae walls were extended toward ne do¤ru ilerletilerek uzat›lm›flt›r. Bu uygulama da the centre of the mound. This modification had also do¤u yamaçta aynen görülmekteydi. been found on the eastern slope of the mound.

14 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

– Bat› yamaç evlerinin arka duvarlar›, yerleflmenin hafif – The rear walls of the houses on the western slope lean meyilli yamac›ndaki tafl dolguya, döflemeye –glacis– upon a stone pavement on the slightly inclined slope dayanmaktad›r. Evlere girifl sadece do¤udan olmak- and these houses can only be accessed from the east. tad›r. – The stone pavement continues along the western – Höyü¤ün bat› yamac› boyunca tafl döfleme devam slope of the mound and this conforms with that of the etmektedir. Bu durum, do¤u yamaca aynen uymak- eastern slope. tad›r. – Both the locations and the layouts of the structures – Bu sene kaz›lm›fl olan yap›lar›n gerek konumlar› ve unearthed this year, and the stone paved belt around planlar›, gerekse d›fl halkadaki tafl döfleli kuflak, ‹TÇ it, are identical to those on the eastern slope’s EBA yerleflmelerinde oldu¤u gibi, do¤u yamaç ile bire bir settlements. The EBA architects certainly pre-planned benzerlik göstermektedir. ‹TÇ mimarlar› hiç kuflkusuz this settlement and built the town at the same time, bu yerleflmeyi önceden planlam›fllar ve kasabay› adeta following their own plan. bir ön planlama sonunda, bir defada infla etmifllerdir. – The houses both on the western and on the eastern – Gerek do¤u gerek bat› yamaç evleri, giriflleri höyü¤ün slope are arranged so that their entrances face the ortas›na bakar flekilde düzenlenmifltir. Do¤al olarak centre of the mound. Naturally, it must be presumed höyü¤ün orta kesimindeki bofl alanda, bu dönemde that a group of structures must have stood in the bir grup yap›n›n var oldu¤u düflünülmelidir. Ancak empty area in the centre. However, no architectural hala bu kesimde ‹TÇ II’ye ait bina kal›nt›s› bulunma- remains from the EBA have been discovered in this m›flt›r. central area. – ‹TÇ II /3 yap› kat›na, yani ‹TÇ II’nin en erken dönem- – The structures of the EBA II / 3 building layer, that is ine ait olan yap›lar, ENÇ II / 1 yap›lar›n›n hemen üze- of the earliest phase of the EBA II, were built directly rine yap›lm›fllard›r ve ENÇ II ile ‹TÇ II aras›nda, bir on top of the ENA II / 1 building layer; therefore, there baflka dönem yerleflmesi olmas› söz konusu de¤ildir. exists no settlement between the ENA II and the EBA Baflka bir anlat›mla ENÇ II yerleflmesinin y›k›lma- II levels. In other words, after a long gap following the s›ndan sonra uzun bir zaman geçtikten sonra gelen end of the ENA II settlement, EBA people came and ‹TÇ insanlar› höyükte evlerini kurmufllard›r. ENÇ ile settled at Badema¤ac›. In the excavated portions of aras›nda –höyü¤ün kaz›lm›fl olan kesimlerinde–, Geç the mound, there existed no Late Neolithic Age (LNA), Neolitik Ça¤ (GNÇ) ve Erken Kalkolitik Ça¤ (EKÇ) yer- nor any Early Chalcolithic Age (ECA) settlements. leflmeleri mevcut de¤ildir. – One of the most intriguing problems regarding the – ‹TÇ ile ilgili en önemli problemlerden biri, yerlefl- EBA is that we still do not have evidence as to the menin oldukça genifl bir kesimini kazm›fl olmam›za whereabouts of the gate into this town despite the fact karfl›n, bu kasabaya ‘Girifl’in –kap›s›n›n– nereden that we have excavated large areas. oldu¤unun hala belli olmamas›d›r. Pottery: We have uncovered new examples of beak Çömlekçilik: ‹TÇ II çömlekçili¤inin tipik örnekleri olan spouted small jugs – typical examples for the EBA – ves- kulplu, gaga a¤›zl› küçük boy testilerdeni, çift kulplu sels with double handles, and extraordinary vessels that kaplar ile ‘Ayr›fl›k Kap’ olarak nitelenecek, fantezi biçim- may be best described as “curious vessels”. li kaplardan bu sene de örnekler ele geçti. Small Finds: A very simple shaped clay idol, 6 stone Küçük buluntular: Basitçe biçimlendirilmifl kilden bir stamp seals – typical for the EBA – and a bronze pin are idol, ‹TÇ’nin özgün mühürlerinden olan 6 adet tafl dam- amongst the small finds from this campaign. ga mühür ve bir tunç i¤ne bu seneki küçük buluntular›n We would like to stress once again that one of the most baz›lar›d›r. important results of the 2004 campaign was the discov- 2004 y›l› kaz›lar›n›n en önemli sonuçlar›ndan birinin, ery that the EBA II settlement continues along the west- ‹TÇ II yerleflmelerinin, höyü¤ün bat› yamaçlar› boyunca ern slopes of the mound. After progressing with the da devam ediyor oldu¤unun ö¤renilmesi oldu¤unu work in this area, we plan to stop excavations at Badem- vurgulamak isteriz. Bu kesimdeki çal›flmalar›n belirli a¤ac› after two or three further seasons of excavation. oranda geliflmesi sa¤land›ktan sonra, iki-üç kaz› mevsi- mi sonunda Badema¤ac› Höyü¤ü’ndeki çal›flmalar›n bitirilmesi [RD1] planlanmaktad›r.

15

Elaiussa Sebaste’de Arkeolojik Çal›flmalar 2004 Archaeological Research at Elaiussa Sebaste in 2004

Eugenia Equini SCHNEIDER

Kaz› Çal›flmalar› Excavation Activities 2004 sezonunda kaz› çal›flmalar› üç bölgede yo¤unlafl- During the 2004 campaign excavation activities took m›flt›r: place in the following areas: 1. Agora, Bizans Kilisesi ve çevresi, 1. within the complex of the agora and Byzantine 2. Dairesel yap›n›n d›fl›nda çeflitli alanlar, eski kuzey church and in the surrounding area liman›na bakan burnun güneybat› kesimi, 2. in various sectors outside the circular building, in the 3. Kentin antik güney liman›na bakan do¤al ve genifl bir south-west area of the promontory overlooking the teras üzerindeki tap›nak alan›. ancient north harbour 3. in the area of the temple that stands on a broad nat- Agora ve Bizans Kilisesi Alan›: ‹ncelemeler, 2003 y›l›nda ural terrace overlooking the city’s ancient south har- çeflitli geometrik fleritlerle kuflat›lm›fl denizle ilgili motif- bour. ler içeren büyük bir parça polikrom mozai¤in a盤a ç›kart›ld›¤› güney yan nefde yo¤unlaflm›flt›r. Sondaj The area of the Agora and the Byzantine Church: Inves- açmas›n›n geniflletilmesi sonucu mozai¤in baflka motif- tigations concentrated on the church’s south aisle leri - özellikle bal›k figürleri ve çok iyi durumda bir yunus where, during the 2003 campaign, a large segment of a figürü - a盤a ç›kart›lm›flt›r (Res. 1). Orijinalde 16x12 m. polychrome mosaic, with a frame of various geometric boyutlar›nda olmas› gereken bu mozaik döflemenin, bands and marine motifs in the field was discovered. muhtemelen ‹.S. 1. yy.’a tarihlenen büyük bir yap›ya ait The sounding’s extention brought to light new elements oldu¤u san›lmaktad›r. Bu yap›, agoran›n ‹mparatorluk of the mosaic’s design, various types of fish and a per- Dönemi yap›s› infla edildi¤i zaman k›smen y›k›lm›fl ve fectly preserved image of a dolphin (Fig. 1). This mosaic tesviye edilmifltir. pavement, which must have originally measured ap- prox. 16x12 metres, seems to belong to a vast building Agoran›n kuzeyindeki kesimde, tiyatrodan güneye giden (probably dating to the 1st century AD) which was partly yolun istinat duvar›yla s›n›rlanm›fl, yolun kemerlerinden demolished and levelled when the Imperial-age build- birinin alt›nda yeni bir kaya mezar bulunmufltur. Bu ing of the agora was constructed. mezar, daha önceki sezonlarda bulunanlarla tamamen benzer bir konuma sahiptir. Daha öncekiler gibi bu In the area north of the agora, bounded by the retaining mezar da, yolun inflas›ndan önceki bir tarihe ait olup, wall of the road running south of the theatre, a new sayg› gösterilerek daha sonraki infla evrelerinde korun- rock-hewn tomb was found beneath one of the arches mufltur. Dikdörtgen biçimli kireçtafl› bir levhayla girifli of the road, in a situation wholly analogous to tombs kapat›lm›fl gömü odas›nda bir dren ile ayr›lm›fl üç adet found in the previous campaigns. Like the latter, this seki yer almaktad›r. Burada en az 27 iskelet bulunmufl- forms part of a funerary complex which predates the tur ve gömülerin da¤›l›m› mezar›n oldukça uzun bir construction of the road, but which was incorporated süre kullan›ld›¤›n› göstermektedir. Çok say›daki ölü hedi- into it and respected in the area’s subsequent building yesi aras›nda camlar, seramik buluntunun yan› s›ra özel- phase. The funerary chamber, sealed by a rectangular likle sürgü kapakl›, bitkisel boya bezeme izleri tafl›yan limestone slab, had three benches divided by a drain piflmifl topraktan bir ostothek (Res. 2) ve içinde 15-16 and contained at least 27 skeletal remains: the burials yafllar›nda bir genç k›z›n kemikleri; iki oluklu, kulpu distribution leads one to believe in a relatively extend- üzerinde bitkisel bezemesi ve a¤›z kenar›nda iki at bafl› ed period of use of this tomb. Between the numerous

17 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS olan büyük bir kandil; gömülerden birinin bir flarap burial findings, glasses, pottery etc, particularly interest- tüccar› oldu¤unu düflünmemize yol açan, mükemmel ing are: a terracotta osteotheke (Fig. 2) with a slip cover, korunmufl halde ele geçen Campania flarap amforas› traces of floral painting decoration and containing the (Dressel 2-4) kayda de¤erdir. Buluntular üzerinde yap›- bones of a girl of fifteen/sixteen years of age; a big lamp lan bir ön inceleme, mezar›n ‹.Ö. 1. yy. ile ‹.S. 1. yy.’›n with two nozzles, floral decoration on the handle and son ony›llar› aras›nda kullan›mda oldu¤unu göstermifltir. two horses heads on the rim; a perfectly preserved Campanian wine amphora (Dressel 2-4) which leads us Dairesel Yap› Civar›nda: Araflt›rmalar, yap›n›n d›fl›nda to suggest that one of the deceased was a wine mer- çeflitli sektörlerde, özellikle kompleksin bat›s›nda chant. A preliminary study of the findings suggests this yo¤unlaflt›r›lm›flt›r. Burada, güneyde bir apsisi bulunan, tomb was in use between the 1st century BC and the yaklafl›k 22x11 m. boyutlar›nda büyük dikdörtgen bir final decades of the 1st century AD. mekan tamamen incelenmifltir (Res. 3). Yap›n›n do¤u çevre duvar›ndaki bir aç›kl›¤›n, Dairesel Yap›’n›n girifl- In the area of the Circular Building: investigation con- lerinden biriyle ayn› eksende olmas›ndan dolay›, ikisi- centrated on various sectors outside the monument, par- nin aras›nda ba¤lant› oldu¤u düflünülmüfltür. Ancak ticularly in the area to the west of the complex, where a mekan›n ana giriflinin kuzeyde, an›tsal mermer bir kap›- vast rectangular hall (about 22x11 m) with an apse on dan sa¤land›¤› kaz› s›ras›nda gün ›fl›¤›na ç›kart›lan söve the south side, was completely investigated (Fig. 3). This ve arflitrav fragmanlar›ndan anlafl›lmaktad›r. structure must have been connected to the Circular Building, as is suggested by the existence of an opening, Orijinalde kireçtafl› plakalardan oluflan taban döflemesi, located on the hall’s east perimeter wall, in axis with apsiste, hemen önündeki alanda ve apsise ulaflan ram- one of the entrances of the former. However, the main pada yer yer iyi korunmufl durumdad›r. Antik Dönem’de entrance to the hall opened on the northern side, yerinden sökülen kireçtafl› plakalar›n harç üzerindeki through a monumental marble door and many frag- izleri halen rahatl›kla görülebilmektedir. ments of the jambs and of the architrave have been Ana mekan›n bat›s›ndaki di¤er küçük mekanlar da ince- brought to light. lenmifltir. Bunlar›n tümü, 2003 y›l›nda apsisin güney- The pavement, consisting originally of limestone slabs, do¤usunda a盤a ç›kart›lan iki mekan gibi, yan›k malze- is well preserved in the apse, in the area in front of it meyle birlikte ana mekan›n ve müfltemilat›n›n duvar and in some parts of the approach ramp. The imprints of kaplamalar›na ait çok say›da renkli mermer parçalar›, the position of the slabs can clearly be seen in the traces yaprak ve nar gibi bitkisel motifler oluflturan yine çok of mortar in those places where the slabs had been say›da opus sectile parças› içeren tabakalara sahiptir deliberately removed in antiquity. (Res. 4). Seramik buluntular 6. yy. ortalar›na tarihlenebi- lir. Bu tarih, kompleksin en az›ndan bir k›sm›n›n tahrip Other small rooms to the west of the nave were investi- gated. All of these, as the two discovered in 2003 to the south-east of the apse, exhibit layers of burnt material together with a great number of fragments of poly- chrome marble and very numerous pieces of opus sec- tile (forming vegetal and floral patterns, such as leaves,

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2

18 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 3 / Fig. 3 Res. 4 / Fig. 4

olup terk edildi¤i tarih ile daha önceki sezonlarda elde pomegranates etc.) (Fig. 4), originating both from the edilen verilerle uyum içindedir. wall revetment of the hall and its annexes. The ceramic findings can be dated to the period of the mid-6th centu- Yeni elde edilen bilgiler, her ne kadar tamamlay›c› olmak- ry AD, a date corresponding to the period of the de- tan uzaksa da (asl›nda inceleme sürdürülmelidir), bu struction and the abandonment of at least some parts büyük ve gösteriflli yap›n›n halen tart›fl›lma olan ifllevi of the complex, confirming the data from previous cam- konusunda, baz› savlar ileri sürmemize olanak vermek- paigns. tedir. Apsisli salon ve portikolu dairesel yap›n›n, sivil erke ait etkileyici resmi bir yap›n›n nüvesi olmas› muh- The new information acquired, even if far from com- temeldir. Daha erken tarihli ticari ifllevli yap›lar›n üzeri- plete (in fact the investigation is to be continued), makes ne 5. yy.’da infla edilen bu yap› grubu, Elaiussa Sebaste’ it possible to advance some hypotheses as regards to the nin Erken Bizans Dönemi’ni karakterize eden yo¤un bir function, still under discussion, of this great and lavish- inflaat evresine kan›t oluflturdu¤u gibi, ayn› zamanda da ly decorated complex. It is quite probable that the apse ticari faaliyet ve ekonomik refahta canlanman›n bir hall and the circular building with the portico may rep- göstergesidir. Seramiklerin incelenmesi zaten yerel üre- resent the essential nucleus of an impressive official tim merkezlerinin bir yenilenme sürecinden geçti¤ini ve building belonging to the civil power. Built in the 5th pazar›n do¤uya, K›br›s, Suriye ve Filistin’e do¤ru genifl- century over earlier installations for commercial, or at ledi¤ini göstermektedir. Kompleks fliddetli bir olayla any rate related uses, it testifies to the new extensive ömrünü tamamlam›fla benzemektedir. Ancak bunun bir building phase which characterizes the early Byzantine deprem de¤il de Procopius’un anlatt›¤› üzere yerel sivil period at Elaiussa Sebaste, also marked by a revival of ayaklanma olmas› muhtemeldir. Apsis duvar›n›n bitifli- commercial activity and of economic prosperity. In fact ¤indeki kulede yap›lan kaz›lar, silah parçalar› ve kalkan from the study of the ceramic evidence, the local cen- kal›nt›lar›n›n yang›nla k›smen eridi¤ini ve örne¤in tres of production appear to have undergone a phase of m›zraklarla delinmifl amforalarda oldu¤u gibi Vandal renewal and the market seems to have broadened oncee kundaklama izlerini aç›kça gözler önüne sermifltir. again, especially toward the East, to Cyprus, Syria and Palestine. Ancak dairesel yap›n›n kuzey cephesinin önünde a盤a ç›kart›lan, liman havzas› boyunca uzanan ve anakaraya The complex appears to have been destroyed by a vio- ba¤lant›y› sa¤layan yol, giriflin yaklafl›k olarak 7. yy. orta- lent event, probably not to an earthquake, but more lar›nda savunma amaçl› olarak büyük bloklarla bloke likely to a local civil revolt, as is reported by Procopius. edilmesine kadar kullan›mda kalm›flt›r. Burun üzerinde Indeed, excavations inside the tower annexed to the böylesi güçlü savunma sistemine gerek duyulmas› Pers apse wall revealed fragments of arms and the remains veya daha büyük olas›l›kla Arap iflgalleriyle ba¤lant›l› of shields partially melted by fire and clear traces of olmal›d›r. Kaz›n›n bitmesine yak›n, çöken duvar›n alt›n- vandalism and arson, for example the amphorae had da, kap›n›n önünde, gö¤sünde bir okucuyla a盤a ç›kar- been pierced by lances. t›lan iskeletin keflfi de dönemin savafl aletleri için örnek

19 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

However the road running along the port basin, ex- posed in front of the northern façade of the Circular Building that connected it to the mainland, still remain in use until about the middle of the 7th century AD, when the entrance was closed by large blocks for defen- sive purposes. This need for strong defences on the promontory must be related to the Persian or most prob- ably to the Arabic invasions. An example of this period of warfare is proved by the discovery, almost at the end of the season, of a skeleton with an arrow point inside his chest, leaning in front of the door and covered by the collapsed wall. From this period on, life in the city, as it is also shown from other areas of excavation, came to an end. Res. 5 / Fig. 5 Area of the Temple: The investigation of the temple, initiated in 2003, continued. The building is peripteral, hexasytl with 12 columns on the long sides; the order is sa¤lam›flt›r. Di¤er kaz› alanlar›nda da gözlendi¤i üzere, Corinthian, with Attic bases. bu dönemden itibaren kentte yaflam sona ermifltir. A preliminary analysis of the architectural decoration Tap›nak Alan›: 2003 y›l›nda tap›nakta bafllat›lan çal›fl- suggests that the temple was built around the mid- or malar bu sezonda da sürdürülmüfltür. Peripteros yap›, second half of 1st century AD. uzun kenar› boyunca 12 sütun yer alan heksastil olup, One of the purposes of the 2004 campaign was to inves- Attik kaideli Korinth düzenindedir. Mimari bezeme üze- tigate the underground chamber which extends under rinde yap›lan ön inceleme, yap›n›n 1. yy.’›n ortas› veya the north-east side of the cella, the existence of which ikinci yar›s›nda infla edildi¤ini göstermifltir. had been mentioned in a preliminary study of this tem- 2004 kaz› sezonunun hedeflerinden biri de, cella’n›n ple by the English scholar Gough in the early nineteen kuzeydo¤u k›sm› alt›na uzanan yeralt› odas›n› incele- fifties. mekti. Bu odan›n varl›¤› 1950’lerde tap›nakta ön incele- Access to this chamber, which is now very difficult due me yapan ‹ngiliz bilimadam› Gough taraf›ndan bildiril- to partially collapsed structures, was by stair ramps. The miflti. Orijinalde basamakl› rampayla eriflilen odaya gir- room, barrel vaulted and very well built of regular lime- mek, k›smen çökmüfl yap›lar nedeniyle bugün oldukça stone blocks, was certainly used in the Byzantine age as zordur. Beflik tonozlu ve düzgün kesme tafllarla infla a water reservoir, as is shown by the hydraulic mortar edilmifl mekan›n Bizans Dönemi’nde sarn›ç olarak kul- applied to its walls ( Fig. 5). Its previous exact function, lan›ld›¤› duvarlar›ndaki hidrolik s›vadan anlafl›lmaktad›r related to the Roman temple, remains to be determined (Res. 5). Mekan›n tap›nakla ilintili as›l ifllevi ancak 2005 by the 2005 excavations. kaz›lar›nda kesinlefltirilebilecektir. Restoration and Conservation Activities Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çal›flmalar› The interventions made for static-structural consolida- Statik konsolidasyon ve konservasyon amaçl› müdaha- tion and conservation, largely concerned the arch of the leler dairesel yap›n›n yak›n›ndaki Bizans su yolunun Byzantine aqueduct by the Circular Building and some kemerine ve üst kesim duvarlar› giderek bozulan ago- structures in the agora where a progressive deterioration radaki baz› binalara yap›lm›flt›r. Tüm bu müdahaleler ve of the upper walls was evident. These interventions and önceki sezonlardaki tüm restorasyon çal›flmalar› sevgili all the restoration works conducted in past campaigns dostumuz Mimar Ezio Mitchell taraf›ndan gerçeklefltiril- have been followed by the architect and our dear friend th mifltir. Bu yaz›y›, 13 Eylül 2004 günü aniden yitirdi¤imiz Ezio Mitchell, who suddenly died on the 13 September bu arkadafl›m›za ithaf etmek istiyorum. 2004 and to whom I wish to dedicate this paper. Bazilikan›n opus sectile taban döflemesi restorasyonu The restoration of the opus sectile floors of the basilica Trakya Üniversitesi’nden H. Ak›ll›’n›n gözetiminde ger- was also conducted under the supervision of H. Ak›ll› of çeklefltirilmifltir. Trakya University.

20 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Paleo-Antropolojik ‹ncelemeler: Antropolojik inceleme- Paleo-Anthropological Studies: Anthropological studies ler, en az 27 iskeletin rekonstrükte edildi¤i yeni bulunan focussed in particular on the remains of bones found in kaya mezar›nda yo¤unlaflt›r›lm›flt›r. Bu iskeletlerden 22’ the newly discovered rock-hewn tomb, where at least si yetiflkinlere, 2’si ergenlere ve 3’ü de çocuklara aittir. 27 individual skeletons were reconstructed: 22 adults, Yola aç›lan kap› kaz›s›nda bulunan iskelet üzerinde de 2 adolescents and 3 children. A preliminary analysis ön inceleme yap›lm›flt›r. Bu iskelet, öldü¤ünde 23 ila 39 began of the skeleton discovered during the excavation yafllar› aras›nda ve boyu da 1.66-1.70 m civar›nda olan of the access door leading to the port basin road. This yetiflkin bir erke¤e aittir. Baz› kemik fragmanlar› DNA skeleton is from a male whose age at death is estimated analizi yap›lmak üzere al›nm›flt›r. as being between 23 and 29 years; with a height of between 166-170 cms; some fragments of the bones have been removed to be subjected to DNA analysis.

21

Harmanören-Göndürle Höyük Mezarl›k Kaz›s› 2004 The Harmanören-Göndürle Höyük Necropolis Excavations of 2004

Mehmet ÖZSA‹T

2004 Y›l› Harmanören (Göndürle Höyük) Tunç Ça¤ The 2004 campaign of the excavations at the Bronze Mezarl›k Kaz›s›’na, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›’n›n izni Age necropolis at Harmanören (Göndürle Höyük), with ile Isparta Müzesi ad›na, ‹stanbul Üniversitesi Rektörlü- the permission granted by the Ministry of Culture and ¤ü Bilimsel Araflt›rma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterli¤i’ Tourism, was conducted on behalf of Isparta Museum. nin deste¤i ve Suna - ‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri The work was supported by the Administrative Secretar- Araflt›rma Enstitüsü (AKMED) ile Türk Tarih Kurumu Bafl- iat of Scientific Research Projects of Istanbul University, kanl›¤›’n›n katk›lar›yla devam edilmifltir. the Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterra- nean Civilisations (AKMED) and the Turkish Historical Alan yöneticili¤ini N. Özsait’in yapt›¤› kaz›ya, ‹.Ü. Ede- Society. biyat Fakültesi’nden Dr. E. Konyar, Mimar-Restoratör H. I. Kocabafl, doktora ve yüksek lisans ö¤rencileri The field work was directed by N. Özsait. The team P. Ercan, D. Ç›¤›r, Ö. Özdemir, B. Güvel, H. Oy, ‹. Baytak, members were Dr. E. Konyar of Istanbul University S. Kaymakç›, B. Demirtop, G. A¤ao¤lu, B. Öner, Arkeo- Faculty of Letters, architect-restorer H. I. Kocabafl, grad- loji, Tarih, Tafl›nabilir Kültür Varl›klar›n› Koruma ve Ona- uate students engineer P. Ercan, D. Ç›¤›r, Ö. Özdemir, r›m Bölümlerinden sekiz lisans ö¤rencisi, Selçuk Üni- B. Güvel, H. Oy, ‹. Baytak, S. Kaymakç›, B. Demirtop, versitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Eskiça¤ Tarihi Anabilim G. A¤ao¤lu, B. Öner, eight undergraduate students from Dal›’ndan Yard. Doç. Dr. Ö. Koçak, M. Bilgin, Cumhu- the departments of Archaeology, History, and Conserva- riyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Eskiça¤ Tarihi tion and Restoration of Portable Cultural Heritage, Dr. Anabilim Dal›’ndan Dr. A. Ifl›k kat›lm›fllard›r. Çal›flmala- Ö. Koçak of Selçuk University Department of History, r›m›za maddi destek sa¤layan kurumlara, kaz›da bulu- M. Bilgin, specialist Dr. A. Ifl›k of Cumhuriyet Univer- nan iskelet kal›nt›lar›n› inceleyen Paleoantropolog Dr. sity, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of S. Alparslan Roodenberg’e, büyük bir özveriyle çal›flan Ancient History. I would like to extend my sincere ekibimize ve ö¤rencilerimize candan teflekkür ederim. thanks to these institutions for supporting our work, palaeoanthropologist Dr. S. Alparslan Roodenberg for 18.8.2004-27.9.2004 tarihleri aras›nda sürdürülen kaz›- studying the skeletal remains that were uncovered, and da tek açmada çal›fl›ld›. Açma U’nun kuzeyinde 3x5 m. our team and our students for their invaluable work. boyutlar›nda bafllanan açma V, mezar küplerinin gelifli- ne göre, aç›lan ceple bat›ya do¤ru 2 m. geniflletildi (Res. The work was carried out from August the 18th to Sep- 1, 2). tember the 27th 2004 in only one trench. Trench V of Bu y›l da küp mezarlardan baflka gömü tipine rastlan- 3x5 m was opened to the north of Trench U, and it was mad› (Res. 3). Do¤u-bat› do¤rultusunda yerlefltirilen later extended with a pocket another 2 m towards west, küplerin do¤uya bakan a¤›z aç›kl›klar› düz, büyük bir due to the finds that were uncovered (Fig.s 1-2). taflla örtülmüfltür. Yaln›z bir mezar küpünün (HÖM04V4) Only burial jars were encountered in 2004 (Fig. 3). The a¤z› çömlekle kapat›lm›flt›r. Her iki tipte de kapak tafl› jars are orientated in an east-west direction with their veya çömle¤in etraf› ve arkas› büyük tarla tafllar›yla des- mouths opening toward east and they were closed with teklenerek, üstleri daha ufak toplama tafllarla korunma- large stone slabs. Only one burial jar’s (HÖM04V4) ya al›nm›flt›r. A盤a ç›kar›lan on üç mezardan Mezar V1, mouth was closed by another jar. In both types, the slab V2, V13 hariç, tümü el de¤memifl fakat do¤an›n tahribine stone or the jar itself and its rear end were encircled

23 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2 u¤ram›fl çatlak-k›r›k olarak ele geçmifltir. Açma V’de with large fieldstones around and smaller stones were gömünün yo¤un oldu¤u mezarl›k alan›nda arazi duru- placed ontop to protect them. 13 burials were uncov- mundan, yamaç meylinden kaynaklanan bir tabakalafl- ered. Apart from the burials V1, V2 and V13, the re- man›n oldu¤u gözlenmifltir. (Res. 2). maining ones were uncovered as untouched but had cracked due to natural causes. In Trench V, where there Mezar V3: A¤›z aç›kl›¤›n›n önünde, yerinden oynam›fl is an aggregation of burials, the presence of layering due çok iri bir tarla tafl› bulunan küpün boyun üzeri çok to the terrain and the slope was observed. büyük, yass› toplama tafllarla örtülmüfltür. ‹lk bak›flta, küpün çok k›r›k, yer yer çökmüfl gövdesi ve a¤›z içine Burial V3: A very large fieldstone which had now giren tafllar›n görünümü, makineli tar›m sonucu olagel- moved away, was placed on its mouth. Its neck was di¤i izlenimini veriyorsa da, küp aç›ld›¤› zaman küp covered with very large flat stones collected from around. içine dolmufl tafllar ile kemiklerin buluntu durumu, bu At first glance, the fragmentary state of the jar, its body tahribat›n zaman›m›zda olmad›¤›n› göstermektedir (Res. caved-in in places, and the fact that stones had entered 4). Belkide zaman›nda bir yer sars›nt›s› sonucu tafllar through its mouth, led us to think it was damaged from içine kaym›fl veya gömü s›ras›nda mezar küpünün içi some mechanical plough, but when the jar was opened, taflla doldurulmufl olabilir. HÖM04V3 d›fla çekik dudak- it was understood to have been damaged long before l›, hafif iç bükey k›sa boyunlu, omuzda simetrik dört (Fig. 4). Perhaps, in sometime the stones had moved tutamak kulplu, dibe do¤ru daralan gövdeli, düz dipli inside due to an earthquake or it even could have been büyük bir küptür. Buluntu yoktur. ‹skeletten birkaç uzun filled with stones at the time of burial. The large jar of kemik parças› kalm›flt›r. HÖM04V3 has an everted rim, a short and slightly con- cave neck, four symmetrical lugs on its shoulder and a Mezar V4: A¤›z aç›kl›¤›, içe çekik a¤›zl›, yuvarlak göv- body narrowing towards the bottom and a flat bottom. deli bir çömlekle örtülmüfltür. Dar a¤›zl›, simetrik dört No small finds were found and only a few long bones dikey kulplu, yumurta gövdeli, düz dipli, küçük bir küp- survived. tür. Kapak çömle¤inin arkas›, küpün yanlar› ve omuza kadar olan üst k›sm› iri, yass› tafllarla korumaya al›nm›fl- Burial V4: Its mouth was covered by a vessel with a t›r. Mezardan bir çocu¤a ait oldu¤u anlafl›lan iskelet round body and inverted rim. It is a small jar with a nar- kal›nt›s› ile flevron bezemeli bir testicik (HÖM04-1) ele row mouth and has four symmetrical vertical handles, geçti. an ovoid shaped body and a flat bottom. The rear of the lid-vessel, its sides and its upper part, up to the shoulder Mezar V5: El de¤memifltir. D›fla çekik a¤›zl›, dört dikey were protected by flat stones, some of which are large. kulplu, genifl, dibe do¤ru daralan gövdeli, düz dipli Skeletal remains belonging to a child and a juglet deco- büyük bir küptür. Do¤uya bakan aç›kl›¤›, çok büyük ve rated with chevrons (HÖM04-1) were recovered from 120 cm. uzunlu¤unda, düz bir taflla kapat›lm›flt›r. Kapak this burial. tafl›n›n önü iri birkaç tarla tafl› ile desteklemifltir. Kapak tafl›n›n üzeri, küpün boyun üstü ve çevresi düzenli bir

24 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 4 / Fig. 4

Burial V5: This untouched large jar has an everted rim, four vertical handles, a wide body narrowing towards bottom and a flat bottom. Its mouth facing east was closed off with a large flat stone, 120 cm in length. The lid stone was further supported by a few big fieldstones. The mouth of the jar and over and around the neck, Res. 3 / Fig. 3 were neatly covered by jar fragments. When these shards were collected and carefully joined, it was seen flekilde büyük küp parçalar› ile örtülmüfltür. Bu keramik that a bell-shaped jar with a wide mouth, flattened wide parçalar› dikkatle toplan›p üzerinde çal›fl›ld›¤›nda ve lip, wide body and narrow bottom was broken and used tümlendi¤inde, genifl a¤›zl›, genifl düzlenmifl dudakl›, for this purpose. It was also understood that the genifl gövdeli, dar dipli, çan biçimli bir küpün k›r›larak HÖM04V5 burial jar was broken on the belly and was kullan›ld›¤› görülmüfltür. HÖM04V5 mezar küpünün re-used. The gap that was opened was closed off by karn›ndan k›r›larak tekrar kullan›ld›¤› anlafl›lm›flt›r. Bu stones, earth and jar fragments. Amongst the finds were k›r›lan yer tafl, toprak ve küp k›r›klar› ile kapat›lm›flt›r. Bu two beaked Jugs (HÖM04V5-1 and HÖM04V5-2), a pot mezarda gaga a¤›zl› iki testi (HÖM04V5-1, HÖM04V5- fragment and skeletal remains belonging to two individ- 2), bir çömlek parças› ile cranium (kafatas›) parçalar›na uals, inferred from the cranium fragments. göre iki bireye ait iskelet kal›nt›s› ele geçti. Burials V6, V7 and V8: The upper protecting stones Mezar V6, V7, V8: Yüzeye yak›n olduklar›ndan üst were lost because of their closeness to the surface. koruma tafllar› kaybolmufltur fakat, ilk ikisinin a¤›z aç›k- However, the first two had their lidstones in place. None l›¤›n› örten kapak tafllar› yerindedir. Gömü ve buluntu yielded burials or small finds but each jar is of a differ- vermeyen her üç mezar›n küpleri de farkl› tiptedir. ent type. HÖM04V7 is a medium size jar with an invert- HÖM04V7 içe çekik dar a¤›zl›, genifl omuzlu, dibe do¤- ed narrow rim, wide shoulder, its body narrowing ru daralan gövdeli, dar düz dipli, simetrik dört dikey towards the bottom, a narrow flat bottom, and symmet- kulplu, orta boy bir küptür. Harmanören Mezarl›¤›’nda rical four vertical handles. This type is a new example bu tip, içe dönük a¤›zl› küplere yeni bir örnektir. of jars with inverted rim from the Harmanören Necrop- olis. Mezar V9: Mezar V8 ve Mezar V12’nin alt tabakas›nda ele geçirilmifltir. Harmanören’de ünik olan küplerden Burial V9: This was uncovered under burials V8 and biridir. Çok dik yerlefltirilmifltir. A¤›z aç›kl›¤› büyük, dikey V12. This is one of the unique jars from Harmanören. It tafllarla örtüldükten sonra gene yass›, büyük tafllarla des- was placed quite vertical. Its mouth was covered verti- teklenmifltir. Boyun ise k›r›lm›fl bir çana¤›n parçalar›n›n cally with large stones and further supported by flat and yan yana konulmas›yla korunmaya al›nm›flt›r. D›fla çekik large stones. The neck was protected by placing side by

25 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS dudakl›, dik boyunlu, simetrik dört tutamak kulplu, dibe side the fragments of another broken jar. This medium do¤ru daralan gövdeli ve dar düz dipli, orta boy bir küp- size jar has an everted rim, vertical neck, four symmet- tür. Kulplar aras›nda paralel yivlerden oluflan bir flevron rical lugs, and a body narrowing towards bottom. motifinin içine efl merkezli çemberlerden oluflan bir Between the lugs is a chevron motif formed with paral- motif yerlefltirilmifltir. Bu motife daha önce de d›fla çekik lel lines and concentric circles placed within. This motif dudakl› çan biçimli küplerin a¤z›nda, genifl dudak yüze- was previously found on the wide lip of bell-shaped jars yi üzerinde rastlam›flt›k (HÖM00R20 destek, HÖM0 with everted rims (HÖM00R20 support, HÖM03Ü9-A). 3Ü9-A). fiimdi mezarl›¤›m›zda, ilk olarak bir küpün However, this is the first time it appears on the shoulder omzunda karfl›m›za ç›kmaktad›r. ‹skelet kal›nt›s›nda of a burial jar in our necropolis. The bones and teeth of kemikler ve difller bize bireyin bir çocuk oldu¤unu gös- the skeletal remains suggest that the deceased was a termektedir. child. Mezar V10: Genifl düz a¤›zl›, dibe do¤ru daralan konik Burial V10: This medium size jar has a wide flat rim, a gövdeli, düz dipli orta boy bir küptür. Tutamak veya conical body narrowing towards bottom and a flat bot- kulp yoktur. Bu küpün de HÖM04V13 mezar küpünün tom. There exist no lugs or handles. This burial was ve onun üzerinde yerlefltirilen HÖM04V11 mezar arma- placed right on top of the burial gifts of HÖM04V11, ¤anlar›n›n tam üstüne geldi¤i gözlenmifltir. ‹n situ olarak which was placed right on top of the HÖM04V13 ele geçen HÖM04V10 mezar küpünün a¤›z aç›kl›¤›n› burial jar. Uncovered in situ, the lid stones closing off örten kapak tafl›n›n yanlar›ndan bafllayarak, HÖM04V the HÖM04V10 burial jar are surrounded with protect- 10 mezar küpünün a¤z› üstünde bir yar›m daire çizen ing stones, forming a semi-circle on the mouth, as was koruma tafllar› çok güzel izlenebilmektedir. Mezar bulun- clearly observed. No small finds were found within it. tu vermedi. Burial V11: Uncovered entirely untouched, this burial Mezar V11: Her fleyiyle el de¤memifl olarak ele geçen provides us with useful information about burial struc- bu mezar da bize mezar yap›lar› hakk›nda güzel fikir tures. Firstly, the jar was placed in the pit dug for it. vermektedir. Mezar küpü kaz›lan yere yerlefltirildikten Then its mouth was closed off with a very large and sonra küp a¤›z aç›kl›¤› çok büyük, kal›n bir tarla tafl›yla thick fieldstone. The lid stone and the neck of the jar kapat›lm›flt›r. Kapak tafl›n›n önü ve küpün boynu, kera- were further supported by potshards, earth and large mik parçalar›, toprak ve iri toplama tarla tafllar›yla des- collected fieldstones. This burial should also be consid- teklenmifltir. Bu mezar da Harmanören’de daha önce ered as one of those tombs with monumental stones gördü¤ümüz kapak tafl› önünde an›tsal y›¤›nt› yap›lan piled by the lid stone, as has been observed previously mezarlar›n aras›nda say›lmal›d›r. Kapak tafllar›n›n önünde at Harmanören. When the semi-circular pile of stones düzenlenen yar›m daire tafl kütlelerinin aras› aç›ld›¤›n- by the lidstone was removed, only earth, containing no da yaln›z toprak y›¤›nt›s› ile karfl›lafl›lm›fl, hiçbir bulun- items, was found. tu görülmemifltir. This jar has an everted rim, short vertical neck, four ver- D›fla çekik a¤›zl›, k›sa dik boyunlu, dikey dört tutamak tical lugs, a wide body narrowing toward bottom and a kulplu, dibe do¤ru daralan, genifl gövdeli, dar a¤›zl› bir narrow mouth. Below the lugs are finger print decora- küptür. Tutamak alt›, üst üste paralel, iki yatay yalanc› tion in two horizontal rows, starting between the false tutamak kabart›lar› aras›ndan bafllayan ve tüm omzu ve lugs and encircling the entire shoulder and upper body. üst gövdeyi dolanan parmak bask› bezemeleri görül- Jars with lugs and finger print decoration such as this mektedir. Bu tip tutamak ve parmak bask›l› küplerin bir one, also have lugs inside the jar. There are two horn özelli¤i de, küp içi tutamaklar›d›r. HÖM04V11’de simet- lugs inside HÖM04V11 placed symmetrically; however, rik iki tane görülen bu boynuz tutamaklar, baz› küplerde some others may have four lugs, while their function is ise dört tanedir ve fonksiyonunu tam olarak belirlemek difficult to identify. zordur. The bones found inside this jar belong to four individu- Küp içinde dört bireye ait kemikler görülmektedir. ‹lk iki als. The bones and crania of the first two individuals bireyin kemikleri ve cranium’lar› küp dibinde kar›fl›k bir were found mixed at the bottom of the jar while the cra- flekilde, üçüncü bireyin cranium’u küpün gövdesine, nium of the third was inside the body, and the fourth dördüncü bireyin cranium’u küpün omuz k›sm›nda individual was found inside the neck of the jar. It is pos- bulunmufltur. Dördüncü bireyin kemik s›ras› incelene- sible to follow the arrangement of the bones of the bilmektedir. Hafif sa¤a dönük, hoker durumunda yat›r›l- fourth individual, who was buried in a hocker position, m›flt›r. Küp içinde bulunan bir çömlekçik (HÖM04V2) slightly turned to right. The small pot (HÖM04V2) found

26 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS ilk gömülere, küp d›fl›nda, küpün sol yan›nda bulunan inside the jar must belong to the earliest burials, while hediye gurubu da son gömüye ait olmal›d›r. the gift assemblage, found to the left outside the jar must belong to the last burial. Küp üstten k›r›larak tekrar gömü için kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu k›r›lm›fl alan muntazam flekilde toplama tafllar ve kera- The jar was broken from the top to enable its re-use. The mik k›r›klar›yla örtülmüfltür. Küpün önündeki y›¤›n ile broken part was covered neatly with collected stones uyum içinde düzenlenmifltir. HÖM04V11’in yan›nda ve and pottery fragments in harmony with the pile by the HÖM04V10’un ön tafllar›n›n alt›na gelen k›s›mda, top- mouth of the jar. Beside HÖM04V11, which was direct- lama tafllar› aras›nda özenle yerlefltirilmifl iki gaga a¤›zl› ly beneath the stone pile by the mouth of HÖM04V10, testi görülmüfltür (HÖM04V11-1, HÖM04V11-3). Bun- were found two beaked jugs (HÖM04V11-1, HÖM04 lar›n üzerlerini örten tafl kütlesi, HÖM04V11 mezar küpü- 11-3) placed neatly in the pile of collected stones. The nü örtenlerle birliktelik göstermektedir. Gaga a¤›zl› mass of stones covering them display a unity with those testiler, burada bulunan baflka bir küp (HÖM04V13) covering the burial jar HÖM04V11. Beaked jugs were tahrip edilerek yap›lan dolgu üstüne yerlefltirilmifllerdir. placed on the filling formed by breaking another jar Gaga a¤›zl› testilerden birincisinin (HÖM04V11-1) a¤z› (HÖM04V13) found here. The first beaked jug (HÖM0 zaman›nda k›r›lm›fl, çok k›r›k oldu¤u görülen ikinci gaga 4V11-1) has a broken mouth; the lower part of the sec- a¤›zl› testinin (HÖM04V11-3) alt yar›s›n›n olmad›¤› ve ond jug (HÖM04V11-3) is missing and it was placed on bir tarla tafl›n›n sivrisi üzerine oturtuldu¤u görülmüfltür. the pointed end of a fieldstone. A neck fragment with a ‹lk bak›flta çok büyük üçüncü bir gaga a¤›zl› testi fikrini beaked spout that was placed horizontally amidst the veren tafllar aras›nda yatay konmufl gaga a¤›zl› boyun stones which first suggested the presence of a very large parças›, destekten çok belki de üçüncü bir hediye nite- third beaked jug, perhaps placed here as a third gift li¤inde konmufltu. rather than as a support. Bu y›l da kaz› evinde restorasyon çal›flmas›na devam We continued our restoration work at the excavation edilmifltir. Daha önceki y›llarda çok parçal› olarak kald›- house as before. After joining, restoration and conserva- r›lan ve tümlenen küplerden HÖM93A7, HÖM93B3, tion, the following were turned over to the Directorate HÖM97M1-A, HÖM97M3, HÖM99P7 ve HÖM00R6 of Isparta Museum: burial jars HÖM93A7, HÖM93B3, ile bu y›l ç›kar›lan gaga a¤›zl› dört testi (HÖM04V4-1, HÖM97M1-A, HÖM97M3, HÖM99P7 and HÖM00R6 HÖM04V5-1, HÖM04V5-2, HÖM04V11-1), iki çömlek- from earlier campaigns; four jugs with beak- like spouts çik (HÖM04V2-1, HÖM04V11-2) gerekli restorasyon ve (HÖM04V4-1, HÖM04V5-1, HÖM04V5-2, HÖM04V- konservasyonlar› yap›ld›ktan sonra Isparta Müze Müdür- 11-1), and two small pots (HÖM04V2-1, HÖM04V11-2) lü¤ü’ne teslim edilmifltir. that were uncovered this year. Demirci Höyük ve Semahöyük’ten sonra, Anadolu’nun We are of the opinion that Harmanören Necropolis is en büyük Tunç Ça¤› mezarl›¤› oldu¤unu düflündü¤ümüz the third largest Bronze Age Necropolis of Anatolia after Harmanören Mezarl›¤›’nda, daha önceki y›llarda ‹TÇ3 Demirci Höyük and Semahöyük. Finds have indicated ve OTÇ bafllar›n› veren buluntulara rastlam›flt›k. Bu y›lki EBA3 and MBA in previous years and finds from this kaz›lar›m›zda ele geçen buluntular genellikle ‹TÇ2 ve year’s campaign indicate mostly both EBA2 and EBA3 ‹TÇ3 safhalar›na aittir. Bununla birlikte 2004 y›l› kaz›s› phases and added new forms to our jar inventory. küp envanterimize yeni formlar kazand›rm›flt›r. We plan to continue our excavations at Harmanören Her y›l Anadolu’nun kültür envanterine yeni buluntular Necropolis, which each year adds new finds to the cul- kazand›ran Harmanören Mezarl›¤› Kaz›lar›’na önümüz- tural inventory of Anatolia, in 2005. deki y›l da devam etmek düflüncesindeyiz.

27

Karain Kaz›lar› 2004 Excavations at Karain in 2004

Harun TAfiKIRAN

2004 Y›l› Karain kaz›lar›; DÖS‹MM, Kültür ve Turizm The 2004 campaign of excavations under the direction Bakanl›¤› Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü¤ü of Prof. Dr. I. Yalç›nkaya at the Karain Cave was con- ve Ankara Üniversitesi’nin maddi katk›lar›yla 17.07.2004- ducted from the 17th of July to the 1st of September, with 01.09.2004 tarihleri aras›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Kaz› the aid of financial contributions from DÖS‹MM, the ekibi; Prof. Dr. I. Yalç›nkaya baflkanl›¤›nda, Doç. Dr. H. Directorate General of Cultural Heritage and Museums Taflk›ran, Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Kartal, Ö¤r. Gör. Dr. K. and Ankara University. The team members were Assc. Özçelik (A.Ü.D.T.C.F.), A. L. At›c› (Harvard Üniversite- Prof. Dr. H. Taflk›ran, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Kartal, Dr. K. si), Prehistoryenler B. C. Sevencan, B. Yerli, D. Tuncay, Özçelik of Ankara University, A. L. At›c› of Harvard S. Baflar, A. Özel, T. Aslan ve G. Cura ile birlikte D.T.C.F University, prehistorians B. C. Sevencan, B. Yerli, D. Arkeoloji Bölümü’nün 15 ö¤rencisinden oluflmufltur. T.C. Tuncay, S. Baflar, A. Özel, T. Aslan and G. Cura, as well Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›’n› ise, Arkeolog C. Topal tem- as 15 students from the Department of Archaeology. The sil etmifltir. state representative was archaeologist C. Topal. 2004 y›l› kaz›lar›n› 3 ana kategoride özetlemek olanak- Work during the 2004 campaign can be summarised l›d›r: under the following three titles: 1. E Gözü Kaz›s›: Karain Ma¤aras›’n›n en büyük ve 1. Excavations at Chamber E: Chamber E is the most önemli yerleflim alan› olan E Gözünde, 2004 y›l› kaz›la- important and largest settlement of the Karain Cave. The r›na Ana Dolgu kaz› alan›n›n güneyinde kalan plankare- excavations at the gridquares to the south of the Main lerde 2003 y›l›nda b›rak›ld›klar› seviyelerden itibaren Block were resumed from the point they were halted in devam edilmifltir. Bu alanda s›ras›yla I14, I15, I16, I17, 2003. In this area, the gridsquares I14, I15, I16, I17, I18 I18 ve I19 plankareleri kaz›lm›flt›r. Ancak, Ana Dolgu and I19 were excavated. However, as the southern pro- güney profili Kökten kaz›lar›nda güneye do¤ru e¤imli file of the Main Block was left with an angle at the exca- b›rak›ld›¤›ndan, belirli seviyelere inilince I plankareleri- vations by Kökten, when certain levels were reached, nin güneyinde 2003 y›l› kaz›lar›nda ortaya ç›kmaya the excavations were continued in gridsquares J16, J17, bafllayan ve tam 1 metrekare olmayan J 16, J 17, J 18 ve J18 and J19, which emerged to the south of gridsquares J 19 plankarelerinde de kaz› çal›flmalar› yürütülmüfltür. I during the excavations in 2003, of less than 1 square J plankareleri, gerek y›llarca meydana gelen do¤al tahri- meter. Grid- squares J have been greatly worn from batlar, gerek bu tahribatlar sonucu oluflan büyük çatlak- natural causes over the course of years, with cracks lar ve gerekse yabani ar› yuvalar› nedeniyle afl›nm›fllar- appearing due to this natural damage and also from d›r. Bu nedenle fazla buluntu vermemifllerdir. J plan- damage caused by wild bee nests and, consequently not kareleri daha çok Ana Dolgu’nun güney profilini düzen- much has been uncovered within them. Grid-squares J lemek amac›yla ve I plankarelerinde daha kolay kaz› were excavated mainly to arrange the southern profile yap›labilmesi amac›yla kaz›lm›fllard›r. of the Main Block and to facilitate the progress of work in grid-squares I. Esas kaz›lar›n yap›ld›¤› söz konusu I 14, I 15, I 16, I 17 ve I 18 plankarelerinde 56. (-10.80 m.), ve I 19 planka- The excavations continued down to the bottom of the resinde de 59. (-11.10 m.) arkeolojik seviyenin sonuna 56th archaeological level (-10.80 m) in grid-squares I14, kadar kaz›lara devam edilmifltir (Res. 1). Dolay›s›yla I15, I16, I17 and I18 while in I19, the 59th level (-11.10 I14’te toplam 4, I15’te 11, I16’da 9, I 17’de 6, I18’de 4 m) was reached (Fig. 1). Thus, a total of 4 layers in I14, ve I19’da 6 arkeolojik seviye kaz›lm›flt›r. of 11 layers in I15, of 9 layers in I16, of 6 layers in I17,

29 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Kaz›lan tüm bu plankarelerde daha çok IV. Ana Jeolojik of 4 levels in I18 and 6 archaeological levels in I19 were Ünitenin toprak yap›s›yla karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. Bu jeolojik excavated. ünite içinde IV.1, IV.2 ve IV.3 jeolojik alt birimler bulun- In all of these excavated grid-squares, mainly the earth maktad›r. Sadece I 15 plankaresinin 46. ve 47. arkeolo- structure of Main Geological Unit IV was observed. This jik seviyelerinin kuzey-güney s›n›r›nda kal›nt› halinde geological unit has sub-units of VI.1, IV.2 and IV.3. Only IV.1 jeolojik alt birimin topra¤› görülmüfltür. Daha çok in the 46th and 47th archaeological level of grid-square IV.2 ve IV.3 jeolojik alt birimlerde çal›fl›lm›flt›r. I15 was the earth of the IV.1 sub-unit encountered as 2004 y›l› Karain “E” Gözü kaz›lar›ndan elde edilen yont- traces on the north-south border of the grid-square. The matafl aletler, eski y›llara oranla oldukça az say›dad›r. work continued mainly within the IV.2 and IV.3 geolog- Yontmatafl malzemedeki bu azalma IV.1 jeolojik seviye- ical sub-units. den itibaren kendini hissettirmektedir. The chipped stone tools uncovered in the 2004 excava- 2004 y›l› kaz›lar›nda az da olsa ele geçen yontmatafl tions in Chamber E were considerably fewer in number malzeme genelde IV.2 ve IV.3 jeolojik seviyelere denk compared to the number found in previous years. This gelen arkeolojik seviyelerden gelmifltir. Özellikle I 15 ve decrease in the number of chipped stone material finds I 16 plankarelerinin 50, 51 ve 52. arkeolojik seviyeleri was encountered from the start of geological level IV.1. yontmatafl buluntular aç›s›ndan di¤er arkeolojik seviye- The chipped stone materials recovered in 2004, al- lere göre daha zengindir denilebilir. Bu seviyelerde though few in number, came mainly from archaeologi- görülen çekirdekler ve çekirdek parçalar› oldukça flekil- cal levels corresponding to geological levels VI.2 and siz olup, çok kaba bir teknoloji gösterirler. Dolay›s›yla IV.3. It is possible to say especially in the 50th, 51st and bu çekirdeklerden elde edilen özellikle yonga tafl›mal›k- 52nd archaeological levels of grids-quares I15 and I16 lar da çok kaba, kal›n ve düzensiz yontulmufllard›r. were richer in chipped stone finds than in the other Ço¤u s›rtlar›nda ve genifl olan topuklar›nda hammadde- levels. The cores and core fragments uncovered in these nin kal›nt›lar›n› tafl›rlar. Bu k›sa ve kal›n tafl›mal›klar levels are quite amorphous and exhibit a very coarse üzerine yap›lan aletlerin büyük bir ço¤unlu¤unu ise technology and consequently, particularly the flake çeflitli tiplerdeki kenar kaz›y›c›lar oluflturur. Bunlar ara- blanks obtained from these cores, were chipped in a s›nda yatay ve tek kenar kaz›y›c›lar basamak pulcuklu very coarse, thick and irregular fashion. Most of them düzeltilerle flekillendirilmifllerdir. I 16 plankaresinin 50. bear traces of raw material on their ridge and butts. ve 52. arkeolojik seviyelerinde bulunan 2 adet iri Quina Most of the tools made from these short and thick blanks tip kenar kaz›y›c› oldukça tipiktir. Uç örne¤iyle hiç kar- were various types of side scrapers. Among these, the fl›lafl›lmam›flt›r. Levallois teknikle üretilmifl aletlere ise transverse scrapers and single-side scrapers are shaped hiç rastlanmam›flt›r. with a stepped retouch. Two large Quina type side IV.2 ve IV.3 jeolojik seviyelerde bol miktarda görülen scrapers, recovered in the 50th and 52nd archaeological kalker döküntülerden baz›lar›n›n da zaman zaman yon- levels of grid-square I16, are quite typical examples. galamada kullan›ld›klar› görülmüfltür. Kötü bir tekno- These extreme examples have never been found to date tipoloji gösteren bu tür parçalar aras›nda kalker vurgaç, and in addition, tools produced with the Levallois tech- çekirdek ve yonga örnekleri, hammaddeden dolay› nique have never been recovered before. oldukça kaba bir görünüm sergilerler. IV.2 ve IV.3 jeolo- Some of the abundant limestone debris found in geo- jik seviyelerden ele geçen yontmatafl örneklerin tama- logical levels IV.2 and IV.3 were occasionally used for m›n›n Orta Paleolitik Dönem’in bafllar›na yani Proto- knapping purposes. The limestone hammers, cores and Charentien evreye aittirler. flake examples among such pieces displaying a very V. Jeolojik Ünite içinden ele geçen yontmatafl endüstri poor techno-typology and having a very coarse appear- unsurlar› ise son derece k›s›tl›d›r. Az say›daki örnekler ance due to the raw material used. All of the chipped daha çok ufak yongalar ve yontma art›klar› fleklindedir. stone examples that were recovered in the geological Yongalar daha çok Tayacien’e ait gibi görünmektedirler. levels IV.2 and IV.3 belonged to the beginning of the J 18 plankaresinin 58. arkeolojik seviyesinde V. Jeolojik Middle Palaeolithic Period, i.e. to the Proto-Charentien ünite içinden ele geçen ve iri bir yonga üzerine yap›lm›fl phase. ön kaz›y›c› ya da rende alet oldukça tipiktir. The number of chipped stone industrial elements, re- 2005 y›l›nda I plankarelerinin tamam›nda V. Jeolojik Üni- covered within Geological Unit V was very few and teye ait arkeolojik seviyeler kaz›lacakt›r. Bu nedenle V. these few examples were mainly small flakes and chip- Jeolojik Ünite içinden az miktarda ele geçen yontmatafl ping waste-products and the flakes seem most probably

30 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 alet örneklerinin ço¤almas›n› ve yap›lacak tekno-tipolo- to belong to the Tayacien. An end scraper, or rabot, jik analizlerin sonuçlar›n› beklemek, daha kesin sonuç- made on a large piece of flake was recovered from the lara ulaflmam›z aç›s›ndan gereklidir. 2003 y›l› kaz›lar›n- 58th archaeological level of J18, in Geological Unit V, da da ileri sürdü¤ümüz gibi, IV. Jeolojik Ünitenin Alt ve and it is a very typical example. Orta Paleolitik kültür katlar› aras›nda bir geçifl evresini In the 2005 season the archaeological levels of Geolog- oluflturdu¤u ve V. Jeolojik Ünite ile birlikte Alt Paleolitik ical Unit V will be excavated in all the I grid-squares kültür katlar›na geçilebilece¤i fleklindeki görüfllerimiz and it is therefore necessary to wait until further chipped halen geçerlili¤ini korumaktad›r. stone tools are uncovered in Geological Unit V and the 2. B Gözü Kaz›s›: Karain Ma¤aras› B gözü kaz›lar› 2004 results of techno-typological analyses are obtained y›l› itibar›yle F 12, F 13, G 12, I 11, I 12, I 13 ve I 14 before we can reach definitive conclusions. As we olmak üzere 7 ayr› plankarede gerçeklefltirilmifltir. F 12 claimed, following the 2003 campaign, our hypothesis karesinin 26 ve 27.; F 13 karesinin 27.; G 12 planka- that Geological Unit IV is a transitional phase between resinin 21 ve 27. arkeolojik seviyelerinde çal›fl›lm›flt›r. the Lower and the Middle Palaeolithic cultural strata I plankarelerinde ise 0-6. arkeolojik seviyeler aras› and that, with Geological Unit V, the Lower Palaeolith- kaz›lm›flt›r. ic strata might be reached, remains valid. Ad› geçen I plankareleri Holosen; F ve G plankareleri 2. Excavations at Chamber B: The 2004 campaign cov- ise Pleistosen katlafl›mlar içermifltir. Tümü Holosen sevi- ered 7 grids-quares in Chamber B: F12, F 13, G12, I11, yelerle temsil edilen I plankarelerinin en üst seviyeleri, I12, I13 and I14. We worked at the 26th and 27th archae- Bizans ve Roma seramiklerini bir arada vermifltir. Bu ological level in F12, 27th level in F13, 21st and 27th seviyelerin hemen alt›nda da Erken Tunç Ça¤›’na ait levels in G12, while we worked through levels 0 to 6 in buluntularla karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. 6. arkeolojik seviyenin kaz›l- grid-squares I. mas›yla I plankarelerinin kaz›s› tamamlanm›flt›r. The abovementioned I grid-squares have Holocene Pleistosen seviyelerde; Üst Paleolitik Dönem’e ait dol- sequences, while F and G have Pleistocene sequences. gular›n durumlar›n›n tespiti ve bu dönemin tarihlendir- The uppermost levels of grid-squares I, all of which me çal›flmalar›, Orta Paleolitik seviyelerin Karain Ma¤a- represent the Holocene period, yielded Roman and ras› “E” gözündeki Orta Paleolitik seviyelerle olan ben- Byzantine Period potsherds in a mixed level. Directly zerliklerinin tespiti ve son olarak da ma¤aran›n bu below these levels were the Early Bronze Age finds. gözünde yer alan dolgular›n ne kadar derine devam etti- With the excavation of the 6th archaeological level, the ¤inin anlafl›lmas› nedeniyle kaz› çal›flmalar› yap›lm›flt›r. work at grid-squares I were completed.

31 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Pleistosen dolgularda yapt›¤›m›z çal›flmalar G 12 plan- The excavations in the Pleistocene levels aimed to iden- karesinin 21. arkeolojik ve P.I.3. jeolojik birimlerinde tify the Upper Palaeolithic deposits and establish their bafllat›lm›flt›r. Bilindi¤i üzere P.I.3 birimi Epi-Paleolitik dating, at the determining the parallelism with the buluntular vermifltir. Bunun hemen alt›nda belirginleflen Middle Palaeolithic levels in Chamber E and finally, at P.II Üst Paleolitik Dönem katlafl›m›, P.I.3’e göre daha az the identification of the depth of the deposits in this buluntulu, daha sert toprakl›, sar›ms› gri renkli ve az chamber of the cave. The work on the Pleistocene tafll›, az karbonlu, kumlu ve killi bir seviyeden ibarettir. levels began in the 21st archaeological level and the P.I.3 geological unit of grid-square G12. As is known, Karain Ma¤aras› B Gözünde Üst Paleolitik Dönem tam the P.I.3 unit had yielded Epi-Palaeolithic finds. Right anlam›yla a盤a kavuflmam›fl görünmektedir. Bu sorunu below this unit appeared the P.II Upper Palaeolithic a盤a kavuflturabilmek için B Gözü kaz›lar›n›n Kuzey Period sequence, which yielded fewer finds than the Profilinden al›nm›fl örneklerin yaflland›r›lmalar› sonucu, P.I.3, the earth was harder, yellowish grey in colour, less Erken Epi-Paleolitik seviyeler G.Ö. 20/19.000 ile stony, with a lower carbon content, sandy and clayey. 16.000, Geç Üst Paleolitik seviyeler ise G.Ö. 22.000 ile 21.000 aras›na tarihlendirilmifllerdir. We are of the opinion that the Upper Palaeolithic Period has not yet revealed itself entirely in Chamber B of Üst Paleolitik seviyelerin alt›nda karfl›m›za ç›kan P.III Karain Cave. In order to clarify this point, the samples jeolojik ünitesi, bir anlamda gerçek bir transizyon evre- taken from the northern profile were dated indicating sini gösteriyor gibi görünmektedir. ‹çinde hem Karain dates of 20/19.000 through to 16.000 BP for the Early Tip Moustérien hem de Üst Paleolitik yontmatafl ele- Epi-Palaeolithic levels and, 22.000 to 21.000 BP for the manlar›n›n bulundu¤u bir endüstri ile karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. Late Upper Palaeolithic levels. Asl›nda P.III seviyesi kendi içinde 2 ayr› jeolojik katla- fl›m içermektedir. The P.III geological unit that was encountered below the Upper Palaeolithic levels seems to indicate a real tran- P.III seviyesinin alt›nda devam eden P.IV, P.V, P.VI ve sitional phase. In it, we found an industry containing P.VII jeolojik ünitelerinin tamam› Karain Tip Moustérien both Karain Type Moustérien and Upper Palaeolithic tarzda endüstri ö¤elerinin bulundu¤u Orta Paleolitik chipped stone elements and indeed, the P.III level itself Ça¤ ile iliflkilidir. contains 2 separate geological sequences. B Gözü 2004 y›l› kaz›lar›nda ele geçen buluntulara bir Underneath the P.III level are the P.IV, P.V, P.VI and P.VII göz att›¤›m›zda, Holosen döneme ait seviyelerden bol geological units, related to the Middle Palaeolithic miktarda el yap›m› ve çark ifli çanak-çömlek parçalar› Period, all of which contain Karain Type Moustérien ile a¤›rflaklar ve Eski Tunç Ça¤›’na ait tabakalardan industrial elements. bronz i¤neler ele geçmifltir. Bunlar›n d›fl›nda bak›rdan boncuklar da metal buluntular aras›ndad›r. Kemik alet- A look at the finds from the 2004 excavations in Cham- ler içinde yo¤unlu¤u i¤ne ve b›zlar gösterir. Kemikten ber B shows numerous hand-made and wheel-made boncuklar da vard›r. Hem denizel, hem de karasal köken- potshards and spindle whorls from the Holocene Period li yumuflakçalardan boncuklar da klasik buluntular›m›z- levels and bronze needles from the EBA strata and in dand›r. Sürtme tafl buluntular aras›nda ise bile¤i tafllar› addition, copper beads can be cited amongst the metal ve f›rlatma tafllar› vard›r. finds. Needles and awls constitute the largest group of bone finds and there are also bone beads. Beads made Bu y›lki pleistosen seviyelerin en üst katman› çok erken from mollusks - both marine and terrestrial- are among bir Epi-Paleolitik döneme aittir. Bu döneme ait bol our classical finds. The ground stone assemblage in- miktarda olmasa da mikrolitler, dilgicik çekirdekleri ve cludes whetstones and missile stones. denizel kökenli yumuflakçalardan boncuklar bulunmufl- tur. Bunun hemen alt›ndan ise Üst Paleolitik Dönem’in The uppermost level of the Pleistocene strata this year buluntular› gelmektedir. Üst Paleoliti¤e ait buluntular belonged to a very early Epi-Palaeolithic period. Al- aras›nda bol miktarda dilgi üzerine ön kaz›y›c› ele geç- though not numerous, we have recovered microliths, mektedir. Üst Paleoliti¤in tipik omurgal› önkaz›y›c›lar› bladelet cores and beads of marine mollusks belonging yongalar üzerine yap›lm›fllard›r. Yurdumuzda Üst Paleo- to this period. Directly below this level came the finds litik Dönem’e ait buluntular›n›n en bat› noktas›ndan of the Upper Palaeolithic Period including numerous tespit edilen bu buluntular ile bu alandan elde edilen end scrapers on blade. Typical carinated end scrapers of tarihler sonucunda, bölgenin Levant ile Avrupa aras›nda the Upper Palaeolithic are made on flakes and, due to kültürel ve tarihsel süreç aç›s›ndan nerede oldu¤u hak- these finds from the westernmost Upper Palaeolithic site k›nda bilgi edinebilece¤iz. in our country and the dates to be obtained from them,

32 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Orta Paleolitikten Üst Paleoliti¤e geçifli niteleyen P.III we will be able to investigate the position of this region jeolojik seviyesi iki farkl› kültürel gelene¤i yans›t›r. within the cultural and historical process between the Üstteki seviyesi daha çok Üst Paleolitik karakterli parça- Levant and the Europe. lar› ve alt seviyesi de Orta Paleolitik karakterli parçalar› The P.III geological level, representing the transition verir. Dolay›s›yla bu seviye için transizyon seviyesi from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Upper Palaeolithic, denilebilir. Buradan dilgiler dilgi üzerine aletler dilgi reflects two different cultural traditions. Its upper level çekirdekleri ile birlikte çeflitli tiplerde Orta Paleolitik yielded pieces more Upper Palaeolithic in character, kaz›y›c›lar ve disk ve levallois biçimli çekirdekler ele while its lower level yielded pieces of a more Middle geçmektedir. Az da olsa moustérien uçlar da ele geçmifl- Palaeolithic character and it is therefore possible to call tir. this level a transitional one. From this level we recov- P.IV, P.V, P.VI ve P.VII seviyelerine ait olan Orta Paleo- ered blades, tools for blades, blade cores as well as litik buluntular›m›z, t›pk› “E” gözü kaz›lar›ndan da bildi- Middle Palaeolithic scrapers of various types and also ¤imiz kadar›yla Karain Tip Moustérien ya da Toros-Zagros cores in the shape of disks and levallois, while a few Tip Moustérien dedi¤imiz geleneklerin tipik buluntu- Mousterien poinst were also found. lar›n› vermifltir. Buluntular aras›nda disk ve levallois biçim- Middle Palaeolithic finds from the P.IV, P.V, P.VI and li çekirdekler, kenar kaz›y›c›lar, erken aflamalarda uzun P.VII levels include typical examples of the so-called moustérien uçlar ile iç yüzden inceltilmifl kal›n kaz›y›c›- Karain Type Moustérien or Taurus-Za¤ros Type Mousté- lar vard›r. rien traditions, known from the excavations in Chamber 3. Arkeometrik Çal›flmalar: 2004 y›l›nda Karain kaz› E. Finds include cores of disk and levallois shape, side çal›flmalar›n›n önemli bir k›sm›n› oluflturan arkeometrik scrapers as well as long Moustérien points and thick çal›flmalara da devam edilmifltir. Bu çal›flmalar çerçeve- scrapers with inverse retouch from earlier stages. sinde Arkeobotani ile ilgili olan›, ‹sviçre Basel Üniver- 3. Archaeometric Work: Constituting an important part sitesi’nden arkeobotanist Daniele Martinoli taraf›ndan of the Karain expedition, the archaeometric work con- gerçeklefltirilmektedir. Gerek Karain E ve gerek Karain B tinued also in 2004. The archaeobotanic studies were gözleri kaz› çal›flmalar›nda elde edilen bitki tohum carried out by Daniele Martinoli of Basel University, örnekleri ve kömür kal›nt›lar› üzerinde sürdürülen bu Switzerland. Plant seed and carbonised samples recov- çal›flmada, bitki tohumlar›n›n büyük bir bölümünün tür ered from both chambers under excavation have been tayinlerini yap›lm›fl ve çal›flma son aflamas›na gelmifl examined and most of the plant species have to a great bulunmaktad›r. Kendisinin yapm›fl oldu¤u çal›flmalar›n extent, been identified. This work is about to be com- sonuçlar› yak›n bir gelecekte bilim alemine sunulacak- pleted and the results will be presented to the academ- t›r. ic world in the near future. Harvard Üniversitesi’nden zooarkeolog A. L. At›c›, Karain Zooarchaeologist A. L. At›c› of Harvard University con- Ma¤aras› B ve E Gözü kaz›lar›ndan elde edilen makro- tinued his work on the identification of remains belong- memeli kal›nt›lar›n›n tür tayinlerini yapmaya devam ing to the macro-mammals uncovered within both etmifltir. chambers. 2005 y›l› kaz›lar›na E ve B gözlerinde devam edilecek- The 2005 campaign will continue work in chambers E tir. and B.

33

Kelenderis 2004 Y›l› Kaz›lar› Excavations at Kelenderis in 2004

Levent ZORO⁄LU

Akdeniz k›y›lar›nda, Da¤l›k Kilikya’n›n (Cilicia Tracheia) Excavations at Kelenderis, an important port city of en önemli liman kentlerinden biri olan Kelenderis’te Rough Cilicia (Cilicia Tracheia) on the Mediterranean 2004 y›l› kaz› çal›flmalar› Temmuz ve A¤ustos aylar›nda continued during July and August 2004 (Fig. 1). The yürütülmüfltür (Res. 1). 3 ayr› ekip halinde yürütülen çal›fl- work was carried out by three teams: the Selçuk Univer- malarda, Selçuk Üniversitesi ekibi kentin akropolünde- sity team worked on soundings on the Acropolis, clean- ki sondaj ve agoradaki Erken H›ristiyanl›k bazilikas›n›n ing the Early Christian basilica; the Anadolu University temizlik çal›flmalar›n›, Anadolu Üniversitesi ekibi Theat- team excavated at the Theatron; the Middle East Techni- ron’daki kaz›lar›n› ve Ortado¤u Teknik Üniversitesi Sualt› cal University Underwater Society (METU UWS) contin- Toplulu¤u da Y›lanl› Ada araflt›rmas›n› sürdürmüfltür. ued research at Y›lanl› Ada. In addition, the results of Ayr›ca S. Demirel Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisli¤i Bölü- the geophysical surveys carried out by the S. Demirel mü’nce gerçeklefltirilen jeofizik araflt›rmalar›n›n sonuç- University Geophysics Department were crosschecked lar›n›n arazide irdelenmesi de gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Kaz›- in the field. Our excavations were supported by Selçuk lar›m›z› Kültür Bakanl›¤›, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Türkiye University, the Turkish Foundation of Underwater Re- Sualt› Araflt›rmalar› Vakf› ve Ayd›nc›k Belediyesi çeflitli search and by Ayd›nc›k Municipality. As director of bak›mlardan desteklemifllerdir. Kaz› baflkan› olarak eki- excavations, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to bim ad›na bu kurum ve kurulufllar›n yöneticilerine flük- these establishments on behalf of my team. ranlar›m›z› sunar›m. 1. Work on the Acropolis 1- Akropol Çal›flmalar› With the sounding trench we opened on the Acropolis Kelenderis akropolünde açt›¤›m›z bir sondajda 2000 in 2000, we aimed to identify the early settlement of the y›l›ndan beri yürüttü¤ümüz çal›flmalar›n amac›, kentin site prior to the 8th century BC. In 2004, we worked on ‹.Ö 8. yy.’dan daha erken dönemlere ait olas› yerleflimini two of the three terraces formed in previous years (Plan saptamak idi. 2004 y›l›nda, bu sondajda önceki y›llarda- 1). ki kaz›lar sonucunda oluflturdu¤umuz 3 terastan ikisin- de çal›fl›ld› (Plan 1). 1.1. Work on Terrace III The first work on the Acropolis began on Terrace III, 1.1. III. Terastaki Çal›flmalar which forms the northernmost point. Here our main 2004 kaz› sezonumuzun akropol açmas›ndaki ilk çal›fl- goal was to uncover the north end of the vault-wall malar, akropolün kuzey yönde en uç noktas› olan III. exposed in 2002 and how far down it reached into the teras›nda bafllat›ld›. Burada as›l amac›m›z 2002 y›l› ground. The rubble at the western end of the unit 01 and kaz›lar› s›ras›nda ortaya ç›kard›¤›m›z tonoz duvar›n›n the two lime-wells were entirely removed and the kuzey ucunu ve bunun zemine ne kadar indi¤ini gör- bedrock was reached. In addition, the wall of unit 04, mekti. Bu amaç do¤rultusunda 01 ünitesini oluflturan just in front of the vault-wall was partially removed. duvar›n bat› ucundaki moloz tafllar ve iki kireç kuyusu 1.2. Work on Terrace IIa tamamen kald›r›larak, yar›maday› oluflturan ana kayaya Terrace IIa is the section to the east and the west of the ulafl›ld›. Ayr›ca tonoz duvar›n›n hemen önündeki 04 vault-wall. When the walls 01 and 04 were removed, ünite no.lu duvar›n bir bölümü de kald›r›ld›. the northern end of the vault-wall was entirely exposed. Thus, the vaulted wall has a preserved height of 1.70 m

35 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

and a thickness of 0.90 m. The width of the foot of the vault resting on the wall is 1.25 m wide. We will be able to learn the exact length of the vault-wall when its southern extension is exposed in the future campaigns. Our hypothesis that this wall could be the separator wall of the dockyard depicted in the “Kelenderis Mosaic” has not as yet been proven. As the foundation is 3.50 m above the sea level, this wall does not have any connection to the sea; thus, it should have been built for another purpose, possibly as foundation for another big structure. When the two other parallel walls are uncovered in the future, then the function of this structure will be clarified. During the course of our work on Terraces IIa and III, numerous potshards dating from the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods have been recovered having no connection with the stratigraphy. Among these, painted East Greek dinos shards from the Archaic Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Period, painted “West Slope” vessel fragments and fish- plates from the Hellenistic Period are noteworthy. As in the previous years, numerous fragments of baked clay 1.2. IIa Teras›ndaki Çal›flmalar pots have been uncovered here as well. Oil lamp frag- IIa teras› olarak adland›rd›¤›m›z bölüm tonoz duvar›n›n ments from the Hellenistic and Roman periods are other do¤usunda ve bat›s›nda kalan mekanlard›r. Yukar›da small finds. In addition, potshards of quality kiln waste belirtti¤imiz gibi, 01 ve 04 no.lu duvarlar›n kald›r›lma- have been uncovered scattered around as in the previ- s›yla tonoz duvar›n›n kuzey ucu tamamen ortaya ç›kt›. ous years; pointing to ceramic production at Kelenderis Buna göre, ana kaya üzerine oturtulmufl olan tonozlu from the Archaic Period through to the end of the duvar›n kuzey ucunun korunan yüksekli¤i 1.70 m., duvar Roman Period. The most important finds, although very kal›nl›¤› ise 0.90 m.’dir. Duvar›n üzerine oturan tono- few in number, from 2004, are examples of prehistoric zun aya¤›n›n geniflli¤i ise 1.25 m.’dir. Tonoz duvar›n tam vases, which point to the presence of an earlier settle- uzunlu¤unu güney yöndeki uzant›s›n›n gelecek y›llardaki ment on the Acropolis (Fig. 2). This is the first time such

Plan 1 / Plan 1

36 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

çal›flmalarla aç›lmas›yla ö¤renmifl olaca¤›z. Bu duvar›n önceki y›l ilk bulundu¤u zaman tahmin etti¤imiz “Kelen- deris Mozai¤i” üzerindeki tersanenin bölme duvar› olma olas›l›¤› yollu fikrimizin henüz kan›tlanamad›¤›n› belirt- mek isteriz. Temel deniz seviyesinden yaklafl›k 3.50 m. oldu¤una göre bu tonozun denizle iliflkisi söz konusu olmay›p, baflka bir amaç için, belki de buraya infla edi- len büyük bir yap›ya zemin oluflturmak üzere infla edil- mifl olmal›d›r. Gelecek y›llarda bu duvar›n paralelindeki di¤er iki duvar›n da bulunmas›yla bu yap›n›n ifllevi daha iyi anlafl›lacakt›r. IIa ve III teraslardaki çal›flmalar›m›z s›ras›nda bol mik- tarda ve herhangi bir stratigrafiye ba¤lanamayan Arkaik, Klasik, Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerine ait seramik Res. 2 / Fig. 2 parçalar› bulduk. Bu parçalar içerisinde göze çarpan örnekler aras›nda Arkaik Ça¤’dan boyal› Do¤u Grek early finds have been recovered from a coastal city in dinos parçalar›, Hellenistik Ça¤’dan boyal› “Bat› Yama- Rough Cilicia; and this further suggests that we should c›” kaplar›na ait parçalar ve bal›k tabaklar› say›labilir. continue our work here. Geçen y›llarda oldu¤u gibi burada yine bol miktarda Roma Ça¤› güveç parçalar› bulunmufltur. Hellenistik ve 2. Work at the Agora Roma dönemlerine tarihlendirilen kandil parçalar› da di¤er küçük buluntulard›r. Ayr›ca alana da¤›lm›fl vaziyet- Another area of work in 2004 included the cleaning of te f›r›n art›¤› seramik parçalar› bulunmufltur ki, önceki the basilica located in what is thought to have been the y›llarda da benzerlerini buldu¤umuz bu denli örnekler Agora and the excavations on the walls that were iden- Kelenderis’te Arkaik Ça¤’dan Roma Ça¤› sonuna kadar tified in 2002 through archaeometric research. faaliyette olan bir üretimin varl›¤›na iflaret eder. 2004 y›l›n›n en önemli sayd›¤›m›z, ancak flimdilik bir kaç 2.1. Excavations at the Basilica (the Agora Church) parça ile temsil edilen prehistorik vazo örnekleri ise, During the course of repair work at the 19th century akropolde daha erken bir yerleflmenin varl›¤›na iflaret Harbor Stores, to the east of the Agora, the remains of eden ilk belgelerdir (Res. 2). Böylece Da¤l›k Kilikya’n›n an apse with opus sectile flooring at +3.15 m altitude k›y› kesimindeki bir antik kentte, bu kadar eskiye giden was discovered in 2002 (Fig. 3). When the presence of buluntular ilk kez ele geçmifltir ki, bu durum bu alanda- a basilica here was understood, a sounding of 9.00x ki çal›flmalar› sürdürmemize dayanak oluflturmaktad›r. 3.00 m was opened in N-S sub-grid square of KL-111 main grid square, in order to gain an overall idea of this 2. Agora’daki Çal›flmalar structure. No work was done at the basilica in 2003; 2004 y›l› Kelenderis kaz›lar›n›n bir aya¤›n› da kentin however, in 2004, we decided to uncover the entire Agora’s› olarak düflündü¤ümüz alanda bulunan bazili- area and dug down 0.60 m in an area measuring kan›n temizli¤i ile 2002 y›l›ndaki arkeometri çal›flmalar› 25.50x11.00 m. In addition, the earth filling inside the sonunda varl›¤› ölçümle belirlenen bir mekan›n birkaç southeastern chapel was also removed. In the end, the duvar›n kaz›larak ç›kar›lmas› oluflturmufltur. foundation wall in the northwest-southeast direction in- tersecting the foundation wall of 1.10x4.00 m in the north-south direction, which also borders the chapel, 2. 1. Bazilika (Agora Kilisesi) Kaz›s› were exposed. In the present state, it is seen that a wall 2002 y›l›nda Agora’n›n do¤usunda yer alan 19. yy. Liman encircles the apse entirely on both sides; parallel exam- Ma¤azalar›’n›n onar›m çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda +3.15 m. ples are widely found in Rough Cilicia in the 5th and 6th kotunda zemininde opus sectile tarz›nda kaplamas› centuries. The fact that the basilica is located here fur- olan bir apsis kal›nt›s›na rastlanm›flt› (Res. 3). Burada bir ther suggests that the agora was here, because it was bazilikan›n varl›¤› anlafl›l›nca, KL-111 ana plankaresi- common practice in the Early Christian Period to build nin N-S alt plankarelerinde 9.00x3.00 m. ölçülerinde such large basilicas in the agoras, which were the most bir sondaj aç›larak yap› daha belirgin duruma getiril- crowded parts of the cities, in order to spread the reli- miflti. 2003 y›l›nda herhangi bir çal›flma yapmad›¤›m›z gion.

37 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS bazilikada bu kaz› sezonunda yap›n›n bulundu¤u ala- n›n tamam›n› açmaya karar vererek 25.50x11.00 m. ölçülerindeki bir bölümde yap›y› örten toprak 0.60 m. kadar indirilmifltir. Ayr›ca yap›n›n güney do¤u flapelinin içini dolduran toprak da kald›r›ld›. Çal›flmalar›m›z›n sonunda flapeli s›n›rlayan 1.10x4.00 m. ebatlar›ndaki kuzey-güney istikametli duvar temeliyle birleflen kuzey- bat›-güneydo¤u yönlü temel a盤a ç›kar›ld›. Bu haliyle söz konusu bazilikan›n apsisinin her iki yan›nda ve apsisi tamamen içine alan çevirme duvarlar›n›n oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r ki, bu plan flemas›na benzeyen örnekler özellikle Da¤l›k Kilikya’da yo¤un olarak ‹.S. 5. ve 6. yy.’larda kullan›lm›flt›r. Bazilikan›n varl›¤›n›, buradaki genifl alan›n agora oldu¤unun bir baflka kan›t› olarak görüyoruz; zira Erken H›ristiyanl›k Dönemi’nde özellik- Res. 3 / Fig. 3 le bu dinin yay›labilmesi bak›m›ndan kentin en kalaba- l›k yerini oluflturan agoralara böylesi büyük bazilika- lar›n yap›lmas› yayg›n bir durumdur. 2.2. Agora Sounding III The Agora area was expropriated in 2002; before start- 2.2. Agora III. Sondaj ing excavations here, geophysical surveys were con- ducted in order to identify possible buried building 2002 y›l›nda kamulaflt›rma ifllemleri tamamlanarak kaz›- remains and structures with high resistance were spot- lar›m›za tahsis edilen Agora’da ilk kaz› çal›flmalar›na ted in area A. In 2003, area B was surveyed and level bafllamadan önce, jeofizik yöntemlerle toprak alt›ndaki maps show the presence of remains in a north-south olas› yap› kal›nt›lar›n›n varl›¤›n› belirlemek amac›yla direction and with low resistance down to -0.55 m. Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. A. Kaya ve Arfl. Gör. C. Öztürk taraf›n- From this level down, remains with high resistance dan jeofizik çal›flmalar› yürütülmüfl ve A alan› olarak appeared and at 1.40 m, remains of the walls of a room adland›r›lan bir bölümde özdirenci yüksek yap›lar›n were identified. Based on these results, a sounding of varl›¤› tespit edilmiflti. 2003 y›l›nda çal›fl›lan B alan›nda 3.00x3.00 m was opened in KL-111 main grid square, ise, seviye haritalar›na göre -0.55 m.’ye kadar K-G partially overlapping the basilica. The work started at yönünde uzan›ml›, özdirenci düflük kal›nt›lar gözükmek- +4.10 m; when +3.60 m was reached, rubble mixed tedir. Bu seviyelerden itibaren afla¤› do¤ru özdirenci with lime mortar was found. When these were removed, yüksek kal›nt›lar da kendini göstermeye bafllam›fl, derin- a wall of mud mortar in an east-west direction, parallel lik 1.40 m.’ye gelindi¤inde ise bir oday› çevreleyen to the northwest profile of the sounding was found. As it duvarlara ait kal›nt›lar saptanm›flt›. ‹flte bu verilerden lies mostly under the profile of the trench, the actual yola ç›karak, KL.111 ana plankaresi içinde ve bazilikan›n length and thickness of the wall have not as yet been bir bölümünü de içine alan alanda 3x3 m. ölçülerinde bir identified. At +3.15 m, another wall in a north-south sondaj aç›ld›. + 4.10 m. kotunda bafllanan çal›flmalarda direction and joining the previous one in the northeast + 3.60 m. kotuna inildi¤inde kireç harçla kar›fl›k moloz corner of the trench was found. Thus, our excavations tafllar ç›kt›. Bunlar kald›r›ld›¤›nda, sondaj›n kuzey bat› which were based on the results of the geophysical kesitine paralel uzanan do¤u - bat› yönlü, çamur har- surveys have proven the necessity for such surveys to c›yla örülmüfl bir duvar ortaya ç›kar›ld›. Bu duvar›n continue. büyük bir k›sm› kesitin içinde kald›¤›ndan geniflli¤i ve uzunlu¤u belli de¤ildir. +3.15 m.’de sondaj›n kuzey- 3. Excavations at the Theatron do¤u köflesinde kuzey güney do¤rultusunda uzanan ve The “Theatron” is possibly both the Odeon and also the önceki duvarla birleflen ikinci bir duvar daha saptand›. Bouleuterion of the city. Our work on the cavea and Böylece jeofizik verilerden yola ç›karak yürütülen kaz›- outside the analemma wall provided us with new infor- lar›m›z bu çal›flmalar›n gelecekte de sürdürülmesinin mation about the layout of the structure. The work in gereklili¤ini ortaya koymufl oldu. 2003 was carried out inside the analemma wall and brought to light the entire cavea and orchestra while the stage building was partially exposed. Outside the

38 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

3- Theatron Kaz›s› Önceki y›llara ait raporlar›m›zda “Theatron” olarak adland›r›lan ve olas›l›kla kentin hem Odeon’u hem de Bouleuterion’u olan yap›n›n cavea’s›nda ve analemma duvar›n›n d›fl›nda, Eskiflehir Anadolu Üniversitesi’nin deste¤i ile ve Doç. Dr. A. Çal›k-Ross baflkanl›¤›nda bir ekip taraf›ndan çal›fl›larak, plan flemas› hakk›nda yeni bilgilere ulafl›lm›flt›r. 2003 y›l›nda yap›n›n analemma duvar›n›n iç k›sm›nda yürütülen çal›flmalarda cavea ve orkestran›n tamam›, sahne binas›n›n ise bir k›sm› ortaya ç›kar›lm›flt›. Analemma duvar›n›n d›fl›nda kalan alanda ise, yap›n›n olas› ikinci kat›na ait destek duvarlar› ile bu duvarlarla ba¤lant›l› baz› mimari kal›nt›lar› saptanm›fl, 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar›nda saptanan bu mimari kal›nt›lar›n ortaya ç›kar›lmas›na bafllanm›flt›r. Dolay›s›yla 2004 y›l› Res. 4 / Fig. 4 çal›flmalar›m›z daha çok analemma duvar› d›fl›nda yürü- tülmüfltür, ayr›ca yap›n›n rölövelerinin al›m›na bafllan- analemma wall, the remains of what should be the m›flt›r. Kaz›lar› sonunda analemma duvar›n›n iki ucu supports of the probable second story of the cavea had d›fl›nda kalan alanda, yaklafl›k 4.10 m. aral›klarla bir been seen; in 2004, these remains began to be uncov- yelpaze gibi yerlefltirilen, 60 cm. geniflli¤inde 10 adet ered. Therefore, most of the work in 2004 focused out- destek duvar› ortaya ç›kt› (Res. 4). Analemma ve destek side the analemma wall and the elevation plan began to duvarlar›ndaki harç ve duvar özellikleri ortak oldu¤u be drawn. The excavations brought to light 10 support- için, bunlar›n ayn› zamanda yap›ld›klar›n› ve destek ing walls of 60 cm in width and 4.10 m apart from each duvarlar›n›n üzerinin tonoz ya da ahflap ile kapat›lm›fl other (Fig. 4). As the mortar and masonry properties of ve bunun üzerine de ikinci gurup oturma yerlerini yerlefl- both the analemma wall and the supporting walls are tirildi¤i düflünülmektedir. Özellikle destek duvarlar›n›n identical, they must have been built at the same time aras›nda ç›kan döküntü tafllar›n analemma duvar›na ait and the supporting walls must have been covered with olma olas›l›¤›n›n yan› s›ra, tonozlara ait çöküntülerin vaults or by timber and then the second group of rows kal›nt›lar› da olabilece¤ini düflünüyoruz. T1 açmas›nda of seats must have been placed on top. Noteworthy is 2003 y›l›nda ortaya ç›kar›lan ve analemma duvar›yla that the rubble uncovered between the supporting walls paralel giden bu duvar›n devam› T1 açmas›n›n bu y›l could either belong to the analemma itself or may be aç›lan güney do¤u k›sm›nda ve F10 açmas›nda da tespit the debris from the vaults. This wall, which was ex- edilmifltir. Theatronun iç yap›s›nda sahne binas›n›n posed in trench T1 in 2003, extends parallel to the ana- temeli ve orkestran›n etraf›ndaki tafl bloklarla ayn› lemma wall and its extensions were identified in the malzeme ve iflçili¤e sahip olan bu duvar›n olas›l›kla T4 southeast part of T1 dug this year and in trench F10. açmas›na do¤ru devam etti¤i düflünülmektedir. Bu y›l This wall, which has the same material and workman- yap›lan çal›flmalarda T4 açmas›nda ortaya ç›kar›lan ship as in the foundations of the stage building and the fakat kesintiye u¤rayan yay fleklindeki duvar kal›nt›lar›- stone blocks around the orchestra, is thought to contin- n›n, theatronun kuzey do¤u ucundaki T1 açmas›ndan ue toward trench T4. The remains of an arc shaped wall bafllayan ve kesintisiz olarak F10 açmas›na kadar devam exposed in T4 this year are interrupted and it is also eden duvarla ba¤lant›l› olabilece¤i de anlafl›lmaktad›r. understood that they can be related to the wall starting Önceki y›llarda yap›lan çal›flmalarda theatronda bir stra- in T1 by the northeast end of the Theatron and continu- tigrafinin söz konusu olmad›¤› bu y›l tümüyle kan›tlan- ing uninterrupted up to F10. m›flt›r. Dolay›s›yla yap›n›n görünen k›sm›n›n bir defa- It has been shown this year that there is no stratigraphy da ve Roma Erken ‹mparatorluk zaman›nda yap›ld›¤›n› in the Theatron, as was proposed in previous years. ve onar›mlarla uzunca bir süre kullan›ld›¤›n›, as›l iflle- Therefore, we were able to show that the visible parts of vini yitirdikten sonra da baz› mekanlar›n ifllik olarak the structure were built at the same time during the Early kullan›ld›¤›n› ortaya koyduk. Çal›flmalar›m›z s›ras›nda Roman Imperial period; that it was used for a long time Geç Roma ve Bizans dönemlerine ait sikkeler, kandil ve with various repairs, and that some rooms were used as kandil parçalar›, ticaret amphoralar›na ait parçalar çok work areas after the structure lost its function. During miktarda küçük bronz obje bulunmaktad›r. Daha erken our work, coins, oil lamps and fragments thereof,

39 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS olmas› olas› olan bir figürin parças› da bu y›lki buluntu- fragments of commercial amphorae and numerous lar aras›ndad›r. small bronze objects from the Late Roman and Byzan- tine Periods have been discovered. A fragment of a fig- 4. Sualt› Bat›k Çal›flmalar› urine, possibly of an earlier date, was also recovered this year. 2004 y›l› sualt› çal›flmalar›n›n ana hedefi, geçen y›llarda Y›lanl› Ada’n›n kuzeyindeki koyda saptanan “Erkut Arcak 4. Underwater Surveys Bat›¤›” ad›n› verdi¤imiz bat›k üzerinde inceleme ve ayr›n- t›l› belgeleme çal›flmalar›n› sürdürmek olmufltur. Bu The main goal of the underwater surveys in 2004 was to çal›flmalar Volkan Evrin baflkanl›¤›nda ODTÜ Sualt› Top- continue the study of and detailed documentation work lulu¤u (SAT) ve Sualt› Derne¤i (SAD) üyelerince gerçek- on the shipwreck, named the “Erkut Arcak Wreck,” lefltirilmifltir. Katk›lar›ndan dolay› ODTÜ Rektörlü¤ü’ne spotted in the cove to the north of Y›lanl› Ada in the pre- ve tüm ekip üyelerine teflekkürlerimi sunar›m. Bat›k vious years. These surveys were conducted by METU alan›nda 15 gün süreyle yap›lan dal›fllar sonucunda, UWS and Underwater Association (SAD) members deniz taban›nda, bat›¤›n kargosu olarak, yaklafl›k 50-60 under the direction of Volkan Evrin, I would like to ac- adet ticari amphora saptanm›flt›r. Her ne kadar da¤›n›k knowledge the contribution made by the Rectorate of gibi görünseler de, bunlar›n kuzey- güney ekseninde bir METU and all the team members. Dives for 15 days y›¤›ld›¤› gözlenmifl, söz konusu bu durumun plana al›n- identified 50-60 amphorae as the cargo of the wreck. mas›na bafllanm›flt›r. Ayr›ca Y›lanl› Ada’n›n bat›¤a bakan Although they might look scattered, they indeed lie as a taraf›nda, 15-35 m. aras›nda, da¤›n›k halde duran sera- group in a north-south axis and their layout began to be mik parçalar›n›n ço¤unun bat›ktaki amphoralar ile ayn› drawn. Further, most of the potshards scattered between tip olmas›, geminin batarken, yük atmaya çal›flt›¤›, ya da 15 and 35 meters from Y›lanl› Ada facing the wreck are kayalara çarparak batma an›nda kargosunun bir k›sm›n› identical with the wreck amphorae and this suggests dökerek kumluk zemine oturdu¤una dair bir izlenim that either the ships crew tried to throw away some of vermektedir. Ayr›ca yap›lan basit yüzey incelemelerinde its cargo before sinking or the ship sank in the sand los- de da¤›n›k durumda olan üst katman›n alt›nda en az 2 ing some of its cargo. Moreover, simple surveys showed s›ra düzenli amphora y›¤›n› gözlenmifltir. Bunun sonu- that there are at least two regular rows of amphorae cunda bat›k alan›n›n üst s›ras›n› oluflturan ve öbekler lying under the uppermost layer of scattered materials. halinde, ama da¤›n›k bir görünüm veren ticari ampho- Thus, there is the possibility that a more complete cargo ralar›n alt›nda, daha temiz ve düzgün s›ral› bir kargonun in regular order might be lying under the scattered varl›¤› olas›l›¤› do¤mufltur. Bat›k alan›nda daha sonra- groups of commercial amphorae on top. No interven- dan yap›lacak olas› ayr›nt›l› araflt›rma ve kaz› çal›flma- tion into the contents of the shipwreck was conducted, lar›na zarar vermemek için bat›k içeri¤ine müdahale in order to avoid any damage to future detailed research edilmemifl, ancak kargodan biraz uzakta olan iki ticari and excavations; however, two commercial amphorae, amphora su yüzüne ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Bunlar ‹.S. 5. 6. yy.’lar- somewhat far from the cargo, were taken to the surface. da yayg›n olan ve Geç Roma 1 tipi (LR 1) denilen vazo- These amphorae are of the Late Roman 1 type (LR 1), lard›r. widely used in the 5th and 6th centuries. 2000 y›l›ndan beri burada yap›lan sualt› araflt›rma- The underwater surveys that have been conducted here lar›nda, Y›lanl› Ada’n›n kuzeye bakan bölümünün ayn› since 2000 have shown that the area to the north of zamanda bir çapalama bölgesi oldu¤u ö¤renilmiflti. Bu Y›lanl› Ada was used as an anchorage. This year sever- y›l bu çapalardan birkaç tafl çapa ve bir adet kurflun al stone anchors and one lead stock were taken to the çipo da su yüzüne ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Tafl çapalar›n Tunç surface. It is known that the stone anchors were in use Ça¤’›ndan beri kullan›ld›¤› bilinmektedir ve bizim örne- from the Bronze Age onwards and our example is one ¤imiz de oldukça erkendir. Kurflun çipo ise ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’ of the early examples. The lead stock is one of those dan Roma Erken ‹mparatorluk zaman›na kadar yayg›n widely used from the 4th century BC through to the early bir örnektir. Roman Imperial Period.

40 Ksanthos - Letoon Kaz› ve Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Excavations and Research at Xanthos and Letoon in 2004

Jacques des COURTILS

2004 y›l› Ksanthos Kaz›s› 20 Haziran-30 Temmuz tarih- The 2004 campaign at Xanthos was conducted from leri aras›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Bakanl›k temsilcisi June 20th to July 30th. We would like to thank O. Köse O. Köse’ye yard›mlar›ndan dolay› teflekkür ediyoruz. Bu for his work as the representative of the Ministry. The y›lki programda Merkezi Mahalle’nin kaz›s› devam etti- campaign included excavations in the Central Quar- rilmifl, Dekumanus, Kuzey Agoras› ve Roma Bazilikas›, ter, cleaning work at the Decumanus, the North Agora Bat› Agoras›’n› temizleme çal›flmalar›na bafllat›lm›fl, and the Roman Basilica and in the West Agora, a sound- flehrin güney-bat› k›sm›nda bir sondaj kaz›s› yap›lm›fl ve ing trench was dug in the southwest of the city and mozaik restorasyon çal›flmalar› sürdürülmüfltür. mosaic restoration work was carried out.

1- Central Quarter 1- Merkezi Mahalle 1.1. A structure of later periods occupying in part the 1.1. Dekumanus’un döflemesini ortaya ç›karmak ama- south portico and in part the road was entirely uncov- c›yla, bir k›sm› Dekumanus’un güney reva¤› di¤er k›sm› ered during three weeks in order to bring to light the flose üzerinde bulunan, geç dönemde infla edilmifl bir pavement of the Decumanus. Although this structure is yap›, üç hafta süren bir çal›flma ile tamamen kaz›lm›flt›r. very late in date (probably 18th century), it is of great Bu yap›, geç dönemden kalm›fl bile olsa (muhtemelen interest as it reflects the condition of the site just prior to 18. yy.) sitin modern dönemden önceki son durumlar›n- the modern period. It has been thoroughly cleaned, and dan birini yans›tmas› yönünden çok ilginçtir. Temizle- its plan was drawn. This entire structure will be re- nip, tam rölövesi ç›kart›lm›fl olup ilk f›rsatta, alt›ndaki moved at the first opportunity in order to expose the Roma flosesini a盤a ç›karmak üzere bunlar sökülecek- Roman road beneath. tir. 1.2. Excavation work at the North Agora and the Roman 1.2. L. Cavalier’in yönetiminde, Roma Bazilikas› ve Kuzey Basilica continued under the direction of L. Cavalier Agoras›’nda kaz› çal›flmalar›na devam edilmifltir (Res. (Fig. 1). These structures constitute an important monu- 1). Bu yap›lar Roma Dönemi’nin önemli an›tsal bir bütü- mental complex of the Roman Period. The removal of nünü oluflturmaktad›r. Roma Bazilikas› ana su sarn›c›n›n the toppled stone blocks of the main cistern of the y›k›k blok tafllar›n›n kald›r›lmas›na devam edilmifltir. Roman Basilica continued. The stone blocks (Fig. 2) that Yap›n›n üst k›s›mlar›ndan düflen ve sarn›c›n tonozunu had fallen from the top of the structure and damaged the tahrip eden tafl bloklar› (Res. 2) vinçle yan taraftaki mey- vaulting of the cistern were moved to a nearby open dana tafl›nm›flt›r (Res. 3). Hem yap›n›n tarihini belir- area using a crane (Fig. 3). Many soundings were dug lemek, hem de daha önceki durumunu ö¤renmek üzere, inside the building in order to clarify the date and the binan›n içinde bir çok sondaj yap›lm›flt›r. Seramik bulun- previous state of the structure. The ceramic finds suggest tulara göre, bina ‹.S. 1. yy.’da veya 2. yy.’›n ilk yar›s›n- that it was built in either the 1st or the first half of the 2nd da infla edilmifltir. Sivil bazilikan›n alt›nda bu y›l do¤ru- century AD. Below this civic basilica, remains of older dan kayan›n üzerine oturtulmufl bir kaç bloktan ibaret, structures directly resting upon the bedrock were daha eski binalara ait kal›nt›lar ortaya ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Ne brought to light. Unfortunately, the structure could not yaz›k ki; yap›n›n tamam› tek bir sondajla ortaya ç›kar›la- be clearly identified, as it could not be entirely exposed mad›¤›ndan ve iyi korunmufl bir durumda olmad›¤›ndan through a single sounding and is not in a good state of dolay›, yap›n›n mahiyeti saptanamam›flt›r. Ancak Helle- preservation. However, it is possible to date this struc- nistik Dönem’e tarihlenebilir. ture to the Hellenistic Period.

41 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

In the western part of the Agora, the sounding was continued yielding clear results. Here under the Roman portico was a Hellenistic structure built from small stones in traditional masonry, which was left incomplete for unknown reasons. A surprise came during the cleaning work of the mosaics in the north portico of the Agora: A scene with figures and an inscription was discovered. It is likely that this is related to the personage called Trakinios, whose name is known to us from a mosaic inscription in the large hall of the Roman Basilica and who was a local dignitary of the 5th century.

2- Western Agora Res. 1 / Fig. 1 The Western Agora of Xanthos constitutes an important monumental complex. Located by the entrance to the Agoran›n bat› taraf›nda, sonuçlar› kesinleflen sondaja site, it is encircled with the most celebrated monuments devam edilmifltir. Roma Dönemi’nden kalma revaktan of Xanthos. The House-type Tomb, the Harpy Monu- önce, küçük tafllarla geleneksel bir teknikle infla edilir- ment and the Inscribed Pillar, all date from the Classical ken bilinmeyen bir sebepten dolay› yar›m b›rak›lm›fl Hel- Period. The porticoes encircling the square were built in lenistik Dönem’e ait bir binan›n varl›¤› keflfedilmifltir. the Roman Period. Many soundings that were carried Kuzey agora revaklar›ndaki mozaiklerin temizlenmesi out in 1995 showed that all the remains dating from ear- esnas›nda, figürlü ve yaz›tl› bir sahnenin keflfi sürpriz lier than the Lycian-type tombs were completely olmufltur. Roma Bazilikas›’nda, büyük odan›n bir mo- removed by the Roman architects. zai¤indeki yaz›tta ad› geçen ve ‹.S. 5. yy.’da çok önem- The porticoes are in bad state of preservation and cov- li bir rol oynad›¤› görünen, kentin ileri gelenlerinden ered by alluvial silt. The stone blocks are not in their Tranikios adl› biriyle iliflkili olmas› muhtemeldir. original locations, as this site area during later periods used as a stables, by the villagers. Cleaning was initiat- 2- Bat› Agoras› ed at this monumental complex; all the fallen blocks Ksanthos’un Bat› Agoras› çok önemli an›tsal bir bütünü from the eastern portico were documented in measured oluflturmaktad›r. Sitin giriflinde yer alan bu agora, Ksant- drawings, numbered and moved to the centre of the hos’un en ünlü an›tlar›yla s›n›rland›r›lm›flt›r. Ev mezar, open area. Thus, some important parts of a mosaic th Harpyler An›t› ve Yaz›l› Dikme An›t› Klasik Dönem’den probably added to this complex in the 5 century were kalmad›r. Meydan› çevreleyen revaklar ise Roma Döne- discovered. This work yielded the exposition of almost mi’nde yap›lm›flt›r. 1995’lerde yap›lan bir çok sondaj, the entire eastern portico and a walkway could be Likya tipi mezarlar›n d›fl›ndaki di¤er tüm daha erken formed for tourists who wish to see the Inscribed Pillar kal›nt›lar›n Romal› mimarlar taraf›ndan y›k›ld›¤›n› orta- (Fig. 4). ya koymufltur. 3- Southeast Part of the City Revaklar›n durumu kötüdür; alüvyonlarla kaplanm›flt›r; geç dönemlerde hayvan bar›naklar› olarak kullan›ld›k- No excavations were carried out in this area. This part lar› için blok tafllar›n yerleri köylüler taraf›ndan de¤iflti- of the site is entirely covered by undergrowth and no architectural remains are today visible. However, man- rildi¤inden da¤›n›k haldedir. Bu An›tsal bütünün temiz- made terraces suggest that the city should have had a lenmesine bafllan›lm›fl, do¤u revaktaki y›k›k bloklar›n regular settlement here. It was decided to open a sound- tamam›n›n rölövesi ç›kart›l›p, numaralanm›fl, meydan›n ing trench to see if this area was used in antiquity, and ortas›na yerlefltirilmifltir. Bu sayede, ‹.S. 5. yy.’da muhte- if positive results were obtained, then to determine for melen reva¤a eklenen bir mozai¤in baz› önemli k›s›m- what purpose and how any structures were used. lar› da tespit edilmifltir. Bu çal›flman›n sonucunda, Do¤u reva¤› neredeyse tamamen gün ›fl›¤›na ç›kar›lm›fl, Yaz›l› Two low-relief carvings carrying lion depictions found Dikme An›t›’n› görmek isteyen turistler için de bir geçit on the surface increased our expectations. A sounding haz›rlanabilmifltir (Res. 4). was opened where a well-built wall rising over the

42 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 2 / Fig. 2 Res. 3 / Fig. 3

3- Kentin Güney-Do¤u k›sm› ground level was noted. A 10-meter long section of this extraordinarily high quality wall made of polygonal Kentin bu k›sm›nda arkeolojik bir kaz› yap›lmam›flt›r. masonry of the Lesbos type was uncovered. Its dimen- Alan otlarla kapl›d›r, herhangi bir yap› kal›nt›s› gözük- sions suggest that it belongs to an important monument. memektedir, yaln›zca, insan eliyle yap›l› sekiler, flehrin It is possible that statues were placed on holes on its bu alanda düzenli bir plana sahip olmas› gerekti¤ini upper surface standing 1.80 meters apart from each düflündürür. Antik Dönem’de kullan›l›p kullan›lmad›¤›- other. Thus, we might think of a monument similar to n›, kullan›ld›ysa amac›n› ve nas›l kullan›ld›¤›n› tespit Monument G on the Lycian Acropolis, perhaps an impor- etmek amac›yla bir sondaj yap›lmas›na karar verilmifltir. tant monumental tomb. Yüzeydeki erken döneme ait aslan tasvirli iki alçak In addition, two stone blocks with depictions of bulls kabartma sondajdan beklentileri art›rm›flt›r. Toprak sevi- carved in the Archaic style (Fig. 5) were found. This yesini aflan, özenle infla edilmifl bir duvar›n oldu¤u yer- low-relief carving probably does not belong to the mon- de aç›lan sondajla, Arkaik Dönem’den kalma, ola¤anüs- ument with the abovementioned wall, but they are of tü bir nitelikte, Lesbos usulü poligonal tafl örgülü bir exactly the same style as the lion reliefs that were found duvar›n 10 m.’lik k›sm› a盤a ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Boyutlar›n- nearby. All these carvings carry the stamp of traditional dan dolay›, önemli bir an›ta ait olmal›d›r. Üst k›sm›nda, Late Hittite and Phrygian influence in Anatolian art. It is 1,80 m.’lik aral›klarla oyuklarda bir dizi heykelin almas› possible that these carvings may belong to a tomb mümkündür. Bu durumda, Likya Akropolü’nün G an›t› dating to a pre-Persian Period as they show no indica- tipinde, belki önemli bir mezar an›t› burada bulun- tion of Persian or Hellenic influence. They may be the maktad›r. earliest surviving examples of the art of Lycian sculp- Bunun yan›s›ra, Arkaik stilde, bo¤a kabartmal› iki blok ture, maybe even earlier than the reliefs of the Lion tafl (Res. 5) bulunmufltur. Bu alçak kabartma, muhteme- Tomb published by Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal. All these low- len yukar›da sözü geçen duvarla ayn› an›ta ait de¤ildir, relief carvings were taken to the Antalya Museum for ancak yak›nlar›nda buldu¤umuz di¤er iki aslanla tama- their display. men ayn› stildedir. Bunlar›n hepsi Anadolu sanat›n›n In addition to these low-reliefs, the abovementioned geleneksel Geç-Hitit ve Frig etkisinin damgas›n› tafl›mak- sounding yielded the following results: tad›r. Olas›l›kla an›tsal bir mezara ait ve Pers iflgali – Earth filling of the modern period öncesi bir döneme ait olabilirler: üstlerinde hiç bir Pers ve hatta Yunan etkisinin izi yoktur. Belki, Likya heykelci- – Remains of modern and Byzantine levels li¤inin en erken, hatta Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal’›n yay›nlad›¤› – The north-south wall was built directly on bedrock “aslanl› mezar›”n›n kabartmalar›ndan da erken örnekler and belongs to an important structure of the Archaic olabilirler. Tüm alçak kabartmalar sergilenmek üzere Period. This structure must have had a terrace, whose Antalya Müzesi’ne tafl›nm›flt›r. sides were decorated with statues, spaced 1.80 m distant from each other and it therefore, resembles

43 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 4 / Fig. 4

Bu alçak kabartmalardan baflka, bu sondaj afla¤›daki sonuçlar› vermifltir: – modern ça¤dan kalma toprak seviyeleri – modern ve Bizans sekilerinin kal›nt›lar› – Kuzey-güney duvar›, hemen kayan›n üzerine infla edil- mifltir ve Arkaik Dönem’in önemli bir yap›s›na aittir. Bu yap›, kenarlar› yaklafl›k 1,80 m. aral›kl› heykeller- le süslü bir terasa sahip olmal›yd›. Bu nedenle, G Res. 5 / Fig. 5 an›t›na (Likya Akropolü) benzemektedir ve önemli bir mezar olmal›d›r. Monument G (on the Lycian Acropolis) and must an – Bu duvar›n bat›s›nda, yine kayan›n hemen üzerine important tomb. kurulu daha eski bir yap›n›n kal›nt›lar› bulunmufltur. – The remains of another but older structure, again Birbiriyle dik aç› oluflturan iki duvardan oluflup, yon- built directly on bedrock, were found to the west tulmam›fl tafllarla örülmüfltür. Bu yap›n›n alt k›sm›nda of this wall. This second structure has two walls Samos seramiklerine ait parçalar bulunmufltur. Bu perpendicular to each other, built from undressed serami¤in ‹.Ö. 5. yy.’a kadar erkene gitti¤i genellikle stones. At the base, fragments of Samian pottery were kabul edilir ama Samos Müzesi’nde görebildi¤imiz found. It is generally accepted that this pottery dates benzer örnekler 8. ve 7. yy.’dan kalmad›r. Böyle bir back to the 5th century BC, but similar examples we tarihleme Ksanthos’da bulunan parçalar için de daha saw at Samos Museum date to the 8th and 7th centu- uygun olmal›d›r. ries BC. This latter date seems more fitting for these Bu kefliflerin getirdi¤i özel sonuçlar›nda ötesinde, 2004 Xanthian finds. kaz›lar› flehrin güney-do¤u kesiminin tahmin edildi¤in- Beyond these special discoveries, the 2004 campaign den de ilginç oldu¤unu göstermifltir. Yukar›da tan›mla- has shown that the south-eastern part of the city is inter- nan sondaj›n hemen yak›nlar›nda yap›lan di¤er bir çok esting beyond our expectations. A very small sounding küçük sondaj›n bilimsel katk›lar› önemlidir. Bir toprak opened near to the one described above has contributed y›¤›n›nda, Kalkolitik Ça¤’dan kalma bir balta, Ksanthos’ greatly from the scientific point of view, as an axe da ‹.Ö. 7. yy.’dan önce insanlar›n yaflad›¤›n› gösteren ilk dating from the Chalcolithic Period found in an earth izdir. En son olarak, Arkaik ve Klasik dönemlere ait deposit is our first indication that people lived at seramikler de bu kesimde bulunmufltur ve do¤al olarak, Xanthos before the 7th century BC. Finally, potshards gelecek y›llarda bu alanda kaz›lar›n devam› planlan- dating from the Archaic and Classical Periods were also maktad›r. recovered here. Naturally, it is planned to continue ex- 2003 y›l›nda terkedilmifl modern bir evde olas›l›kla bir cavations in this south-eastern area during forthcoming mezar an›t›na ait poligonal tafllarla örülü büyük bir seasons.

44 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS duvar›n kal›nt›s› arkeolojik aç›dan ilginç bir sorunu gün- Remains of a large wall with polygonal masonry, possi- deme getirirmifltir. Muhtemelen, çok büyük boyuttaki bly belonging to a monumental tomb, were discovered mezar an›tlar›yla Arkaik Dönem’e ait bir nekropol söz in a modern house abandoned and this brought into the konusu olmal›d›r. fiimdiye kadar Ksanthos krallar›n›n agenda an important question regarding archaeology. (Likya’n›n di¤er flehirlerinde oldu¤u gibi) meflhur “dik- Probably, a necropolis of the Archaic Period with me mezar”lara gömüldükleri düflünülüyordu. Yeni bulu- monumental tombs must have existed. Until now, it has nan an›tlar›n ola¤anüstü boyutlar› bunlar› aflmaktad›r ve been believed that the kings of Xanthos were buried in kral mezarlar› sorunu tamamen yeniden gözden geçiril- the well-known pillar-tombs, as in other cities of Lykia. melidir. The dimensions of the newly discovered monuments surpass these and the question of royal tombs must be 4- Restorasyon Çal›flmalar› revised entirely.

Önceki y›llarda bafllanan mozaiklerin restorasyon ifllem- 4- Restoration Work lerine fi. Yeflil ve M. U¤uryol devam etmifllerdir. Roma Bazilikas› büyük odas›ndaki mozai¤in üzerinde biriken The mosaic restoration work initiated in the previous kireç karbonat› tabakas› kald›rmaya devam edilmifltir. campaigns was continued by fi. Yeflil and M. U¤uryol. Dekumanus’un reva¤›nda çok kötü halde bulunan mo- The lime carbonate layer accumulated on the mosaics zaik restore edilmifltir. Kentin çeflitli noktalar›nda bulu- in the large hall of the Roman Basilica was continued to nan ve acil müdahalesi gereken mozaiklerin de küçük be removed. The badly preserved mosaic in the portico parçalar›n› sa¤lamlaflt›rmak için çal›flmalar yap›lm›flt›r. of the Decumanus was restored. Mosaics uncovered at Bu çal›flmalarda mozaikleri korumak için üzerlerini various points in the city were reinforced. All these work kaplamak yerine, bunlar›n ziyaretçiler taraf›ndan görül- aimed at displaying them to the visitors instead of con- mesi amaçlanm›flt›r. Restorasyonu yap›lan mozaikler cealing them under covers. All the restored mosaics turizm sezonunda sergilenecek, k›fl›n ise üzerleri örtüle- shall be displayed during the tourism season and then cektir. covered during winter.

45

Limyra Kaz› Çal›flmalar› 2004 Excavations at Limyra in 2004

Thomas MARKSTEINER

Limyra´da 02.08.-22.09.2004 tarihleri aras›nda “Bilim- The third campaign of the Limyra excavation project, sel Araflt›rmalara Destek Fonu” (FWF) taraf›ndan finanse financed by the Scientific Research Support Fund (FWF), edilen kaz› projesinin üçüncü çal›flma kampanyas› was conducted from August the 2nd to September the gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Projenin ana amac› Limyra’n›n Bat› 22nd, 2004. The main scope of this project is to identify fiehir diye adland›r›lan k›sm›n›n stratigrafisini ortaya the stratigraphy of the so-called West City of Limyra, ç›kartmak olup, özellikle Klasik sur duvarlar›n›n arka- and particularly the pre-Hellenistic settlement phases s›nda kalan Hellenistik Dönem öncesi yerleflim evreleri behind the Classical fortifications have been the focus of ilginin odak noktas›n› oluflturmaktad›r. Ayr›ca Bat› fieh- our research. In addition, two small soundings were dug rin kullan›m gördü¤ü en geç dönemi belirleyebilmek to the east and northwest of the Cenotaph of Gaius için de Gaius Caesar Kenotaf›’n›n do¤usunda ve ku- Caesar in order to identify the latest phase of settlement zeybat›s›nda da küçük birer sondaj aç›lm›flt›r. Di¤er bir in the West City. Another sounding (So 43) was opened sondaj ise (So 43) Antik Dönem sonras› surlar›n›n her iki to the north of the West City in order to date both phases evresini de tarihlemek amac›yla Bat› fiehrin kuzeyinde of the post-Antique fortifications. In the last two cam- aç›lm›flt›r. Son iki çal›flma kampanyas›nda Klasik sur paigns, eight consecutive layers were identified in a duvarlar›n›n yamac›ndaki genifl bir alanda birbirini takip wide area on the slope of the Classical fortifications. eden sekiz katman ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Bunlar erken These layers date from the Early Byzantine Period back Bizans Dönemi’nden Klasik Dönem’e kadar uzanmakta to the Classical Period and a hiatus was identified dat- olup, Hellenistik Dönem ortalar›ndan Roma Dönemi’ne ing from the mid Hellenistic Period to the Roman kadar olan zaman dilimi içinde ise bir boflluk oldu¤u Period. belirlenmifltir. Building remains from the Early Hellenistic Period were Erken Hellenistik Dönem’e ait yap› kal›nt›lar›na sadece only uncovered in Sounding 30. In the other excavation Sondaj 30’da rastlanm›flt›r. Di¤er kaz› alanlar›nda ise bu areas, these layers were destroyed during terracing work tabakalar Antik Dönem sonras›na ait teraslama çal›fl- in the post-Antique period. The deepest strata (level VIII) malar› esnas›nda tahrip edilmifltir. Geçen y›l kaz›lan en excavated last year was connected to the construction derin katman (Stratum VIII) Klasik sur duvar yap›m› ile of the Classical fortifications. Ceramic finds indicate a ba¤lant›l›d›r. Ele geçen seramik buluntular ‹.Ö. 4. yy. date early in the 4th century BC as the terminus post bafllar›n›, katman›n terminus post quem’i olarak ver- quem of this stratum. To the west of the excavated area, mektedir. Kaz›lm›fl alan›n bat›s›nda, 2004 çal›flma kam- the central part of a structure with two rooms, which panyas› esnas›nda profil kesitinde yer alan ve bir önce- was mainly exposed in the previous campaign, and had ki y›l büyük bir k›sm› ortaya ç›kart›lm›fl olan iki odal› bir remained unexcavated, was excavated during the 2004 yap›n›n orta k›sm› kaz›lm›flt›r. Bu yap› sur duvar›na campaign. This structure adjoins the fortifications and yaslanm›fl olup, sur duvar›ndan k›sa bir süre sonra was built shortly after it. The structure was altered yap›lm›flt›r. Yap› ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’da bir tak›m de¤iflikliklere tabi in the 4th century BC; its south wall was partially tutulmufl, bu de¤ifliklikler esnas›nda güney duvar› k›smen removed, integrating this area up to the fortification kald›r›larak bu alan sur duvar›na kadar yap›ya dahil within the structure. In the meantime, one base of the edilmifltir. Bu esnada epalksis’in (mazgal siperi) destek epalksis was removed and re-used inside the structure. dire¤inin bir kaidesi de al›narak yap›n›n iç k›sm›nda In the east part of the excavations in level VIII, two small tekrar kullan›lm›flt›r. and simple rectangular structures with antae (Structures

47 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Plan 1 Klasik Dönem surlar› kaz› alan› genel plan›

General layout of the excavation area of the Classical fortifications

Tabaka VIII’deki kaz›n›n do¤u k›sm›nda anteli iki küçük A and B) were exposed; these were destroyed and basit dikdörtgen yap› (Yap› A ve B) bulunmufl, bunlar buried during the construction of the fortifications of Limyra/Zemuri sur duvarlar›n›n yap›m› esnas›nda tahrip Limyra/Zemuri. It was understood in 2004 that Structure edilerek üstleri kapat›lm›flt›r. 2004 y›l›ndaki kaz›larda B was built slightly earlier than Structure A. In Struc- Yap› B’nin, A’dan biraz daha erken bir tarihte inflaa ture B, there is a secondary floor, contemporaneous edildi¤i ortaya ç›km›flt›r. Yap› B’de, A’n›n inflaas› es- with the construction of Structure A, and partially cov- nas›nda yap›lm›fl olan ve do¤u duvar›n› k›smen örten ering the eastern wall. It is not possible to consider the ikincil bir taban›n oldu¤u görülmüfltür. De¤ifltirilmifl hali altered Structure B as forming a dwelling. It is likely to ile Yap› B’nin bir oturum birimi oldu¤unu düflünmek have served an auxiliary function when Structure A mümkün de¤ildir. Olas›l›kla Yap› A’n›n bu fonksiyonu became the residence. The west wall of a third structure devr almas›ndan sonra, yan yap› gibi di¤er bir amaçla (C) was also uncovered inside the trench; this structure kullan›lm›fl olmal›d›r. Yine anteli ve olas›l›kla yap› A ev possibly has a similar layout with antae as Structures A B plan›nda olan di¤er bir yap›n›n sadece kaz› alan› için- and B. Structures A, B and C date to the end of the 5th deki bat› duvar› (C) ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. A, B ve C century BC based on ceramic finds from the related lev- yap›lar› ba¤lant›l› Tabaka IX a ve IX b’den elde edilen els of IXa and IXb. seramik malzeme ile ‹.Ö. 5. yy.’›n sonuna tarihlenebil- In the deeper levels X, XI, XII and XIII, remains of inde- mektedir. pendent walls were uncovered. These layers were de- Daha derindeki Tabaka X, XI, XII ve XIII’da birbiriyle stroyed during later activities, especially during the con- ba¤lant›s›z duvar kal›nt›lar›na rastlanm›flt›r, bu katman- struction of the Classical fortification. Ceramic finds lar sonraki baz› yap› aktiviteleri s›ras›nda, özellikle date level X to the 5th century BC while the level XI and Klasik sur duvar› yap›m› s›ras›nda tahrip olmufllard›r. XII date to the 6th century BC. Only a few pieces of Seramik buluntular Tabaka X’u ‹.Ö. 5. yy., Tabaka XI ve hand-made pottery were found in level XIII. XII’yi ise ‹.Ö. 6. yy.’a tarihler. Tabaka XIII’de ise el yap›- To the west of this area, in Soundings 30 and 36, the m› çok az say›da seramik d›fl›nda baflka bir buluntuya western end of an Early Byzantine structure was uncov- rastlanmam›flt›r. ered. Further to the west of this, in front of a small door- Bu kaz›n›n bat›s›ndaki alanda geçti¤imiz y›llarda aç›lan way in the Late Antique-Early Byzantine fortification, a Sondaj 30, 36’n›n devam›nda Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne square-like area was uncovered. In Sounding 42, to the ait bir yap›n›n bat› ucu ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Bunun bat›- northwest of the Cenotaph of Gaius Caesar, a structure s›nda ise Geç Antik - Erken Bizans Dönemi surlar›na of high quality workmanship, re-used materials and ait küçük bir kap›n›n önünde, alan gibi aç›k bir mekan mortar, possibly dating from the Late Antique-Early ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Gaius Caesar’›n kenotaf’›n›n kuzey Byzantine Period, was partially exposed. A second floor

48 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Plan 2 Yaklafl›k ‹.Ö. 400’e ait VIII. evre duvar plan› / Wall plan of level VIII dated to ca. 400 BC

Res. 1 Tabaka VIII, ‹.Ö. 5. yy.’›n ikinci yar›s›ndan bir kratere ait bat›s›nda yer alan bir sondajda (Sondaj 42) kaliteli iflçi- parçalar / Fig. 1 Level VIII, fragments of a crater, dated to the li¤e sahip, duvar›nda devflirme malzeme ve harc›n kul- second half of the 5th century BC. lan›ld›¤›, olas›l›kla Geç Antik - Erken Bizans Dönemi´ne ait bir yap› k›smen ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Yap›n›n tadilat geçirdi¤i ikinci bir taban seviyesinden ve daha az iflçilik level and a poorer-quality partition wall indicate a later gösteren bir ara duvardan anlafl›lmaktad›r. Kenotaf’›n alteration. About 60 meters to the east of the Cenotaph, yaklafl›k 60 m. do¤usundaki sondaj›n bulundu¤u alan›n remains of walls and other remains including large yüzeyinde (Sondaj 41) duvar kal›nt›lar› ve ikincil olarak blocks in secondary use were noted before the onset of kullan›lm›fl büyük bloklardan oluflan bir tak›m kal›nt›lar Sounding 41. However, it was not possible to carry out kaz›ya bafllanmadan önce tespit edilmifltir. Ancak yüze- a detailed stratigraphic study due to the problem of yin hemen alt›ndan yükselen su seviyesi nedeni ile rising water just below the surface. Finds mainly include detayl› stratigrafik incelemeler yap›lmas› mümkün olma- ceramics from later levels, but it is possible to derive m›flt›r. A¤›rl›kl› olarak seramikten oluflan buluntular some information regarding the periods of use of this tafl›nm›fl yeni katmanlara ait olmakla birlikte alan›n area. Numerous ceramics dating from Late Antiquity, as

Plan 3 ‹.Ö. 7. ile 5. yy.’›n ikinci yar›s›na ait evre XIII-IX´in duvar plan› / Wall plans from level XIII-IX dated to the period from the 7th to the second half of the 5th century BC

49 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 2 ‹.Ö. 5. yy.’a ait evre XI’da yer alan yap› kal›nt›lar› / Fig. 2 Building remains from level XI dated to the 5th century BC.

Plan 4 Geç Antik Dönem yap›s› ve Antik Dönem sonras› sur duvar›ndaki aç›k alan / Structure from Late Antiquity and the open area by the post-Antique fortification

kullan›m dönemi ile ilgili bilgiler aktarmaktad›r. Çok well as pieces from the 9th and 10th centuries, glazed say›daki Geç Antik Dönem seramiklerin yan› s›ra, ‹.S. 9. pottery and also objects dating from the Modern era, ve 10. yy.’a ait parçalar, s›rl› seramik ve Yeni Ça¤’a ait including the bowl of a water-pipe, a mouthpiece and objeler ele geçmifltir, bunlar aras›nda nargile bafl›, a¤›z- marbled glazed pottery were discovered. l›k ve mermerimsi s›rl› seramik örnek olarak verilebilir. Sounding 43 in the north part of the West City was Bat› flehrinin kuzeyindeki Sondaj 43, Antik Dönem son- extended in the area between the two walls of the post- ras› surlar›n›n her iki duvar› aras›ndaki alanda geniflletil- Antique fortifications. It also covered a small gate in the mifltir ve ilk evreye ait duvarda yer alan küçük bir kap›y› wall of the earlier phase. In 2004, only the filling earth da içine almaktad›r. 2004 y›l›nda burada sadece dolgu on top was removed and further levels, which will shed toprak tafl›nm›fl ve projenin yöneltti¤i sorulara ›fl›k tuta- light on the questions posed by the project, have not as cak derinli¤e henüz ulafl›lamam›flt›r. yet been reached.

50 Myra-Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Kaz›s› ve Duvar Resimlerini Belgeleme, Koruma-Onar›m Çal›flmalar› 2004 Excavations at the Church of St. Nicholas in Myra-Demre and the Conservation-Restoration and Documentation of the Wall Paintings 2004

S. Y›ld›z ÖTÜKEN - Nilay ÇORA⁄AN - Bülent ‹fiLER

Kültür Bakanl›¤› ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi ad›na yürü- Excavations at the Church of St. Nicholas in Myra-Demre, tülen Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Kaz›s› 27 A¤ustos- conducted by Hacettepe University under the auspices 21 Kas›m 2004 tarihleri aras›nda gerçeklefltirildi. Bu kam- of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism were carried out panyada kilisenin kuzey avlusunun bat›s›ndaki D yap›s› from August 27th to November 21st 2004. This campaign (Plan 1) ve ayn› avludaki yap› kal›nt›s›n›n iç ve d›fl›nda, entailed work inside and outside Structure D to the kilisenin kuzey ekinin K6 bölümü d›fl›nda ayr›ca kilis- northwest of the north courtyard (Plan 1), inside and enin bat› avlu güneyinde yer alan E yap›s›nda çal›fl›lm›fl- outside the building remains in the same courtyard, the t›r (Plan 2). outside of K6 of the northern annex of the church as well as Structure E, to the south of the western courtyard Bat› alanda 11. yy.’da zemin yükseltme amac›yla yap›lan toprak dolgu yay›nlar›m›zda belirtti¤imiz gibi 4. yy.’dan (Plan 2). 11. yy.’a uzanan süreyi kapsayan kar›fl›k buluntu içerir. The earth filling of the 11th century in the western area 2004’te bu alanda alt› açma 1.40 m. kottan 0.30 m.’ye has yielded mixed finds dating from the 4th through the inilerek bitirildi; eski yap› kal›nt›s›nda zemin döflemesi 11th century, mentioned in our previous publications. bulundu. Dolgudaki küçük buluntular genelde alüvyon Six trenches were excavated from 1.40 m down to 0.30 m alt›ndaki ilk toprak tabakas›nda, 1.20-0.90 m.’de, ayr›ca in 2004; and the floor paving of the building remains 7. yy. buluntular›n› içeren 0.80-0.50 m.’de yo¤unlafl›r. was reached. The small finds from the filling usually Bat› alanda D yap›s›nda bu y›l güneydeki kare planl› came from the first stratum (1.20-0.90 m) under the al- yap›n›n güney duvar› tümüyle aç›lm›fl ve 1.15 m. kotta luvial layer and those dating to the 7th century came bir kap›, ayn› duvara bitiflik enlemesine yerlefltirilen alt› mainly from a depth of 0.80-0.50 m. taflla kapat›lan bir mezar ortaya ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Ayn› mekan In Structure D in the western area, the southern wall of içindeki arkosolium’un 1.37 m. kotta zemini düzgün the square-building was entirely exposed and a door- kesme tafl döflelidir. Zemin üstündeki devflirme levhalar way at 1.15 m and a tomb, covered with six slabs and kald›r›ld›¤›nda örme tekni¤inde iki sand›k mezar ortaya adjoining the same wall, were uncovered. ç›km›flt›r. Mezarlardaki iskeletler Hacettepe Üniversitesi Antropoloji Bölümü uzmanlar›nca de¤erlendirme ama- The arcosolium in the same room has a floor paved with c›yla Ankara’ya getirilmifl; kuzey mezar hizas›ndaki fres- flagstones at a depth of 1.37 m. When the reused slabs ko Ark. Rest. R. ‹fller taraf›ndan bir panoya geçirilerek were removed, twochest type graves of masonry were galeride korumaya al›nm›flt›r. Kare planl› yap›n›n bat› discovered. The skeletons were taken to Ankara for cephesine ayn› dönemde infla edilen kuzey-güney do¤- them to be examined by anthropologists at Hacettepe rultusundaki dikdörtgen planl› küçük ekin ifllevi sorun- University. The fresco by the northern grave was trans- ludur. Bu yap› 0.30 m. kottaki düzgün tafl zemin döfle- fered onto a panel by R. ‹fller, restorer archaeologist, for melerini örten 0.90 m. kottundaki dolgu toprak üzerine preservation purposes in the gallery.

51 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Plan 1

52 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Plan 2 infla edilmifltir. Dolguda dikkati çeken en yo¤un bulun- The function of the the small rectangular annex, orien- tu 0.90-0.50 m.’de 514 deniz kabu¤udur. Zemin döfle- tated in a north-south direction and built on the western mesi üzerinde kuzey-güney do¤rultusunda uzanan duva- wall of the square structure in the same period, remains r›n uzant›s› kuzeyde, d›flta ortaya ç›kan Roma Dönemi unclear. This structure was built on an earth filling at duvarlar›d›r. 0.90 m, which concealed the dressed stone pavement at Kuzey bölüm içindeki çal›flma 2003’te bafllam›fl, 2.50 m. a depth of 0.30 m. The 514 recovered seashells are the kotuna kadar yo¤un moloz temizlenmifl, 2004’te ise yap›- most worthy find, recovered from a depth of 0.90-0.50 m. n›n içinde güneyde 0.40 m. kotunda düzgün tafl levha The wall extending in the north-south direction over the döfleme ve toprak üzerine s›vanan harç tabakas›na inil- floor pavement, continues outside to the north as the mifltir. Bat› duvar›nda 1.25 m. genifllikte, 0.90 m. kotun- Roman wall. da bir kap› bulunmufltur. D yap›s› içinde en zengin The work on the northern part was initiated in 2003 and buluntu 1684 veri ile kuzey yap›n›n iç mekan›ndaki the extensive rubble reaching a depth of 2.50 m was açmalard›r; en yo¤un tabakalar 568 buluntuyla 0.50- removed. In 2004, a dressed stone pavement and a level 0.40 m. ve 441 buluntu ile 0.80-0.70 m. kotlar›d›r. of mortar plastered on top of earth was reached at 0.40 Maden buluntular aras›nda dört sikke, bronz kap, kan- m in the southern part, inside the structure. A doorway dil zinciri, fibula, büyük bir kap›ya ait mentefle, anahtar 1.25 in width and 0.90 m elevation was found in the gibi ögeler dikkati çeker. Ayn› mekanda delik ifli tafl western wall. The trenches inside the northern structure levhalar›n çeflitlemeleri görülür (Res. 1). Kuzey yap›n›n yielded a wealth of 1684 finds during the work on kuzey cephesindeki arkad kemeri alüvyondan temizlen- Structure D. The stratum of 0.50-0.40 m with 568 finds mifltir. Cephenin alt›nda 0.20 m. yüksekli¤inde bir tafl and that of 0.80-0.70 m with 441 finds were the richest seki ve önünde 0.90 m. kotunda harç zemin tabakas› layers. Four coins, a bronze vessel, lamp chain, fibula, ortaya ç›km›flt›r. Do¤u cephenin kuzey köflesinde d›flta hinge belonginig to large door and keys are worthy of yap›lan açmada do¤u-bat› do¤rultusunda 0.42 m. kotta note amongst the finds of metal. A variety of openwork eski bir duvar ve 0.30 m. kotta düzgün tafl levha zemin stone plaques have also been recovered from the same vard›r. Benzer kottaki tafl döflemeler güney yap›n›n d›fl›n- room (Fig. 1). da, D yap›s› orta bölümün içinde, kuzey yap›n›n iç ve d›fl›nda görülür. Kuzey bölümün d›fl›nda, bat›da L biçi- The arch of the arcade on the northern facade of the minde 0.64 m. genifllikte bir duvar, yap›n›n alt›na uzan›r. northern structure was cleaned of debris and at its base, Duvar›n s›n›rlad›¤› 1/3’lik bölüm 0.35 m. kotunda a stone bench 0.20 m in height and a floor mortar layer düzgün kesme tafl levhayla döflelidir. Kuzeyde birbirine in front at 0.90 m was uncovered. In the trench outside yaklafl›k paralel kuzey-güney yönünde iki duvar ve the northern corner of the eastern facade is an ancient

53 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2

aralar›nda 0.34 m. kotunda harçl› zemin bulunmufltur. wall at 0.42 m and a dressed stone pavement at 0.30 m. D yap›s› içinde ve d›fl›nda güney, kuzey ve bat› alanlar- Stone pavings at similar depths are also found outside da ortaya ç›kan duvarlar Roma Dönemi’ne ait olup the southern structure, inside the middle part of Struc- ifllevleri genel bir çal›flmada sunulacakt›r. ture D and both inside and outside the northern struc- ture. Kilisenin kuzey ek yap›s› K6 bölümü d›fl›nda, yap›lan kaz›da belirginleflen do¤u-bat› yönündeki duvar›n otur- Outside the northern part, an L-shaped wall to the west ma kotu 1.10 m. üst kotu ise 3.24 m.’dir. Bu nedenle extends under the structure. The 1/3 area bordered by duvar› 11.-12. yy. yap› dönemlerine tarihleyebiliriz. the wall has a dressed stone paving at 0.35 m. To the 2004’te kilisenin bat›s›ndaki avluyu s›n›rlayan E yap›s›n- north are two walls, almost parallel to each other, and a da çal›fl›lm›flt›r. Avlu güney ve bat›dan iki katl› yap›larla, mortar floor between at 0.34 m. The walls uncovered in do¤uda kilisenin d›fl narteksiyle çevrelenir; yap›n›n alt the north, south and western parts inside and outside kat mekanlar›ndan bat›daki Peschlow’un plan›nda ifllen- Structure D date from the Roman Period and will be mifl, ancak mimari ve ifllev özellikleri tart›fl›lmam›flt›r. presented within a general study. Avlunun güney ve bat›s›ndaki iki katl› mekanlardan olu- Excavations outside K6 of the northern annex of the flan E yap›s›nda, güneyindeki mekan›n alt kat›n› doldu- church exposed a wall built in an east-west direction. ran alüvyon temizlenmifltir (Plan 2, Res. 3). ‹çte 14.00x The wall’s base is at 1.10 m and reaches an elevation of 3.75 m. boyutlar›ndaki yap›ya girifl, do¤u cephedeki 3.24 m. It is therefore possible to date it to the building yuvarlak kemerli bir aç›kl›kla sa¤lan›r. Mekan duvar phases of the 11th-12th century. payeleri üzerinde yükselen üç bas›k yuvarlak kemer ve Work was also conducted in 2004 on Structure E, bir kemerli kap› ile befl bölüme ayr›l›r. Yap›da pencere bordering the western courtyard. The courtyard is sur- yoktur; güney ve kuzey duvarlarda kare nifller ve d›fltaki rounded by two-storied structures to the west and south, arkosolium hizas›nda mazgal tipinde bir aç›kl›k bulunur. while with the outer narthex of the church borders it to Örtü sistemi do¤u-bat› yönünde düzensiz beflik tonozdur. the east. The western room in the lower story of the ‹çte yap›lan sondajda eksi 0.30 m. kota kadar toprak structure is shown in the plans by Peschlow but no com- boflalt›lm›fl, ancak zemin döflemesi bulunamam›flt›r; ment was made regarding either its architecture or its beden duvarlar› 0.00 m. kotta topra¤a oturur. Duvar function. örgüsü kaba yonu kesme tafl, tonozda ise moloz taflla örülmüfltür. Yap›da ortaya ç›kan 4604 küçük buluntudan The two-storied Structure E bordering the courtyard on en önemlileri s›rl› seramikler (Res. 2) ve Avrupa kökenli the south and west was cleaned of the alluvial filling in üç gümüfl sikkedir. the ground floor (Plan 2, Fig. 3). This structure measures

54 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Yap›n›n kuzey cephesine bitiflik arkosolium içinde yer 14.00x3.75 m on the inside. It is accessed via the round- alan 1118 tarihli fresko kitabe Peschlow’a göre bir arched doorway in the eastern facade. The room is di- terminus post quem’dir. Bas›k tonozlu olmas›, yap›n›n vided into five bays with three low-arches rising on penceresinin olmamas› ve bir kafatas› buluntusu gömü pilastres and a round-arched doorway. No windows yerine iflaret eder. have been found;, but there are square niches in the south and north walls and a loophole aperture at the 2004 kaz›s›nda 22 sikke bulunmufl; bunlardan onüçü level of the arcosolium on the outside. The room is okunmufltur. ‹ki sikke Roma, alt› sikke Bizans ve bir covered by an irregular barrel vault in an east-west sikke Selçuklu Dönemi’ne aittir. Ortaça¤’a ait dört gümüfl direction. The sounding inside reached -0.30 m but sikke ise Avrupa kökenlidir. Bizans Dönemi sikkeleri revealed no floor. The walls rest on the earth at 0.00 m aras›nda II. Basileios dönemine ait Anonim A2 daha and they are built from roughly cut stones, while the önce bulunan befl örnekle dikkati çeker; I. Alexios Kom- vault is of rubble. Among the 4604 small finds recov- nenos döneminde yap›lan bat› avludaki arkosolium’un ered here, noteworthy are the glazed pottery (Fig. 2) and yan›s›ra bu imparatora ait kaz›m›zda bugüne kadar dört three silver coins. sikke bulunmas› Akdeniz çana¤›nda Myra kentinin eko- nomik olarak rahatlad›¤›na iflaret eder. 2004’te Bizans The fresco inscription dating to 1118 in the arcosolium Anonim H grubuna ait X. Konstantin ve VII. Mikael Dukas provides a terminus post quem according to Peschlow. sikkelerine bu y›l bir örnek daha eklenmifltir. Daha önce- The fact that this structure lacks windows, it has low- ki y›llarda ortaya ç›kan 7. yy. Heraklios ve o¤lu sikkele- arched vault and a skull recovered from here suggest its rinin yan›s›ra bu y›l ilk kez ‹mparator Phokas ve ‹mpa- function as a burial site. rator Heraklonas ve II. Konstans sikkeleri bulunmufltur. 22 coins, 13 of which have been identified, were found 2004’ün en önemli sikkesi Selçuklu Sultan› II. ‹zzettin during the 2004 campaign. Two are Roman, six Byzan- Keykavus’a (1246-49) aittir. tine and one is Seljuck. Four medieval silver coins are 2004’te Nikolaos Kilisesi’nin güneyindeki mezar oda- of European origin. An Anonymous A2 from the reign of s›nda Nikolaos siklusuna ait 11 duvar resminin restoras- Basileios II is noteworthy amongst the Byzantine coins, yonu tamamlanm›flt›r. Bu sahnelerden Nikolaos’un bir with five other examples recovered previously. hastay› iyilefltirmesi (Res. 4), Nikolaos’un Basileos’u Alongside the arcosolium built in the western courtyard Araplardan kurtar›fl›, Deniz mucizesi, Nikolaos’un çocu¤u during the reign of Emperor Alexis I Komnenus, four

Res. 3 / Fig. 3

55 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

coins dating from the reign of the same emperor that have been recovered during the course of our excava- tions suggest that Myra’s economy prospered during the reign of this emperor. A further example of Byzantine Anonymous H coins of the Emperors Constantine IX and Michael VII Doukas was found in this year’s campaign in addition to the 7th century coins of Heraklios and his son Constans II recovered in past campaigns. The most important coin found in 2004 dates from the reign of the Seljuck Sultan Izzeddin Keykavus II (1246-49). The restoration of 11 wall paintings from the St. Nicho- las cycle in the southern burial chamber was completed in 2004. The scenes of: Nicholas healing a patient (Fig. 4), Nicholas saving the Basileios from the Arabs, The Res. 4 / Fig. 4 Miracle sea, Nicholas helps a childless Woman, The Three Generals in prison, The Three Generals thank olmayan bir kad›na yard›m›, üç general hapiste, üç Nicholas, and The Three Generals before Constantine generalin Nikolaos’a teflekkürü, üç general Konstantin and the story of Three Maidens have been revealed. In önünde sahneleri ve üç bekâr k›z›n öyküsü ortaya ç›ka- addition, seven figures, busts depicting saints, archangel r›lm›flt›r. Ayr›ca mekandaki büst fleklinde yedi aziz, and bishops as well as 25 other standing full single fig- baflmelek ve piskopos figürleri ile ayakta tasvir edilen ures of saints, bishops, martyrs and monks have been 25 tek aziz, piskopos, martir ve keflifl figürlerinin koru- conserved and restored. The saints identified are as fol- ma ve onar›m çal›flmalar› tamamlanm›flt›r. Kitabeleri lows: H. Abibos, H. Samonias and H. Gurias on the okunan figürler, kuzey duvarda bat›dan ikinci niflin kemer inner side of the arch of the second niche from the west iç yüzeyinde; H. Abibos, H. Samonias ve H. Gurias; on the north wall; H. Eutymios, H. Antonius, H. Sabas, güney duvarda bat›daki niflin duvar ve kemer iç yüzeyin- H. Abibos, H. Ephraim Syros, H. Stilites, Hosios Theod- de H. Eutymios, H. Antonius, H. Sabas, H. Abibos, osios Sönebiark on the inner and outer sides of the arch H. Ephraim Syros, H. Stilites, Hosios Teodosius Sönebiark; of the western niche on the south wall; H. Eleutherius, ayn› duvarda bat›dan ikinci niflin duvar ve kemer iç H. Polycarp and H. Nicandros on the inner and outer yüzeylerinde, H. Eleutherius, H. Polykarpos, H. Nikand- sides of the arch of the second niche from the west on ros’tur. Ayr›ca restorasyon çal›flmalar› sonucu ikonogra- the south wall. Due to this restoration, two other saints, fik özellikleri belirginleflen, ancak kitabesi okunamayan whose inscriptions could not be read, were identified baz› azizlerin H. Theodoros Studites ve H. Stephanos from their iconography: H. Theodoros Studites and oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r. H. Stephanos.

56 Patara 2004 Patara in 2004

Fahri IfiIK

Patara 2004 dönemi kaz› ve araflt›rma etkinlikleri 5 Excavation and research work at Patara lasted for 70 Temmuz-16 Eylül tarihleri aras›nda 70 gün sürmüfl; days from July the 5th to September the 16th 2004. After ard›ndan Markia Tap›nak Gömütü’nde restorasyona, the campaign, it was decided to continue with the Deniz Feneri’nde ise çevresine biriken kum y›¤›nlar›n› restoration of Marcia’s Temple-Tomb and also the re- tafl›man›n yan›s›ra tafl plan ve restitüsyona yönelik çal›fl- moval of the sand accumulated on and around the malar›n devam etmesine karar verilmifltir. Lighthouse, as well the preparation of its architectural drawings and the work for its restitution. I. Kaz› Çal›flmalar› I. Excavation Work Ana Cadde (fievket Aktafl) The Main Street (fievket Aktafl) Kuzeyden, Liman’dan gelen Ana Cadde’nin güney biti- minde an›tsal bir kap› vard›r: Güney Kap›. Bat›da Likya The Main Street going north from the harbour terminates Meclisi, güneyde Tiyatro ve kuzeydo¤uda Vespasian at the monumental South Gate. It provided access to Hamam› ile çevrili genifl düzlü¤e, olas› bir Devlet Ago- a wide flat area, possibly the State Agora, which is sur- ras›’na, geçit vermektedir. “Jüstinyanus Suru”nun kuzey rounded by the Lycian Assembly Hall to the west, the dibinde geçen y›l aç›lan bat› gözüne bu y›l da do¤u Theatre to the south and the Baths of Vespasian to the gözü eklenmifl; geniflli¤i nedeniyle belki “üç geçitli” bir northeast. The western arch, by the north end of the kap› beklentimize karfl›n, “iki geçitli” olufluyla da flafl›rt- “Justinian Walls”, was uncovered last year, and the east- mam›flt›r. Gözleri birlefltiren ara duvar›n kuzeyinde iki ern arch was uncovered during this campaign. Although sütunla bölünmüfl geçitleriyle z›t yöne, do¤uya, yönelen we had expected a triple-arched gate from its width, we ve kuzeyinde bir Bizans yap› duvar›yla s›n›rlanan bir were not surprised to find it was a double-arched gate. baflka giriflin kaz›s›nda da, alan›n Güney Kap› açmas›na To the north of the separating wall joining the arches is another entranceway divided by two columns and facing east, opposite its passageways is an adjoining a Byzantine building wall. The trench began to be extend- ed towards the east, in parallel with the South Gate trench, in the direction of the Baths of Vespasian. As the Main Street sinks into a swamp after a distance of 100 meters, the excavation was then switched to the Stoa extending along its western side in 2002; however, our hope of uncovering a shop in a good state of preserva- tion was hindered because of extensive Byzantine con- structions. The area in front of the Stoa was extended towards the south, following a border of a Byzantine wall uncovered to the west. The burning of marble in a lime kiln was considered responsible for the Byzantine destruction observed at various degrees everywhere. New inscriptions with historical content and a portrait Res. 1 Ana Cadde / Fig. 1 Main street. of a Flavian Empress that survived as spolien re-used in

57 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 2 Tiyatro / Fig. 2 The theatre koflut olarak do¤uya, Vespasian Hamam›’na do¤ru genifl- a wall are the most important finds from the excavations letilme ifllemine bafllanm›flt›r. Ana Cadde’nin 100 m. in this area (Fig 1). uzunluktan sonra batakl›¤a gömülmesi nedeniyle kaz› 2002 y›l›nda, bat› kenar› boyunca uzanan Stoa’ya yön- The Theatre (Hüseyin Alanyal› - Ferifltah Alanyal› - lendirilmifl; orada sa¤lam bir dükkan bulabilme umudu- Joachim Ganzert) muz, yo¤un Bizans Dönemi yap›laflmas›na tak›lm›flt›. The Theatre of Patara has two original features and its Stoa ön alan› bu y›l, bat›da günyüzüne ç›kan bir Bizans parallel is found at the Theatre of Pompey in Rome: the duvar› s›n›r al›narak, güneye do¤ru uzat›lm›flt›r. Bir kireç Temple resting right upon the axis in the focus of the kuyusu, küçük de olsa, her noktada yaflanan Bizans y›k›- upper step; and secondly, the façade architecture of the m›n›n “failini” bulmaya yetmifltir. Duvar dolgusu olarak stage building accentuated with niches, pilastres and kurtulabilen Flavius’lardan bir imparatoriçe portresi, columned projections as in a scenae frons. The excava- tarihsel içerikteki yeni yaz›tlarla birlikte, kaz›n›n en önem- tion work at the theatre again focussed in uncovering li buluntusudur (Res. 1). the façade. When the middle level of the ground floor was reached, in the excavated eastern half, it was seen Tiyatro (Hüseyin Alanyal› - Ferifltah Alanyal› - that the wall was decorated with a moulding partially Joachim Ganzert) enriched by tori and trochili; the presence of a doorway Patara Tiyatrosu iki yönüyle özgündür, örne¤ini Roma’ between the double-columned projections and the fact daki Pompeius Tiyatrosu’nda bulur: Üst basama¤›n oda- that this doorway is different from the other two on the ¤›nda tam eksene oturan Tap›nak; ve t›pk› skene frons eastern side and also that it has a “privileged” opening gibi nifller, pilasterler ve sütunlu ç›kmalarla bezenerek into a common square shared by the Lycian Assembly hareketlendirilen sahne binas› cephe mimarisi ile. Kaz›- Hall, add to the peculiarities of this theatre that are not ya yönelik olarak çal›flmalar bu y›l da cephenin a盤a found in traditional theatre architecture. The recovery of ç›kar›lmas›na hedeflenmifltir. Kaz›labilen do¤u yar›da the Ionic capital, which is thought to have fallen from zemin kat›n ortalar› düzeyine inildi¤inde duvar›n, bir the projection to the east of the doorway, facilitated bölümü torus ve trokhiloslarla zenginlefltirilmifl olan bir its future restoration, along with the base and fluted col- silmeyle çözüldü¤ü görülmüfl; ortadaki ikifler sütunlu umn fragment recovered in situ at the western projec- ç›kmalar aras›nda bir kap›n›n varl›¤› ve onun boyutta ve tion last year. An architectural team of 9 from Hannover, biçimde do¤u yanaktaki iki kap›dan farkl›l›¤›, Likya Germany, focussed on the cavea and, following a fine Meclisi ile ortak bir meydana aç›lan “ayr›cal›kl›” konu- cleaning; the photogrammetric drawings of the rows of muyla bir arada, geleneksel tiyatro mimarisinde olma- seats that were prepared last year were one by one yan baflkal›klar›n say›s›n› art›rm›flt›r. Kap›n›n do¤usunda- revised, using a more developed technique (Fig. 2). ki ç›kmadan koptu¤u düflünülen bir ‹yon bafll›¤›, geçen y›l bat› ç›kmas› üzerindeki özgün yerinde ele geçen

58 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 3 Patara Meclis Binas› / Fig. 3 The Bouleuterion altl›k ve oluklu sütun parças›yla ve de de¤iflik alanlarda The Lycian League - Provincial Assembly Hall kaz›lan bafltaban parçalar›yla birlikte, ön görülen resto- (Taner Korkut - Götz Grosche) rasyonu kolaylaflt›rm›flt›r. Hannover’den gelen dokuz The excavations at the Bouleuterion continued in front kiflilik Alman mimari ekibi ise, çal›flmalar›n› ince bir of the façade facing east and in the cavea. This Bouleu- temizlik sonras›nda kavea’da yo¤unlaflt›rm›fl; oturma terion is an important capital city assembly hall as it s›ralar›n›n önceki y›l yapt›r›lan fotogrametrik çizimleri, served not only for the Lycian League in 167 BC but for geliflkin bir tekni¤in yard›m›yla tek tek gözden geçiril- the Province of Lycia in 43 AD, and also possibly for the mifltir (Res. 2). Lycia-Pamphylia Province in 74 AD. The excavations showed that the rows of seats, which had been removed Likya Birlik ve Eyalet Meclisi (Taner Korkut - Götz down to the vault of the upper part, as was observed last Grosche) year, and the area to the north of the Throne of the ‹.Ö. 167’de Likya Birli¤i’nin yan›s›ra, ‹.S. 43’te Roma’ Lyciarchos in the middle, were untouched down to n›n Likya, olas›l›kla ‹.S. 74’te Likya-Pamfilya Eyaleti ground level. This delightful situation will pave the way Meclisi iflleviyle önemli olan bir baflkent Bouleuterion’u- for the rebuilding of the southern half of the cavea, nun kaz›lar› bu y›l da kavea ile do¤uya bakan cephe which was sacrificed to the Wall of Justinian integrated duvar› önünde sürdürülmüfltür. Kavea kaz›lar›yla -geçen with the structure on the south and east, with the origi- y›l üst kesiminin tonoz üzerine dek söküldü¤ü görülen- nal material embedded in this wall. Nine rows of seats oturma s›ralar›na, odaktaki Lykiarkh Taht›’n›n kuzey have been uncovered in the north and it is difficult yar›s›nda tabana dek dokunulmad›¤› olas›l›¤›n›n artma- to predict how many more will be exposed before s› sevindirmifltir. Çünkü bu korunmufllukla art›k, özgün reaching ground level. This is because during this cam- malzemesi -yap›yla güney ve do¤uda bütünleflmifl- paign it was understood that this structure is an unusual “Jüstinyan Suru”na kurban verilen kavea’n›n güney one with an unprecedented design. The fact that the yar›s›, sura örülmüfl kendi parçalar›yla bütünlenebile- stairway starting from the north then extends, turning to cektir. Kuzey yar›da aç›lan dokuz s›ran›n gelecekte alta the west and halts at a vault and then continues further do¤ru kaça tamamlanabilece¤ini tam kestirebilmek up, and that the doorway opening into the staircase zordur. Çünkü yap› bu dönem, ön görülmeyen mimari from the ground was later blocked, are interpreted as tasar›m›yla türünde farkl› oldu¤unu ortaya koymufltur. belonging to the first construction and use of this struc- Kuzeyden ç›k›lan merdivenlerin bat›ya yönelen devam›- ture in the High Hellenistic Period. Patara was the cap- n›n tonoz üzerinde kesilmesi ve daha üstte devam›; ital of the League, as known from the “head of the ve de tabanda kuzeyden merdivenli¤e aç›lan kap›n›n Lycian stock” expression employed by Livy. It is clear

59 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS sonradan örüldü¤ü olgusu, buran›n Yüksek Hellenistik that when the city became the provincial capital in the Dönem’e denk düflen bir zamanda, ilk evrede, yap›ld›¤› Roman Period, the structure needed to be enlarged ve kullan›ld›¤› biçiminde yorumlan›r. Patara’n›n bu upwards and the entranceways were transferred to the dönemde Birlik baflkenti oldu¤u Livius’un “Likya soyu- vaulted rooms built adjoining the former entranceway. nun bafl›” tümcesinden de bilinmektedir. Belli ki daha Now it is clear that the monumental northern gateway sonra, kentin ayn› zamanda Roma’n›n Eyalet baflkentli- and the smaller western doorway inside, that were ¤ine de yükselmesi nedeniyle, Meclis’in de yukar› do¤ru uncovered last year when ground level was reached, geniflletilmesi ihtiyac› do¤mufl; girifller eski kap›n›n bat› were necessitated during the enlargement to the struc- bitifli¤ine eklenen tonozlu mekanlara kayd›r›lm›flt›r. Art›k ture in the Roman Period; the same point is also valid belli ki kuzey tonozun içinde önceki y›l tabana inildi- for the area partially preserved and complemented by ¤inde a盤a ç›kan görkemli kuzey d›fl kap› ve içteki the vaulting at both ends of the façade. The middle küçük boyutlu bat› kap›, Roma zaman›nda büyümeye section, between the lateral entrance halls, has three yönelik de¤iflikli¤in gere¤idir; cephede, her iki baflta az windows as was understood this year, and this further k›sm›yla korunabilen ve tonozla bütünlenen alan da reinforces the structural peculiarity of the Bouleuterion öyledir. Yan girifl odalar›n›n aras›nda kalan orta kesimde of Patara, as also the Theatre. These results could be üç pencerenin varl›¤› da bu y›l bilinmifltir ve sonuçta attained only after drawings were completed of the piles Tiyatro gibi Bouleuterion’un da Patara’daki yap›sal özgün- of blocks and the blocks were removed to the nearby lü¤ü perçinlenmifltir. Bu çarp›c› bilimsel sonuçlar› ç›ka- storage field. Drawings were made by the German team rabilmek, yine çok say›da blo¤un kat kat çizilmesi ve tafl from Magdeburg in charge of the work of restoration. tarlas›na tafl›nmas›yla mümkün olabilmifltir. Çizim etkin- Inscriptions as well as a fragment of a face, with features likleri, restorasyona yönelik mimari çal›flmalardan dating to the reign of Antoninus Pius and possibly sorumlu olan Magdeburg’lu Alman ekibi taraf›ndan ger- depicting Faustina, are amongst the notable finds çeklefltirilmifltir. Yaz›tlar ve ‹mparator Antoninus Pius (Fig. 3). zaman› özelliklerini yans›tan, olas›l›kla da Faustina’y› betimleyen, bir portre yüz parças›, kaz›n›n kayda de¤er The Corinthian Temple (Eray Dökü - Sinan Genim) baflka kazan›mlar›d›r (Res. 3). The ongoing excavations at this Antonine Period Tem- Korinth Tap›na¤› (Eray Dökü - Sinan Genim) ple naturally aims at its restoration as this structure is of importance being the only temple of Patara which Likya’n›n, görkemli bir kap›yla birlikte çat› düzeyine is preserved to the level of its roof and which has a dek korunabilmifl tek tap›na¤› olarak önem kazanan bu monumental doorway. Listed amongst the “100 Most Antoninler Dönemi yap›s›nda da, süreklileflen kaz› çal›fl- Endangered Sites” by the World Monuments Watch, this malar›n›n restorasyona yönelik olmas› do¤ald›r. World building is to be restored in collaboration with the TAÇ Monuments Watch Vakf›’n›n, “Dünyan›n korunmas› en Foundation. However, the progress of work has been slow due to the situation of the structure. The Temple stands almost as a bastion within the medieval fortifica- tions in the southeast corner; and the podium upon which it stands lies beneath the fortification in both the east and the west. Owing to its proximity to the swampy ancient Harbour, we were still unable to reach ground level at places independent of the fortification. As the permission asked for was late in being given in 2004, only that part of the fortification adjoining the western wall of the Temple and which rested upon the podium could be removed. The excavations inside a Byzantine room that had been built adjoining the western side of the Temple revealed fragments of sculpture and inscriptions, as well as architectural pieces belonging to the Temple and consequently further excavations and the removal of the Byzantine fortification are neces- sary before the restoration of the Temple can begin Res. 4 Korinth Tap›na¤› / Fig. 4 The Corinthian Temple. (Fig. 4).

60 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS gerekli yüz an›t›” listesine al›nan ve restorasyonun TAÇ Vakf› ile iflbirli¤i içinde yap›lmas›na karar verilen tap›- nakta ifller, konumu nedeniyle yavafl yürümektedir. Orta- ça¤ kenti surunu güneydo¤uda bir “burç” gibi köflele- mesi sonucu, oturdu¤u podyum do¤uda ve bat›da bu kal›n duvar›n alt›ndad›r; batakl›¤a dönüflmüfl antik Liman’a yak›nl›¤› nedeniyle de, surdan ba¤›ms›z kesim- lerinde tabana inebilmek bu y›l da mümkün olamam›fl- t›r. Geçen y›l istenen iznin gecikmesi sonucu, salt Sur’un tap›nak bat› duvar›na dayanan k›sm›n›n podyuma otu- ran parças› kald›r›labilmifl; tap›na¤›n bat› dibine yap›lan bir Bizans Dönemi odas›n›n kaz›s› s›ras›nda yontu ve yaz›t parçalar›yla birlikte günyüzüne ç›kan tap›na¤a ait küçük mimari parçalar, kaz›n›n ve sur duvar› y›k›m›n›n restorasyon öncesi zorunlu¤u gerçe¤ini bir kez daha Res. 5 Tepecik Sarn›c› / Fig. 5 The Tepecik cistern ortaya koymufltur (Res 4).

Tepecik Sarn›c› (Gül Ifl›n) The Tepecik Cistern (Gül Ifl›n) F. J. Tritsch ve A. Dönmez’in 1952 y›l›nda Tepecik Akro- Excavations were initiated last year at Tepecik Acropo- polü doru¤unun güneydo¤u kenar›nda açt›klar› bir çukur- lis in order to reinforce scientifically the intended publi- dan ç›kan ve Antalya Müzesi’ne götürülen küçük piflmifl cation of the small terra cotta finds that were unearthed toprak buluntular›n yay›n› öncesi, bilgileri bilimsel bir in a small pit dug on the southeast edge of the peak kaz›yla kesinlefltirmek amac›yla ayn› yerde geçen y›l and turned over to Antalya Museum by F. J. Tritsch and bafllat›lan kaz› çal›flmalar›, nitelikli bir Geç Klasik Dönem A. Dönmez in 1952. The work brought to light a late sarn›c›n› günyüzüne ç›karm›fl; içindeki malzemenin -bir- Classical Period cistern of high quality and the materials kaç ayr›l d›fl›nda- ‹.Ö. geç 4. yy. ile erken 3. yy. aras› recovered from inside, with a few exceptions, have th tarihi, sarn›c›n ‹.Ö. 3. yy. ortalar›nda dolduruldu¤unu shown that the cistern was used during late 4 century rd ortaya koymufltur. Az say›da örne¤in Arkaik ve ‹.Ö. 5. yy. and early 3 century BC and it was then filled-in about rd Klasi¤i gibi erken zamandan oluflu sorun yaratmaz. En middle of the 3 century BC. There are very few exam- geç buluntu ise rastlant›sal kabul edilebilecek iki adet ples of cisterns dating from early periods such as Geç Hellenistik Likya Birli¤i sikkesidir. Yo¤un çömlek Archaic and 5th century BC Classical, but this does not buluntusu içeren dolgu bu y›l tümüyle boflalt›ld›¤›nda alter the dating. The latest datable finds are two coins görülmüfltür ki do¤u-bat› do¤rultusunda uzanan sarn›- from the Late Hellenistic Lycian League and these finds c›n boyutlar› 4,65x2,50x3,00 m.’dir, duvarlar› ve taban› are understood to be accidental. The filling from within nitelikli bir harçla özenle yal›t›lm›flt›r, do¤u duvar› iç the cistern containing many potshards was emptied this bükeydir ve tabana az kala seki biçimli genifl bir basa- year. The cistern measures 4.65x2.50x3.00 meters and makla da farkl›lafl›r. Örtüsü d›fl›nda tam korunmufllu¤u it is orientated on an east-west axis with its walls and ile zaman›n›n çok önemli örneklerinden biridir. Çevre- floor were sealed with high quality mortar. The eastern sinde yap›lan kaz› çal›flmalar›, ne tür bir yap› birimiyle wall is concave and distinguishes itself by a bench-like iliflkili oldu¤u sorununu çözememifltir. step close to the floor. The cistern is an important exam- ple for its period because of its good state of preserva- Erken tarihli buluntular aras›nda, ayakta duran› erkek ve tion with the exception of its superstructure. Excavations oturan› kad›n olan iki piflmifl toprak yontucuk, kaba carried out in the adjacent area did not however its hamur yap›s›nda, sert piflirme tekni¤inde ve 6 cm.’yi az connection with any other structure. geçen boylar›nda benzeflmelerinden öte, biçemleriyle de benzeflirler; efl zamand›rlar. Ve bu zaman›n -en geç- Among early finds are two baked clay figurines - a ‹.Ö. 1. biny›la geçifl süreci içlerinde olmas› ise salt Likya standing male and a sitting female - which are alike in için de¤il tüm Bat› Anadolu ve Adalar için 盤›r aç›c›d›r. regard to their coarse paste, hard fired technique and in Çünkü bunlar ‹.Ö. 12. yy.’da bafllayan Ege Göçleri süre- their heights, at slightly over 6 cm. They date to the cinde Anadolu’da flimdiye dek günyüzüne ç›kan en same period, at the latest to within the transition to the erken buluntulard›r. Geç Klasik Ça¤ ürünü olarak bir 1st millennium BC; this is a groundbreaking date not da¤ doru¤u ve üzerinde dikili adak tafl›ndan oluflan only for Lycia but also for western Anatolia and the

61 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Islands because, to date, these are the earliest finds from Anatolia dating to the period of the Aegean Migrations that began in the 12th century BC. Another baked clay find depicting a mountain peak with a votive stone on top and dating to the Late Classical Period, which is 9.5 cm tall, is unique and unparalleled to the best of the author’s knowledge. On a stele, resembling Athenian tombstones, are depicted a winged child, Eros, on the left and a dressed woman, perhaps Aphrodite, on the right. It is highly probable that this is an Athenian prod- uct because of the form of the stele and the style of the relief carving. These three finds from the cistern show that our hopes from the Tepecik Höyük excavation will be realised (fig. 5).

Res. 6 Çömlek f›r›n› / Fig. 6 Pottery kiln Daily Ware Pottery Workshops (fiükrü Özüdo¤ru)

9,5 cm. yüksekli¤indeki piflmifl toprak buluntu da, bile- Local pottery and figurine production at Patara was bildi¤im kadar›yla, özgündür, örneksizdir. Atina gömüt identified at the start from a main-mould that was tafllar›na benzer biçimdeki bir stelin içinde, seçilebildi¤i discovered on the surface at Tepecik however, the pres- kadar›yla, solda kanatl› bir çocuk, Eros, sa¤da ise giysili ence of production is further supported by the increas- bir kad›n, belki Aphrodite, betimlenmifltir. Stelin biçimi ing number of workshops that have been accidentally ve kabartmalar›n biçeminden bir Atina ürünü olma olas›- identified. After the one that was found in the same area l›¤› güçlüdür. Sarn›ç’›n bu üç buluntusu, Tepecik Höyük’ as the tombs on the east and north foot of the Tepecik ten beklentilerin bofla ç›kmayaca¤›n›n da kan›tlar›d›rlar Höyük, an area uncovered in 2000 in the assumption of (Res. 5). a “brick tomb”, just to the east of the asphalt road revealed another workshop. It extends in an east-west direction on the foot of Günlük Hill and it was sad to Günlük Çömlek ‹fllikleri (fiükrü Özüdo¤ru) find out that the front half of the kiln had been entirely ‹lk zamanlarda Tepecik yüzeyinden ele geçen bir ana destroyed during the course of road construction. When kal›ptan bildi¤imiz, Patara’da piflmifl topraktan yerel ground level was reached in front of the kiln area this çömlek ve yontucuk üretiminin varl›¤›, rastlant›yla gün year, a layer of tiles from the collapsed roof was found; yüzüne ç›kan iflliklerin artan say›s›yla giderek perçinlen- a stone wall known beforehand borders the mouth of mektedir. Tepecik’in do¤u ve kuzey topu¤unda gömüt- the kiln and its fore-area to the north and continues to lerle ortak bir mekanda bulunman›n ard›ndan, 2000 the east; all these elements facilitated our reconstruction y›l›nda bu höyü¤ün kuzeydo¤u uzant›s› üzerinde, asfalt of the layout of this Late Roman workshop. As the exca- yolun hemen do¤u kenar›nda “tu¤la gömüt” san›s›yla vation continued along the eastern wall, in order to aç›lan da bir ifllikti. Günlük tepesinin topu¤unda do¤u- reach the southern wall, another kiln was unexpectedly bat› yönünde uzanm›flt› ve ocak duvar› ön yar›s›n›n yol discovered. Differing from the first one, this kiln is ori- yap›m› s›ras›nda dozerle kökten s›yr›lm›fl olmas› üzmüfl- entated in a north-south direction and it is almost intact, tü. Bu y›l ifllik f›r›n› ön alan›nda tabana inildi¤inde, with the exception of the round top of the brick vault çöken çat›n›n kiremit katman›yla karfl›lafl›lm›fl; önceden that has been scraped by agricultural machinery bilinen bir tafl duvar›n, f›r›n a¤z›n› ve kül dolgulu f›r›n ploughing. However, it has been uncovered halfway önünü ve ön alan›n› kuzeyde s›n›rlad›ktan sonra do¤uya down, to the kiln support on the south. This area is like- dönmesi, bu Geç Roma Dönemi iflli¤inin yap›sal biçi- ly to have been the potters’ quarter, hence its impor- mini üç yönde çizmeye yetmifltir. Do¤u duvar›n›n izin- tance (Fig. 6). de güney duvar›n› da bulabilmek amac›yla kaz›lan top- raktan, az ileride beklenmedik bir ikinci f›r›n günyüzüne Tepecik Trench South-I (Ralf Becks) ç›km›flt›r. ‹lkine z›t bir yönde, kuzey-güney yönünde, The Tepecik Acropolis, which looks like a mound, is uzanan ve “tam” denecek denli de sa¤lam olan bu f›r›n; known have housed the earliest settlements of the city salt tu¤la tonozun tepe yuvarla¤› yüzeyden pullukla and this has been shown, not through its dominating s›yr›lm›flt›r. Ancak güney önündeki ocak deste¤inin height and location opening to the harbour but also

62 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS yar›s›na dek a盤a ç›kar›labilmifltir. Bu alan›n bir “Çöm- from individual finds predating the Iron Age. A stone lekçiler Mahallesi” olma olas›l›¤› güçlüdür, bu nedenle axe, several potshards from ca. 2000 BC and the remains önemlidir (Res. 6). of a fortification built in a fashion recalling “Hittite tech- nique” provide evidence of the Bronze Age presence at Tepecik Güney-I Açmas› (Ralf Becks) Patar which was presented with offerings by Tudhaliya IV. “Höyük” görüntüsünde olan Tepecik Akropolü’nün kentin erken yerleflimlerine yurtluk etti¤i bilinmektedir. With the support of the Troian Expedition, stratigraphic Bu salt do¤al yüksek dokusuyla ve antik limana aç›lan excavations were initiated on the mound for the first konumuyla de¤il, orada ele geçen tekil buluntular›n time this year. In a trench 2 meters wide and 20 meters Demirça¤ öncesine inen tarihiyle de belgelenmifltir. Bir long, dug in the south slope and reaching the foot of the tafl balta, ‹.Ö. 2000 dolaylar›ndan birkaç çömlek parça- mound step by step, only the Hellenistic Period settle- s› ve “Hitit tekni¤inde örülmüfl” izlenimi veren bir sur ment could be reached this year; however, as the kal›nt›s›, IV. Tuthaliya’n›n sunular sundu¤u Patar’›n Tunç- bedrock has not as yet been reached, it is likely that ear- ça¤’da varl›¤›n›n arkeolojik tan›tlar›d›r. lier strata exist below. One find from the excavated houses is of as great significance as those from the Troya Kaz› Ekibi’nin deste¤iyle bu y›l ilk defa höyükte, cistern: a miniature steelyard of bronze, with the weight stratigrafik amaçl› kaz›lara bafllan›lm›flt›r. Güney yüzde units inscribed in Roman numerals on its arm and a topu¤a dek kat kat indirilen 20 m. uzunlu¤unda ve 2 m. bronze steelyard weight in the form of a bust of Emperor geniflli¤indeki bir açmada bu y›l ancak Hellenistik Vespasian. Dönem yerleflimine ulafl›labilmifl; kaya tabana rastlan- may›fl›, daha erkenlere inilebilinece¤inde umut vermifl- Lighthouse (Havva ‹flkan Ifl›k) tir. Konutlardan birinden gelen bir buluntu, sarn›ç dol- gusundan ç›kan Protogeometrik ve Klasik dönemlerin o “A harbour of dominating importance for the foundation müstesna buluntular›yla yar›flabilecek önemdedir: Sap› of the city; the main port of Lycia throughout history; an üzerinde Roma rakam›yla yaz›lm›fl a¤›rl›k birimlerinin unparalleled estuary of 2 km long tongue with a width okundu¤u tunçtan bir minyatür kantar ve ‹mparator of 100-200 meters, dividing the city into two, the east Vespasian’›n tunç büstünden oluflan bir kantar topuzu. and the west parts. And, when watched from Kurflunlu- tepe, it is easy to infer that the small hill with pine trees at the point where harbour basin turns towards the Deniz Feneri (Havva ‹flkan Ifl›k) mouth of the harbour, must have been of great impor- “Kentin kuruluflunda ve terkediliflinde belirleyici önem- tance for sailors as the terrain begins to rise there, the de bir liman; tarih boyu Likya’n›n ana liman›; karaya forest starts to get green and it is rocky. When we first 2 km uzunlu¤unda bir dille sokulan ve 100-200 m. aras› visited it, there were two stone steps jutting out from the genifllikle kenti Do¤u-Bat› olarak ikiye bölen benzersiz sand, towards the east end, resting on the rock; the only bir Haliç. Ve Kurflunlutepe’den kum y›¤›nlar› üzerinde remain that were not be concealed underneath the sand gezdirilen gözle kolay alg›lan›r ki liman çana¤›n›n were the three stone blocks, round like millstones, rest- liman a¤z›na döndü¤ü noktadaki çam tepeci¤i gemici- ing as if on top of each other, and as I calculated them ler için önemli olmal›d›r. Çünkü yer dokusu orada yük- to have a diameter of 1.60 meters, they could have been selmeye, orman orada yeflermeye bafllar ve oras› kaya- completed with an elevated round body only,”, reads l›kt›r. ‹lk gitti¤imizde do¤u uca do¤ru kumdan s›yr›lm›fl the book on Patara published in 2000. This monument iki tafl basamak vard›, kayal›¤a oturmufltu; tepede ise is located far from the Byzantine fortifications and, just kumun örtemedi¤i tek kal›nt›, d›fl› de¤irmentafl› yuvar- like all the other monuments on the West Side, its mate- lakl›¤›nda ve biri di¤erinin üzerinde gibi duran üç dilim rials must have been left largely untouched. It has the iri bloktu ve onlar›n o zaman “1,60 m.” hesaplad›¤›m distinction of being the only surviving monumental çap› ancak yükselen yuvarlak bir bedenle tamamlanabi- Pharos of Antiquity in its original form which can be lirdi”. 2000 y›l› bask›l› “Patara” kitab›nda böyle yaz›l- restored; as the only other example, at La Coruna on the m›fl. An›t, Bizans surlar›ndan uzak konumdayd›; bu Atlantic coast of Spain, has survived due to 17th century nedenle de -Bat› Yaka’daki di¤er tüm yap›lar gibi- mal- repair work and it has an entirely different and plain zemesine dokunulmam›fl olmal›yd›. Bu tamamlanabilir architecture, rising like a minaret directly from the rock, durumuyla da antik ça¤lardan günümüze özgün doku- without either a podium or steps. Thus its importance suyla kalabilen tek an›tsal Pharos olma ayr›cal›¤› vard›; kept the lighthouse excavation on the agenda all the çünkü ‹spanya’n›n Okyanus k›y›s›nda La Coruna’daki time. As the dunes progressed, the lighthouse is today

63 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS tek örnek, 17. yy.’da geçirdi¤i onar›mla ayaktayd› ve situated more than 500 meters inland and has lost its kayal›k üzerinde do¤rudan bir minare gibi yükselen connection to the sea and the harbour. Reaching it podyumsuz ve basamaks›z yal›n mimarisiyle de özde through the dunes was a major handicap for the exca- çok farkl›yd›. Bu önem nedeniyle de kaz›s› hep gün- vation. demde oldu. Kumul yürümesi sonucu k›y›dan ikibin Workers and students removed the unbearably hot sand y›lda 500 m.’yi aflk›n bir mesafede uzaklaflm›fl, deniz ve covering the blocks of the monumental Lighthouse, with limanla iliflkisi tümüyle kesilmiflti; kumulda ulafl›m a tracked bulldozer with a pallet. The lighthouse’s zorlu¤u, kaz›y› da zora sokmaktayd›. stepped podium measures 20x20 meters at the base and ‹flçi ve ö¤renciler, paletli bir kepçe eflli¤inde ve dayan›l- its height today varies from 1 to 3 meters. The entire maz bir kum s›ca¤›nda bloklar üzerindeki kumlar› yan- height of the debris reached 10 meters; however, the lara çekerek, an›tsal bir deniz feneri kal›nt›s›n› gün height of the lighthouse could have reached 20 meters yüzüne ç›kard›lar. Basamakl› podyumu tabanda 20x20 m. in antiquity, with the round body rising and becoming ölçüsündeydi, yüksekli¤i 1 ile 3 m. aras›nda de¤iflmek- narrower at three levels, like a ziggurat. The gap encir- teydi; y›k›nt›n›n tüm yüksekli¤i ise 10 m. kadard›r ki, cling the body and bounded by a shell wall on the görülene göre, ziggurat gibi üç kademede darald›¤› outside must be for access, as in a minaret. The real san›lan yuvarlak bedende 20 m.’ye dek yükselebilirdi. function of the door-like opening on the west will be Bedeni birlikte dolanan ve d›flta bir kabukla s›n›rlanan clarified when it is entirely exposed. According to its boflluk, minare benzeri bir ç›k›fl için olmal›d›r; bat›daki excavator, the author, this monumental Lighthouse was “kap›” benzeri bir giriflin ifllevi, ancak tam aç›l›nca built in the Hellenistic tradition, based on it rising from bilinebilecektir. Kaz›c›s› H. ‹flkan’a göre bu “an›t fener”, a podium and from its monumental architecture, be- podyumlu yükselifli ve görkemli mimarisiyle Hellenistik cause it is not possible to think of the city without a gelenektedir; çünkü kentin liman›yla Likya’da öne ç›k- lighthouse at a time when Patara stepped to the fore- t›¤› o önceki zamanda fenersiz oldu¤u düflünülemez. front in Lycia. The Roman example at La Coruna was Olas›l›kla Traian zaman›nda yap›lan La Coruna örne¤in- possibly built during the reign of Emperor Trajan and den kökten farkl›l›¤›n nedeni de, onun Roma özellikleri this is why these two structures are so completely differ- tafl›yor olmas›d›r. Y›k›nt›lar aras›nda okunabilen bir ent from each other. According to an inscription that yaz›ta göre Patara “Pharos”u ‹.S. 1. yy.’›n üçüncü çeyre- could be read among the debris, the Pataran Pharos was ¤i içinde -Vespasian Hamam›’n›n da yap›mc›s› olan- built by the Provincial Governor Marcus Sextius Priscus, Eyalet Valisi Markus Sextius Priscus taraf›ndan yapt›r›l- who had also the Baths of Vespasian errected, in the m›flt›r. third quarter of the 1st century AD.

II. Restorasyon Çal›flmalar›: II. Restoration Work: Ana Cadde Stoa ve Güney Kap› (fievket Aktafl - The Stoa and South Gate of the Main Street (fievket Sabahattin Küçük) Aktafl - Sabahattin Küçük) Ana Cadde’de restorasyon çal›flmalar›na ilk bu y›l bafl- Restoration work on the Main Street could finally be lanabilmifltir. Caddenin bat›s›nda konumlanan ve çok started year for the first time. The Stoa on the west side say›da altl›¤›n stilobat üzerindeki kendi yerlerinde of the street had many bases in situ, only parts of three sa¤lam olarak durdu¤u Stoa’da -kirece yak›lmas› nede- columns could erected as most of the columns were niyle- üç mermer sütun ancak parçal› olarak dikilebil- burnt in the lime kiln. On the east side, however, there mifltir. Boyutlu bazalt sütunlar›n dizildi¤i do¤u kenarda are many columns of basalt; therefore, on the east side ise tamamlanabilir gövde çoktur; burada da altl›k say›s› many columns can be completed while there are only salt ikidir, çünkü mermerdendir. Her iki tarafta bütün- two surviving bases as these were made of marble. On lenebilir durumdaki sütunlar, yap›flt›r›lmadan alt alta both sides, the columns that can be completed were dizilmifllerdir; eklenebilir bafltaban parçalar› da yanya- aligned without fixing them. The entablature pieces were na getirilerek caddenin bat› kenar›na yerlefltirilmifllerdir. also assembled together along the west side of the Güney Kap›’da ise, bloklar›n parçalanan ya da kavlayan street. At the South Gate, only the crumbling or flaking k›s›mlar›n›n yap›flt›r›larak onar›lmas› ifllemiyle yetinil- parts of the blocks were glued and repaired. It is mifltir. Do¤udaki eksik altl›klar›n ve mümkünse bafll›k- planned that the missing bases on the east side and, if lar›n kopyalanarak tamamlanmas› düflünülmektedir. possible, the capitals will be replaced by new marble copies.

64 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Marcia’s Temple-Tomb (Fatih Gülflen - Sabahattin Küçük) This monument is located beyond the fortifications on the estuary edge of the Günlük slope. Apart from its temenos, its excavation was completed in the previous campaign by H. ‹flkan Ifl›k and F. Gülflen. This monu- ment is an important example of its type and its impor- tance arises not only from the grandeur of its archi- tecture which will fully emerge after its restoration is completed but also from the contents of its inscription, interpreting the structure in all its details. According to this inscription, it was built exactly like a Roman temple by the noble Marcia Aurelia Chryion (Iasonis) for “her- Res. 7 Markia Tap›nak Gömütü / Fig. 7 Marcia‘s Temple-Tomb self, for her father the Lyciarchos Alchimos the IIIrd, her brother the Lycian Archiphlax Dionysos (Iason) and her Markia Tap›nak Gömütü (Fatih Gülflen - Sabahattin husband Alchimos who was the grandchild of Alchimos Küçük) the IInd and for their god Apollo.” Detailed drawings and its restitution were completed under the supervision of Sur’un kuzey d›fl›nda, Günlük yamac›n›n Haliç k›y›s›nda F. Gülflen, and its restoration was initiated following that konumlan›r. Kaz›s› restorasyon amaçl› olarak H. ‹flkan of the Main Street. The steps overlooking the estuary on Ifl›k ve F. Gülflen taraf›ndan -temenosu d›fl›nda- geçen the front were first reinforced and then the gigantic dönem bitirilen bu an›t mezar, türünün en önemli örnek- blocks in the south and east walls, each one of a weight lerindendir. Bu önem salt, restore edildi¤inde ortaya ç›ka- of 5 tons, were extracted, repaired and then replaced. cak olan görkemli mimarisinden de¤il, yap›y› tüm ayr›n- This process posed great difficulties and we realised the t›s›yla yorumlayan yaz›t›n›n içeri¤inden de kaynaklan›r. difficulties we are going to face when working with Ona göre mezar, soylu Marcia Aurelia Chryion (Iasonis) those blocks whose original situation is unknown, how- taraf›ndan “kendisi için, Lykiarch olan babas› Alchimos III ever, restoring such a monument for culture is worth- için, Likya Archiphlax’› olan kardefli Dionysios (Iason) while (Fig. 7). ve Apollon Kosmet’i olan kocas› Alchimos için” tamta- m›na bir Roma tap›na¤› biçiminde yapt›r›lm›flt›r. Tafl çizimi ve restitüsyonu bu dönemde ilk ifl olarak F. Gülflen denetiminde tamamland›ktan sonra, Ana Cadde’nin ard›ndan restorasyon çal›flmalar›na bafllanm›flt›r. Haliç’e bakan ön yüzdeki basamaklar›n yerinde duranlar› sa¤lamlaflt›r›ld›ktan sonra; güney ve do¤u duvarlarda, aralar›nda a¤›rl›¤› befl tona yaklaflanlar›n da bulundu¤u dev boyutlu oynam›fl bloklar›n yerlerinden al›narak ona- r›lmas› ve tekrar eski yerlerine konulmas› iflleminde bile çok zorlan›lm›fl; yerleri bilinmeyen di¤er baz› bloklar›n gelecekte getirece¤i güçlükler daha iyi görülmüfltür. Ancak, böyle bir an›t›n kültüre kazand›r›lmas› her zor- lu¤a de¤ecektir (Res. 7).

65

2004 Y›l› Perge Kaz› ve Onar›m Çal›flmalar› Excavation and Restoration Work at Perge in 2004

Haluk ABBASO⁄LU

‹stanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Antalya Bölgesi The 2004 campaign at Perge was conducted by the Arkeoloji Araflt›rmalar› Merkezi taraf›ndan 04.08-24.09. Centre for Archaeological Research in Antalya Region 2004 tarihleri aras›nda yap›lan Perge Kaz› ve Onar›m of Istanbul University’s Faculty of Letters from August 4th Çal›flmalar›, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤› Kültür Var- to September 24th. The work was financed by the l›klar› ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü¤ü, DÖS‹MM, ‹stanbul Directorate General of Cultural Heritage and Museums Üniversitesi Rektörlü¤ü Bilimsel Araflt›rmalar Yürütücü of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, DÖS‹MM, the Sekreterli¤i, Suna-‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeniyetlerini Secretariat of Scientific Research Administration of the Araflt›rma Enstitüsü (AKMED) ve Kültür Bilincini Gelifl- Istanbul University Rectorate, the Suna & ‹nan K›raç tirme Vakf› taraf›ndan parasal yönden desteklenmifltir. Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations Ayr›ca Türk Tarih Kurumu, Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil (AKMED) and the Foundation for the Improvement of Kurumu, SAY-KA ‹nflaat Mim. Müm ve Tic. Ltd. fiti. ve Cultural Consciousness. In addition, the Turkish Histor- VASCO Turizm-Yat›r›m Tic. A.fi.’nin sembolik katk›lar› ical Society, the Touring and Automobile Association of olmufltur. Tüm bu kurum ve yetkililerine teflekkürlerimiz Turkey (TTOK), Say-Ka Construction, Architecture and sonsuzdur. Representation Co. Ltd., and VASCO Tourism-Invest- ment Inc. made symbolic contributions. We are grateful Kaz›lar, Akropolis, Bat› Nekropolis ve Sütunlu Cadde’de to all these institutions and their directors. gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Perge’nin Roma öncesini ayd›nlat- mak amac›yla bafllanan ve bu sene son kampanyas› yap›- Excavations were conducted at the Acropolis, the West- lan Akropolis çal›flmalar›nda, Alan 1’de aç›lan 24 sondaj- ern Necropolis and the Colonnaded Street. It was the la ‹.Ö. erken 7. yy.’a tarihlenen Ev 4’ün ve ‹.Ö. 6. yy.’a last campaign on the Acropolis, which was initiated in tarihlenen megaronun planlar› tamamlanabilmifl ve bu order to clarify the pre-Roman Period of Perge. 24 sound- yap›lar›n tarihlendirilmeleri kesinlefltirilmifltir. Alan›n ings opened in Field 1 facilitated the completion of the ortas›nda yer alan iki kült yap›s› güneye yönelik olup, architectural drawings of House 4, dated to the early 7th Kutsal Alan’›n güney yönünde geniflledi¤i fikrini vermek- century BC and the megaron dated to the 6th century tedir. Çok say›da küçük sondaj yard›m›yla yap›laflman›n, BC, and their dating was determined. The fact that the Do¤u Yap›s›’n›n 4 ve 5. evresi ve ‹.Ö. 7. yy.’a tarihlenen two cult structures in the middle of the field face south an›tsal kült suna¤› ile ilgisi aç›klanm›flt›r. Ayn› zamanda, suggests that the sanctuary extended towards the south. ilk yap› evresinin do¤u duvar›n›n Bronz Ça¤›’na tarihle- Numerous sounding trenches that were opened clarified nen sa¤lam bir duvar üzerine oturdu¤u tespit edilmifltir. the relation between this building group and the 4th and Kült Yap›s› keramikler yard›m›yla en erken ‹.Ö. 9. yy.’a 5th phases of the East Structure and the monumental cult tarihlenmifltir. Kült Yap›s› 2’nin hafif e¤imli aç› yapan altar dated to the 7th century BC. Further, it was under- duvar›yla kült yap›s› oldu¤u kesin olarak tan›mlanm›flt›r. stood that the east wall of the first building phase stood En geç ‹.Ö. 9 veya 8. yy.’dan beri bu bölgede içi kül upon a strong wall dating from the Bronze Age. The sunakl› ocaklar (Kült Yap›s› 1) ve ocak (Kült Yap›s› 2) ceramics point to a date in the 9th century BC at the bulunmas› ve buras›n›n kutsal alan olarak aç›klanmas›, earliest. The slightly curved wall of the Cult Structure önemli bir tespit olarak de¤erlendirilebilir. Alan 1’in 2 showed its function as a cult structure. The fact that kuzeybat›s›ndaki megaron biçimli Ziyafet Evi alan›nda hearths with ash altars inside (Cult Structure 1) and a yap›lan sondajlar, yap›y› ‹.Ö. 6. yy.’a tarihlemeye ve hearth (Cult Structure 2) existed here, from the late 9th tan›mlamaya yard›mc› olmufltur. Yap›n›n kuzey antesi century or the 8th century BC and the site is defined as a yak›n›nda bulunmufl ve üzerinde Grekçe olmas› muhte- sanctuary, can be considered important findings. mel 6 harf kaz›nm›fl ‹.Ö. 6. yy.’a tarihlenen bir kaseye ait Soundings in the area of the Feast House of the megaron

67 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

type, located to the northwest of the sanctuary, facilitat- ed its identification and it was dated to the 6th century BC. Fragments of a bowl bearing six letters, probably in Greek and dated to the 6th century BC, as well as another shard of the 6th century BC bearing epichoric Pamphylian script lead us to propose that two language groups existed at Archaic Perge. In a sounding on the eastern edge (1/59) of the sanctuary, a continuous stratigraphy for the Bronze and Early Iron Ages have been shown for the first time in Pamphylia. Under a partially damaged wall, 1.80 meters below the present ground level, were found many shards belonging to a pot and an almost complete drinking vessel. It has been possible to relate most of the existing wall remains to the structures dating from the Early Iron Age to Late Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Antiquity (Fig. 1). The extensive walls of the Bronze Age are in a good parçalar, epikhorik Pamfilya dilinde yaz›lm›fl ‹.Ö. 6. state of preservation and imported Myceneaen wares of yy.’a tarihlenen di¤er keramik parçayla birlikte, Arkaik Cyprian origin suggest the presence of a large settlement Dönem’de Perge’de iki farkl› dil grubunun var oldu¤unu on the Perge Acropolis, which had strong trade relations öne sürmemize izin verir. Kutsal Alan’›n do¤u kenar›n- with Cyprus and Tarsus. These findings seem to support daki (1/59) bir sondajda Pamfilya için ilk kez Bronz ve the connection between the Hittite Period name Parha Erken Demir Ça¤›’na ait kesintisiz bir stratigrafi yakalan- and Perge. The pottery finds suggest that there were m›flt›r. Mevcut yüzey seviyesinin 1,80 m. alt›nda k›smen relations with the inner parts of western Anatolia (Beyce- y›k›lm›fl bir duvar alt›nda kalm›fl keramik bir kaba ait sultan, Aliflar) and from Bronze Age IIIC, maritime trade çok say›da parçayla hemen hemen tüm bir içki kab› relations with Tarsus and Cyprus increased. Cyprian pot- th bulunmufltur. Bu y›lki kampanyada flimdiye dek saptan- tery, which influenced the local pottery from the 9 - th m›fl duvar kal›nt›lar›n›n ço¤u Erken Demir Ça¤›’ndan 8 centuries BC, has also been recovered. From about Geç Antik Dönem’e kadar tarihlenen yap›larla iliflkileri 700 BC, Perge again turned towards western Anatolia (Sardes and Konya) and opened to the Aegean world, kurulabilmifltir (Res. 1). especially to Rhodes. The increase in Athenian pottery Bronz Ça¤›’na tarihlenen sa¤lam duvarlar›n yo¤unlu¤u, finds is noteworthy in the early 5th century BC for the K›br›s kökenli ithal Miken kerami¤i, Perge akropolisinde first time, and this may be related to the Athenian cam- K›br›s ve Tarsus ile ticaret iliflkisi olan büyük bir yerlefli- paign against the Persians. The goal of further studies is min söz konusu oldu¤unu gösterir. Bunlar Hitit Dönemi to identify the connection between the pottery and Parha’s› ve Perge aras›ndaki ba¤lant›y› destekler nitelik- baked clay figurines reflecting various cultural influen- tedir. Keramik buluntular›n yard›m›yla Geç Bronz Ça¤›’ ces and the various building types. However, linguistic na kadar sadece Bat› Anadolu’nun iç bölgeleriyle (Beyce- data at hand provides us with more solid information on sultan, Aliflar), sonralar› Bronz Ça¤›’n›n IIIC evresinden the acculturation process and the formation of the Pam- itibaren Tarsus ve K›br›s ile deniz ticareti iliflkisinin artt›¤› phylian culture as exemplified by Perge, thus the hypoth- anlafl›lmaktad›r. ‹.Ö. 9-8. yy.’dan itibaren yerel kerami¤i esis that Parha existed is becoming stronger. etkileyen ithal K›br›s kerami¤i ele geçmifltir. ‹.Ö. yak. The first work at the Western Necropolis was carried out 700’den itibaren Perge yeniden Bat› Anadolu bölgesine on Monumental Tomb M6 located in the north of the (Sardes, Konya) ve özellikle Rhodos a¤›rl›kl› olmak üze- excavation area. The eastern corresponding pier of the re Ege’ye aç›lm›flt›r. Atina kerami¤i ilk olarak ‹.Ö. erken arch of M6 uncovered in 2002 and in the south, the 5. yy.’da söz edilebilir flekilde artm›flt›r ve Atinal›lar›n peribolos wall built from rubbles, brick and mortar were Persler’e karfl› seferi ile ba¤lant›l› olabilir. Çeflitli kültürel found in 2004. The work to expose the peribolos wall etkilere sahip keramik ve piflmifl toprak figürinlerin fark- entirely led to the uncovering of a rectangular burial l› yap› tipleriyle ilgisinin bulunmas›, bundan sonraki chamber, named M6.3, located where this wall ends. de¤erlendirmelerin amac› olacakt›r. Ancak bugün için The chamber built with limestone blocks has a lintel elimizdeki dil belgelerinin de dikkate al›nmas›yla, Perge with an inscription in Greek. Its floor is paved with örne¤inde Pamfilya kültürünün oluflumu hakk›nda ve bricks in various colours. The small finds from this

68 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS akültürasyon sürecinde daha somut verilere sahip olun- chamber include glass beads of various sizes and makta ve bunlar›n sonucu olarak Parha’n›n varl›¤› fikri shapes, coins and unguentaria. As the excavation ex- kuvvetlenmektedir. tended toward north, a new chamber, named M6.4, Bat› Nekropolis’te birinci çal›flma, kaz› alan›n›n kuze- was discovered, a continuation of chambers M6.1 and yinde M6 kodlu mezar yap›s›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. M6.2 discovered in 2002. The chamber was originally 2002 y›l›nda ortaya ç›kar›lm›fl M6’n›n kemer aya¤›n›n covered with a vaulted roof, preserved only a little in do¤udaki karfl›l›¤› bulunmufl, güneyde ise mezar yap›s›n›n the east. There are three arcosolia in the north, east and moloz tafl, tu¤la ve harçtan örülmüfl peribolos duvar›yla south. The brick sarcophagi in the arcosolia had already karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. Peribolosun tamam›n› ortaya ç›kartmak been robbed. Small finds include numerous beads, için yap›lan çal›flmalarda, duvar›n sona erdi¤i k›s›mda coins, unguentarium and a gold earring. Grekçe yaz›tl› bir lentoya sahip M6.3 kodu verilen Another area of work at the Western Necropolis was the dikdörtgen planl›, kireçtafl› bloklardan infla edilmifl, monumental tomb M9 uncovered in 2003 with five sar- taban›, çeflitli renklerde tu¤lalarla kapl› mezar odas›na cophagi inside. The western part of its peribolos wall rastlanm›flt›r,. Bu mezar odas›n›n buluntular›, çeflitli was uncovered and three phases of construction were boyut ve flekillerde cam boncuklar, sikkeler ve unguen- noted. The courtyard was also entirely exposed this year tariumlard›r. Kuzeye do¤ru devam eden çal›flmalarda, uncovering the geometric mosaic pavement. M6 mezar yap›s›n›n 2002 kaz› sezonunda bulunmufl M6.1 ve M6.2 kodlu odalarl›n›n devam›nda M6.4 kodu In addition, work to the northeast of M9 brought to light verilen yeni bir odaya rastlanm›flt›r. Mezar odas›n›n, a cremation burial in a baked clay pot. Again in the do¤uda az bir k›sm› korunagelmifl tonozlu bir çat›s› ve same area, a total of 11 inhumation burials were uncov- kuzey, do¤u ve güney kenarlar›nda yer alan üç arkosoli- ered. Some of these burials did not have any small finds, umu vard›r. Arkosoliumlar›n içinde tu¤ladan örülmüfl while others had an assemblage of bronze coins, bronze lahitlerin üçü de önceden soyulmufltur. Odada, bol say›- mirror and glass unguentaria. Only two burials had two da boncuk, sikke ve unguentarium ile alt›n bir küpe pairs of simple golden earrings in situ. All the burials bulunmufltur. uncovered in the Western Necropolis to date were dig- itally mapped using Total Station, thus yielding a more Bat› Nekropolisi’nde di¤er çal›flma alan› 2003 y›l›nda accurate map of the necropolis. içinde 5 lahit bulunan an›tsal M9 mezar yap›s›d›r. Bu mezar›n peribolos duvar›n›n bat›s› a盤a ç›kart›lm›fl ve Excavations at the Colonnaded Street were carried out bunun üç evre tafl›d›¤› saptanm›flt›r. Mezar yap›s›n›n at the gallery between the alleys J9 and J10 in the west, avlusu da bu y›l kaz›larak temizlenmifl ve geometik at the street itself and at the water canal. An area of motifli mozaik döfleme tamamen ortaya ç›kar›lm›flt›r. approximately 13 meters was uncovered during the Bu an›tsal mezar yap›lar›n›n d›fl›nda, M9’un kuzey- work in the gallery. The work at the water canal brought do¤usundaki alanda yap›lan çal›flmada ise bir piflmifl to light a bridge on the same axis as alley J9. It was toprak kap içinde kremasyon mezarla karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. observed that the canal, at a later date, became narrow- Yine bu alanda, birarada toplam 11 adet topra¤a gömü er to the north of the bridge. Amongst other finds from a盤a ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Baz›lar›nda hemen hiç buluntunun the work in this area are three marble heads belonging olmad›¤› bu gömülerin bir k›sm›nda ise, bronz sikke, to statues (two are probably portraits while the third is bronz ayna ve cam unguentairumlardan oluflan bir possibly of Asklepios), a marble torso of a dressed buluntu toplulu¤una rastlanm›flt›r. Sadece ikisinde ikifler woman (Hygeia) and the left foot of a monumental adet basit alt›n küpe in situ ele geçmifltir. Tüm bunlarla bronze statue (Figs. 2-3). birlikte Bat› Nekropolis’te bugüne dek gerçeklefltirilen The anthropological studies carried out in parallel with çal›flmalarda gün yüzüne ç›km›fl tüm mezarlar Total the excavations entailed the examination of the bones Station ile dijital ortama geçirilerek, daha güvenilir belonging to 114 individuals recovered on the Acropo- ölçümlerle bir nekropolis plan› oluflturulmufltur. lis and in the Western Necropolis. This study focussed Sütunlu Cadde kaz›s› bat›da J9-J10 sokaklar› aras›ndaki on the average life span, the reasons for death, the com- galeride, caddede ve su kanal›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. mon types of diseases and the relationships between Bat› galeride sürdürülen çal›flmalarda yaklafl›k 13 m.’lik individuals. The most interesting find was the skull with bir alan aç›lm›flt›r. Ayr›ca, Su kanal›nda yap›lan çal›fl- eight trepanation holes recovered in the M6.4 burial malarda J9 soka¤› ile ayn› aksta yer alan köprü a盤a chamber and this is the only example with eight holes ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Köprünün kuzeyinde, kanal›n daha sonraki known from Anatolia. It is thought that this individ- bir dönemde darald›¤› görülmüfltür. Kaz› çal›flmalar› ual did not survive this operation or even, that this

69 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 2 / Fig. 2 Res. 3 / Fig. 3

Res. 4 / Fig. 4 s›ras›nda mermerden iki adet portre özelli¤i gösteren, operation was executed after death, perhaps to train for bir adet Asklepios olmas› muhtemel toplam üç adet future operations. heykel bafl› ile, gene mermerden giyimli bir kad›n torso- In order to form a corpus of Perge mosaics, and even su (Hygeia) ve ayr›ca an›tsal bir bronz heykele ait sol one for Pamphylia in the future, the northeast corner of ayak bulunmufltur (Res. 2-3). the Agora, the mosaic with an inscription in front of the Kaz› çal›flmalar›na paralel olarak yürütülen antropolojik western shop, and the mosaics in the palaestra of the çal›flmalarda bu sene, Akropolis’te ve Bat› Nekropolis’ South Baths were once again uncovered, one-to-one te bulunmufl toplam 114 bireye ait kemikler üzerine and scale drawings were made of them and the deterio- incelemeler yap›lm›fl, bu çal›flmalarda, bireylerin ortala- rated sections were conserved. Thereafter, these mosaics ma yaflam süresi, hangi sebeplerle öldükleri, ne tür were re-covered with geotextile and a layer of sand hastal›klar›n yayg›n oldu¤u ve bireyler aras›ndaki akra- and pebbles from creeks. This same process was also bal›k iliflkileri üzerinde durulmufltur. Bu incelemelerin conducted on the mosaics of tomb M9 in the Western en ilginç sonucu, M6.4 mezar odas›nda bulunmufl bir Necropolis (Fig. 4).

70 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 5 / Fig. 5 kafatas›nda görülen 8 adet trepanasyon deli¤inin bu Conservation, repair and arrangement works continued flekliyle Anadolu’da tek örnek olmas›d›r. Bu cerrahi at the Propylon providing access to the South Baths, to müdahele sonras›nda bireyin yaflamad›¤› veya müdaha- the southwest of the Hellenistic towers, and with the lenin bireyin ölümünden sonra gerçeklefltirildi¤i düflü- anastylosis of the western gallery of the Colonnaded nülmekte ve cerrahi müdahelenin e¤itim amaçl› yap›l- Street close to the junction. The anastylosis work cov- m›fl olabilece¤i tahmin edilmektedir. ered the restoration of 16 columns using fiber rods and the re-erected on their postaments within the campaign 2004 kaz› sezonunda, Perge ve daha ileride bir Pamfilya “You can Erect One Column” launched by the Founda- mozaik korpusunu oluflturabilmek amac›yla, Agora’n›n tion for the Improvement of Cultural Consciousness kuzeydo¤u köflesi, bat› k›sm›ndaki dükkan önünde (Fig. 5). In addition, tomb M6 in the Western Necro- bulunan yaz›tl› mozaik ve Güney Hamam Palaestras› polis was also protected with a lean-to roof, like other mozaikleri yeniden aç›lm›fl, bunlar›n birebir ve ölçekli structures in the area. Baked clay, glass and metal finds, çizimleri, bozulan k›s›mlar›n konservasyonu yap›lm›flt›r. as well as coins, were cleaned and where possible Bu çal›flmalar›n ard›ndan söz konusu mozaikler geotek- re-assembled. At the end of the 2004 campaign, 57 stil serilerek, dere kumuyla ve çak›lla kapat›lm›flt›r. Ayn› finds of inventory quality and 164 finds of study quality hususlar Bat› Nekropolis’teki M9 mezar yap›s›ndaki were turned over to Antalya Archaeological Museum. mozaikler için de uygulanm›flt›r (Res. 4). Koruma, Onar›m ve Düzenleme Çal›flmalar›na ayr›ca Hellenistik kulelerin güneybat›s›nda yer alan ve Güney Hamama geçifli sa¤layan Propylon ile sütunlu caddenin kavfla¤a yak›n bat› galerisinde anastylosis uygulamas›y- la devam edimifltir. Bu çal›flmada toplam 16 adet sütun Kültür Bilincini Gelifltirme Vakf›’n›n “Bir Sütun da Sen Dik” kampanyas› kapsam›nda yap›flt›r›l›p fiber barlarla birlefltirilerek, postamentlerinin üzerinde aya¤a kald›r›lm›flt›r (Res. 5). Bunlar›n d›fl›nda Bat› Nekropo- lis’teki M6 mezar yap›s›n›n üzeri, öncekiler gibi bir sun- durma ile örtülmüfltür. Kaz› esnas›nda bulunmufl olan, piflmifl toprak, cam ve metal buluntular ile sikkeler yön- temlerine uygun olarak temizlenmifl ve gerekenler tüm- lenmifltir. 2004 kaz›s› sonunda Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi’ne 57 adet envanterlik 164 adet etüdlük eser teslim edilmifltir.

71

Sagalassos ve Çevresinde Arkeolojik Araflt›rmalar 2004

Archaeological Research in and Around Sagalassos in 2004

Marc WAELKENS

Kent Kaz›lar› Urban excavations 2004 y›l› kaz› çal›flmalar› afla¤›daki alanlarda yo¤unlafl- In 2004 the excavations focussed on the following m›flt›r: areas:

Afla¤› Agora’n›n kuzeyindeki Hadrian Dönemi The Hadrianic nymphaeum on the north side of the Nymphaion Lower Agora 2003 y›l›nda Afla¤› Agora’n›n kuzeyindeki üst terasta The excavation of a late Hadrianic nymphaeum that infla edilen geç Hadrian dönemine ait nymphaion was erected on a terrace to the north of and above the kaz›s›, 2004 y›l›nda tamamlanabilmifltir. Söz konusu Upper Agora, which was initiated during the campaign çeflme yap›s›, agora seviyesindeki Traian dönemi çeflme- of 2003 was completed in 2004. The fountain was se- sinden, burada yaklafl›k 10 m. geniflli¤inde bir meydan parated from the Trajanic nymphaeum at the agora level oluflturan ana do¤u-bat› caddesiyle ayr›lmaktad›r. Çeflme, by the main east-west street of the city, which in this 8 basamakla ç›k›lan daha yüksek bir platform üzerinde area formed a kind of esplanade, nearly 10 m wide. The olup geniflli¤i 17.20 m.’dir. Efes’deki prototipleri gibi fountain itself stood on a higher platform, accessible by (C. Laecanius Bassus ve Traian çeflmeleri) ç›k›nt› yapan means of 8 steps and was 17.20 m wide. Like its proto- iki yan kanad› (genifllik: 2.35 m., ç›k›nt›: 2.80 m.) ile types at Ephesus (the fountain of C. Laecanius Bassus, 12x2.75 m. (derinlik: 0.90 m.) ölçülerindeki bir havuzu the nymphaeum of Trajan) it is U-shaped with two çevreleyen U biçimli bir yap›d›r. Yap›n›n düzenlemesi, projecting side wings (W. 2.35 m; projection: 2.80 m), Perge’deki ça¤dafl›yla çok benzerdir. An›t›n üç yönün- surrounding a water basin of 12 m by 2.75 m (depth: de, 1.40 m. yüksekli¤indeki kaide üzerinde hafifçe ç›k›n- 0.90 m). The whole arrangement is also very similar to t› yapan plasterler (orta k›s›mda alt› adet) bulunmakta- that of the contemporary nymphaeum at Perge. On all d›r. Ç›k›nt›l› kanatlar›n ön ve yan yüzleri, ön yüzde three sides, the monument has a 1.40 m high socle with uzanm›fl Nehir Tanr›s› ile onu iki yönde çeviren deniz slightly projecting pilasters (six in the central part). On yarat›klar› üzerinde ayakta duran Nymphelerle bezeli- the front and sides of the projecting side wings, they dir. Orta k›s›mda dokuz Mousa’dan alt› tanesi (Ourania, are decorated with Nymphs standing on sea creatures, Terpsichore, Kalliope, Klio, Melpomene ve Erato) betim- flanking a reclining river god on the front side; in the lenmifltir, dolay›s›yla Apollon’a bir at›f söz konusudur central part they are decorated with the representations (Res. 1). Kaidenin üzerinde iki katl› ve aedikulal› cephe of six of the nine Muses (Ourania, Terpsichore, Kalliope, yükselmektedir. Yan kanatlarda muhtemelen her katta Klio, Melpomene, Erato), and thus referring to Apollo tek bir aedikula vard›. Geride kalan ana cephede ise (Fig. 1). Above the socle an aediculated facade, two arka duvardaki üç büyük dikdörtgen niflin aralar›na stories high, rose up. In the side wings it probably was gelecek flekilde her katta yuvarlak niflli, d›fla taflk›n ikifler composed of a single aedicula for each floor, whereas in aedikula yer al›yordu. Zengin bezemelere sahip saçak- the receding central part, there were on each floor, l›k, Korinth sütunlarla tafl›n›yordu. Geçmiflte mimari apparently two projecting aediculae preceding a round- bezeme üzerinde yap›lan inceleme, Hadrian’›n hüküm- ed niche, flanking three large rectangular niches in the darl›¤›n›n ikinci yar›s›na ve Pamfilya’dan getirilen mimar back wall. Corinthian columns carried a richly decorat- veya tafl ustalar›na iflaret ediyordu. Yan kanatlar, deniz ed entablature. In the past, the study of the architectur- kabu¤u üfleyen tritonlarla bezenmifl gibidir. Son iki al decoration had already suggested a date during the

73 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 y›lda çeflmenin havuzundan düzinelerce heykel ç›kart›l- second half of Hadrian’s reign as well as the activity of m›flt›r. Anlafl›ld›¤›na göre, üst kat›n ortadaki üç niflinde, an architect or of stone carvers imported from yaln›zca kaidelerini bulabildi¤imiz üç bronz heykel Pamphylia. The side wings seem to have been deco- duruyordu. Ortada Hadrian’›n imparatorluk unvanlar›na rated with akroteria decorated with shell-blowing göre muhtemelen 129-132 y›llar›na tarihlenen alt›n Tritons. During the past two years, dozens of statues yald›zl› büyük bronz heykeli ile iki yan›nda Sagalassos’ were recovered from the basin. The three central niches un ilk Romal› “flövalyesi” (eques) Ti. Claudius Peison’u in the upper floor seem to have housed three bronze temsil eden birer bronz heykel vard›. Kendisinin vasiyeti statues of which the pedestals were recovered. In the üzerine bu çeflme varisleri taraf›ndan yapt›r›lm›flt›. Ayn› middle stood a large gilded bronze statue of Hadrian, flah›s, Claudius ve Neron’a ithaf edilmifl iki an›t›n ve according to the Imperial titles most probably dated to Vespasian’› temsil eden atl› heykelin banisi olarak da the years 129-132 AD. It was flanked on either side by bilinmektedir. Kendisi Sagalassos’taki Klareian oyunlar›- two bronze statues representing Ti. Claudius Peison, the n›n ilk yaflam boyu agonothetes’iydi. Üst kat›n iki yan first Roman ‘knight’ (eques) of Sagalassos, who through niflinde varislerin birer mermer heykeli duruyor olmal›- his heirs had financed the construction of the d›r. Bunlardan Perge’de bulunan Plancia Magna heyke- nymphaeum following the stipulations of his will. The line çok benzeyen bir tanesi kaz›lar s›ras›nda ele geç- same man is also known to have commissioned three mifltir. Alt kat›n nifllerinde Olymposlu tanr›lar›n heykelle- monuments dedicated to Claudius and Nero, and an ri yer al›yordu. Orta niflte yaklafl›k 4 m. yüksekli¤inde (equestrian) statue representing Vespasian. He was also büyük bir Apollon Klarios heykeli vard› (Res. 2). Solun- the first agonothetès for life of the Clareian games at da, gerçekten biraz daha büyük bir baflka Apollon ve Sagalassos. The two side niches of the upper storey ap- Dionysos ile solunda da bir satyr ve bir Poseidon heyke- parently housed marble statues of the ‘heirs’, of which li duruyordu. Yan kanatlar›n aedikulalar›nda, di¤erlerinin only one, representing a women and very much similar yan› s›ra bir Herakles ve biri sonradan eklenmifl iki Aphro- to the Plancia Magna statue from Perge, was recovered. dite vard›. Di¤er heykellerin tümü, an›t›n orijinal heykel The niches on the ground floor contained marble statues program›na aitti. Heykel buluntular› aras›nda, Apollon of the Olympian gods. The central niche contained a Klarios’dan daha büyük bir heykele ait olmas› gereken huge, nearly 4 m tall statue of Apollo Clarios (Fig. 2). To devasa Demeter bafl› dikkate de¤erdir. Ancak yine de his left stood another slightly over life size Apollo and a bunun, çeflmenin hemen arkas›ndaki Odeion’a ait olma Dionysus, and to his right a satyr and a Poseidon. The olas›l›¤›n› da tümüyle göz ard› edemiyoruz. aediculae of the lateral wings contained a.o. a Herakles and two Aphrodite’s, one of which was a later addition. All the other statues belonged to the original statuary

74 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

display of the monument. Among the statue finds, there was also a colossal head of Demeter, belonging to a sculpture that was even larger than that of Apollo Clarios. However, it cannot be excluded that originally this statue belonged to the Odeon located immediately behind the fountain.

The Roman Baths The excavations of the northern section of the Roman Baths continued. In 2003, the western and eastern extremity of what then appeared to have been respec- tively an apodyterium (undressing room) with benches along the walls and a frigidarium with a central pool were exposed. The 2004 campaign showed that they formed a single room, originally 30.40x10.20m, made from solid brick curtain walls between ashlar piers and belonging to the Antonine phase (Marcus Aurelius) of this structure. Three rectangular recesses of which the eastern ones served as passageways then intersected the long walls. The eastern extremity of each wall had a semi-circular niche, whereas the small east wall was slightly curved, exactly following the pattern of the western and eastern edge of the large pool, which occu- pied most of the eastern half of the room. Statue groups representing Aphrodite of both the Capitoline and Cnidian types as well as putti carrying an amphora, all once arranged around the pool, confirm the Antonine date of the whole arrangement. During the later 4th cen- tury AD this whole room was refurbished with new wall Res. 2 / Fig. 2 veneer and with a beautiful opus sectile floor in the cen- tral and western part of the area. Near the beginning Roma Hamamlar› of the 5th century, the western extremity of the room was subdivided into a heated corridor in the south lead- Geçen y›l, Roma Hamamlar›n›n kuzey kesiminde kaz› ing to the Salon of the Emperor that was now turned into çal›flmalar› yap›lm›flt›r. 2003 y›l›nda, o zaman için s›ra- a caldarium, while the northern part received benches s›yla duvarlar› boyunca oturma banklar› bulunan apody- along its three walls identifying it as an apodyterium. terium ve merkezi havuzu bulunan frigidarium oldu¤u During this same transformation, four of the six rectan- düflünülen bat› ve do¤u uçlar kaz›lm›flt›. 2004 sezonu gular niches along the long walls were fitted with çal›flmalar› sonucunda, bunlar›n asl›nda yap›n›n Anto- individual bathtubs (Fig. 3). All of this involved tons ninler evresine (Marcus Aurelius) ait 30.40x10.20 metre of reused marble veneering slabs, sourced from aban- ebatlar›nda, kesme tafl payeler aras›nda düz tu¤la perde doned structures elsewhere in the city. Some that are duvarlara sahip tek bir mekana ait oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r. covered with poetic texts may have come from the Do¤udakileri geçifl olarak kullan›lan üç adet dikdörtgen dismantled gymnasium, whereas others representing girinti, uzun duvarlar› kesiyordu. Her duvar›n do¤u Egyptianising scenes that most probably originate from ucunda yar›m daire profilli birer nifl bulunmaktad›r. K›sa a shrine for the Egyptian gods that was situated some- do¤u duvar da, mekan›n do¤u yar›s›n› büyük oranda where in the city. kaplayan büyük havuzun do¤u ve bat› kenarlar›n› izler flekilde hafif k›vr›ml›d›r. Bir zamanlar havuzun etraf›na yerlefltirilmifl Capitoline ve Knidos tipi Aphroditeleri tem- The large urban mansion sil eden heykel gruplar› ve amfora tafl›yan putti, tüm The excavations of a large urban mansion in the central düzenlemenin Antoninler devrine ait oldu¤unu destek- part of the city also continued. After the 2004 campaign, lemektedir. 4. yy.‘›n ilerlemifl y›llar›nda bu mekan›n 44 rooms arranged over three successive terraces/floors

75 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS tamam›na yeni bir duvar kaplamas› ve orta ve bat› bölümlerine çok güzel bir opus sectile taban döflemesi yap›larak yeniden tefrifl edilmifltir. 5. yy.‘›n bafl›na do¤- ru, bat› ucun güneyinde, art›k caldariuma dönüfltürülen imparatorluk salonuna (Kaisersaal) geçifli sa¤layan ›s›t- mal› bir koridor oluflturulurken kuzey taraf›na oturma banklar› eklenerek buras› da apodyteriuma dönüfltü- rülmüfltür. Ayn› dönüflüm s›ras›nda, uzun duvarlardaki alt›flar dikdörtgen niflin dörder tanesine küvet yerleflti- rilmifltir (Res. 3). Tüm bu ifllemler için kentin di¤er kesim- lerindeki yap›lardan getirilen tonlarca mermer duvar kaplamas› kullan›lm›flt›r. Üzerinde fliir metinleri bulunan baz› parçalar, sökülen gymnasiumdan getirilmifl olabilir; hatta üzerinde M›s›r kültürüyle ilgili sahneler bulunan di¤erleri ise kentin bir yerlerindeki M›s›r tanr›lar›na ithaf edilmifl bir kutsal mekandan gelmifl olmal›d›r.

Büyük Kentiçi Malikanesi Kentin merkezinde yer alan büyük bir malikanenin kaz›- lar›na devam edilmifltir. 2004 kaz› sezonu sonunda bu yap›ya ait, üç kat/teras üzerine yerlefltirilmifl toplam 44 mekan a盤a ç›kart›lm›fl oldu (Res. 4). ‹nfla teknolo- jisi üzerinde yap›lan dikkatli bir inceleme sonucu, 2. yy. ile geç 6. yy. / 7. yy.‘›n bafl› aras›na tarihlenen alt› ana infla evresi saptanm›flt›r. Bu konutun bu flekilde düzen- lenerek bir kentiçi saray›na dönüfltürülmesi 4. yy.‘a Res. 3 / Fig. 3 tarihlenebilir. Yap›da, zemin katta revakl› iki avlu, bir özel nymphaion, bir özel hamam ve büyük bir yemek salonu yer al›rken, en üst katta ba¤›ms›z bir girifle de had been exposed (Fig. 4). A careful study of the build- sahip, önünde bir girifl mekan› ve güzel geometrik ing technology identified six major building phases mozaikli bekleme salonu bulunan büyük bir kabul salo- between the 2nd and the late 6th/early 7th century AD. nu ve bitifli¤inde iki odas›yla resepsiyon bölümü bulun- The major arrangement of the dwelling in its current maktad›r. Daha sonra bu konutun, Geç Antik Dönemde, form, when it was transformed into an urban palace, ‹mparatorluk yaflam tarz›na öykünerek malikanelerin- contained two arcaded courtyards, a private nymphae- den kentleri yöneten bir proteuontes, yani taflra aristok- um, a private bath, a large dining room on the ground rat ailesine hizmet verdi¤i aç›kt›r. 500 civar›ndaki bir level as well as a reception area with private entrance depremden sonra yap› yine an›tsal bir biçimde yenilen- on the top floor, composed of a vestibule and a waiting mifltir. Ancak 6. yy.‘›n sonuna gelmeden önce, olas›l›kla lounge with nice geometric mosaics, preceding a large aristokrasiyi büyük oranda silip geçen ya da iflas ettiren audience hall and two adjacent rooms, that could be 541-542 veba salg›n›n›n sonucunda bu yap› kompleksi dated to the 4th century AD. Then, the house clearly en az üç konuta bölünmüfltür. Üst katta yaflayan aile, was the mansion of a family of the proteuontes, the eskiye nazaran biraz düflse de, yüksek yaflam standard- provincial aristocracy which in Late Antiquity ruled the ›n› sürdürürken zemin yavaflça “k›rsallaflt›”. Avlulardan cities from their mansions, where they imitated the biri önce depoya sonra da s›¤›rlar için ah›ra çevrilmifltir. Imperial lifestyle. After an earthquake around AD 500, the mansion was still repaired in a monumental way, Ayn› olgu Agorada da gözlenebiliyor: kuzeydo¤u köfle- but before the end of the 6th century AD, possibly as the deki güzel mozaiklere sahip bir ‹mparatorluk yap›s› önce result of the plague of AD 541-42 that also wiped out ticari birimlere bölünmüfl ve ard›ndan da 7. yy.’da kamu- large parts of the aristocracy or made them bankrupt, sal bir at›k merkezi haline gelmifltir. the complex was subdivided into at least three housing 5. yy.’›n ilerleyen y›llar›ndan bafllayarak zanaat veya units. Whereas the family occupying the upper floor still ticari amaçlar için kamu yap›lar›n›n önce iflgal edildi¤ini, maintained a well-to-do lifestyle, be it less opulent than

76 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS sonra terk edildi¤i veya çöplü¤e dönüfltürüldü¤ü flek- before, the ground level of the house gradually became linde benzer geliflmeler kentin her yerinde belgelenmifl ‘ruralised’. One of the courtyards was first turned into durumdad›r. 7. yy.’da bir deprem kenti yerle bir etti¤in- a storage facility and eventually became a stable for de, hali haz›rda bask›n tar›msal karakter kazanm›fl büyük cattle. kesimlerin zaten çoktan terk edilmifl oldu¤una dair bul- This same phenomenon could also be witnessed in the gular artmaktad›r. Upper Agora, where in the northeast corner an early Kentsel Yap›n›n ‹ncelenmesi Imperial public building with geometric floor mosaics was gradually subdivided into commercial units before Yo¤un yüzey araflt›rmalar› ve jeofizik incelemeler saye- becoming a public dumping area in the 7th century AD. sinde kentin haritas› tamamlanabilmifltir. Do¤udaki th evsel iskan alan›nda aç›lan test amaçl› sondajlar, konut Similar developments, whereby from the later 5 century mahallelerinin bu yöne do¤ru 1. yy.’da yay›ld›¤›n› teyit AD onward, public structures were encroached upon etmektedir. Hadrian ve Antoninus Pius Kutsal Alan›nda for private activities of an artisan or commercial nature, yap›lan bir baflka sondaj da 5. ve 6. yy.’larda buran›n before eventually being abandoned or even turned baflka yap›larca iflgal edildi¤ini ve olas›l›kla askeri amaç- into public dumping areas has now been documented l› bir 10./11. yy. iskan›n›n söz konusu oldu¤unu göster- throughout the city. There are increasing indications mifltir. 2003 y›l› jeofizik incelemeleri s›ras›nda saptanan that when the final earthquake levelled the city in the ve gymnasium olarak geçici adland›r›lan, tiyatronun course of the 7th century AD, large sections of the town, hemen do¤usundaki büyük kamu yap›s›nda gerçekleflti- which by then had acquired a predominantly agricultur- rilen k›smi kaz›, yap›n›n erken 2. yy.’da infla edildi¤ini al character, had already been abandoned. ve 4. yy.’da, muhtemelen eski pagan kültürün bir sem- bolü oldu¤u için temellerine kadar bilinçli bir flekilde The Study of the Urban Framework söküldü¤ünü göstermifltir. Intensive surveys and geophysical research completed Çömlekçi Mahallesi’nin orta k›sm›nda 2004 y›l›nda yap›- the map of the city. Test soundings in the eastern domes- lan jeofizik incelemelerde, atölyelerle dolu yo¤un bir tic area confirmed the date of the expansion of the iskan ve en az 50 kadar f›r›n veya ocak daha saptan- dwelling quarters in that direction in the course of the m›flt›r. 8 f›r›na sahip ve 5. ve erken 6. yy.’a tarihlenen 1st century AD. Another sounding in the Shrine for bir atölyede kaz› çal›flmas› yap›lm›flt›r. Buran›n figürin, Hadrian and Antoninus Pius confirmed two encroach- kandil ve flifle yap›m›nda özelleflti¤i görülmüfltür. 6. yy.’›n ment phases in the 5th and 6th centuries AD, followed by ikinci yar›s›nda seramik f›r›nlar›n›n önce kireç oca¤›na a new occupation, possibly of a military nature, in the dönüfltürüldü¤ü sonra yüzy›l›n bitmesinden önce de 10th/11th centuries AD. A partial excavation of a large terk edildi¤i anlafl›lm›flt›r. public building immediately east of the theatre, identi-

Res. 4 / Fig. 4

77 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Banliyö ve Territoriumda Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› fied by the 2003 geophysical campaign and tentatively Sagalassos territoriumunda yap›lan yüzey araflt›rmalar›, identified as a gymnasium, showed that this building sonradan Sagalassos territoriumuna dahil edilen çok which had been erected in the (early) 2nd century AD, say›da Erken Demir Ça¤› yerleflmesinin belirlenmesi ve had been systematically dismantled as far as the level of Arkaik Dönem’den Erken Hellenistik Dönem’e kadar its foundations during the 4th century, most probably bölgesel çanak çömlek tiplerinin belgelenmesi üzerinde because it was a symbol of the old pagan culture. yo¤unlaflm›flt›r. Di¤er yanda, kentin 2 saat yürüyüfl mesa- In the central part of the Potters’ Quarter, the 2004 fesindeki alanlarda yap›lan yo¤un yüzey araflt›rmalar›, geophysical survey identified a dense occupation with önceki y›llarda belirlenen iskan da¤›l›m›n› teyit etmifl- crowded workshops and at least a further 50 kilns or tir. Bu bölge ‹mparatorluk Dönemi’nde sakinleri için furnaces. One of these workshops, comprising 8 kilns, an›t mezarlar ve (flarap ve) zeytin presleme tesisleriyle dated to the 5th or early 6th centuries AD, was excavat- kompleksler oluflturan yar› konutsal villalarla doluydu. Bu villalar›n baz›lar› Geç Antik Ça¤’a kadar varl›¤›n› ed. It proved to have specialized in the production of sürdürmüfl olmal›d›r ancak o tarihten sonraya ait hiçbir figurines, lamps and flasks. During the second half of th yeni infla faaliyeti gözlenmemifltir. Bu alandan al›nan the 6 century, the ceramic kilns were transformed into toprak örneklerinde metal kirlenmesi ve artan hayvan lime burning units and were abandoned before the end d›flk›s›na rastland›¤› gibi, fauna kal›nt›lar›n›n incelen- of the century. mesi sonucu yo¤un metal kirlenmesi saptanm›flt›r. Bun- lardan, Geç Antik Ça¤’da kentin yak›n çevresinde çift- The Suburban and Territorial Surveys çili¤in çeflitlendi¤i ve yine yo¤unlaflt›¤›, kente çok yak›n The surveys in the territory of Sagalassos mainly fo- yerlerde s›¤›rlar›n kullan›ld›¤› ve hemen yak›nda hayvan cussed on the identification of a number of Early Iron yetifltirildi¤i anlafl›lmaktad›r. Bu durum muhtemelen k›r- Age sites, later incorporated into the territory of Sagalas- salda artan istikrars›zl›¤›n sonucu olmal›d›r. sos and in documenting the regional pottery types from the late Archaic to the early Hellenistic period. On the Anastylosis Projeleri other hand, intensive surveys within a walking area of Her iki anastylosis projesine devam edildi. Kuzeybat› 2 hours confirmed the occupation picture already estab- Heroon, as›l yüksekli¤inin üçte ikisine kadar aya¤a kal- lished in previous years, whereby during the Imperial d›r›lm›fl durumdad›r (Res. 5). Di¤er yanda, Afla¤› Agora’ period, this area was occupied by semi-residential vil- n›n kuzeyindeki Antoninler Dönemi Nymphaion’una ait las, forming clusters with mausolea for their inhabitants tüm sütunlar aedikulal› cephe aya¤a kald›r›labilecek and with (grape and) olive pressing units. Some of these flekilde tamamlanm›fl veya onar›lm›flt›r. villas may have continued in use into Late Antiquity, although no new construction seems to have taken place then. Soil samples from the terraces of this area contain- ing traces of metal pollution and of increased animal manure, as well as the analysis of faunal remains, reveal- ing heavy metal pollution, suggest that in Late Antiquity farming around the city became more diversified and more intensive again, implying the use of cattle near the city proper, as well as animal herding in its immediate vicinity. Most probably this was the result of the grow- ing instability in the countryside.

The Anastylosis Projects Both anastylosis projects also continued. The Northwest Heroon has now been rebuilt up to two thirds of its orig- inal height (Fig. 5). While all columns of the Antonine Nymphaeum on the north side of the Upper Agora were also completed or repaired, so that part of the aedicu- lated facade of the building could be re-erected.

Res. 5 / Fig. 5

78 Side Tiyatrosu ve Çevresinde Kaz›, Koruma-Onar›m Çal›flmalar› 2004 Excavation, Conservation - Restoration Work in the Side Theatre and its Environs in 2004

Ülkü ‹ZM‹RL‹G‹L

Antalya ‹li, Manavgat ‹lçesi, Side Beldesi’nde antik tiyat- Excavation and conservation-restoration work in and ro ve çevresinde 2004 y›l› kaz› ve onar›m çal›flmalar› around the ancient Theatre of Side, in the Side district of 4 Eylül - 2 Kas›m tarihleri aras›nda 60 gün sürmüfltür. the township of Manavgat, Antalya lasted for 60 days, Çal›flmalara, Prof. Dr. R. Günay, arkeologlardan A. H. from September 4th to November 2nd. The work was Özkan, Dr. M. Büyükkolanc›, Dr. H. Alanyal›, Heykel- conducted by Prof. Dr. Reha Günay, archaeologists trafl A. O. Avflar, restoratör-arkeolog E. Eser, restoratör- A. H. Özkan, Dr. M. Büyükkolanc›, Dr. H. Alanyal›, lerden G. Dikilitafl, B. Aydo¤du, S. Cihan, D. Çal›fl, sculptor A. O. Avflar, restorer-archaeologist E. Eser, Mimarlardan L. Gültekin, S. Kavalc›, G. Korkmaz ve restorers G. Dikilitafl, B. Aydo¤du, S. Cihan, D. Çal›fl, mimarl›k ö¤rencilerinden B. Öztürk, B. Atalay, D. Çok- architects L. Gültekin, S. Kavalc›, G. Korkmaz and can kat›lm›fllard›r. students of architecture B. Öztürk, B. Atalay and D. Çokcan. Yap›lan çal›flmalar Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›, Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü¤ü, Döner Sermaye This work was financed by the Directorate General of ‹flletmeleri Merkez Müdürlü¤ü (DÖS‹MM), Antik Side Circulating Capital Facilities (DÖS‹MM) of the Director- An›tlar›n›n Bak›m Onar›m ve Restorasyonu Komitesi ve ate General of Cultural Heritage and Museums of the Suna - ‹nan K›raç Akdeniz medeniyetleri Araflt›rma Ensti- Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Committee of Mainte- tüsü’nün (AKMED) maddi destekleriyle gerçeklefltiril- nance, Repair and Restoration of Ancient Monuments of mifltir. Side, and the Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED). Sahne binas›n›n Agoraya bakan cephesinde A-B giriflleri aras›nda yer alan mekanda kaz›, parodos içinde yer alan On the side facing the Agora, the section between gates flapellerde koruma onar›m çal›flmalar› yap›lm›flt›r (Plan A and B was being excavated while the conservation 1). Ayr›ca, Agora kuzey-bat› portik ve Tiyatro girifli kar- work of the chapels inside the paradoi was carried on fl›s›ndaki portikde kaz›, onar›m ve düzenleme çal›flma- (Plan 1). In addition, the excavation work in the north- lar› sürdürülmüfltür. west portico of the Agora, and the excavation, restora- tion and rearrangement work in the portico opposite the 1. Kaz› Çal›flmalar› theatre’s entranceway were continued. 1.1 Sahne binas›n›n (scaenae) Agora’ya cephesi olan 1. Excavation Work güney bat› porti¤inde yer alan girifl ve dükkanlar Geç Antik Dönem’de moloz toprak ve çeflitli yap›lardan dev- 1.1 The entranceways and shops in the southwest porti- flirme tafl bloklarla doldurularak sur duvar› haline getiril- co of the Stage Building (scaenae) facing the Agora were mifltir. Daha önceki y›llarda yap›lan kaz›larla A, B, C, D infilled with rubble and stone blocks taken from other giriflleri aç›ld›¤› halde, girifller aras›nda yer alan dükkan- structures and was used as a fortification in Late lar›n içlerinde ve sahne binas›n›n ara duvarlar›nda belir- Antiquity. In previous years, gates A, B, C, and D were lenen statik sorunlar nedeniyle boflalt›lamam›flt›r. Bu uncovered but this infilling could not be removed nedenle sahne binas›n›n Agora cephesindeki girifl ve because of the static problems revealed in the shops dükkanlar›n üst örtülerinin onar›m ve sa¤lamlaflt›rma between the gates and the separating walls of the Stage

79 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS projesi ele al›narak söz konusu arka duvar›n daha sa¤- Building. Consequently, a project for the restoration and lam ve güvenli hale getirilmesi planlanm›flt›r. Ancak, reinforcement of the superstructures of the entrance- tehlike görülmeyen A-B giriflleri aras›ndaki dükkan›n ways and the shops on the side facing the Agora was kaz›s› yap›labilmifltir. Burada sahne binas› duvarlar›n- launched in order to strengthen and reinforce this back dan düflen büyük konglomera bloklar›n yan›s›ra çevre- wall. However, the shop between gates A and B could deki an›tlardan (Dionysos Tap›na¤› ve peristilli Evler vb.) be excavated, as no danger from structural problems devflirme mimari parçalara rastlanm›flt›r. was foreseen here. Alongside the large conglomerate 1.2. Agora’n›n kuzey bat›s›nda yer alan portik dükkan- blocks that had fallen from the Stage Building, architec- lar›n›n kaz›s› ve koruma-onar›m, düzenleme çal›flmala- tural pieces that had been removed from nearby monu- r›, portik üzerinde yer alan Müze’nin eski ofis binas›n›n ments (such as the Temple of Dionysos and the Peristyle Antalya Kültür ve Tabiat Varl›klar›n› Koruma Bölge Kuru- Houses) were also found. lu karar›yla y›k›m›ndan sonra gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Kuzey 1.2 The excavation and conservation-restoration work bat› portikte yer alan 6 dükkan›n içinde yap›lan kaz› ve in the portico shops to the northwest of the Agora were temizlik çal›flmalar›nda üst tabakadaki 1-1.5 m. moloz carried out after the old office buildings of the Side topra¤›n boflalt›lmas›ndan sonra zemine yaklaflt›kça Museum had been pulled down, with the decision to çeflitli keramik, tafl, madeni buluntular ve cam kap par- demolish made by the Regional Board of Protection of çalar› bulunmufltur. the Cultural Heritage and Natural Property in Antalya. 1.3. Tiyatro girifli karfl›s›ndaki sütunlu caddede kaz› çal›fl- During the course of excavation and cleaning work in malar› üç y›ldan beri, tiyatro çevresinin düzenlenmesi the 6 shops of the northwest portico, the upper 1-1.50 m amac›yla Antik Side An›tlar›n›n Bak›m Onar›m ve Res- thick layer of rubble filling was removed and, floor level torasyonu Komitesi’nin deste¤iyle sürdürülmekte olan was approached, various ceramic, stone, metal and bu çal›flmaya 9, 10, 11 numaral› dükkanlar›n temizlen- glass vessel fragments were recovered. mesiyle devam edilmifltir. Öncelikle 9 numaral› dükkan- 1.3 The excavation work in the Colonnaded Street da bafllanan kaz›da moloz dolgu toprak temizlendikten opposite the entrance to the theatre has been financed sonra mekan›n kuzey do¤u köflesinde 0.68 m. çap›nda by the Committee of Maintenance, Repair and Restora- 0.62 m. yüksekli¤inde iki kullan›m evresine sahip silin- tion of Ancient Monuments of Side for the last three dirik formda bir mermer blok bulunmufltur (Res. 1). years. This work continued, with the cleaning of shops Bulundu¤u mekan›n ön duvar›na dönük k›sm›nda birin- 9, 10 and 11. Firstly, excavation began in shop 9; the ci kullan›m evresine ait 4 sat›rl›k Grekçe yaz›t vard›r. rubble infilling was removed and a cylindrical marble ‹kinci evrede ise blo¤un iç k›sm› oyularak yivli bir haz- block (Diameter 0.68 m and h. 0.62 m) with two phases ne oluflturulmufl olup orta k›sm›nda bir ö¤ütme kolunun of use was found in the northeast corner (Fig. 1). ba¤lant›s› görülmüfltür. 10 numaral› dükkanda yap›lan kaz› çal›flmalar›nda eflik seviyesinde bir kuyu a¤z› tespit On the side facing the front wall of the shop, there is a edilmifltir. Yaklafl›k 0.70 m. a¤›z çap›na sahip 7.50 m. 4-line inscription in Greek dating from the first phase of use. In the second phase, the inside of the block was carved out and a grooved basin was made and there is a connection point for a grinding mill in the centre. The excavation work in shop 10 brought to light the mouth of a well at the threshold level. The well mouth has a diameter of 0.70 m and a depth of 7.50 m. The top 2.0 meters was built mainly from reused rubble and below, a conglomerate structure was noted. In addition, a canal, 1 to 1.50 meters in height and starting from the bottom of the well and stretching towards the north was discovered.

2. Conservation-Restoration Work 2.1 The shop walls and the portico stylobate, to the northwest of the Agora entrance, were restored. The walls of rooms 1-6 behind the portico, whose excava- Res. 1 / Fig. 1 tion was completed, were reinforced and the joints were

80 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS mevcut derinli¤i olan bu kuyunun, a¤›z k›sm›ndan bafl- pointed. The restoration and rearrangement of the layarak ilk 2 m.’lik k›sm›nda yo¤un devflirme moloz northwest portico stylobate of the Agora continued. The malzeme kullan›ld›¤›, 2 m.’den afla¤›ya do¤ru konglo- stylobate blocks on which the bases stood were re- mera dokunun tespit edildi¤i, kuyunun dibinde kuzey moved, in order to clean away the accumulated earth, do¤u yöne do¤ru devam eden 1-1.5 m. yüksekli¤inde and they were then replaced with the marble column bir kanal›n varl›¤› belgelenmifltir. bases in their original positions on top of them.

2. Koruma Onar›m Çal›flmalar› 2.2 Wall Painting Conservation Work 2.1. Agora giriflinin kuzey bat›s›nda yer alan dükkan The chapel discovered in the East Parodos (P2) of the duvarlar› ve portik stilobat›n›n onar›m› ele al›nm›flt›r. Por- Theatre in 2000 has three layers of wall paintings, tik arkas›nda kaz›s› tamamlanan 1-6 numaral› mekanla- which were re-exposed and studied and the surface was r›n duvarlar›n›n derzleme ve sa¤lamlaflt›rma çal›flmalar› cleaned. On the first layer, the figure in the middle has yap›lm›flt›r. Agorada kuzey bat› portik stilobat›n›n ona- a halo around the head and when the calcium car- r›m ve düzenleme çal›flmas›na devam edilmifltir. Kaide- bonate layer on the indiscernible letters was removed, lerin oturtuldu¤u stilobat tafllar› yerlerinden kald›r›larak “X A” could be read. The surface was coated with geo- yanlar›nda ve altlar›nda birikmifl olan toprak temizle- textile and styropore to preserve it. nerek onar›lm›fl ve üzerlerine mermer sütun kaideleri The styropore that covered the wall painting in niche özgün konumlar›na getirilerek düzenlenmifltir. Ayr›ca number 2 from the east, inside the West Parodos (P1) of daha önceki senelerde al›nan kal›pla üretilmifl olan, the Theatre was removed and restorer G. Dikilitafl car- 3 adet imitasyon sütun kaidesi de stilobat üzerindeki ried out the preservation and restoration work. The feet yerlerine yerlefltirilmifltir. of a figure were identified and following conservation work it was recovered with styropore. The styropore 2.2. Duvar Resmi Konservasyon Çal›flmalar› protecting the wall painting in the Chapel, built from Tiyatroda 2000 y›l›nda Do¤u Parodos (P 2) içinde bulu- alternating rows of seats, next to the West Parodos nan fiapel’deki, üç tabaka halinde olan duvar resmi aç›lm›fl, tekrar incelenerek, yüzey temizli¤i yap›lm›flt›r. ‹lk tabakada ortada yer alan figürün bafl› etraf›ndaki halenin yan›nda belirsiz olan harflerin üzerindeki kireç tabakas› kald›r›larak “X A” okunmufltur. Yüzey tekrar jeotekstil ve straporla örtülerek koruma alt›na al›nm›flt›r. Tiyatronun Bat› Parodos (P1) içerisindeki nifllerden do¤u yönünde 2 numaral› niflin içerisindeki duvar resmini örten strapor aç›larak Restoratör G. Dikilitafl taraf›ndan koruma onar›m çal›flmalar› yap›lm›flt›r. Burada bir figüre ait ayaklar tespit edilmifl ve konservasyon çal›flmalar› yap›larak yüzeyi straporla örtülmüfltür. Bat› Parodos’un yan›nda, oturma s›ralar› bozularak yap›lan fiapel’deki duvar resmi ise daha önce kapat›lm›fl oldu¤u halde, straporun ziyaretçiler taraf›ndan yerinden oynat›lmas› sonucu uzun süre aç›kta kalm›fl bulunmaktayd›. Daha fazla tahrip olmamas› için üzeri tekrar jeotekstil ve stra- por ile kapat›lm›flt›r (Res. 2).

2.3. Mozaik Onar›m› Tiyatro karfl›s›nda yer alan Sütunlu Cadde’de 5, 6, 7. numaral› mekanlar›n önünde bulunan yaklafl›k 8 m2 mozaik kapl› alan üzerinden yayalar›n yürümesi sonucu yer yer aç›ld›¤› ve giderek y›pranmaya bafllad›¤› gözlem- lenmifltir. Bu nedenle mozaik üzerindeki koruyucu tüf tabakas› ve jeotekstil kald›r›larak Restoratör G. Dikilitafl Res. 2 / Fig. 2

81 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

was damaged by visitors and had been exposed for a long time. In order to prevent further damage, it was again covered by geotextile and styropore (Fig. 2).

2.3 Conservation of the Mosaics An area of approximately 8 square meters of mosaics in front of the rooms 5, 6, and 7 in the Colonnaded Street opposite the Theatre, had begun to deteriorate due to the visitors walking over it. Consequently, the protecting layers of tuff and geotextile were removed and restorers G. Dikilitafl and B. Aydo¤du conducted general clean- ing, removal of the calcareous layer, the filling of lacuna and the pointing of joints, within the context of this conservation work (Fig. 2). Res. 3 / Fig. 3 3. Documentation and Study of the Architectural ve B. Aydo¤du taraf›ndan konservasyon çal›flmalar› kap- Elements sam›nda, genel temizlik, kalker temizli¤i, lacuna doldur- 3.1. The coffers of the Stage Building of the Theatre ma ve derzleme ifllemleri yap›lm›flt›r (Res. 3). were reinvestigated by Dr. H. Alanyal› based on his work in 2002. The dimensions of these coffers vary, 3. Belgeleme ve Mimari Malzeme Üzerinde based on the aediculae that they belong to. Further, the ‹ncelemeler findspots established during the course of excavations 3.1. Tiyatro Sahne Binas›’na ait kaset çal›flmalar› Dr. also aid in the identification of the original locations of H. Alanyal›, 2002 y›l›nda kasetler üzerinde yapt›¤› çal›fl- these coffers on the Stage Building. malar› tekrar ele alarak de¤erlendirmifltir. Kasetlerin Consequently: boyutlar›, yer ald›klar› aedikulaya göre de¤iflmektedir. st Ayr›ca kaz› s›ras›nda buluntu yerlerine göre belgelenen The 1 floor has depictions of deities (Apollon, Kybele, kaset parçalar›n›n sahne binas›ndaki özgün yerleri belir- Dionysos, Demeter, Artemis, Athena) lenebilmektedir. The 2nd floor has various motifs (rosettes, stars etc) with- Bu çal›flmalar sonucu: in geometric forms. rd 1. katta tanr›lar (Apollon, Kybele, Dionysos, Demeter, The 3 floor has depictions of the Muses. Artemis, Athena) 3.2 Work on the Architectural Elements of the 2. katta geometrik flekiller içinde çeflitli motifler (rozet, Temple of Dionysos y›ld›z vb.) yer almaktad›r. Dr. M. Büyükkolanc› showed that the limestone half- 3. katta Mousa betimlemeleri yer almaktad›r. columns, entablature, column capitals of the Corinthian order, the frieze and architrave fragments that were 3.2. Dionysos Tap›na¤›na Ait Mimari Parçalar uncovered during excavations in the West Parodos (P1) Üzerinde Çal›flmalar in 2001 and in the southwest shops of the Agora in the Dr. M. Büyükkolanc› taraf›ndan 2001 y›l›nda bat› paro- following years, actually belonged to the Temple of dos (P 1) ve daha sonraki y›llarda Agora’n›n güney bat› Dionysos that is located to the southwest of the Theatre. dükkanlar›n›n kaz›s›ndan ç›kan kireçtafl›ndan yar›m sütun, These pieces were re-used in the conversion of the saçakl›k, korinth sütun bafll›klar›, friz ve arflitrav parça- Stage Building into a fortification in the 4th century. lar›n›n Tiyatro’nun güney bat›s›nda yer alan Dionysos This year, 8 blocks were transported to the area of the Tap›na¤›’na ait oldu¤u saptanm›flt›r. Bu parçalar, ‹.S. 4. temple and 3 column bases were replaced in their yy.’da sahne binas› Geç Antik surlar› haline getirildi- original positions on the stylobate. Further, some bro- ¤inde, devflirme malzeme olarak kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu y›l, ken blocks were also identified as belonging to the 8 parça blok Dionysos Tap›na¤› yak›n›na tafl›nm›fl, Temple of Dionysos during the course of excavations in 3 adet sütun kaidesi ise stilobat üzerine özgün konum- the area between gates A and B of the Stage Building lar›nda yerlefltirilmifltir. Ayr›ca, Tiyatro’nun Sahne binas› (Fig. 4).

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3.3 AutoCAD Project for the Theatre From the 4th to the 28th of September 2004, Prof. Dr. R. Günay continued to transfer the elevation drawings into the AutoCAD programme and control measurements at several points were made, in addition to those made on the diazoma and the steps leading to the upper part of the cavea. At the Theatre of Side, the excavations of the façade of the Stage Building and the east and west parodoi were completed, with the help of the tower crane provided for a period of 4 years by the Expedition Team of Ephe- sus, between 1999 and 2002. In the next stage, the Res. 4 / Fig. 4 excavations inside the Stage Building and its façade facing the Agora will be the focus of our work and will A-B giriflleri aras›nda kaz›s› yap›lan mekan içinde de be completed (Fig. 5). Dionysos Tap›na¤›’na ait baz› k›r›k blok parçalar› tespit edilmifltir (Res. 4).

3.3. Tiyatro AutoCAD Program› Prof. Dr. R. Günay taraf›ndan 4-28 Eylül 2004 tarihleri aras›nda yap›lan çal›flmalarda, flimdiye kadar haz›rlanan rölöveler AutoCAD program›na aktar›lmaya devam edil- mifltir. Yer yer alanda kontrol ölçüleri al›nm›flt›r. Ayr›ca diazoma’da ve üst cavea’ya ç›kan merdivenler üzerinde çal›fl›larak kontrol ölçüleri al›nm›flt›r. Side Tiyatrosu’nda 1999-2002 y›llar› aras›nda yaklafl›k 4 y›l Efes Kaz› Baflkanl›¤›’ndan geçici bir süre için veri- len kule vinç ile Sahne Binas› cephesi, do¤u ve bat› parodoslar›n›n kaz›s› tamamlanm›flt›r. Bundan sonraki aflamada, henüz kaz›s› tamamlanmam›fl olan Sahne Binas›’n›n iç k›sm› ile Agora’ya bakan cephesinin kaz›s› ele al›nacakt›r (Res. 5).

Res. 5 / Fig. 5

83

Soli/Pompeiopolis Antik Liman Kenti Kaz›lar› 2004 Excavations at the Ancient Port City of Soli/Pompeiopolis in 2004

Remzi YA⁄CI

Soli/Pompeiopolis Antik Liman Kenti 2004 kaz›lar› The 2004 campaign of excavations at Soli/Pompeio- Doç. Dr. R. Ya¤c› baflkanl›¤›nda Bakanl›k Temsilcisi polis was carried out with a team of 7 archaeologists, Ö. F. Türkan, 7 arkeolog, 1 mimar, 1 harita mühendisi, 1 architect, 1 cartographer, 1 restorer and 3 students of 1 restoratör ve 3 arkeoloji ö¤rencisiyle gerçeklefltirilmifl- archaeology under the direction of Prof. Dr. R. Ya¤c›. tir. Kaz›lar iki alanda A. Sütunlu Cadde, B. Soli Höyük’te The state representative was Ö. F. Türkan. Excavations sürdürülmüfltür. were carried out at two sites: A. the Colonnaded Street and B. the Soli Mound (Höyük). A. Sütunlu Cadde A. The Colonnaded Street Geçen y›l kaz› çal›flmalar› yap›lan ve Asklepios ile Nemesis heykellerinin ç›kar›ld›¤› C-42 açmas›nda ve bu Work initiated at trench C-42, where the statues of y›l kaz› çal›flmalar› bafllat›lan C-41, C-40 ve B-41 açma- Asklepios and Nemesis were uncovered in 2003 conti- lar›nda çal›flmalara devam edilmifltir (Res.1). Bu çal›fl- nued, as well as at the new trenches of C-41, C-40 and malar ile Sütunlu Cadde’nin mimarisinin anlafl›lmas› B-41 (Fig. 1). This work was aimed at clarifying the amaçlanm›flt›r. architecture of the Colonnaded Street.

A.I. C-42 Açmas› A.I. Trench C-42 C-42 açmas›nda geçen y›l ç›kar›lan ve tahrip olmufl Work at Trench C-42 resumed at 5.22 m level, in order durumda olan Asklepios ile Nemesis heykellerinin eksik to find the missing parts of the statues of Asklepios and

Res. 1 / Fig. 1

85 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 2 / Fig. 2 parçalar›n›n bulunup tamamlanmas› amac›yla kaz› çal›fl- malar›na (5.22 m. seviyesinde) bafllanm›fl ve bu çal›fl- malar s›ras›nda Asklepios heykeline ait olmas› olas› mer- mer parçalar ele geçmifltir. C-42 açmas›n›n içinde bulunan ve 2003 kaz› sezonun- da bir k›sm› görülebilen mermer heykel kaidesinin tama- m›n›n a盤a ç›kar›lmas›yla ilgili çal›flmalar kapsam›nda Res. 3 / Fig. 3 kaidenin çevresi temizlenmifl ve çizimlerinin tamam- lanmas›n›n ard›ndan ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Bu çal›flmalar s›ras›n- Nemesis, which were recovered in poor condition the da geçen y›l gövdesi ç›kar›lan Nemesis heykelinin bafl› year before, and marble statue fragments, that may (3.55 m. seviyesinde) bulunmufltur (Res. 2-3). Mimari belong to the Asklepios statue, were recovered. The parçalar›n ve heykel kaidesinin kald›r›ld›¤› bu alanda area surrounding the marble statue base which was par- yap›lan çal›flmalarda tabanda 3.03 m. seviyesinde düz- tially visible in 2003 was cleaned, drawings were made gün kireç tafl› bloklar ile oluflturulmufl bir alt yap› siste- and the base removed. In the course of the work con- mi ile karfl›lafl›lm›flt›r. ducted in this trench, the head of the Nemesis statue was also found at 3.55 m level (Figs 2-3). At 3.03 m, a A.II. C-41 Açmas› substructure built from dressed limestone blocks was encountered, where the base and the architectural frag- C-41 açmas›nda kaz› çal›flmalar›na 5.51 m. seviyesin- ments were uncovered. den bafllanm›flt›r. Bu çal›flmalar s›ras›nda açman›n güne- yinde 5.06 m. kodunda C-40 açmas›n›n içerisine de A.II. Trench C-41 uzanan bir adet figürlü sütun bafll›¤› bulunmufltur (Res. 4). Dört taraf›nda tanr›sal figürler bulunan bafll›k Korinth Work at Trench C-41 began at 5.51 m level. At 5.06 m düzenindedir. Bafll›¤›n tümünün temizlenebilmesi için level in the south part of the trench, a column capital C-40 açmas›na do¤ru kaz› çal›flmalar› ilerletilmifl ve with figural decoration, extending into Trench C-40, bu s›rada 4.95 m. kodunda bir erkek heykelinin pelvis was discovered (Fig. 4). This capital of the Corinthian bölümü bulunmufltur. Bu alandaki mimari parçalar ve order carries depictions of divine figures upon its four at›l durumda bulunan blok tafllar çizilmifl ve yerinden sides. The digs were extended towards Trench C-40 in kald›r›lm›flt›r. C-43, C-42 açmas›n›n bat› k›sm›nda göz- order to uncover the capital entirely and at 4.95 m level, lemlenen harç taban 4.87 m. kodunda C-41 açmas›n›n the pelvic area of a male statue was found. The archi- bat›s›nda süreklilik göstermektedir. Açman›n do¤u tectural pieces and scattered stone blocks were docu- bölümünde yürütülen kaz› çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda 4.37 m. mented by drawing and were then removed. The mortar kodunda Sütunlu Cadde’nin kanalizasyon sistemine ait floor observed in the western part of Trenches C-43 and bir logar girifli bulunmufltur. Logar içerisinde bulunan C-42 continued in the western part of Trench C-41 at

86 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

4.87 m level. In the eastern part of the trench, a man- hole opening into the sewage system of the Colonnaded Street was found at 4.37 m level. When the earth deposit inside was removed, ground level was reached at 1.66 m level. This manhole is the entrance to the canal to the east of the canal at C-42, which had been previously cleaned. Work at C-41 stopped at 5.06 m. level.

A.III. Trench C-40 Work was initiated at C-40 at the 5.40 m level in order uncover the column capital with figural decoration. During the course of work around the column capital, a statue fragment belonging to a torso was found. The flooring observed at 4.90 m level in the western parts of the Trenches C-43, C-42 and C-41 was also found in the western part of Trench C-40. During this work, a marble statue base was discovered at 5.02 m level. Following the completion of the architectural drawings of the trench, the scattered blocks were removed. The mortar floor at 4.75 m extended across the trench and conse- quently the work here ceased.

A.IV. Trench B-41 Res. 4 / Fig. 4 Work at Trench B-41 began at 6.24 m level. The column capital discernible on the surface was understood to at›k toprak temizlenmifl ve 1.66 m. seviyesinde tabana bear figural decoration. Work in this trench stopped ulafl›lm›flt›r. Bu logar C-42 de yer alan ve içerisi temizle- at the 5.04 m level and no important find, other than nen kanal›n do¤usunda bulunan kanal›n giriflidir. C-41 the abovementioned column capital, was made. A thick açmas›nda yürütülen çal›flmalar 5.06 m. seviyesinde layer of waste earth was removed from all over the bitirilmifltir. trench. A.III. C-40 Açmas› B. The Soli Höyük C-40 açmas›nda çal›flmalar figürlü sütun bafll›¤›n› ç›ka- B.I. Trench H-8 rabilmek amac› ile 5.40 m. seviyesinden bafllat›lm›flt›r. Figürlü sütun bafll›¤›n›n etraf›nda yap›lan kaz› çal›flma- Work in this trench was initiated in order to clarify the lar› s›ras›nda bir heykel parças› bulunmufltur. Açman›n progress of the stratigraphy represented by the Hittite bat› bölümünde 4.90 m. seviyeli taban, C-43, C-42, architectural remains exposed in Trench G-9. The trench C-41 açmalar›nda oldu¤u gibi C-40 açmas›nda da bulun- is located in the southeast corner of the mound and its mufltur. Bu çal›flmalar s›ras›nda (5.02 m.) bir adet uppermost level is at 17.93 m. After the removal of the mermer heykel kaidesi bulunmufltur. Alan›n mimari surface soil, Hellenistic and Archaic potshards were çizimlerinin tamamlanmas›n›n ard›ndan açma içerisin- found. It was understood that the strata were mixed, a de da¤›n›k durumdaki bloklar d›flar› tafl›nm›flt›r. 4.75 m. consequence of terracing, with earth sliding down and seviyesinde açman›n genelini kaplayan harç taban›n, the location of the trench on a sheer cliff. açman›n son seviyesi oldu¤u belirlenerek çal›flmalara In the northwest part of the trench, a pile of rubble and son verilmifltir. creek-stones were found at the 17.35 m level and were understood not to be part of either a wall or a floor cov- A.IV. B-41 Açmas› ering. This pile of rubble stretched 3.40 m in an east- B-41 açmas›nda kaz› çal›flmalar› 6.24 m. seviyesinden west direction and 3.17 m in a north-south direction. It bafllat›lm›flt›r. Yüzeyde gözlemlenen sütun bafll›¤›n›n was observed that the lime stones between and under figürlü oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r. B-41 açmas›nda yap›lan them had crumbled and blended into the earth, causing

87 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

çal›flmalar 5.04 m. seviyesinde sonland›r›lm›fl olup a change in soil composition. It was understood that bu seviyeler aras›nda bafll›k d›fl›nda önemli bir bulun- these limestone pieces belonged to the construction tuya rastlanmam›flt›r. Açman›n genelinde kal›n bir at›k from the Hellenistic Period and moved down to this toprak tabakas› kald›r›lm›flt›r. level due to the destruction of this structure. Amongst the potshards recovered in this level, noteworthy are B. Soli Höyük a Hellenistic “Megara” bowl fragment, decorated with B I. H-8 Açmas› palmette design, black glazed fragments from the Clas- sical Period and potshards with floral decoration from Açmada, 2003 tarihli kaz› sezonunda G-9 açmas›nda the Archaic Period. Starting at 17.29 m level, extensive a盤a ç›kar›lan Hitit dönemine ait mimari kal›nt›lar ve pottery and tile shards were noted. Flat tiles, as well as buluntularla temsil edilen stratigrafinin sürecini araflt›r- painted tile fragments and roof ridge tile fragments were mak amac›yla kaz› çal›flmalar›na bafllanm›flt›r. Höyü¤ün found. A terra cotta architectural fragment, decorated güneydo¤u köflesinde yer alan açman›n, en üst kodu with a female sphinx’s head in relief from the Archaic 17.93 m.’dir. Açmada yüzey topra¤› kald›r›ld›ktan sonra, Period was also recovered from this same level. At the Hellenistik ve Arkaik dönemlere ait keramik parçalar›na 17.19 m level, continuous waste earth was observed; rastlanm›flt›r. Açman›n dik yamaçta olmas› ve kaz›dan burnished potshards and shards decorated with red önceki dönemlerde höyü¤ün üstünün ve yamaçlar›n›n cross-hatched motif and concentric circles in black and teraslanmas›ndan ve üstteki topra¤›n yamaçlara akma- black bands dating from the Geometric Period were s›ndan oluflan tahribatlar nedeniyle tabakalar›n kar›flt›¤› uncovered. anlafl›lm›flt›r. At the 17.11 m level, potshards with zig-zag motifs, Açman›n kuzeybat›s›nda 17.35 m. kodunda duvar ve thick black bands and concentric circles dating to the döfleme olmad›¤› anlafl›lan moloz y›¤›n› dere tafllar› Early Geometric Period; potshard with thin black band ortaya ç›km›flt›r. Bu döküntü tafllar, do¤u-bat› yönünde on red slip and Ionian bowl fragments were uncovered. 3.40 m., kuzey-güney yönünde 3.17 m.’ye kadar yay›l- In addition, architectural terra cotta pieces decorated m›flt›r. Aralar›ndaki ve altlar›ndaki kireç tafllar›n›n da with kymation in relief were found. Broken, cut stones parçalanarak topra¤a kar›fl›p toprak dokusunu de¤ifltir- of limestone, that had fallen down from the upper lev- di¤i görülmüfltür. Aralardaki bu kireç tafllar›n›n höyü¤ün els, and were understood not to have belonged to some Hellenistik Dönem yap›lanmas›na ait oldu¤u ve tahrib- work of architecture, have caused the soil here become at nedeni ile bu seviyeye düfltü¤ü anlafl›lm›flt›r. Bu sevi- soft, stony and very calcareous. At the 16.88 m level, yeden ç›kan farkl› dönemlere ait keramikler aras›nda in the northeast of this trench, terra cotta architectural Hellenistik Dönem’e ait palmet bezemeli “Megara” fragments with kymation decoration in relief that were kase parças›; Klasik Dönem’e ait siyah s›rl› parçalar ve painted in ochre and dating from the Archaic Period Arkaik Dönem’e ait bitki bezemeli keramik parçalar› yer were uncovered. At 16.70-16.37 m level, Archaic Peri- almaktad›r. 17.29 m. kodundan itibaren keramik ve od potshards with red bands, Geometric Period pot- kiremit yo¤unlu¤u gözlenmifl olup, düz formlu kiremit- shards with black bands and a fragment of a basalt bowl, ler yan›nda boyal› ve mahya kiremit parçalar› da görül- probably used for cult purposes, were discovered. At müfl olup bu seviyede Arkaik Dönem’e ait difli sfenks 16.37-16.14 m level, a body fragment of an imported bafl› kabartmal› mimari terrakotta parças› ele geçmifltir. Cypriot ware that was decorated with swastika and 17.19 m. seviyesinde döküntü topra¤›n süreklilik göster- stylised arrows (White Painted IV - 7th-6th centuries BC), di¤i gözlenmifl, Hellenistik Dönem’e ait firnisli keramik shards of Cypriot ware decorated with black bands on a parçalar› yan›nda k›rm›z› kafes bezemeli, siyah iç içe white slip, and a mouth fragment of a crater which has çember ve siyah flerit bezemeli Geometrik Dönem kera- an incised decoration of wave motifs on the inside (725- mik parçalar› bulunmufltur. 675 BC), were found. Although few in the upper levels 17.11 kodunda gri, tafll› ve yumuflak döküntü toprak but becoming more numerous towards lower levels, içinden zig zag motifli, siyah kal›n bantl› ve iç içe çem- painted and flat tiles, as well as architectural revetment ber bezemeli Erken Geometrik Dönem keramik parçala- plaque pieces decorated with figures, the kymation r› ile 7.yy.’a ait k›rm›z› astar üzerine siyah ince fleritli design and vegetal motifs were uncovered (within the parça keramik, Ionia kase parçalar› a盤a ç›kar›lm›flt›r. same context as in previous years) and all this supports Keramik buluntular› beraberinde Arkaik Dönem’e ait the hypothesis that an Archaic temple (?) existed upon kymation kabartmal› mimari terrakotta parçalar› ele geç- this mound. The noteworthy finds were: an architectur- mifltir. Herhangi bir mimari olufluma ait olmad›¤› anlafl›- al revetment piece with a male warrior (?) figure wear- lan ve üst seviyeden düflmüfl olan erimifl kesme kireç ing a short skirt, only the body and legs are visible,

88 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS tafllar› bu seviyelerde de topra¤›n yumuflak, tafll› ve bol dating to the Archaic Period, which was recovered at kireçli olmas›na neden olmufltur. Açman›n kuzey do¤u- the 16.29 m level; a Hellenistic baked clay amphora sunda 16.88 m. seviyesinde yine Arkaik Dönem’e ait afl› handle with a seal impression, recovered at the 16.14 m boyal› piflmifl toprak kymation kabartmal› mimari terra level. cotta parçalar› ele geçmifltir. 16.70-16.37 m. kodunda Among the ceramic finds uncovered in the western part Arkaik Dönem k›rm›z› fleritli, siyah fleritli Geometrik of the trench are shards painted in purple and with thin Dönem keramik parçalar›, muhtemelen de kült için kul- black bands dating to the Middle Geometric Period; a lan›ld›¤› düflünülen bazalt tafl›ndan kap parças›; 16.37- fragment of terra cotta plaque with a figure wearing a 16.14 m. kodunda gamal› haç ve stilize ok bezemeli short skirt and the hind legs of a sphinx, dating from the K›br›s’tan d›flal›m keramik gövde parças› (White Painted Archaic Period, recovered at the 16.10 m level; frag- IV-‹.Ö. 7. ve 6. yy.); beyaz astar üzerine siyah flerit beze- ments of architectural terra cotta plaques with vegetal meli K›br›s keramik parçalar›; iç k›sm› kaz›ma dalga decoration recovered at the 16.01 m level (Fig. 5). The motifli krater a¤›z parças› (‹.Ö. 725-675) a盤a ç›kar›l- pieces recovered at this level were understood to have m›flt›r. Üst seviyelerden itibaren az miktarda görülen, come down from the northwest part of the trench, fakat alt seviyelere do¤ru yo¤unlaflan boyal› ve düz where the inclination of the earth is less. In the north- parça kiremitler yan›nda figürlü, kymationlu ve bitki west, the earth between the 15.88 and 15.73 m levels motifli mimari kaplama levha parçalar›n›n bulunmas› was still hard and dark coloured; Geometric Period pot- (önceki y›llarda da ayn› kontekst içinde ele geçmesi) shards decorated with wave motifs, cross-hatching höyükte Arkaik Dönem’e ait bir tap›na¤›n(?) varolabile- (Middle Geometric 850-700 BC), and repeating “Y” ce¤i görüflünü güçlendirmektedir. Önemli buluntular motifs were recovered; waste earth was found to the aras›nda 16.29 m. kodunda gövde ve bacak k›sm› görülen east and, apart from tesserae, nothing of importance was Arkaik Dönem k›sa etekli erkek savaflç›(?) figürlü mimari uncovered in this part. At the 15.73-15.48 m level, tiles kaplama parças›, 16.14 m. kodunda Hellenistik Dönem became less frequent and potshards of Early Geometric piflmifl toprak mühürlü amfora kulbu bulunmufltur. Period were unearthed. Work in this trench ceased at Bat› k›s›mda ç›kan keramik buluntular› aras›nda Orta the 15.48 m level. Geometrik Dönem siyah ince fleritli, mor boyal› parça- lar ele geçmifl olup 16.10 m. kodunda meander beze- meli ve Arkaik Dönem’e ait üzerinde sfenks betimleme- sinin arka bacaklar› ile k›sa etekli bir figür parças› yine 16.01 m. seviyesinde bitki bezemeli mimari terrakotta levhalar›na ait parçalar ele geçmifltir (Res 5). Bu seviye- ye ait ele geçen parçalar›n, açman›n toprak kaymas›n›n daha az oldu¤u kuzeybat› bölümünden geldi¤i saptan- m›flt›r. 15.88-15.73 m. seviyeleri aras›nda kuzeybat› k›s- m›nda topra¤›n hala sert, koyu renkli oldu¤u görülmüfl; dalga bezemeli; kafes taramal› (Orta Geometrik ‹.Ö. 850-700), lades kemi¤i dizisi motifli Geometrik Dönem keramik parçalar› bulunmufl olup, do¤u k›s›mda dökün- tü topra¤›n varl›¤› izlenmektedir. Bu k›s›mdan da tessera parçalar› haricinde önemli bir buluntuya rastlanmam›fl- t›r. 15.73-15.48m. seviyeleri aras›nda kiremit yo¤unlu- ¤unun azald›¤› gözlenmifl, ayr›ca Erken Geometrik Dönem keramik parçalar› a盤a ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Bu açmada çal›flmalar 15.48 m. kodunda sona erdirilmifltir. H8’de 15.48 m. koduna kadar Geometrik Dönem’e ait keramik buluntular›n›n homojen biçimde görülmesi, 16.82 m. kodundaki yan›k-küllü dolgunun yamaç e¤imi do¤rultusunda devam etmesi, açma içinde bu seviyeye kadar (15.48 m.) duvar/temel gibi bir mimari kal›nt›ya rastlan›lmamas›, açmada kal›n ve kar›fl›k bir dolgunun oldu¤unu kan›tlamaktad›r. Res. 5 / Fig. 5

89 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS

Res. 6 / Fig. 6

B.II. H9 Açmas› The fact that potshards from the Geometric Period were found homogenously down to the 15.48 m level, that Höyü¤ün güneydo¤u yamac›nda yer alan bu açman›n the burnt deposit with ash at 16.82 m level extends en üst seviyesi 16.89 m. en alt seviyesi ise 15.07 m. along the inclination of the slope, and that no architec- olarak belirlenmifltir. Bu plan karede höyü¤ün üst sevi- yelerindeki klasik tabakalar›n kaz›dan önceki dönem- tural remains of walls or foundations etc were encoun- lerde teraslanmas› ve böylece a¤›r bir tahribat geçirmifl tered down to the 15.48 m level, show that a thick and olmas› nedeniyle düflmüfl-yuvarlanm›fl kireçtafl› bloklara mixed deposit exists in the trench. ve k›r›k parçalardan oluflan döküntülere rastlanm›flt›r. Kaz› tekni¤i olarak döküntü halindeki bu tafllar›n çevre- B.II. Trench H-9 si temizlenmifl açma içindeki son durumlar› da çizim ve Located in the southeast area of the mound, this trench foto¤raflarla belgelenmifltir. Söz konusu bloklar aras›nda had an uppermost level at 16.89 m and a base level at üzerinde iki s›ra Grekçe yaz›t bulunan k›r›k bir blok bu 15.07 m. As the classical strata in the upper parts of the açman›n geç döneme ait en ilginç buluntular›ndand›r. mound were heavily destroyed due to terracing before ‹.Ö. 2. yy.’a tarihlenen söz konusu blok üzerinde “Soli’ excavations began, fallen limestone blocks, broken and de belediye baflkanl›¤› yapanlar›n...” diye bafllayan k›s- scattered were found. In accordance with excavation m› Prof. Dr. M. H. Sayar taraf›ndan okunmufltur. Soli techniques, the areas surrounding these blocks were tarihi için önemli olan bu belgenin gerisi k›r›kt›r. Di¤er cleaned, photographic and documentation drawings parçalar›n›n önümüzdeki y›llarda bulunmas› olas›d›r. were made. One of the abovementioned blocks carries Bu y›¤›nt›lar aras›nda ele geçen keramik parçalar› üst a two-line inscription in Greek and this is one of the tabakalara ait olup belirli bir stratigrafi vermez. Ço¤un- most interesting finds from the later periods of this luk tek renkli mutfak kab› parçalar›ndan oluflmaktad›r. trench. Prof. Dr. M. H. Sayar has read the inscription as follows, “... of those who served as mayors of Soli”. In Döküntü blok ve moloz tafllar belgelenip açma yüzeyin- future campaigns, we hope to find the missing parts of den kald›r›ld›ktan sonra, a¤›r tahribat verdi¤i daha eski this broken inscription, of significance for the history of dönemlere ait kerpiç bloklar›na rastlan›lm›flt›r. Kerpiç Soli. bloklar› 2002-2003 y›l›nda F9, G9 açmalar›nda a盤a ç›kar›lan Erken Hitit ‹mparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait mima- The potshards uncovered belong to upper strata and do riyle iliflki içindedir. F9 ve G9’da bütünüyle a盤a ç›ka- not exhibit any stratigraphy, most of them belonging to r›lan dikdörtgen biçimli an›tsal yap›yla ba¤lant›l› sur monochrome kitchen ware.

90 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS duvar› niteli¤indedir (Res. 6). Çünkü benzer mimari When the fallen blocks and rubble was documented kompleksler Yumuktepe VII.-V. tabakalar ile paralellik and removed, mud bricks dating from earlier periods göstermektedir. Sur duvar› ve içindeki an›tsal mimari and heavily damaged by the fallen stonework was kompleks önümüzdeki y›llarda yap›lacak kaz›larla daha found. These mudbricks are connected to the architec- iyi anlafl›labilecektir. ture of the Early Hittite Imperial Period that was uncov- ered in trenches F-9 and G-9 in 2002 and 2003. They Sonuç olarak: Sütunlu Cadde C40, C41, C42 ve B41 suggest a fortification wall that connected with the rec- plan karelerinde ortaya ç›kar›lan plastik eserler, Sütunlu tangular monumental structure uncovered entirely in Cadde’nin do¤u ve bat› sütun s›ralar›ndaki üst yap› ele- F-9 and G-9 (Fig. 6), as such architectural complexes manlar›ndan (figürlü ve bitkisel bezemeli sütun bafll›kla- have parallels with the strata VII-V of Yumuktepe. The r›) ve Sütunlu Cadde’nin içinde kültle ilgili an›tsal bir fortification wall and the monumental architectural yap›ya ait heykellerden oluflmaktad›r. Sütun bafll›klar› complex within it will be more clearly identified in the üzerindeki figürler ve heykeller, örne¤in Dionysos ve course of future excavations. Pan, Asklepios ve Telesphoros, Hygieia, Nemesis Roma pantheonunu yans›tmaktad›rlar. Bu mimari plastik örnek- In conclusion, the sculptural works uncovered in leri ve heykeller Severuslar Dönemi’ne (193-235) tarihlen- trenches C-40, C-41, C-42 and B-41 in the Colonnaded mektedir. ‹mparator Balbinus (238) heykeli ise Severus- Street include: upper structural elements (column capi- lar sonras› kendi döneminin do¤udaki eflsiz bir örne¤ini tals with figural and vegetal decoration), from the east- temsil etmektedir. Gelecek sezonlarda kaz›lar bu plan ern and western column rows of the street, and statues, kareler ve çevresinde sürdürülecektir. belonging to a monumental cultual structure in the Colonnaded Street. The figures on the column capitals Soli Höyük ise; bu y›l Hellenistik döküntü tabakas›n›n and the statues, e.g. Dionysos and Pan, Asklepios and alt›ndan gelen ve Yumuktepe VII.-V. katlar› ile paralellik Telesphoros, Hygieia and Nemesis, reflect the Roman gösteren Hitit ‹mparatorluk Ça¤› mimarisi ve savunma pantheon. These pieces of architectural sculpture and sistemi hakk›nda bilgi vermesi ve höyü¤ün bir liman statues are dated to the Severan Period (193-235). The kenti olarak Kizzuwatna ve Hitit dönemlerini ayd›nlatma- statue of the Emperor Balbinus (238) is a unique exam- s› bak›m›ndan Kilikya’n›n ‹.Ö. II. bin (Orta ve Geç Tunç ple from his period, subsequent to the Severan Period, Ça¤lar›) arkeolojisine önemli katk›larda bulunacakt›r. in the East. The excavations will continue in these grid- squares and around them in the future campaigns. The Soli Höyük will contribute greatly to our under- standing of the 2nd millennium BC (Middle and Late Bronze Age) in Cilicia, by shedding light on the Kizzu- watna and Hittite Periods at a port city with Hittite Imperial Period architecture and defence systems, which exists directly beneath the mixed Hellenistic layer, and which parallel the levels VII-V at Yumuktepe.

91

YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI / SURVEY REPORTS

Adana Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004: Kozan Surveys in Adana - Kozan in 2004

K. Serdar G‹RG‹NER - Fatih ERHAN

Adana Valili¤i ve Türk Tarih Kurumu taraf›ndan destek- Our surveys, supported by the Governorate of Adana lenen baflkanl›¤›mdaki bir ekiple 2002 y›l›nda Adana ‹li and the Turkish Historical Society began in 2002 with a Tufanbeyli ‹lçesi’nde bafllatt›¤›m›z çal›flmalar›m›za, 2003 team under the author’s direction. In 2002, the Tufan- y›l›nda Saimbeyli ‹lçesi’nde ve yine Tufanbeyli’de devam beyli township was surveyed and in 2003, surveys con- edilmifltir, 2004’de ise Tufanbeyli’de ve Adana’n›n Kozan tinued in Saimbeyli as well as in Tufanbeyli. In 2004, we ‹lçesi’nde çal›fl›lm›flt›r. Kozan’daki araflt›rmalar›m›z böl- surveyed in the Kozan township as well as continuing gede 1988 y›l›ndan beri ‹.Ü.’den Prof. Dr. M. H. Sayar our work in Saimbeyli. Our work in Kozan comprised taraf›ndan yürütülmekte olan epigrafi ve tarihi- co¤rafya data updating at the sites already in the archaeological araflt›rmalar› projesi içinde, arkeoloji literatürüne girmifl literature and the identification of mounds (höyüks) olan yerleflmelerde bir veri güncellefltirmesi yap›lmas› within the frame of the epigraphic and historical geo- ve höyük tespiti fleklindedir. graphic surveys project conducted by Prof. Dr. M. H. Sayar of Istanbul University from 1988. Bu projedeki hedeflerimizden birisi, k›smen araflt›rmas› yetersiz alanlarda (Tufanbeyli ve Saimbeyli) arkeolojik Amongst the aims of our project are to register the dokunun kay›t alt›na al›nmas›, bunun d›fl›nda Antik archaeological sites in the less surveyed areas (Tufan- Çukurova ile Adana Ovalar›n›n kuzey, kuzeybat› ve beyli and Saimbeyli), as well as to identify the prehistor- nd kuzeydo¤usunda prehistorik alanlarla birlikte özellikle ic sites, especially the settlements of the 2 millennium ‹.Ö. II. bin yerleflmelerinin tespit edilmesidir. BC that are located to north, northwest and northeast of the ancient Çukurova and Adana plains. 14 Eylül-25 Eylül 2004 tarihleri aras›nda Adana’ya 196 Our surveys covered Tufanbeyli, 196 km from Adana, km. uzakl›ktaki Tufanbeyli ile 26 Eylül-08 Ekim 2004 from the 14th to 25th of September 2004 and then, from tarihleri aras›nda Adana’n›n 70 km. kuzeydo¤usunda the 26th of September to the 8th of October, we surveyed yer alan Kozan ‹lçesi’nde 84 köy, 2 belde ve 16 mahal- over 84 villages, two districts in the township and 16 leden oluflan k›smen düzlük alanlar›nda ve da¤l›k alan- quarters of Kozan city, that is located 70 km northeast of lar›n yamaçlar›nda çal›fl›lm›flt›r. Adana in an area partially flat and partially on the slopes of mountains. Adana ‹li-Tufanbeyli ‹lçesi Çal›flmalar› 2004 y›l› Tufanbeyli’deki çal›flmalar›nda fiar Köyü’nde Work in the Tufanbeyli Township Roma Dönemi tiyatrosundaki tahribat›n devam etti¤i ve During our surveys in 2004, it was observed that the tiyatro alan›na yeni bir evin infla edildi¤i gözlemlenmifl- destruction of the Roman theatre in fiar village has con- tir. Bunun d›fl›nda fiar Köyü Prehistorik yerleflmesi (K›ç›k›- tinued and a new house was built upon it. Further, we r›k), Gala Tepe, Yass›p›nar Höyük, Bastamba ve Küçük Sar› noted destruction of the prehistoric settlement of fiar Fak› Höyük’te tahrip edilme durumlar› incelenmifltir. village (K›ç›k›r›k), of Gala Tepe, of Yass›p›nar Höyük, of Bastamba and of Küçük Sar› Fak› Höyük. Adana ‹li-Kozan ‹lçesi Çal›flmalar› Adana-Kozan ‹lçesi Pekmezci Köyü’nün 1 km. kuzey- Work in the Kozan Township bat›s›nda Çirifl Tepe, Yass›çal› Köyü’nün güneyindeki We continued our research at Çirifl Tepe, 1 km north- Ayr›çal› Mevkii ve bat›daki Az›l› Mahmut’un Mezarl›¤› west of Pekmezci village; of the Ayr›çal› area to the

93 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

south and of the Az›l› Mahmut’un Mezarl›¤› area to the west of Yass›çal› village; of Alap›nar Höyük, identified by M. Seton-Williams, in the village of the same name; of Çukurköprü to the southwest of, and of Faydal› I and II identified inside the Faydal› village and recorded in the archaeological literature by the abovementioned scholar; of Kanl› Höyük to the east of Hac›beyli town; of T›lan Höyük (Fig. 1) mentioned by M. Seton-Williams to the southwest of Hamam village; of T›rm›l (Tarm›l) Höyük (Fig. 2) in the Ortaköy quarter of ‹dem village; of Eski Köy Yeri or Tepecikören area to the northwest of Tepecikören village; of the villages of Konak-Turunçlu Res. 1 / Fig. 1 and Karacaören; of Sonören to the north of Ba¤tepe vil- lage; of Kesme Tepe to the northwest of Ayd›n village; of Höyük and Hanyeri to the southeast of Kuyuluk village; Mevkii, Alap›nar Köyü’nün merkezinde M. Seton- of Maltepesi to the southeast of Eskikabasakal village; of Williams taraf›ndan tespit edilen Alap›nar Höyük, Fayda- the Tezik area encompassing the settlements north of l› Köyü’nün güneybat›s›nda yer alan ve ayn› araflt›rmac› Güneri village; of Hamam Höyük to the southeast of taraf›ndan literatüre kaydedilen Çukurköprü, ayn› köy Yeniköy; of the Tafll› Hopur area to the northwest of s›n›rlar› içinde Faydal› Höyük I ve II, Hac›beyli Kasaba- K›z›llar village; of And›l village; of Gostur Yerinin Arkas› s›’n›n do¤usunda yer alan Kanl› Höyük, Hamam Köyü’ and of the Ören quarter to the northeast of Akdam vil- nün güneybat›s›ndaki M. Seton-Williams’›n bahsetti¤i lage; of the Çokum Kuyu area and of the K›rk Su Deresi T›lan Höyük (Res. 1), ‹dem Köyü Ortaköy Mahallesi s›n›r- Valley to the northwest of Henüzçak›r› village; and at lar› içerisinde yer alan ve ayn› araflt›rmac› taraf›ndan Tafll› Höyük to the west of Sar›bekirli quarter of Gaziköy gezilen T›rm›l (Tarm›l) Höyük (Res. 2), Tepecikören Köyü’ town, which is completely damaged today but was nün kuzeybat›s›nda yer alan Eski Köy Yeri ya da Tepecik- recorded by M. Seton-Williams. ören Mevkii, Konak-Turunçlu ve Karacaören Köyleri’n- In addition, within the framework of the project con- de, Ba¤tepe Köyü’nün kuzeyindeki Sonören, Ayd›n Köyü’ ducted by Mustafa H. Sayar, we continued research at nün kuzeydo¤usundaki Kesme Tepe, Kuyuluk Köyü’nün the following sites: around Toprakkale in the Toprakkale güneydo¤usundaki Höyük ve Hanyeri, Eskikabasakal town of Osmaniye province; the mound in the Nam›k Köyü’nün güneydo¤usundaki Maltepesi, Güneri Köyü’ Kemal quarter of Ceyhan city centre; Mercin (Boz nün kuzeyinden bafllayan yerleflme alanlar›ndan Tezik Höyük) recorded by M. Seton Williams in the north of Mevkii, Yeniköy’ün güneydo¤usundaki Hamam Höyük, the township; Muttalip Hüyük to the south of Sar›maz› K›z›lllar Köyü’nün kuzeybat›s›nda yer alan Tafll› Hopur town identified for the first time by Mustafa H. Sayar Mevkii, And›l Köyü, Akdam Köyü’nün kuzeydo¤usun- through legal research; the village centre of Çatalhüyük; daki Gostur Yerinin Arkas› ve Ören Mahallesi, Henüz- at Yar›m Höyük recorded for the first time by M. Seton- çak›r› Köyü’nün kuzeybat›s›nda yer alan Çokum Kuyu Williams to the northwest of Adap›nar (former Çerkez Mevkii ve K›rk Su Deresi Vadisi, Gaziköy Kasabas›’n›n Kara Mezar) village; Molla Abdullah Mezarl›¤› Sar›bekirli Mahallesi’nin bat›s›nda yer alan ve M. Seton- (Cemetery), called “Molla Ahmet” by M. Seton- Williams taraf›ndan kay›t alt›na al›nan, ancak günümüz- Williams, to the northeast of Ceyhan city centre; de tamamen yok edilmifl olan Tafll› Höyük’te araflt›rma- Dü¤ünyurdu Höyük II to the east of, and K›r›kköprü, lar devam etmifltir. mentioned by Seton-Williams, to the northeast of Çal›fl›lan bu alanlar›n d›fl›nda, 2004 yaz›nda yine M. H. Yeniköynaz›mbey village; Ahmet Ekenler ranch to the Sayar’›n baflkanl›¤›ndaki proje dahilinde Osmaniye ‹li, northeast of, Hardal Höyük to the southwest of, and Toprakkale Kasabas›’nda yer alan Toprakkale çevresin- Yunus Höyük to the northwest of Körkuyu village; de, Ceyhan ‹lçesi Merkez-Nam›k Kemal Mahallesi’n- Bozhöyük to the west of Kuzucak village; Zincirli deki Höyük, ilçenin kuzeyinde yer alan ve M. Seton- Höyük to the northwest of, and Köseler to the west of Williams’›n kay›t alt›na ald›¤› Mercin (Boz Höyük), Mustabeyli village; ‹sili Höyük to the northeast of ‹sal› Sar›maz› Kasabas›’n›n güneyinde yer alan ve legal bir village, also visited by M. Seton-Williams; Kör çal›flmayla ilk kez M. H. Sayar’›n tespit etti¤i Muttalip Mustafa’n›n Höyü¤ü to the south of Zeytinbeli road in Höyük’te, Çatalhüyük Köy merkezi, Adap›nar (Eski Çerkez the township of Yumurtal›k; Zeytinbeli Höyük to the Kara Mezar) Köyü’nün kuzeybat›s›nda yine M. Seton- southwest of the town with same name; Domuztepe to

94 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 2 / Fig. 2

Williams taraf›ndan ilk kez kay›t alt›na al›nan Yar›m the northwest of Augusta (Gübe) which was briefly Höyük, Ceyhan Merkez’in kuzeydo¤usundaki M. Seton- excavated by M. Akok in 1955 before it was flooded Williams’›n Molla Ahmet olarak adland›rd›¤› Molla under the Seyhan dam lake in the township of Yüre¤ir, Abdullah’›n Mezarl›¤›, Yeniköynaz›mbey Köyü’nün do¤u- where the Çukurova University is located; Aflak tepe to sunda yer alan Dü¤ünyurdu Höyük II ve kuzeydo¤uda the west of Aflak village; Karab›y›k promontory in yer alan ve M. Seton-Williams’›n belirtti¤i K›r›k Köprü, Seyhan dam lake; Velican Höyük about 12 km north of Körkuyu Köyü’nün kuzeydo¤usundaki Ahmet Ekenler Adana, now rising as an island in the dam lake, and first Çiftli¤i, güneybat›da Hardal Höyük ve kuzeybat›da yer mentioned by M. Seton-Williams; Camili Höyük next to alan Yunus Höyük, Kuzucak Köyü’nün bat›s›nda yer the Adana cement plant to the southeast of Seyhan city alan Bozhöyük, Mustabeyli Köyü’nün kuzeybat›s›nda centre, a township of Adana metropolitan area, again yer alan Zincirli Höyük ve bat›da yer alan Köseler, ‹sal› recorded by the same scholar; and at Tepeba¤ Höyük in Köyü’nün kuzeydo¤unda yer alan ve yine M. Seton- the centre of Adana, which we have been trying to draw Williams taraf›ndan ziyaret edilmifl olan ‹sili Höyük, attention to because of its importance and its ongoing Yumurtal›k ‹lçesi Yeniköy’de Zeytinbeli yolunun güne- destruction caused by construction works. yinde yer alan Kör Mustafa’n›n Höyü¤ü, Zeytinbeli Kasa- bas›’n›n güneybat›s›ndaki Zeytinbeli Höyük, Çukurova Surveys in 2005 are planned to continue in the Tufan- Üniversitesi’nin de ba¤l› oldu¤u Yüre¤ir ‹lçesi’nde Sey- beyli and Ceyhan townships of Adana, at the Develi han Baraj Gölü alt›nda kalan, 1955 y›l›nda M. Akok township of Kayseri, and in the Afflin township of Kahra- taraf›ndan çok k›sa süreli kaz›lan antik Augusta (Gübe)’ manmarafl. n›n kuzeybat›s›nda yer alan Domuztepe, Aflak Köyü’nün bat›s›nda yer alan Aflak Tepe, Seyhan Baraj Gölü’nde Karab›y›k Yar›madas›, Adana kent merkezinin yaklafl›k 12 km. kuzeyinde yer alan ve günümüzde Seyhan Baraj Gölü içinde bir adac›k fleklinde görünen ve ilk kez M. Seton-Williams’›n bahsetti¤i Velican Höyük, Yüre¤ir gibi Adana Merkez ilçelerden olan Seyhan ‹lçesi’nde kent merkezinin güneydo¤usundaki Adana Çimento Fabrika- s›’n›n yan›nda yer alan ve ayn› araflt›rmac›n›n kay›t alt›- na ald›¤› Camili Höyük, 1998 y›l›ndan beri önemine ve üzerindeki yap›laflmaya dikkat çekti¤imiz, Adana kent merkezindeki Tepeba¤ Höyük’te araflt›rmalar devam etmifltir. 2005 y›l› arazi çal›flmalar›n›n, Adana ‹li’nin Tufanbeyli ve Ceyhan, Kayseri ‹li’nin Develi ve Kahramanmarafl ‹li’nin Afflin ‹lçelerinde sürdürülmesi planlanmaktad›r.

95

Alanya ve Çevresinde Bizans Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Byzantine Surveys in and Around Alanya in 2004

Sema DO⁄AN

Antalya ‹li ve ‹lçelerinde Bizans Araflt›rmalar› yüzey The Byzantine surveys in the province and townships of araflt›rmas›n›n 2004 y›l› arazi çal›flmas›, 12.09.2004 - Antalya were conducted from the 12th to 21st of Septem- 21.09.2004 tarihleri aras›nda yap›lm›flt›r. Antalya’n›n ber in 2004. 19 settlements in Alanya, Gündo¤mufl and Alanya, Gündo¤mufl ve Gazipafla ‹lçeleri’ne ba¤l› köy- Gazipafla townships, their districts and villages were lerde ve beldelerde sürdürülen çal›flmalarda 19 yerle- surveyed. Our study on the Byzantine materials at the flimde incelemelerde bulunulmufltur. 2003 y›l›nda Kül- Alanya Museum in 2003 with the permission issued by tür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›’n›n izniyle, Alanya Arkeoloji the ministry of Culture and Tourism led us to survey the Müzesi’nde Bizans tafl yap›tlar› üzerine çal›flmalar›m›z, Byzantine sites and structures in and around Alanya and bizi Alanya ve çevresindeki Bizans yerleflim ve yap›lar›- the provenance of the rich materials at the Museum. na yönlendirmifl, Müze’deki zengin tafl buluntular›n Our surveys in the province of Antalya had covered kullan›m yerlerini araflt›rmaya neden olmufltur. 1998 mainly the Lycian area; however, from 2004, we began y›l›ndan bu yana Antalya ve ‹lçelerinde, yo¤un olarak surveying the townships to the east of Antalya city cen- Likya’da sürdürdü¤ümüz yüzey araflt›rmalar›, 2004 y›l›n- tre and particularly in the township of Alanya. Our aim dan itibaren Antalya’n›n do¤usunda kalan ilçelerde, özel- is to evaluate the Byzantine settlements, structures and likle Alanya ve çevresinde sürdürülmeye devam edilmifl- architectural decoration along the Mediterranean coast. tir. Amac›m›z Akdeniz k›y›s›ndaki Bizans yerleflim ve yap›lar› ile mimari bezemelerinin de¤erlendirilmesidir. We have noted and identified military structures such as castles and watchtowers, civic structures such as bath- Bu y›l öncelikle Alanya olmak üzere Gündo¤mufl ve houses, olive presses, cisterns etc as well as churches Gazipafla ‹lçeleri’nde toplam 19 yerleflimde inceleme and chapels during this year’s surveys at 19 settlements, yap›larak Bizans yerleflimlerinde kilise ve flapellerin yan› mainly by Alanya and in the Gündo¤mufl and Gazipafla s›ra kale, garnizon gibi askeri yap›lar ile hamam, zeytin townships. iflli¤i, sarn›ç vd. sivil ifllevdeki yap›lar saptanm›flt›r. The 2004 schedule foresaw the identification of the 2004 y›l› çal›flma program›, Alanya ve çevresinde kaz› yap›lmayan Bizans yerleflim ve yap›lar›n›n saptanmas›n›, unexcavated Byzantine settlements and structures in önümüzdeki y›llarda ise belirlenen yap›larda kapsam- and around Alanya; and the documentation of the iden- l› çal›fl›larak belgelenmesini hedef alm›flt›r. Alanya’n›n tified sites is foreseen in the future. A complex by the bat›s›nda, Türkler Beldesi’nde, k›y› yol fleridinin kena- coastal road in Türkler district to the west of Alanya r›nda yer alan yap› kompleksi, do¤uda apsis duvar› ile comprises a church, only the apse and south wall of naosun güney duvar›n›n k›smen ayakta oldu¤u bir kilise which remain standing, and wall remains to its north ile kuzeyinde, bat›ya ve kuzeye do¤ru devam eden extending to the north and west. Such walls around the duvar kal›nt›lar› içermektedir. Kilisenin çevresindeki church suggest the possible presence of a monastery. mekanlara iliflkin bu duvarlar, olas›l›kla burada bir The masonry of alternating rows of brick and stone, and manast›r›n varl›¤›na iflaret eder. Kilisenin güney duvar›- the potshards on the surface display Early Byzantine fea- n›n almafl›k tekni¤i ile yüzeyde görülen seramik bulun- tures. A large pit in the middle of the naos is evidence tular Erken Bizans özellikleri tafl›maktad›r. Kilisenin of recent illegal excavations. naosunun ortas›nda aç›lm›fl büyük bir çukur, kaçak kaz› In the Konakl› district, between Alanya and Türkler, on yap›ld›¤›n› ortaya koymaktad›r. the top and slopes of the middle of the three hills on the Alanya ile Türkler aras›nda Konakl› Beldesi’nde karayo- coastal side of the road there are square/ quadrangular lunun k›y› taraf›nda kalan üç tepeden ortadakinin üst structures and an olive press, evidence of a settlement

97 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS düzleminde ve yamac›nda, kare/dörtgen planl› yap›lar here and the materials and techniques of the extant ile bir zeytin iflli¤i buradaki bir yerleflimin verileridir. walls and the potshards on the surface show Byzantine Günümüze gelen duvarlar›n malzeme tekni¤i ile yüzey- characteristics. deki seramik buluntular, Bizans nitelikleri tafl›maktad›r. Following the coastal road towards Antalya, at the Antalya’ya do¤ru devam eden k›y› yol fleridinde, Avsal- Tolhan (Yeflilköy) district, past the Avsallar area are the lar Mevkii’ni geçtikten sonra yer alan Tolhan (Yeflilköy) extant walls of a bathhouse, which were damaged Beldesi’nde bir hamam›n duvar kal›nt›lar›, karayolunu during road construction and the Museum directorate geniflletme çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda kepçe ile tahrip edil- then caused the course of this road to be altered. Three mifl, duruma Müze Müdürlü¤ünce müdahale edilerek facades, possibly of the caldarium of a bath house are yolun yönü de¤ifltirilmifltir. Hamam›n olas›l›kla calda- provided with large niches and it is in a good state of rium bölümüne ait üç cephesi büyük nifllerle geniflletil- preservation, standing with its dome and vaulting. Ad- mifl mekan, kubbe ve tonoz örtü elemanlar› ile tümüyle joining this hall, are wall remains belonging to the tepi- ayaktad›r. Bu mekana bitiflik, tepidarium ve frigidarium darium and the frigidarium. The pipes and potshards bölümleri duvar kal›nt›s› olarak günümüze gelebilmifltir. inside and around the baths provide important evidence Hamam›n içinde ve çevresinde künkler ve seramik for dating the structure. buluntular, tarihlendirme verileri olarak önem tafl›mak- tad›r. A church and a square-plan structure to its west were noted at Elikesik village to the northeast of Konakl›. Konakl›’n›n kuzeydo¤usundaki Elikesik Köyü’nde bir kili- Only the apse wall of the church remains standing. The se ile bat›s›nda kare planl› bir yap› saptanm›flt›r. Kilise- square shaped structure to the west was built with rub- nin yaln›z apsis duvar› ayakta olup, naos duvarlar› yok- ble walls including with dressed stones, with brick tur. Bat›daki kare planl› yap› ise kesme tafl dolgu duvar pieces here and there. The structure has walls approxi- tekni¤inde, yer yer k›r›k tu¤la kullan›larak infla edilmifl- mately 1 m thick, and with its dominating position, tir. Duvar kal›nl›¤› yaklafl›k 1 m. olan yap›n›n, çevreye dimensions and layout, its function as a watchtower is hakim konumu, boyutlar› ve plan›, gözetleme kulesi probable. Behind the apse of the church is a wall ex- amac›yla kullan›ld›¤›n› düflündürür. Öte yandan apsisin tending from the northeast to the east, possibly dating to arkas›nda, kuzeydo¤udan do¤uya do¤ru uzanan bir antiquity. The rectangular structure at a different eleva- duvar, olas›l›kla antik döneme aittir. Apsisin do¤usunda tion, to the east of the apse, also has walls constructed farkl› kottaki dikdörtgen planl› yap› ise kule ile benzer in a similar fashion to that of the tower. teknikte duvarlar içerir. Konakl›-Toslak’tan kuzeye do¤ru ayr›lan yol üzerinde The structure called Akkale is situated on the way north yer alan Akkale olarak adland›r›lm›fl yap›, dörtgen plan- from Konakl›-Toslak. It is a quadrangular structure built l›d›r. Duvarlar› kayrak tafl› ile örülmüfl, köflelerde kesme from slate stone and reinforced by cut stones at the tafllarla güçlendirilmifltir. Akkale ile ayn› eksen üzerin- corners. On the same axis as Akkale are two further de, birbirine uzakl›klar› kufl uçumu birer kilometre olan structures, in a straight line 1 km from each other. When iki yap› yer almaktad›r. Dörtgen planl›, küçük boyutlu these quadrangular and small sized structures are bu yap›lar birlikte de¤erlendirildi¤inde, üç yan› da¤l›k together taken into consideration, it can be suggested genifl vadinin kontrolü için yap›lm›fl gözetleme ya da that they were built to watch over the wide valley sur- yol üzerinde konaklama yap›lar› olabilir. rounded by mountains on three sides and/or to provide secure overnight facilities en route. Alanya’n›n kuzeyindeki Gündo¤mufl ‹lçesi’nde, Güzel- ba¤ Köyü’nün do¤usunda yer alan Kalybrassos antik In the township of Gündo¤mufl, the ancient city of kenti, tepe üzerine kurulmufltur. Yamaçta kayaya oyma Kalybrassos is situated on a hill to the east of Güzelba¤ bir mezar, aslan bezemeli levha ile kartal figürlü cephe village. A rock-cut tomb on the slope can be considered düzeni ve basamakl› girifli nedeniyle kült alan› olarak a cult site from the relief with a lion, a facade arrange- nitelenebilir. Tepeye ç›kan merdivenler, do¤al kayalar ment with a figure of an eagle and a stepped entrance- biçimlendirilerek oluflturulmufltur. Tepede farkl› düzlem- way. The steps leading up the hill are carved from the de yer alan iki an›tsal tap›nak bölgenin Roma Dönemi’ bedrock. Two monumental temples situated on different ne ›fl›k tutar. Alttaki tap›na¤a iniflte buldu¤umuz, kabart- levels on the top of the hill shed light on the Roman ma madalyon içinde haç motifi bezemeli k›r›k parça, bir Period in the region. Descending to the lower temple, vaftiz teknesine aittir (Res. 1). Tepenin en üst noktas›n- we discovered a broken piece of stone, decorated with daki birbirine bitiflik mekanlar›n özensiz duvar kal›n- a cross motif inside a medallion in relief being a part t›lar›, burada Bizans yerleflimi oldu¤unu düflündürür. from a baptismal font (Fig. 1). The low quality wall

98 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 Kalybrassos-vaftiz teknesi / Fig. 1 Kalybrassos, piece of Res. 2 K›z›lcaflehir Kale / Fig. 2 K›z›lcaflehir Kale (the Fort). the baptismal font.

Olas›l›kla antik kent, Bizans Dönemi’nde kimi ek yap›- remains belonging to the adjoining structures on the larla kullan›m›n› sürdürmüfltür. summit of the hill suggest the presence here of a Byzan- tine settlement. Possibly the ancient city continued to be K›z›lcaflehir Kale, Alanya’n›n Oba Beldesi’nde, K›z›lca- inhabited in the Byzantine Period with some additions flehir Köyü’nde yer al›r. Tepenin üst düzleminde, Akde- made to the antique buildings. niz’i ve Alanya’y› genifl görüfl aç›s› ile gören Kale, d›fl ve iç surlardan oluflmaktad›r (Res. 2). Surlarda kesme tafl, The K›z›lcaflehir Kale is found in the village of K›z›lca- dolgu duvar tekni¤i, tu¤la-kiremit kullan›m› ile Bizans flehir in the Oba district of Alanya. The fortress on top of kalesi olarak niteledi¤imiz K›z›lcaflehir’de iki sur aras›n- the hill comprises outer and inner walls and it has a da ve ‹ç Kale’de dörtgen planl› mekanlar ile ‹ç Kale’de wide angle view encompassing the Mediterranean and bir flapel belirlenmifltir. fiapelin do¤usu üç apsisli, kuzey Alanya (Fig. 2). Cut stones, rubble, bricks and tiles are ve güney duvarlar› nifllerle geniflletilmifltir. Örtüsü employed in the walls and we identified this structure as y›k›lm›fl olan yap›da duvar resimlerine iliflkin kal›nt›lar a Byzantine fortress. There exist quadrangular structures dikkati çeker. between the inner and outer walls and inside the inner fort as well as a chapel within the inner fort. The chapel Obaköy’ün kuzeybat›s›nda Ç›plakl›-Aksaray Mevkii’n- has three apses and its south and north walls were artic- deki Orman Deposu’nda bir yap› kal›nt›s› ve zeytin iflli¤i ulated with niches. The superstructure has not survived ile tek mekanl›, do¤usu apsisli, üzeri tonoz örtülü bir but traces of wall paintings are discernible. flapel yer al›r. fiapelin içte tüm duvarlar› ve tonoz örtüsü duvar resimleri ile bezenmifltir. To the northwest of Obaköy is the Forestry storage area in the Ç›plakl›-Aksaray area and within this forestry stor- Alanya-Gazipafla yolunda, Mahmutlar Beldesi’nde age area are the remains of a structure, an olive press Gözüküçük Köyü’nün kuzey bat›s›ndaki tepede yer alan and a single nave chapel covered by a vault and termi- Laertes antik kenti, Hellenistik ve Roma surlar› ile kent nating in an apse in its east end. The entire walls and içinde hamam, odeon gibi kimi antik yap›lar bar›nd›r- vault of this chapel are decorated with paintings. maktad›r. Surlarda yer yer Bizans duvar örgüsü, kentin Bizans Dönemi’nde kullan›m›na iliflkin verilerdir. The ancient city of Laertes is located on a hill to the northwest of Gözüküçük village in Mahmutlar district Antik kaynaklarda Laertes’in liman kenti olarak belirti- on the Alanya-Gazipafla road. The ruins include Helle- len Naula, Mahmutlar Beldesi’nde, k›y› yolunun kenar›n- nistic and Roman city walls and some ancient structures daki yazl›k evlerin arkas›nda yer al›r. Kent, günümüzde such as baths and an odeon within the city. Byzantine muz bahçelerinin içinde kalm›flt›r. Kentin çevresi surlar- masonry observed at places in the city walls is evidence la çevrilmifl olup, surlar üzerinde iki katl› kule benzeri, for the Byzantine use of this city. kare planl› yap›lar yer al›r. Surlarda kayrak tafl› ile kire- mit örgü görülür. Naula, mentioned as the port of Laertes in the ancient sources, lies concealed behind the summer resort hous- es by the coastal road in Mahmutlar district and,

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Res. 3 Naula-D Kilisesi / Fig. 3 Naula, Church D Res. 4 Halil Liman› Kilise / Fig. 4 The Church at the Halil Liman›

Kent içinde belirledi¤imiz dört kilise an›tsal boyutlar› ile surrounded by banana plantations, the site has two-sto- dikkati çeker. A Kilisesi’nin apsisi günümüze gelebilmifl, ried tower-like structures rising upon the fortifications. apsiste duvar resimlerine iliflkin kal›nt›lar belirlenmifltir. The city walls were built from slate stone and brick masonry. Four churches identified within the city are B Kilisesi’nin apsisi ile naosun kuzey ve güney duvarlar› noteworthy for their monumental size. günümüze gelmifltir. Yap›, yaklafl›k 20 m. uzunlu¤u ile an›tsal boyutludur. Duvarlar› s›val› ve yer yer duvar Church A, all that remains is its apse wall, which carries resimleri izlenebilmektedir. Apsisin güneydo¤u duvar›n- traces of wall paintings. da bir nifl, olas›l›kla prothesis olarak kullan›lm›fl olmal›- Church B, its apse, south and north walls remain still d›r. Naosun bat›s›nda ise eksende olmayan, iki katl› pen- standing. This monumental structure has a length of cereli bir yap› yer al›r. approximately 20 m and the walls are plastered and C Kilisesi, günümüzde yerleflimin içinde kalm›fl bir köy traces of wall paintings are discernible in places. A evinin bahçesindedir. Yaln›z apsisi ayaktad›r. Kiliseye niche in the southeast wall of the apse should have been iliflkin baflka veri yoktur. used as a prothesis. To the west of the naos and off the axis of this church is a two-storied building with D Kilisesi, bir köy evinin arka bahçesinde, muzluklar›n windows. bafllang›c›ndad›r. Yap›n›n apsisi ile naosun kuzey duva- r›n›n bir bölümü günümüze gelebilmifltir (Res. 3). Apsis- Church C is located today within the garden of a village te ikiz pencere aç›kl›¤› vard›r. Kilisenin bugün toprakla house. Only its apse is standing and there is no other dolmufl zeminindeki tesserae, özgün mozaik döflemenin evidence regarding this structure. varl›¤›na iliflkin bir veridir. Church D is located in the back yard of a village house, Kilise ile sur duvarlar›n›n malzeme ve teknikleri, ilk by the start of the banana plantation. Only its apse and gözlemlerimizde ça¤dafl olduklar› izlenimi vermektedir. part of the north wall remain (Fig. 3) and the apse has a Varl›¤›n› kaynaklardan bildi¤imiz beflinci kilise ise önü- twin window. Tesserae on the ground suggest the pres- müzdeki y›l belirlenecektir. ence of an original mosaic floor, concealed beneath the earth filling. Alanya-Gazipafla karayolunda yer alan ‹otape antik ken- ti, iki ilçenin s›n›r›ndaki bir tepenin, yamac›ndan deniz Our first observations and impressions based on the k›y›s›na kadar inen eteklerinde kurulmufltur. Günümüz- materials and masonry techniques are that the church de karayolu kentin ortas›ndan geçmektedir. Kentin k›y›- and the city walls were constructed at the same time. da kalan bölümünde do¤u-bat› yönünde uzanan tek The fifth church, whose existence is known from the nefli, do¤usu apsisli bir kilise ile ayn› yönlerde yap›lm›fl sources, should be identified next year. tek mekanl›, do¤usu apsisli bir flapel kentin Bizans The ancient city of Iotape is situated on a hill on the Dönemi’ne iliflkin yap›lard›r. Kentte dinsel yap›lar›n Alanya-Gazipafla road, on the border between these d›fl›nda sivil ifllevli Bizans yap›lar›n›n varl›¤› da belirlen- two townships. The site extends from the slopes of the mifltir. hill down the slope towards the sea and the modern

100 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Alanya-Gazipafla yolu üzerinde ‹otape kentini geçtikten road passes through the site. In the part of the city sonra Halil Liman› Mevkii’nde karayolunun üst yan›nda between the sea and the road there is a single nave bir kilise, alt yan›nda ise tonozlu bir mezar yap›s› yer church with an apse in the east and a chapel with an al›r. Kilise, do¤usu içte ve d›flta yar›m daire biçimli apse, reflecting the Byzantine Period in this city. In ad- apsisli, bazilikal planl›d›r (Res. 4). Apsisin yan› s›ra yap›- dition, other Byzantine civic structures were identified. n›n kuzey duvar› günümüze gelmifltir. Apsisin örtüye Past Iotape on the Alanya-Gazipafla road, in the Halil geçifl seviyesinde bir yaz›t yer al›r. Karemsi plandaki Liman› area is a vaulted tomb on the lower side of the mezar›n ifllevine ve dönemine iliflkin veriler önümüz- road and a church on the upper side of the road. The deki sezonda araflt›r›lacakt›r. church is a basilica with an apse that is semi-circular Alanya-Gazipafla yolunda B›çk›c› Çay›’n›n denize dökül- both on the interior and on the exterior (Fig. 4). Besides dü¤ü k›y›daki burunda yer alan B›çk›c› (Bal›kç›) Kule, iki the apse, the north wall of the structure also has sur- katl›, tonozlu bir yap›d›r. Denizi ve günümüz karayolu- vived to the present day. There is an inscription where nu görüfl aç›s›na alan kulenin gözetleme-kontrol amaçl› the apse wall joins the superstructure. The function and kullan›ld›¤› düflünülebilir. Kulenin arkas›ndaki tepe üze- dating of the squarish tomb will be examined during the rinde ise B›çk›c› Manast›r ad›yla bilinen Bizans yerlefli- next season’s work. mi yer al›r. Tepe üzerinde denize hakim konumda bir kilise, surlara ait duvarlar ile hamam oldu¤u düflünülen Where the B›çk›c› Creek flows into the sea on the bir yap›, ilk tespitlerimizdir (Res. 5). Kilise, do¤u-bat› Alanya-Gazipafla road there is a promontory with the yönünde uzanan, do¤usu yar›m daire biçimli apsisli, two-storied and vaulted B›çk›c› (Bal›kç›) Tower. It is olas›l›kla üç nefli bazilikal planl›d›r. Yap›n›n naosu, plausible to suggest that this was a watchtower, as it has duvarlar›n ve nefleri ay›ran kemerlerin y›k›nt›lar› ile a wide view out over the sea and the modern highway. dolmufltur. Kuzeydo¤u köflede tonozlu bir mekan›n, On the hill behind the tower there is a Byzantine settle- duvarlar›n›n yaklafl›k 10 cm. kal›nl›¤›nda pembe renkte ment known as B›çk›c› monastery. Amongst our first harçla kaplanmas› sarn›ç havuzu oldu¤unu düflündürür. identifications from this site are a church on top of the Kilisenin güneydo¤usundaki yamaçta kemerli bir yap›, hill and dominating the sea, the city walls and a struc- olas›l›kla hamamd›r. ture understood to have been a bathhouse (Fig. 5). The church is orientated in an east-west direction with a Gazipafla-Mersin karayolunda, K›c›k (Muzkent) Köyü’n- semi-circular apse in the east and it is probably a three- deki Nephelis antik kenti, dik yamaçlarda, da¤›n›k aisled basilica. The naos is filled with debris from the yap›lar toplulu¤u biçiminde kurulmufltur. Muzluklar walls and arches separating the aisles. A vaulted room aras›ndaki yap›lar, 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar› kapsam›nda ince- in the northeast corner has walls covered with a 10 cm lenememifltir. thick pink plaster, suggesting its function as a cistern Alanya çevre yolunun kuzeyinde yola yaklafl›k 2 km. tank. The arched structure on the slope to the southeast mesafede Hac›mehmetli Köyü’ndeki Hagios Georgios of the church was possibly a bathhouse. Kilisesi / halk aras›nda H›drellez ad›yla an›lan yap›, The ancient city of Nephelis in the K›c›k (Muzkent) vil- lage on the Gazipafla-Mersin road comprises scattered groups of buildings on steep slopes. The structures with- in the banana plantations could not be examined in 2004. The Hagios Georgios Church, known locally as H›drel- lez, is located in the village of Hac›mehmetli, 2 km north of the Alanya highway by-pass. This is a Greek Ortho- dox church, dating to 1873 from to its inscription. This single nave church has a small apse in the east, also visible on the exterior. To the west of the naos is the women’s gallery accessed via a stairway from the exte- rior of the church. The timber ceiling of the church and the woodwork of the women’s gallery embody the char- acter of late 19th century Ottoman art. On the upper slopes of the hill, where the church is situated, there is Res. 5 B›çk›c› Manast›r / Fig. 5 The B›çk›c› Monastery a water source reached by an original stepped path and

101 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

1873 tarihli yap›m yaz›t› ile günümüze gelmifl bir Rum this fountain is decorated with a plaque with a cross kilisesidir. Tek nefli bazilikal planl› yap›n›n do¤usunda motif and the figure of a saint in relief, a further indica- küçük bir apsis d›fltan da izlenebilmektedir. Naosun tion of the sacredness of this water source. bat›s›nda, d›flar›dan merdivenlerle ç›k›lan ikinci kat, Most of the structures we have identified in and around gynekaion kad›nlar bölümüdür. Kilisenin ahflap tavan› Alanya have been registered by the Alanya Museum; ve gynekaion’un ahflap iflçili¤i 19. yy. geç Osmanl› however, their plans and measured drawings have not Dönemi sanat özelliklerini yans›t›r. Kilisenin yer ald›¤› been prepared, and the evidence regarding their func- tepenin yukar› yamac›nda, dönemine ait özgün basa- tions and dates has not as yet been studied. Our surveys maklarla ç›k›lan yol, bir su kayna¤›na ulaflmaktad›r. Ön will continue the next season with the documentation cephesinde bir aziz kabartmas› ile haç bezemeli levha- and evaluation of the structures that have been identi- n›n yer ald›¤› çeflme, kayna¤›n kutsall›¤›na da iflaret eder. fied to date. Alanya ve çevresinde belirledi¤imiz yap›lar›n ço¤un- I would like to forward my sincere thanks to the direct- lu¤u, Alanya Müzesi Müdürlü¤ü’nce tescil edilmifl olup, orate of Alanya Museum and art historian B. Taymaz, plan ve röleve çizimleri yap›lmam›fl, ifllev ve tarihlendir- museum curator and the state representative for their meye yönelik veriler henüz incelenmemifltir. Yüzey help and contributions. araflt›rmam›z, önümüzdeki sezondan itibaren, belirle- nen yap›lar› belgeleme ve de¤erlendirme çal›flmalar› ile sürdürülecektir. Alanya Müzesi Müdürlü¤ü’ne ve Bakanl›k temsilcisi Müze Uzman›, Sanat Tarihçisi Say›n B. Taymaz’a yard›m- lar› ve katk›lar›ndan dolay› teflekkürlerimi sunar›m.

102 Asi Deltas› ve Asi Vadisi Arkeoloji Projesi: Samanda¤ ve Antakya Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 The Asi Delta and the Asi Valley Archaeological Project in 2004 Samanda¤ and Antakya Surveys

Hatice PAM‹R - Gunnar BRANDS

Asi Nehri Vadisi ve Asi Deltas› Arkeoloji Projesi, 1998- The Asi River Valley and the Asi Delta Archaeological 2001 y›llar› aras›nda Chicago Oriental Institute ve Musta- Project was initiated and conducted together with fa Kemal Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Chicago Oriental Institute by Mustafa Kemal University Anabilim Dal› ile ortaklafla bafllat›lm›fl ve yürütülmüfltür. between 1998 and 2001. As of 2002, the project has 2002 y›l›ndan itibaren ise baflkanl›¤›m alt›nda ba¤›ms›z been undertaken independently, under the direction of bir proje olarak yürütülmektedir. Proje, Amik Ovas› Tunç the author. The project aims at researching the settle- Ça¤› ve Demir Ça¤› yerleflimlerinin Akdenize aç›lan kap›- ment pattern in the Asi Delta and the Upper Asi Valley s› olan Asi Deltas› ile Amik Ovas› aras›ndaki kültürel ba¤- [the section between the Amik Plain and the Asi Delta], lant›y› sa¤layan do¤al bir geçit olan Yukar› Asi Vadisi’n- which is a natural passageway facilitating the cultural deki (Amik Ovas› ile Asi Deltas› aras›nda kalan kesime connection between the Amik Plain and the Asi Delta, verilen ad) ve Asi Deltas›’ndaki yerleflim dokusunu arafl- which was the gate of the Amik Plain Bronze Age and t›rma amaçl› uygulanan bir projedir. Bronz Ça¤›’ndan Iron Age settlements that opened into the Mediterra- ‹slami Dönem’e kadar evredeki yerleflim dokusunun nean. In addition to identifying the settlement pattern belirlenmesinin amaçlanmas›n›n yan› s›ra, kronolojik from the Bronze Age through to the Islamic Period, it s›ra içersinde Sabuniye, Al Mina, Seleukeia Pieria ve has been among our goals to document the architec- Antiokheia gibi etki merkezi konumundaki yerleflimlere tural remains of important centres such as Sabuniye, Al ait mimari kal›nt›lar›n belgelenmesi ve bu yerleflimlerin Mina, Seleucia Pieria and Antiochia, and to prepare topografik ve antik yerleflim planlar›n›n ç›kar›lmas›, k›y› topographic and ancient settlement plans, as well as çizgisinin de¤ifliminin Delta’daki yerleflimler üzerindeki conducting paleogeographic surveys to identify the etkilerinin belirlenmesine yönelik paleoco¤rafik araflt›r- effects of changes in the coastline on the settlements in malar yap›lmas› da hedeflenmifltir. the delta. 1998-2001 y›llar› aras›nda Asi Deltas›’nda toplam 55 yer- Between 1998 and 2001, 55 settlements were located in leflim noktas› saptanm›fl, k›y› de¤iflim çizgisinin tespitine the Asi Delta and paleogeographic surveys were con- yönelik paleoco¤rafik araflt›rmalar gerçeklefltirilmifltir. ducted in order to identify the changes in the coastline. Bu yerleflim yerlerinden Asi Nehri yata¤›n›n kuzey yan›n- At Al Mina and Sabuniye, which are on the northern da yer alan Al Mina ve Sabuniye yerleflimlerinde yüzey bank of the Asi River bed, archaeological surveys were buluntular›n›n de¤erlendirilmesine yönelik arkeolojik conducted in order to evaluate the surface finds and yüzey araflt›rmas› uygulanm›fl, Sabuniye’nin topografik a topographic map of Sabuniye was prepared. The sur- haritas› ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Deltan›n kuzeyinde ise Hellenistik veys at Seleucia Pieria, the port city founded in the Dönem’de kurulmufl olan liman flehri Seleukeia Pieria’ north of the delta during the Hellenistic Period, aimed da mimari an›tlar›n tespitine yönelik yüzey araflt›rmalar› at identifying the architectural monuments and the gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Bu döneme ait araflt›rma sonuçlar› results were published. yay›nlanm›flt›r. The 2004 survey campaign of the project was conduct- 2004 Y›l› Asi Nehri Deltas› ve Asi Vadisi yüzey araflt›r- ed from July 15th to August 27th at three important sites: mas› 15 Temmuz-27 A¤ustos 2005 tarihleri aras›nda Antiochia extending to the intersection point of the Asi

103 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Valley and the Amik Plain, at Sabuniye and at Seleu- cia Pieria (Map 1) on the east-south slopes of the Asi Valley.

Work at Sabuniye Sabuniye is located on a natural hill on the north bank of Asi River, 5 km inland from the sea. The site was discovered by the British archaeologist L. Woolley in 1936 during his excavations at Al Mina and 3 sounding trenches were dug. L. Wooley claimed that the settle- ment at the mound began in the MBA and that it was inhabited by the Greek colonists and merchants active at Al Mina; however, his conclusions remain disputed. Forgotten after 1936, Sabuniye was surveyed from 1999 to 2003 after it was re-identified, surface finds were col- lected and evaluated, and a topographic map of the mound was prepared. This year’s work included draw- ings of 2 trench profiles left from Woolley’s excavations and another profile formed by erosion and rainfall. The first general evaluation of the surface finds on these two Har. 1 / Map. 1 profiles showed that settlement began in the LBA. Among the surface finds, a cylindrical seal of soft white limestone, a Mitanni seal of the 14th century BC, numer- ous Cyprian white-slip wares (LBA II) and Late Mycen- Hatay ‹li, Samanda¤ ve Antakya Merkez ilçelerinde Asi aean pottery show that this mound had an important Vadisi’nin 3 büyük yerleflim alan›nda Asi Vadisi’nin place in eastern Mediterranean trade. Amik Ovas› ile kesiflti¤i noktada uzanan Antiokheia’da, Asi Vadisi’nin do¤u-güney yamaçlar›nda, Sabuniye ve Research to be carried out on the Sabuniye Höyü¤ü will Seleukeia Pieria’da (Har. 1) gerçeklefltirilmifltir. further clarify whether the mound connecting the Amik Plain cultures with the Mediterranean and Aegean cul- Sabuniye Çal›flmalar› tures developed as a commercial station or as a port city that was related to the contemporaneous Tell Atchana in K›y› çizgisinden 5 km. içerde Asi Nehri’nin kuzey the Amik Plain. yan›nda do¤al bir tepenin üzerinde uzanan Sabuniye 1936 y›l›nda ‹ngiliz arkeolog L. Woolley taraf›ndan kefl- Work at Seleucia Pieria fedilmifl, Al Mina kaz› çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda burada yap- t›¤› deneme amaçl› 3 sondaj kaz›s› gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Our work at Seleucia Pieria on the northern end of the L. Woolley höyükteki yerleflimin Orta Tunç Ça¤›’nda Asi Delta included elevation drawings of the monumen- bafllad›¤›n› ve Al Mina’ da faaliyet gösteren Yunanl› tal remains, the documentation of the burial chambers in the East Necropolis, geophysical surveys (geomagne- kolonist ve tüccarlar taraf›ndan iskan edildi¤ini ileri sür- tometer and geo-radar) in order to identify any buried müfltür, ancak görüflleri bugün halen tart›fl›lmaktad›r. monumental remains in the area to the east of the inner 1936 y›l›ndan sonra gözlerden uzak kalan Sabuniye’de harbour, and geodesic measurements in order to draw a 1999-2001, 2002, ve 2003 y›llar›nda yürütülen yüzey map of the ancient city. araflt›rmalar› sonucunda höyü¤ün yeri yeniden tespit edilmifl, yüzey buluntular› toplanarak de¤erlendirilmifl The elevation drawings of the architectural remains of ve höyü¤ün topografik haritas› ç›kar›lm›flt›. Bu y›lki çal›fl- the ancient city were initiated in 2002 and continued mada L. Woolley’ in 1936 y›l›nda araflt›rma amaçl› açt›¤› in 2004. The work carried out by architect S. Biçer cov- sondaj çal›flmalar›ndan arta kalan 2 kesit profil ve tepe- ered the ground plan and elevation drawings of the nin ete¤inde ya¤mur ve erozyon nedeniyle aç›lm›fl bir granary adjoining the inner harbour and the eastern pier kesitin çizim çal›flmalar› gerçeklefltirildi. Bu iki kesit üze- of the outer harbour that is dated to the 4th century. The rindeki yüzey buluntular›n›n ilk genel de¤erlendirmesi, Harbour Gate, so-called in travel accounts since the

104 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1

höyü¤ün Geç Tunç Ça¤›’ndan bafllayan bir yerleflime 18th century, which is a main gate with double towers, sahip oldu¤unu göstermektedir. Yüzey buluntular› ara- was cleaned of undergrowth and garbage, and its plan s›nda beyaz yumuflak kireçtafl›ndan silindir bir mühür, and elevations were prepared (Fig. 1). Documentation ‹.Ö. 14. yy. Mitanni mührü, önemli miktarda K›br›s beyaz of the rock tombs in the necropoli also continued this astarl›lar› (Geç Tunç II) ve Geç Miken serami¤i höyü¤ün year. In the East Necropolis, 25 rock-cut burial cham- Do¤u Akdeniz ticareti içersinde önemli bir yere sahip bers and 1 sarcophagus were documented. oldu¤unu göstermektedir. As it was the first year of the geophysical (geomagne- Sabuniye Höyü¤ü’nde yap›lacak araflt›rmalar Amik tometer and georadar) and geodesic surveys, the area, Ovas› ile Akdeniz ve Ege Kültürleri aras›nda ba¤lant› thought to be the agora, to the east of the inner harbour noktas› oluflturan höyü¤ün, bir ticaret üssü mü yoksa was selected for experimental purposes. The results Amik Ovas›’ndaki ça¤dafl› olan Tell Atçana ile iliflkili bir of this one-day of work conducted by B. Ullrich and liman flehri olarak m› biçimlendi¤ini, daha iyi a盤a C. Meyer are very promising; therefore, we have decid- ç›karacakt›r. ed to continue it in 2005. Work to prepare the topo- graphic plan of the city was initiated by Prof. Dr. U. Seleukia Pieria Çal›flmalar› Wefferling. Asi Deltas›’n›n kuzey ucunda yer alan Seleucia Pieria’ Upper Asi Valley and Harbiye Area da yüzey araflt›rmas› kapsam›nda çal›flmalar›m›z antik kentin an›tsal kal›nt›lar›n›n rölöve çizimleri, Do¤u Nek- The Asi River leaves the Amik plain near the city centre ropol alan›ndaki mezar odalar›n›n belgelenmesi ve iç of Antakya and passes by the Habibün Neccar Moun- liman›n do¤usundaki alanda toprak alt›ndaki olas› an›t- tain and flows through a deep valley for 15 km before sal kal›nt›lar›n tespitine yönelik jeofizik (jeomanye- reaching the Asi Delta. The great portion of the valley tometre ve jeoradar) ve kentin antik yerleflim plan›n›n bed was surveyed, beginning from the delta over previ- yap›lmas›na yönelik jeodezi ölçümleri olarak gerçek- ous years. In 2004, the 8 km-long valley bed between lefltirilmifltir. the Harbiye area and Antakya city was surveyed, only on its eastern bank, starting from 0 level and reaching 2002 y›l›nda bafllat›lan antik kentin mimari kal›nt›lar›- hills of 300 meters. n›n rölöve çal›flmalar›na devam edilmifltir. Mimar S. Biçer taraf›ndan yürütülen mimari rölöve çal›flmas›nda The starting point of the survey was Harbiye, ancient iç limana bitiflik tah›l ambar› olan Granarium ve kentin Daphne, which is located at an altitude of 180 m, about d›fl liman› olarak adland›r›lan 4. yy. liman›n›n ayakla- 8 km south of Antakya city, in the south of the Upper Asi r›ndan do¤u aya¤›n plan ve kesit rölöveleri çizilmifltir. Valley. The Antakya and Environs Research Group had

105 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 2 / Fig. 2

Kentin an›tsal kal›nt›lar›ndan olan ve 18. yy.’dan itiba- conducted sounding excavations at Harbiye from 1932 ren seyahatnamelerde Liman Kap›s› olarak adland›r›lan to 1939. Surveys were conducted in the Karyer and Yedi çift kuleli ana kap›n›n içi bitki ve çöplerden ar›nd›r›larak Sultan quarters of Harbiye, now a wide and modern rölöve ve kesit çal›flmas› yap›lm›flt›r (Res. 1). An›tsal settlement. 8 rock-cut burial chambers in a bad state of kal›nt›lar›n›n bafll›calar›n› oluflturan nekropol alanlar›n- preservation, large blocks with profiles belonging to a da kaya mezar an›tlar›n›n belgelenme çal›flmalar›na bu monument scattered about and two monumental water- y›l da devam edilmifltir. Kentin do¤usunda uzanan Do¤u mills of the Noria type in the river bed, were document- Nekropol olarak adland›rd›¤›m›z alanda toplam 25 adet ed (Fig. 2). Field surveys on the terraces yielded few kaya mezar odas›, 1 adet lahit mezar›n belgeleme çal›fl- Hellenistic but numerous Roman and Late Roman mas› gerçeklefltirilmifltir. surface finds. Jeofizik (jeomanyetometre ve jeoradar) ve Jeodezi As a result, small scale village and/or farm settlements ölçüm çal›flmas›na ilk kez bu y›l bafllan›lmas› nedeniyle based on an agrarian economy were identified in the deneme amaçl› olarak seçilen iç liman›n do¤usundaki valley bed as well as nearby rock-cut burial chambers, agora ya da pazar alan› olarak adland›r›lan alanda as at other sites surveyed in previous years. The finds gerçeklefltirildi. B. Ullrich ve C. Meyer taraf›ndan ger- collected from the Asi Valley bed and from Harbiye çeklefltirilen bir günlük çal›flman›n umut verici sonuçlar indicate the Hellenistic Period at the earliest. vermesi nedeniyle 2005 y›l› çal›flma döneminde bu çal›flman›n devam edilmesine karar verildi. Kentin topo- Surveys in Antakya grafik yerleflim plan›n›n ç›kar›lmas›na yönelik olarak Prof. The last site of our work in the 2004 season included the Dr. U. Wefferling taraf›ndan çal›flmalar bafllat›lm›flt›r. following surveys in Antakya: systematic surveys in order to identify the remains just outside the eastern Yukar› Asi Vadisi ve Harbiye Mevkii fortifications; architectural work on the fortifications; Asi Nehri, Antakya kent merkezinin yak›nlar›nda Amik mapping work in order to draw the plan of the ancient Ovas› Düzlü¤ü’nün bitti¤i, Habib’in Neccar Da¤›’n›n city; and, geophysical measurements in order to identi- bafllang›c›nda, ova düzlü¤ünü terk eder ve derin bir fy any buried remains. vadi yata¤›n›n içinden 15 km. kadar akt›ktan sonra Asi The necropolis of the ancient city extends over the low Deltas› düzlü¤üne ulafl›r. Önceki y›llarda vadi yata¤›n›n hills to the east of the Habibün Neccar Mountain, east deltadan itibaren büyük bir k›sm› taranm›flt›. 2004 yüzey and northeast of the ancient city, and from outside the araflt›rmas› nehir yata¤›n›n do¤u taraf›nda, Harbiye Mev- fortifications to Narl›ca at the beginning of the Amik kii’nden Antakya’ya kadar, yaklafl›k 8 km. uzunlu¤undaki Plain. Many rock-tombs are endangered, as this area is

106 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS vadi yata¤›n›n 0 noktas›ndan hafif yükselerek 300 m.’ye ulaflan tepeliklere kadar uzanan alan üzerinde yürütül- müfltür. Araflt›rman›n bafllang›ç noktas› olan Harbiye, Hellenis- tik ve Roma Dönemi’ndeki ad›yla Daphne, Antakya’n›n yaklafl›k 8 km. kadar güneyinde, Yukar› Asi Vadisi’nin güney taraf›nda vadi yata¤›ndan itibaren alçak tepelerle yükselen tepenin üst k›sm›nda denizden yaklafl›k 180 m. yüksekte uzanmaktad›r. Harbiye’de 1932-1939 y›llar› aras›nda Antakya ve Çevresi Araflt›rmalar› Grubu tara- f›ndan yap›lm›fl olan sondaj kaz›lar› gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Genifl, modern bir yerleflim içeren Harbiye’de araflt›r- ma, Karyer ve Yedi sultan Mahallesi’nde yürütülmüfl; 6 adet kayaya ifllenmifl ve oldukça tahrip olmufl kaya mezar odalar›, mimari bir an›ta ait profilli büyük boyut- lu mimari bloklar toprak yüzeyine da¤›lm›fl halde ve nehir yata¤›nda 2 adet Noria tipinde an›t de¤irmen belgelenmifltir (Res. 2). Teraslarda yap›lan yüzey tara- malar›nda az Hellenistik ancak bol miktarda Roma ve geç Roma yüzey buluntular› tespit edilmifltir. Sonuç olarak, Vadi yata¤›nda tar›msal ekonomiye daya- nan küçük ölçekli küçük köy ve/veya çiftlik yerleflimleri tespit edilmifl, geçen y›llardaki bulunan yerleflimlerde oldu¤u gibi bu alan›n yak›nlar›nda kaya mezar odalar› tespit edilmifltir. Asi Vadisi yata¤› ve Harbiye’de ele Res. 3 / Fig. 3 geçen buluntular en erken Hellenistik evreyi iflaret etmek- tedir. not within the protection areas and is under threat. Antakya Yüzey Araflt›rmas› Therefore, these surveys aimed to document and identi- fy all the monuments and architectural remains in this Çal›flma alan›m›z›n son yerleflimi olan Antakya’da yüzey area. We managed to document 120 rock monuments araflt›rmas›, antik kentin do¤usunda flehir surlar›n›n including rock-cut burial chambers, niches and sarcoph- hemen d›fl›ndaki kal›nt›lar›n tespitine yönelik sistematik agi (semi-independent ones, whose basins are carved yüzey taramas›, kentin flehir surlar› üzerinde mimari from the rock). çal›flma ve antik kentin flehir plan›n›n ç›kar›lmas›na yöne- lik haritalama, toprak alt›nda var olmas› muhtemel No systematic archaeological research has been con- mimari yap› kal›nt›lar›n›n tespitine yönelik olarak jeofi- ducted in Antakya following the archaeological work by zik ölçümleri gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Princeton University from 1932 to 1939. The settlement Antik kentin do¤u ve kuzeydo¤usunda uzanan, flehir map of the ancient city has been mainly based on the surlar› d›fl›ndan Amik Ovas›’n›n bafllang›c›nda yer alan ancient sources and the fortifications have been placed Narl›ca’ya kadar olan, Habibün Neccar Da¤›’n›n do¤u- on the map accordingly. The work on the fortifications sundaki alçak tepeler üzerinde antik kentin nekropol aims to identify the restorations of the city at various alan› uzanmaktad›r. Modern tahribat tehdidi alt›ndaki times, its expansion or shrinkage in certain periods and alan›n ayn› zamanda koruma s›n›rlar›n›n d›fl›nda olmas› establish architectural and archaeological documenta- nedeniyle bir çok kaya mezar an›t› yok olma tehlikesi tion. This work will yield the history of the settlement/ tafl›maktad›r. Bu nedenle bu alandaki tüm an›tlar›n ve city and the city map based on recovered archaeologi- mimari kal›nt›lar›n tespitine yönelik olarak yüzey araflt›r- cal data. For this purpose, a team under the direction of mas› yürütülmüfltür. Bu çal›flma sonucunda kaya mezar Prof. Dr. G. Brands initiated the photographic documen- odas›, nifl ve lahitten (teknesi kayaya oyulmufl yar› tation of the fortifications, their architectural and techni- ba¤›ml› lahit) oluflan toplam 120 adet kaya an›t› belge- cal study, and made the preliminary drawings for a pre- lenmifltir. liminary evaluation. For the first time, the previously

107 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

1932-1939 y›llar› aras›nda Princeton Üniversitesi bafl- inaccessible points of the north fortifications have been kanl›¤›nda yap›lan arkeolojik çal›flmalar›n d›fl›nda antik accessed and photographs were taken and evidence kente yönelik sistematik bir araflt›rma günümüze dek documented. The ancient water dam, today known as yap›lmam›fl, bugüne dek antik kentin yerleflim haritas› the Demirkap› (Fig. 3), on the ancient water system on büyük ölçüde antik kaynaklara dayand›r›larak yap›lm›fl the Hac› Kürüfl Creek (the ancient Parmenius), springing ve kenti çevreleyen surlar bu bilgilere dayand›r›larak from the Habibün Neccar Mountain has been photo- harita üzerinde yerlefltirilmifltir. fiehir Surlar› üzerinde graphed and drawings of it made. Technical and archi- yürütülen çal›flma ile kentin çeflitli evrelerde restorasyo- tectural evaluations and drawings of the fortifications nu veya flehrin belirli dönemlerde genifllemesi ve/veya and of the Demirkap› were made. Preliminary and pre- daralmas›na ba¤l› olarak yeniden infla edilen duvarlar›- paratory works were carried out for the architectural n›n mimari ve arkeolojik bak›mdan incelenmesi amaç- drawings, supplemented by photogrammetry of the lanm›flt›r. Bu çal›flma ile elde edilecek veriler yerleflim/ monuments on the fortifications, to be carried out in the kent tarihini ayd›nlatacak, arkeolojik bilimsel verilere next season’s campaign. dayal› olarak kentin yerleflim plan›n› ç›kartacakt›r. Bu Prof. Dr. U. Wefferling has mapped the ancient remains amaçla Prof. Dr. G. Brands baflkanl›¤›nda bir ekip kentin using a Leica RTK-GPS system based on gridding, in flehir surlar›n›n foto¤raflanarak, mimari ve teknik bak›m- order to prepare a city map of Antiochia to scientific dan inceleme ve taslak çizimleri ile ilk de¤erlendirilme standards. Geomagnetometer and geo-radar measure- çal›flmalar›n› gerçeklefltirmifltir. ‹lk kez kuzey flehir suru- ments were made in four areas by B. Ullrich and C. nun bugüne kadar ulafl›lamayan noktalar›na belgeleme Meyer in order to identify possible buried remains. amaçl› ulafl›lm›fl ve foto¤raflama ve belgeleme çal›flmas› yap›lm›flt›r. Habibün Neccar Da¤›’ndan do¤an Hac› Kürüfl Deresi (antik Parmenius) üzerinde infla edilmifl olan su sisteminin bir parças› olan antik su bendi, günü- müzdeki ad› ile Demirkap›’n›n (Res. 3) foto¤raflama ve belgeleme çal›flmas› yap›ld›. fiehir Surlar› ve Demirkap› üzerindeki, teknik ve mimari de¤erlendirmeler ve çizim çal›flmas› ile flehir surlar› üzerinde gelecek y›l yap›lacak olan mimari an›tlar›n fotogrametri destekli mimari çizim- leri için ön haz›rl›k çal›flmalar› gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Antiokheia’n›n bilimsel standartlara uygun olarak flehir yerleflim plan›n›n ç›kar›lmas›na yönelik olarak Prof. Dr. U. Weferling taraf›ndan kareleme esaslar›na dayal› Leica RTK-GPS sistemi kullan›larak antik kal›nt›lar›n harita üzerine yerlefltirme çal›flmas› yap›ld›. Antik kentin toprak alt› yerleflim kal›nt›lar›n›n tespitine yönelik seçil- mifl 4 alanda jeomanyetometre ve jeoradar ölçümleri B. Ullrich ve C. Meyer taraf›ndan gerçeklefltirilmifltir.

108 Bey Da¤lar› Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Surveys in the Bey Mountains in 2004

Nevzat ÇEV‹K

Çal›flmalar bu y›l iki bölümden oluflmufltur: ‹lk bölüm Our surveys in 2004 were conducted in two stages. The araflt›rma alan›m›z›n Kemer’e kadar olan güney yar›s›- first stage included a preliminary survey of our area n›n ön araflt›rma ve incelemeleri, ikinci bölümde ise towards the south to Kemer while the second stage büyük yerleflimlerdeki çal›flmalar›m›z›n tamamlamaya aimed at the completion of the work initiated at the larg- dönük sürdürülmesidir. ‹lk bölümde Mnara, Kitanaura, er settlements. In the first stage, the following areas were Kosara, Kemer ve çevreleri, Hurma Tepesi, Hurma Ma¤a- surveyed: Mnara, Kitanaura, Kosara, Kemer and its envi- ras›, Hurma Vadisi, Kocaköy, Dipsiz, Sar›su, Gökdere, rons, Hurma Tepesi, the Hurma Cave, Hurma Valley, Ares Kutsal Alan›, Akç›nar Mevkii, Minnetin Tepe olarak Kocaköy, Dipsiz, Sar›su, Gökdere, the Ares Sanctuary, adland›r›lan yerlerde araflt›rmalar sürdürülmüfl, ikinci the Akç›nar area and Minnetin Tepe. In the second aflamada ise Neapolis, Kelbessos ve ‹n Önü yerleflim- stage, the work previously initiated at Neapolis, Kelbes- lerinde önceki y›llarda bafllayan çal›flmalara devam sos and in the ‹n Önü settlements were continued. The edilmifltir. Afla¤›da sadece büyük yerleflimlerdeki çal›fl- following is a summary of the work the and observa- malar ve gözlemler özetlenmifltir. tions obtained from only from larger settlements.

1. Etap (N. Çevik, S. Bulut, ‹. K›zgut, B. Özdilek) First Stage (N. Çevik, S. Bulut, ‹. Kuzgut, B. Özdilek) Marmara-Mnara (Minarike): Kavak Da¤›’nda kayal›k bir tepe ve eteklerindeki kal›nt›lardan oluflmaktad›r. Yer- Marmara-Mnara (Minarike): The site comprises remains leflimin bulundu¤u tepe denizden 1350 m. yüksektedir. on a rocky hill and its slopes. The hill rises 1350 meters Önceki yay›nlarda farkl› lokalizasyonlar olmas›na karfl›n above the sea level. Despite the different localisations in Patara Yol K›lavuz An›t›’n›n bulunuflundan sonra bura- earlier publications, this site has now been clearly iden- n›n Marmara-Minarike oldu¤u do¤rulanm›flt›r. Tepenin tified as Marmara-Minarike following the discovery of do¤al ulafl›lmazl›¤› nedeniyle gerek duyulmad›¤›ndan the Patara Road Guide Monument. The natural inac- sur kal›nt›lar›na rastlanmam›flt›r. Mimari elemanlar› tah- cessibility of the site made it unnecessary to build any rip edilerek da¤›t›lm›fl tap›nana¤›n kal›nt›lar› içerisinde fortifications, as can be inferred from finding no such kabartma ve heykel parçalar› bulunmufltur. Yerleflimin remains. Destroyed and scattered around, in the remains en tepe noktas›nda, Kemer’e ve tüm Pamfilya denizine of the temple, fragments of carvings and statues were bakan konumda ilginç bir yap› görülür. 11 basamakl› found. At the summit of the settlement, which overlooks oturma s›ralar› düz ilerler. Ortalama 100 kifli kapasiteli- Kemer and the entire Pamphylian Sea there is a curious dir. Önde sadece düz bir platform vard›r. Oturma s›rala- structure. It consists of 11 rows of seats stretching in a r› denize dönük olarak tüm vadiye bakar. Bu platform line, with an average capacity of 100 people and only a güçlü bir teras duvar›yla oluflturulmufltur. Sahne binas›y- flat platform in front. The rows of seats face the sea and la ilgili hiçbir kal›nt› görülmedi¤i gibi yap›n›n çevresinde overlook the entire valley. The platform was built on a bir duvar da bulunmamaktad›r: Aç›kt›r. Afla¤›ya do¤ru strong terrace wall and no remains related to a stage inildi¤inde baflka yap›larla karfl›lafl›l›r. Bu kesimde ve building were visible; neither is there a wall: it is open. karfl›da yükselen tepeci¤in kente bakan yüzünde mezar- Descending further down, more structures were found lar bulunur. Yap›lar›, örgü teknikleri ve flehircilik aç›s›n- and there are tombs in this area and upon the hillside dan Minarike’ye, Hellenistik’ten beri polis statüsünde opposite. Minarike can be considered to have had the bir kent gözüyle bak›labilir. status of a polis from the Hellenistic Period in respect to its structures, masonry techniques and urbanisation.

109 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2

Kithanaura-Sarayc›k: “Termessoslular’›n Kitanauras›” ola- Kitanaura-Sarayc›k: It is mentioned as the “Kitanaura rak Stadiasmus Patarensis’te ad› geçer. Yerleflim ‹.S. 1. yy.’ of the Termessians” in the Stadiasmus Paterensis. This dan sonra Termessos egemenlik alan› içinde bulunmak- settlement was within the territory of Termessos in the tad›r. Sonraki dönemde Perge Metropoliti’ne ba¤l› 1st century AD. Both the bishopric lists and the Byzan- önemli bir piskoposluk oldu¤u da hem piskopos listele- tine remains in the city support the fact that this city was rinden hem de kentteki Bizans kal›nt›lar›ndan anlafl›l- an important bishopric under the Metropolite of Perge maktad›r. Ana giriflin oldu¤u kesim (Res. 1) ve uzant›s›n- in the ensuing periods. The section with main entrance- daki ön yüzün tamam› surlarla çevrilidir. Arka kesimler, way (Fig. 1) and the front side flanking it are entirely ulafl›lmaz uçurum oldu¤undan sur sistemi kesintiye fortified with walls and, as the rear sides are on top of u¤ram›flt›r. Tepenin orta kesiminde yap›lar yo¤unlafl›r. inaccessible sheer cliffs, they are not fortified. Structures Pek çok bina kal›nt›s› ve ifllik unsurlar› görülür. As›l cluster about the middle of the hill. Many building merkezi noktada büyük bir bazilika yer al›r. Üç neflidir. remains and of work areas have been noted. In the real Do¤u-bat› yönelimli Roma bazilikas›n›n bat› ve güney centre of the settlement there is a big three-aisled basil- taraf›nda daha yo¤un olmak üzere ba¤lant›l› yap›lar ica. This Roman basilica was orientated in an east-west vard›r. Buras› kentin sosyal ve ticari meydan›d›r. Akro- direction and is flanked by annex structures to the north pol iniflinde, bat› eteklerde kentsel yap›lar devam etmek- and with even more to the south. This was the social tedir. Bunlar›n en niteliklisi Nekropol taraf›ndan gelen and commercial square of the town. Descending down ve aquaduktla beslenen nymphaiondur. ‹ki yanda üç from the Acropolis there are more urban structures. The büyük kemerle infla edilmifltir. Bu yap›lardan orman most important is the nymphaion, built with three arches yolunun geçti¤i boyna do¤ru yüründü¤ünde bat›ya uza- on both sides and fed by the aqueduct coming from the nan Nekropol’a gelinir. Mezarlar içerisinde en ünlüsü direction of the necropolis. Passing by these structures ve görkemlisi halen ayakta olan Sarayc›k Heroonu’dur. in the direction of the neck which the forest road pass- es through, one reaches the Necropolis that extends Kemer-Çal›flda¤ Tepesi: Bat›, kuzey ve do¤u yamaçlar›- towards west. The best-known and grandest of all the n›n ço¤u ulafl›lmaz uçurumlarla çevrilidir. Kayal›k tepe, tombs is the Sarayc›k Heroon which is still standing. ç›k›labilir durumda olan güney ve güneydo¤u yönde sa¤lam sur duvarlar›yla çevrilidir. Bu yönde alçalarak Kemer-Çal›flda¤ Hill: The west, north and east slopes denize uzayan burun “Kocaburun” olarak adland›r›l- are mostly encircled by sheer and inaccessible cliffs and maktad›r (A¤va Burnu). Kayal›k tepenin tamam›na kuru- this rocky hill is fortified with sturdy walls only on the lan kaleyi 2.20-2.40 m. aras›nda de¤iflen kal›nl›klarda south and southeast, where it is accessible. This prom- güçlü duvarlar çevirir. Surlar güney yamaç boyunca düm- ontory descending towards the sea is called Kocaburun düz uzan›r ve do¤u kesimde yaklafl›k 90 derece aç›yla (A¤va Burnu). The fortress occupying the entire rocky kuzeye sapar: Yaklafl›k dikdörtgen bir plan oluflur. Kale- hill is constructed of sturdy walls 2.20-2.40 m in width. nin bütününde üç kule ve üç kap› aç›kl›¤› gözlemlen- The walls extend straight along the south and in the mifltir (Res. 2). Kulelerden ikisi dörtgen biri yar›m yuvar- east, they turn north, forming almost a right angle and lakt›r. Bunlardan birisi iki taraf›ndan sur duvarlar›yla an approximately rectangular layout is formed. Three kaleye ba¤lanmaktad›r. Bu KD köfleyi oluflturan yar›m towers and three gates were observed in the entire

110 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS yuvarlak planl› olan kuledir. Di¤er ikisi, birer yan›ndan fortress and two of the towers are quadrangular while uçuruma aç›lmaktad›r. Duvar örgü sistemi Hellenistik the third is semi-circular (Fig. 2). The semi-circular Dönem özellikleri göstermektedir. Ancak kalenin kapla- tower forms the northeast corner and is connected to d›¤› yaklafl›k 5.000 m2 alan tan›d›¤›m›z Likya Klasik Ça¤ the fortress by walls on both sides. The other two tow- yerleflimlerine göre çok büyüktür. Likya’n›n en önemli ers face the gorges on one side and their masonry sug- kentlerinin bile Klasik akropolleri bu boyutlarda de¤il- gests a date in the Hellenistic Period. However, the dir. As›l sorun bu kalenin antik ad›n›n ne oldu¤udur. fortress encompassing an area of approximately 5,000 Daha önce T. Özoral “‹dyros” olarak adland›rm›fl, sonra- square meters is considerably larger than other Classical s›nda da S. fiahin “Olbia” oldu¤unu iddia etmifltir. Bura- Period fortresses known in Lycia. The Classical Period n›n Olbia olmas› için Idyros’un tamamen iptal edilmesi acropolises of the most important cities of Lycia do not gerekir ki, bu da çok mümkün de¤ildir. Çünkü Idyros’un attain this size. A real problem is that the ancient name Roma Ça¤›’nda yok oldu¤unu gösteren bir belge mevcut of this fortress is not as yet known. Previouly, it was olmad›¤› gibi buran›n Olbia oldu¤unu gösteren bir yaz›t claimed to be “Idyros” by T. Özoral, and then it was ya da herhangi bir veri de henüz söz konusu de¤ildir. claimed as “Olbia” by S. fiahin, but, for this site to be claimed as Olbia, the possibility of its identification 2. Etap: (N. Çevik, B. Vark›vanç, S. Bulut, ‹. K›zgut, as Idyros must be entirely disproven, which is not very E. Akyürek, I. P. Pedarros, M. Kunze, B. Özdilek, probable at the present time as no evidence exists E. Akal›n) showing that Idyros entirely disappeared in the Roman Neapolis Çal›flmalar›: 2004 sezonunda da bafltan plan- Period, nor is there any inscription or data available to land›¤› gibi haritalama ve envanterleme çal›flmalar› date proving that this site was in fact Olbia. tamamlanmaya çal›fl›lm›flt›r. Haritalama çal›flmalar› S. Çoflgun, E. Akal›n ve N. Çevik taraf›ndan sürdürülmüfl- Second Stage (N. Çevik, B, Vark›vanç, S, Bulut, tür. Kentteki kal›nt›lar dört ayr› bafll›kta gruplanm›flt›r. ‹. K›zgut, E. Akyürek, I. P. Pedarros, M. Kunze, I. Dinsel yap›lar, II. Kamu yap›lar›, III. Nekropoller, B. Özdilek, E. Akal›n) IV. Konut, ifllik ve sarn›çlar. Work at Neapolis: As previously planned, the goal of the work at Neapolis in 2004 was to complete the map- I. Kutsal Yap›lar (N. Çevik) ping and inventory. The mapping work was continued Yeni tespit edilen bir yap›n›n kült amaçl› oldu¤u anlafl›l- by S. Coflgun, E. Akal›n and N. Çevik. The architectural m›flt›r. Bununla beraber kentte tespit edilen tap›nak say›- remains in the city are grouped under four main titles: s› 3 olmufltur. Bu yap› yerleflimin KD taraf›nda kayal›k I. Religious structures; II. Public structures; III. Necropo- tepenin ete¤inde ve bu yöndeki son sivil kal›nt›lardan lises; and, IV. Houses, work areas and cisterns. yaklafl›k 100 m. do¤udaki çok e¤imli yamaçta bulun- maktad›r. Di¤er yap›lardan tamamen ayr› bir konumda I. Sacred Structures (N. Çevik) ve hiçbir yap› veya yap› grubuyla ilgisi olmayan ayr› bir A newly identified structure was understood to have alanda konumlanm›flt›r. En kuzeydeki evler aras›ndan been used for cult purposes and so today the total num- yukar›ya do¤ru ç›kt›¤› izlenen basamakl› sokak, sadece ber of temples identified within the city has risen to bu yap›ya ç›kmak için yap›lm›flt›r. Bu sokak Nekropol’ three. This structure is located on a very steep slope, den gelen ana kent yoluyla ba¤lanmaktad›r. Kemerlerin approximately 100 meters east of the last civic remains ortas›na denk gelen ön kesimde büyük bir monoblok on the slope of the rocky hill to the northeast of the set- tafltan “altar masas›” bulunmufltur. Dört yan› profillerle tlement. Entirely isolated from the rest of the buildings bezeli altar›n iki yan›nda ayak b›rak›lm›flt›r. Bu alanda in the area, it is located in an area without any connec- bulunan bir yaz›t tamamen deflifre edilebilmifltir. Bu tion to any individual structure or group of structures. yaz›tta Aurelius, Artemis, Herakleion Eigis... gibi adlar›n The stepped street amidst the northern houses extends (yapt›rd›¤›) yazmaktad›r. only to this structure. This street also connects to the main street of the city coming from the Necropolis. In II. Kamu Yap›lar› (‹. K›zgut, E. Akal›n) the front area corresponding to the middle part of the Bu çal›flmalar 2003 sezonunda bir exedra ile bafllanan arches is an “altar” fashioned from a large stone mono- çal›flmalar›n devam› niteli¤indedir. Kent merkezinin lith. Decorated with profiles on four sides, this altar has kuzey bafllang›c›ndaki ilk iki yap› yan yana dizili iki two legs. An inscription discovered in this area has been exedrad›r. ‹liflkili düzenlenen bu iki exedra da “U” plan- fully read, listing names such as Aurelius, Artemis, Her- l›d›r. Güney ilerisinde di¤er bir exedra yer al›r. Bu 2003 akleion Eigis... (as patrons).

111 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

II. Public Structures (‹. K›zgut, E. Akal›n) This work is a continuation of that initiated at an exedra in 2003. The first two structures at the northern end of the city centre are two exedrae side by side. Arranged in connection to each other, both structures have a U- shaped form. Somewhat to the south is another exedra, the semi-circular one investigated in 2003. The other two are located on the left of the street and face west while this one is on the other side and faces east. These structures compliment the monumental road, which is further embellished by with statue bases. On the front side of the base, the Emperor Commodus is commemo- rated and, according to the translation by B. ‹plikçio¤lu, Res. 3 / Fig. 3 this base was made in 195 AD in the reign of S. Severus, following the death of Commodus. y›l›nda ele al›nan yar›m yuvarlak exedrad›r. Di¤er ikisi yolun solunda bat›ya bakar biçimde düzenlenmiflken III. Necropolises (N. Çevik, B. Özdilek) söz konusu bu exedra tam ters taraftad›r ve do¤u bak›- In this campaign, all the tombs in the city were studied, fl›ml›d›r. An›tsal yol güzergah›n› tamamlayan bu yap›lar›n marked on the map and plan and elevation drawings oluflturdu¤u Roma merkezi kent yolunu heykel altl›klar› were made of them. Apart from three sarcophagi, three bütünler. Altl›k ön yüzünde ‹mparator Commodus an›l- chamosorions, one chamber-tomb and one aedicula maktad›r. B. ‹plikçio¤lu’nun çevirisine göre Commodus inside the city, all the other tombs are aligned along the öldükten sonra Septimius Severius döneminde ‹.S. 195’te road leading to the city. Most of the tombs are sarcoph- yap›lm›flt›r. agi, while there are also chamosorions, ostotheks and masonry tombs as well. The total number and tomb III. Nekropoller (N. Çevik, B. Özdilek) types in the city are as follows: 1 chamber-tomb, 1 aedic- Bu sezon, kentteki tüm mezar yap›lar› çal›fl›lm›fl, haritaya ula tomb, 23 sarcophagi, 11 chamosorions, 1 independ- ifllenmifl ve tek tek rölöveleri ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Kent içerisin- ent ostothek and 3 rock-cut ostotheks. Other elements de da¤›n›k durumda bulunan üç lahit, üç khamosorion, related to the cult of the dead were also found around bir oda mezar ve bir de aedicula d›fl›nda di¤er tüm the tombs. The most important is a plain stele with a mezarlar kente ulaflan yol boyunca dizilidirler. Ço¤un- round top, whose holes in the ground we have found so lukla lahit olan bu mezarlar içerisinde khamosorionlar far. Especially noteworthy are the stele holes near to two ve ostothekler yan›nda örme mezarlar da bulunmak- chamosorions placed side by side, and a rock-cut altar tad›r. Kentte toplam 1 oda mezar, 1 aedicula mezar, for the cult of the dead also situated in the same area. 23 lahit, 11 khamosorion, 1 ba¤›ms›z ostothek ve 3 adet Generally, there are also tombs with portraits on the de kaya ostotheki bulunmaktad›r. Mezarlar çevresinde, outer lateral sides, as well as the tabula ansata decora- ölü kültüne yönelik unsurlar da bulunmufltur. Bunlardan tion flanked with Pisidian type shields on the front sides en önemlisi bugüne dek sadece z›vana yuvalar›n› bul- (Fig. 3). du¤umuz, üstü kavisli biten yal›n bir steldir. Özellikle kent içindeki yan yana yerlefltirilmifl iki khamosorion IV. Houses, Work Areas and Cisterns yan›ndaki stel z›vanalar› ve ayn› alanda ana kayaya oyu- (B. Vark›vanç, S. Bulut) lu biçimde bulunan ölü kültü suna¤› dikkati çekmekte- The incomplete drawings left from 2003 were complet- dir. Genellikle Pisidya tipi kalkanlar aras›nda tabula ed and the relévés of all the other houses were also pre- ansata düzenindeki ön yüz bezemeleri d›fl›nda yan yüz- pared. The plans of all the houses, work areas (Fig. 4) lerinde portreler ifllenmifl mezarlar da vard›r (Res. 3). and cisterns were doublechecked and their detailed description was completed. The detailed work focussed IV. Konutlar, ‹fllikler ve Sarn›çlar on the identification of the phases, especially those of (B.Vark›vanç, S. Bulut) the Roman and Byzantine periods, and of the function 2003 y›l›ndan eksik kalan konutlar›n çizimleri yan›nda of every unit. The mapping work initiated the previous di¤er tüm konutlar›n rölöveleri de ç›kar›lm›flt›r. Tüm year was completed this year, crucial to the process of konut, ifllik (Res. 4) ve sarn›çlar›n planlar› kontrol edilmifl the identification of the original house organisation,

112 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 4 / Fig. 4

ve detayl› deskripsiyonlar› tamamlanm›flt›r. Evrelerin, pattern of urbanisation, effects of topography and the özellikle Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinin ayr›mlanmas› process of formation of quarters, and the relations estab- ve her bir birimin fonksiyon tespiti detay çal›flmalar›n›n lished between the houses. Numerous houses and house bafl›nda gelmifltir. As›l konut organizasyonunun anlafl›l- complexes in a good state of preservation at Neapolis mas› flehirleflme mant›¤› ve topografyan›n etkileri ile facilitated our understanding of the planning of the mahalleleflme süreci ve evler aras› iliflkinin saptanmas› houses - not well-known for this region, the variety of tüm konutlar›n haritaya ifllenmesiyle ancak mümkün houses belonging to various social groups and their re- olabilece¤i için geçen y›l bafllayan haritalama çal›flma- lations to each other, the functions of the units, their lar› bu y›l tamamlanm›flt›r. Konutlar Neapolis kentinin en place within the urban structure, the techniques and önemli konusudur. Arkeolojide, bu bölge için az bilinen materials used, their doorways, windows and superstruc- konutlar›n planlamas›, farkl› sosyal gruplara ait konut- tures. lar›n çeflitlemesi, birbirleriyle iliflkileri, birimlerinin fonk- siyonlar›, flehircilikteki yerleri, teknik ve malzeme, kap›, Work at Kelbessos (N. Çevik, I. P. Pedarros, pencere ve üst örtülerinin ayd›nlat›lmas›nda Neapolis’te O. Henry, B. Özdilek, P. Labotuier, J. F. Pichonneau) sa¤lam kalm›fl çok say›da konut ve konut kompleksi The missing parts of the work initiated on the fortifica- sayesinde mümkün olmufltur. tions and defence system were completed. Mapping of the city progressed rapidly and will probably completed Kelbessos Çal›flmalar› (N. Çevik, ‹. P. Pedarros, in the 2005 season. One of the two structures studied in O. Henry, B. Özdilek, P. Labotuier, J. F. Pichonneau) detail in 2004 was the Kelbessos Administrative Build- 2003’te bafllanan sur ve savunma sistemine iliflkin eksik- ing. This is an unparalleled and important structure as it ler giderilmifltir. Kentin haritalanmas›nda büyük yol al›n- is a complex encompassing all the functions related to m›fl, 2005’te bitecek duruma getirilmifltir. 2004 y›l›nda the administration of the city. Stone and masonry work detayl›ca ele al›nan iki yap›dan biri Kelbessos Yönetim are of high quality and very strong. The long rectangu- Binas›’d›r. Bu yap› benzeri bilinmeyen önemli bir örnek- lar structure extends in an east-west direction and at the tir. Kent yönetimine iliflkin tüm fonksiyonlar›n ayn› bina- east end is an entrance hall, which houses another ya yüklendi¤i kompleks bir binad›r. Tafl ve duvar iflçilik- doorway of the similar quality to the first entrance. leri çok kaliteli ve güçlüdür. Yap›, do¤u-bat› aks›nda Along the southern side of the structure extends a corri- uzan›r. Uzun dikdörtgen plan›n do¤u bafl›nda bir girifl dor with three rooms on the other side and this corridor odas› ve oradan da ilk kap›ya yak›n nitelikte iç kap› terminates at another large hall. The big hall in the cen- bulunur. Binan›n güneye bakan uzun taraf›nda koridor tre has holes in its walls for timber supports for the rows uzan›r. Koridorun sa¤ yan›nda da üç oda yer al›r. Kori- of seats and its location and features of the layout further dorun sonunda di¤er büyük bir oda daha vard›r. Ortada- support the hypothesis that this was a meeting hall with ki büyük oda, duvardaki izlerin oturma s›ralar›na ait a capacity for 150 people. The corridor extending along

113 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

the meeting hall is more like a foyer with multiple windows. The presence of a statue base at the end of the corridor (in the arsenal direction) verifies that this struc- ture was an important public building. The inscription on the base reads, “.... son of Hermaios, dedicated a statue with a golden wreath on behalf of the peribol- ion”. This dedication verifies the function as public structure and its foyer. There is one exedra on the side to the front and another one on the long side of the structure. The stepped road ascending turns toward the cistern and city’s exit from here. In 2005, work will be initiated at the necropolis (Fig. 5).

Work at ‹n Önü (N. Çevik, M. Kunze, ‹. K›zgut, S. Bruer) This settlement was discovered by N. Çevik in 2003 and it comprises three sections: the central part with the public structures; the western part with the civic struc- tures and work areas; and, the eastern part with farming sites. This partitioning must have arisen from the nature of the topography. The civilian part in the west extends on a long and rocky hill - like a peninsula. In this area are many houses, work areas and sarcophagi. To the east of this civilian part is a valley with a now-dry creek. Res. 5 / Fig. 5 Past this valley and climbing up, one reaches in the middle the centre and this central part is bounded by a ahflap konstrüksiyonu tafl›yan delikler olmas›, konum ve sheer and high rocky hill to the north and by a deep plan özellikleri nedeniyle yaklafl›k 150 kiflilik bir toplan- valley to the west and south. The farming settlements to t› salonu olarak tan›mlanm›flt›r. Toplant› salonu önünde the east can be reached by crossing the stream, still uzanan koridor çok pencereli aç›kl›¤›yla bir fuaye nite- flowing, which was the main source of water for the li¤indedir. Koridorun arsenal taraf›ndaki sonunda bir city. The well-preserved houses, work areas and sar- heykel altl›¤› bulunmas› binan›n önemli kamu yap›s› cophagi show that these are farming complexes. There de¤erlendirmesini do¤rular niteliktedir. Altl›k üzerinde- is no certain area that can be defines as a necropolis as ki yaz›ttan “Hermaios o¤lu ...’n›n alt›n çelenkli bir hey- all three parts of the city contain sarcophagi and chamo- keli peribolion ad›na adad›¤›” yazmaktad›r. Bu adak sorions; however, their numbers are not comparable to kamusal bina ve onun fuayesi fonksiyonunu do¤rula- the city’s population and a variety of tombs must be maktad›r. Binan›n önünde ve uzun yüzü önünde birer expected at this settlement, which does possess rock-cut exedra bulunur. Afla¤›dan gelen basamakl› yol, buradan tombs. One tomb in the eastern part of the city is on a sarn›ca ve kent ç›k›fl›na yönelir. 2005 y›l›nda nekropol podium belonging to a tomb with hyposorion and this çal›flmalar›na bafllanacakt›r (Res. 5). section contains large and well-planned residences and two well-preserved olive oil presses amongst many are ‹n Önü Çal›flmalar› (N. Çevik - M. Kunze - ‹. K›zgut worth noting. - S. Bruer) The three-partitioned settlement pattern of this site can 2003 y›l›nda N. Çevik taraf›ndan keflfedilen yerleflim, be compared with only Onobara within the region. resmi yap›lar›n bulundu¤u orta, sivil yap› ve iflliklerin Cities of such a settlement pattern are not found in Lycia yer ald›¤› bat›, çiftlik yerleflimlerinin bulundu¤u do¤u and Pamphylia. Despite its small size, the fact that it olmak üzere üç ana bölümden ibarettir. Yerleflimin üç contains public structures such as a bouleuterion, baths, farkl› bölümde kurulmas›n› topografyan›n de¤iflkenli¤i fountain and church suggests its importance for the de yönlendirmifl olmal›d›r. Bat›da yer alan sivil yerleflim region and the possibly that it possessed administrative bölgesi, yar›mada formunda uzanan kayal›k ve uzun bir power. tepe üzerine kuruludur. Bu alana yay›lm›fl birçok konut,

114 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS ifllik ve lahitler bulunmaktad›r. Do¤usunda yer alan vadi Byzantine Studies (E. Akyürek, A. Tiryaki) ve flimdi kuru olan küçük akarsu afl›ld›ktan sonra tekrar A team of four, under the supervision of Assc. Prof. Dr. t›rman›larak orta bölümdeki merkeze ulafl›labilmektedir. Engin Akyürek, studied all the Byzantine materials found Merkezin kuzey bölümü sarp ve yüksek kayal›k bir tepe, during the surveys and works. These studies being bat› ve güneyi ise derin bir vadi ile s›n›rlanm›flt›r. Bat› carried out together as a team and again this year, the bölümde yer alan çiftlik yerleflimlerine ise bugün akma- Byzantine remains constituted one of the main groups of ya devam eden, kentin önemli su kayna¤›n› oluflturan finds. akarsuyu geçerek ulafl›lmaktad›r. ‹yi korunmufl konutlar, ifllikler ve lahitler bu bölümün çiftlik yerleflimleri oldu- Epigraphic Work ¤unu göstermektedir. Kentte nekropol alan› olarak adlan- d›r›lacak bir kesim oluflturulmam›flt›r. Her üç bölümde In this season, our team identified a total of 12 new de lahit ve khamosorionlar bulunmakta, ancak say›lar› inscriptions: 5 inscriptions (4 on sarcophagi and 1 vo- kent nüfusu ile paralel görünmemektedir. Bu nedenle tive under a relief) at ‹n Önü, 2 on sarcophagi, 1 on an kaya mezar› olmayan bu yerleflimde farkl› türde mezar- altar-table, 2 on house altars, 1 on a statue base, and lar beklenmelidir. Do¤u kesimdeki mezarlardan biri 1 upon an arch voussoir at Neapolis. hyposorionlu bir mezara ait podyumdur. Bu kesimde oldukça büyük ve iyi planlanm›fl konutlar bulunmak- tad›r. Bu kesimde pek çok zeytinya¤› iflli¤i içerisinde sa¤lam kalm›fl ikisi dikkat çekmektedir. Sivil ve resmi yap›larla üretim çiftlikleri olmak üzere üç ayr› bölümde yo¤unlaflan yerleflimin plan› yak›n çevrede sadece Onobara ile benzeflmektedir. Likya ve Pamfilya bölgelerinde bu flekilde planlanan kentlere rastlanma- maktad›r. Ayr›ca küçük bir yerleflim boyutlar›nda olma- s›na karfl›n bouleuterion, hamam, çeflme binas› ve kilise gibi resmi binalar› bulundurmas› çevre için önemli bir konumda oldu¤unu ve olas›l›kla yönetsel erke sahip oldu¤unu göstermektedir.

Bizans Çal›flmalar› (E. Akyürek - A. Tiryaki) Doç. Dr. E. Akyürek kontrolündeki 4 kiflilik bir ekip araflt›rma boyunca ele geçen tüm Bizans kal›nt›lar›n› incelemifl ve çal›flmalar›n› gerçeklefltirmifltir. Bu çal›fl- malar› da ayr› bir grup olarak de¤il, tüm ekip halinde birlikte çal›fl›lm›flt›r. Bu y›lki kefliflerde yine en yo¤un kal›nt› gruplar›ndan biri Bizans dönemi kal›nt›lar› olmufl- tur.

Yaz›t Çal›flmalar› Bu sezon ‹n Önü’de 5 (4 lahit ve 1 de kabartma alt›nda adak), Neapolis’te 2 lahit, 1 masa-sunak, 2 ev suna¤›, 1 heykel altl›¤›, 1 kemer blo¤u üzerinde olmak üzere 12 yeni yaz›t taraf›m›zdan bulunmufltur.

115

Burdur ‹li Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Surveys in Burdur Province in 2004

Mehmet ÖZSA‹T

Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›, Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler The surveys under my direction in the province of Bur- Genel Müdürlü¤ü’nün izni ile, ‹stanbul Üniversitesi dur were conducted from the 2nd to the 18th of August Edebiyat Fakültesi ad›na, Üniversitemiz Araflt›rma Fonu’ 2004 on behalf of the Faculty of Letters of Istanbul Uni- nun maddi deste¤i ve Suna-‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeni- versity, with permission granted by the Directorate Gen- yetleri Araflt›rma Enstitüsü’nün (AKMED) katk›lar›yla bu eral of Cultural Heritage and Museums of the Ministry of y›lki yüzey araflt›rmalar› 02/18.08.2004 tarihleri aras›n- Culture and Tourism. The work was financed by the da, Burdur ‹li’nin Merkez ‹lçe, Karamanl›, Tefenni, Yeflil- Research Fund of our university and contributed to by ova, Gölhisar, Çavd›r ve Kemer ilçeleri, kasaba ve köy- the Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterra- lerinde yap›lm›flt›r. Baflkanl›¤›m alt›nda sürdürülen arafl- nean Civilisations (AKMED). This year’s work covered t›rmalarda, Arkeolog N. Özsait, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ö. Koçak, the central township of Burdur, Karamanl›, Tefenni, Yeflil- Dr. G. Labarre, ö¤rencilerimizden Ö. Özdemir, H. Oy, ova, Gölhisar, Çavd›r and Kemer townships and their ‹. Baytak, P. Ercan, S. Kaymakç›’dan oluflan ekibimize villages and districts. The state representative was H. Çal›fl- Bakanl›k Temsilcisi olarak H. Çal›flkan kat›lm›flt›r. Arafl- kan and the team members were archaeologist N. Özsait, t›rmalar›m›z› destekleyen Üniversitemiz Bilimsel Araflt›r- Asst. Prof. Dr. Ö. Koçak, Dr. G. Labarre and our students ma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterli¤i’ne, özveriyle çal›flan Ö. Özdemir, H. Oy, ‹. Baytak, P. Ercan and S. Kaymakç›. tüm ekibimize teflekkür borçluyum. Ayr›ca, Burdur’daki I am grateful to the Administrative Secretariat of Scien- araflt›rmalar›m›z s›ras›nda ilgi ve yard›mlar›n› esirgeme- tific Research Projects of our university for their support, yen Vali Say›n C. Direkçi’ye, Kültür ve Turizm Müdürü to our team members for their application. In addition I S. Erdo¤an’a, Müze Müdürü H. A. Ekinci’ye ve Karaman- would like to extend my sincere thanks to Governor l›’da ekibimize her türlü kolayl›¤› sa¤layan Belediye Bafl- C. Direkçi, the Director of Culture and Tourism S. Erdo- kan› ‹. Mergen’e tüm kalbimle teflekkür ederim. ¤an and Museum Director H. A. Ekinci, all of whom Bu y›lki yüzey araflt›rmalar› flu flekilde özetlenebilir: paid great attention and aided our work and also to Önce, Karamanl› ‹lçesi’nin güneybat›s›ndaki da¤l›k ‹. Mergen, Mayor of Karamanl›, who aided us with all kesimde, Ard›çl›k Mevkii’nde, önceki y›llardaki araflt›r- kinds of assistance. malar›m›zda gördü¤ümüz dört kaya mezar› bulunarak This year’s work can be summarised as follows: First, we incelenmifltir. Gerek mezarlar›n›n durumlar›ndan ve revisited the four rock-cut tombs in the Ard›çl›k Area in gerekse çevrelerinde buldu¤umuz keramiklerden bunla- the mountaineous part to the southeast of Karamanl› r›n Roma Ça¤›’na ait oldu¤u anlafl›lmaktad›r. town centre which we had identified previously. Both Karamanl›’n›n Cafer Mahallesi’nde, fieyh Salih Camii’ the tombs themselves and the potshards we found near- nin bahçesindeki eski mescidin balkonunu tafl›yan ahflap by indicate a date in the Roman Period. direklerin alt kaidesi olarak kullan›lm›fl olan Roma Ça¤›’ In the Cafer Quarter of Karamanl› town centre, the fieyh na tarihleyebildi¤imiz, Poseidon’a ait bir ithaf kitabesi Salih Mosque has an old masjid in its courtyard. The bulunarak incelenmifltir. Türk ahflap mimari dokusunu balcony of this masjid is supported with timber posts tafl›yan Mescidin, asl›na uygun olarak restorasyonunu one of which is standing on a block with a dedicatory geçmiflimize bir vefa borcu olarak görüyoruz. inscription, which we studied and were able to date to Önceki araflt›rmalar›m›zda, Karamanl› Baraj›’n›n do¤u- the Roman Period. We consider that a proper restoration sunda, Veyselin Tafl› ya da Gedikyap› olarak adland›r›lan of this masjid, an example of Turkish timber architec- kayal›k alan›n üzerinde ‹lk Tunç Ça¤› 2 ve Roma Ça¤› ture, would pay honour to our history. yerleflmeleri tespit edilmiflti. Bu kesimin 200 m. kadar In our previous surveys, we had noted settlements dat- kuzeybat›s›nda bir Kybele kült merkezinin kal›nt›lar› da ing from the EBA II and Roman Periods on the rocky

117 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 Ka¤›lc›k, Kalecik Alt›’ndan Pazar Tepesi ve Dibek Tafl› mevkii

Fig. 1 Pazar Tepesi and the Dibek Tafl› area from Ka¤›lc›k, Kalecik Alt›.

bulunmufltur. Bölgede az görülen bu kutsal alan üzerin- area known as Veyselin Tafl› or Gedikyap›, to the east of deki çal›flmalar sürdürülmektedir. Karamanl› Dam. About 200 meters to the northwest of Karamanl›’n›n 7 km. kuzey-do¤usunda yer alan Ka¤›lc›k this site are, we discovered, the remains of a cult centre Köyü ve yak›n çevresi ayr›nt›l› olarak incelenmifltir. Bura- for Cybele and we continue our work on this sanctuary, da tahrip edilen ve ‹lk Tunç Ça¤’dan Roma Ça¤›’na kadar a rare example in this region. buluntular veren Ka¤›lc›k Höyük (‹TÇ+DÇ+Roma ve Ka¤›lc›k village and its environs, located 7 km to the Geç Antik Ça¤) d›fl›nda, köyün kuzey-do¤usunda Kale- northeast of Karamanl› were surveyed in detail. Besides cik Alt› (DÇ+Geç Roma Ça¤›) ve güneyinde Pazar Tepe- the Ka¤›lc›k Höyük here, destroyed and yielding finds si’nde (=Keflkek Tepesi) Tunç Ça¤› ve Roma Ça¤› yerlefl- from the EBA through the Roman Period (EBA + IA + meleri (Res. 1) ve Pazar Tepesi yerleflmesinin yer ald›¤› Roman and Late Antiquity); the Kalecik Alt› Bronze Age da¤›n kuzey eteklerinde Dibek Tafl› ad› da verilen kesi- and Roman Period settlements (IA + Late Roman) to the minde, ana kayaya oyulmufl, k›r›lm›fl kaya lahit mezar- northeast of the village, Bronze Age and Roman Period lar› ve üst k›sm› k›r›lm›fl, olas›l›kla bir kartala ait oldu¤u settlements at Pazar Tepesi (Keflkek Tepesi) to the south anlafl›lan, iki pençeli gövde kal›nt›s› görülmüfltür. Bunlar of the village, and remains of a sculpture of a body with üzerinde çal›flmalar sürdürülmektedir. two claws, probably belonging to an eagle, whose up- Karamanl› ‹lçesi’nin 13 km. güneydo¤usunda yer alan per part hade been broken off, as well as broken rock- Kayal› Köyü’nün güneydo¤usunda, Kocap›nar Da¤›’n›n cut sarcophagi in the Dibek Tafl› area on the northern bat› uzant›s›nda, Befliktepe ve onun karfl›s›ndaki s›rtta slopes of the mountain where the Pazar Tepesi settle- daha önce tespit edilen Kayal› I ve Kayal› II olarak adlan- ment is located. Our studies of these finds continue. d›r›lan iki ‹lk Tunç Ça¤› yerleflmesinin tar›m nedeniyle Two EBA settlements had been identified earlier and hayli tahrip edildi¤i tespit edilmifltir. named as Kayal› I and II on the ridge opposite and on ‹lçenin do¤usunda yer alan Karatafl Gölü’nün güney k›y›- Befliktepe, on the western extension of the Kocap›nar s›nda, önceki y›llarda tespit etti¤imiz Yenice Höyük Mountain to the southeast of Kayal› village, 13 km south- yeniden incelenmifltir. Bir Son Neolitik-‹lk Kalkolitik east of Karamanl› town centre. It has been observed that Ça¤ yerleflmesi olan Yenice Höyük, baraj yolu yap›m› these two sites were significantly damaged due to agri- s›ras›nda güneyinden toprak al›narak tahrip edilmiflti. cultural activity. Ayn› zamanda, K›lavuzlar Köyü’ne giden tarla yolunun We reinvestigated the Yenice Höyük, which we had iden- üzerinden geçti¤i Yenice Höyü¤ün ‹.Ö I. biny›l› yerlefl- tified in a past survey, on the south coast of Lake Karatafl melerinin bulundu¤u kuzey kesimi de, son y›llarda to the east of the town centre. Yenice Höyük, a settle- geniflleyen Karatafl Gölü’nün sular› alt›nda kalm›flt›r. ment of Late Neolithic-Early Chalcolithic Periods, was Tefenni ‹lçe araflt›rmalar›nda öncelikle, daha önce arkeo- destroyed by earth removal from the south side during loji literatürüne geçmifl olan Yuvalak Köyü kaya kabart- the construction of the road for the dam. Moreover, the malar› ve köyün çevresindeki di¤er kaya kabartmalar› field road to K›lavuzlar village crosses over this mound da incelenmifl, ölçüleri al›nm›fl ve resimleri çekilmifltir. and in recent years, the northern part of the mound Köyün 1 km. kadar kuzeybat›s›nda bulunan Büyük ve with its 1st millennium BC settlements was flooded by Küçük Asar olarak bilinen yerler araflt›r›lm›fl, bunlardan Lake Karatafl which has been further filling with water.

118 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 2 Yellik Yaylas›

Fig. 2 The Yellik pastures

Büyük Asar üzerinde Roma Ça¤› yerleflmesine ait kera- During our surveys in the township of Tefenni, we first mikler görülmüfltür. Ayn› flekilde Tefenni çevresinde, investigated the rock carvings at Yuvarlak village, which 19. yy.’›n sonlar›ndan beri bilinen, Tefenni kaya kabart- are already in the archaeological literature, and other malar› incelenmifl, çal›flmas› yap›lm›flt›r. rock carvings around the village, took their measure- ‹lçenin 15 km. kadar güneydo¤usunda yer alan Baflp›nar ments and photographed them. We surveyed the sites Köyü araflt›r›lm›fl, burada, köyün 500 m. kuzeydo¤usun- known as Büyük Asar and Küçük Asar, about 1 km north- da bulunan Akin Da¤›’n›n eteklerindeki bir kaya yüzüne west of the village and noted Roman potshards at Büyük alçak kabartma fleklinde yap›lm›fl bir kaya kabartmas›- Asar. We also examined and documented the Tefenni n›n tahrip edildi¤ini görülmüfltür. rock carvings, which have been known since the late 19th century. Tefenni ‹lçesi’nin 13 km. kadar güneydo¤usunda yer alan Çayl› Köyü araflt›r›lm›fl, burada, Çayl› Köyü’nün The village of Baflp›nar, about 15 km southeast of the 8 km. kadar güneydo¤usundaki, Yellik Yaylas›’nda, bir town centre was also surveyed and it was noted that the Roma Ça¤› yerleflmesinin yan› s›ra, çok genifl bir alana rock carving in low-relief on the skirts of Akin Mountain yay›lm›fl olan bir Nekropol bulunmufltur (Res. 2). ‹nce- about 500 meters northwest of the village had been lemelerimizde, Roma Ça¤›’na ait oldu¤unu gördü- damaged. ¤ümüz lahitlerin önemli bir k›sm› tahrip edilmifl durum- The village of Çayl›, about 13 km southeast of Tefenni dad›r. town centre, was surveyed. At Yeylik pastures, ca. 8 km Daha önceki y›llarda tespit etti¤imiz ve yay›nlad›¤›m›z, southeast of the village, a Roman settlement, as well as Burdur’un 75 km. güneybat›s›nda, Tefenni’nin 8 km. a necropolis extending across a large area were discov- güneydo¤usunda yer alan Seydiler Köyü’nün 2 km. ered (Fig. 2). It was seen that a large group of these kuzeybat›s›ndaki Seydiler Höyü¤ü (SN-‹lk Kalkolitik+ Roman sarcophagi had already been destroyed. ‹TÇ+DÇ+Roma) ile Tefenni ‹lçesi’nin 3 km. kuzeyba- Further destruction was also observed and noted at the t›s›nda, Sazak Köyü’nde yer alan ve Asar Tepe’nin de following sites: the Seydiler Höyü¤ü (LNA + ECA + EBA (SN-‹lk Kalkolitik+‹TÇ+DÇ+Hellenistik-Roma) tahrip + IA + Roman) located 2 km northwest of Seydiler edildi¤i görülmüfltür. village, which is 8 km southeast of Tefenni and 75 km southwest of Burdur, which was previously published Burdur Merkez ‹lçe ve Yeflilova ‹lçesi aras›nda yer alan by us; and, Asar Tepe (LNA + ECA + EBA + IA + Yar›fll› Gölü çevresi sistematik olarak araflt›r›lm›fl, bura- Hellenistic and Roman) in the village of Sazak, 3 km da 20. yy.’›n bafl›ndan beri bilinen ve ayn› zamanda northwest of Tefenni. tescil de edilmifl olan Dü¤er Büyükada Tepe ve kaya mezar› ile, biri Herakles’e ait olan iki kaya kabartmas› The environs of Lake Yar›fll›, between Burdur town incelenmifl, fakat ikinci kabartman›n k›r›ld›¤› görülmüfl- centre and Yeflilova were systematically surveyed; tür. Ayr›ca bu kesimde, Yar›fll› Gölü’nün kuzeydo¤u Dü¤er Büyükada Tepe and the rock-tomb and two rock

119 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS k›y›s›nda yer alan ve önceki y›llarda tespit etti¤imiz carvings - one belonging to Herakles - known since the Çall›ca (‹TÇ) ile Ya¤l›yurt (‹TÇ) yerleflmeleri de yeniden early 20th century and already registered, were exam- incelenmifltir. Çall›ca Kayal›¤›’n›n do¤u ve kuzeydo¤u- ined and it was seen that the second rock carving was sunda 1974 y›l›ndan beri varl›¤›n› bildi¤imiz Tunç Ça¤› now broken. Further, we reinvestigated the Çall›ca mezarl›¤›n›n tar›m nedeniyle hayli tahrip edildi¤i görül- (EBA) and Ya¤l›yurt (EBA) settlements, which we had müfltür. identified on the northeast coast of Lake Yar›fll› in previ- ous years. It was observed that the Bronze Age necrop- Yar›fll› Gölü’nün güney k›y›s›nda, Kocap›nar Köyü’nün olis, which we have known since 1974, on the east and 1 km. kadar kuzeybat›s›nda, göle bakan kayal›k s›rt üze- northeast of Çall›ca Rocks, has been considerably rinde Hac›lar tipi boyal› keramik veren bir ‹lk Kalkolitik destroyed through agricultural activities. Ça¤ ve Roma Ça¤› yerleflmesi (Kocap›nar Höyük) tespit We have identified two settlements on the south coast edilmifl, buradaki araflt›rmalar›m›z s›ras›nda, Kocap›nar of the Lake Yar›fll› about 1 km northwest of Kocap›nar yerleflmesinin hemen güneydo¤usunda yükselen da¤ village: Kocap›nar Höyük of the Early Chalcolithic and üzerinde bir ‹lk Tunç Ça¤› ve Roma Ça¤› yerleflmesi Roman Periods, on the rocky ridge overlooking the lake, (Büyük Asar) daha bulunarak incelenmifltir. ‹flaret etti- has painted ware shards of the Hac›lar type; and, during ¤imiz her iki yerleflme de, tar›m ve kaçak kaz›larla tah- our work here, Büyük Asar of the EBA and Roman rip edilmifltir. Periods was discovered and surveyed, situated on the Burdur’un 60 km. güneydo¤usunda yer alan Yeflilova mountain rising due southeast of Kocap›nar settlement. ‹lçesi’nin do¤usunda bulunan Sazak, Gençali, Çuvall› Both sites have been destroyed due to agricultural activ- ve Karaatl› köyleri de araflt›r›lm›fl, Sazak Köyü’nün 2 km. ity and illegal excavations. kadar kuzeydo¤usunda önceden tespit etti¤imiz Sazak We surveyed the villages of Sazak, Gençali, Çuvall› and Höyü¤ü araflt›r›ld›ktan sonra, köyün 3.5 km. güneydo- Karaali to the east of Yeflilova township, about 60 km ¤usunda, Yar›fll› Gölü’nün 1.5 km. güneyinde ve Darm›k southeast of Burdur town centre. Following our research Da¤›’n›n kuzey yamac›nda tespit etti¤imiz yerleflmeye at Sazak Höyü¤ü, which we had previously identified mevkiin ad›ndan dolay› Sazak-Köyyeri ismi verilmifltir about 2 km northeast of Sazak village, we identified a (Res. 3). Oldukça genifl bir alana yay›ld›¤›n› izledi¤imiz settlement on the north slope of Darm›k Mountain, 1.5 km yerleflmenin yüzeyinde iyi bir iflçilik gösteren ‹lk Tunç south of Lake Yar›fll› and 3.5 km southeast of the village. Ça¤› keramikleri, ayr›ca köy içinde, köy kahvesinin Based on the name of the area in which it is located, we subasman taban›na yerlefltirilmifl bir yaz›t ve göl k›y›s›n- named this settlement Sazak-Köyyeri (Fig. 3). EBA pot- shards of fine craftsmanship were noted on the surface da mimari yap› elemanlar› ile yaz›tl› bir lahit kapa¤› in the settlement extending over a wide area; in addi- bulunmufltur. tion, in the village itself, an inscription reused in the Yine Darm›k Da¤›’n›n kuzeydo¤u eteklerinde, Çö¤ürlü- foundation of the village coffeehouse and architectural Bucak Mevkii’ni, Sar›tafl’›n (Pekmez) önündeki Mehrap elements and a sarcophagus lid with an inscription were Yeri ayr›ca, köy kahvesinin önünde duran yaz›l› tafl›n found on the coast of the lake. geldi¤i yer de araflt›r›lm›flt›r. 35 y›l önce Sazak-Kocap›- Çögürlü-Bucak area on the northeast slopes of Yarm›k nar yolu aç›l›rken, yaz›tla birlikte, lahit kapa¤› ve yap› Mountain, and Mehrap Yeri before Sar›tafl (Pekmez) as tafllar› gibi baz› mimari elemanlar›n ‹nceburun Mevkii’n- well as the provenance of the inscribed stone in the den ç›kt›¤› ö¤renilmifltir. Bu çevrede yapt›¤›m›z araflt›r- village were surveyed. We learned that the sarcophagus malarda, kayaya oyulmufl k›r›k bir lahit teknesinden lid and various architectural elements together with the baflka kayda de¤er bir buluntuya rastlan›lmam›flt›r. inscribed stone were found in the ‹nceburun area during the construction of the Sazak-Kocap›nar road 35 years Yeflilova’n›n Karaatl› Köyü s›n›rlar› içinde, daha önce- ago. However, our surveys in this area did not reveal den tespit etti¤imiz Düden Höyük, Halkal› (Sar›ca) ve anything other than a broken sarcophagus basin carved Çuvall› höyükleri yeniden incelenmifltir. Düden ve Hal- from the bedrock. kal› höyüklerinin tar›m nedeniyle, kayal›k bir zemin üzerinde kurulmufl olan Çuvall› Höyü¤ün de mermer We resurveyed the Düden Höyük, Halkal› (Sar›ca) and ç›karmak amac›yla önemli ölçüde tahrip edildi¤i tesbit Çuvall› Höyüks, which we had previously identified within the borders of the Karaatl› village of Yeflilova. We edilmifltir. noted that the Düden and Halkal› mounds were dam- Karaatl› Köyü’nün 1 km. do¤usunda, Çuvall› Köyü’nün aged due to agricultural activity while Çuvall› Höyük, ise 3.5 km. kuzeybat›s›nda, Samut Mevkii olarak bilinen which is located on rocky ground, was damaged from kesimde bir ‹lk Tunç Ça¤› yerleflmesi tespit edilmifltir. marble quarrying.

120 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 3 Sazak-Köyyeri, gölün karfl› k›y›s›nda Dü¤er-Büyükada Tepe

Fig. 3 Sazak-Köyyeri, across the lake is the Dü¤er-Büyükada Tepe

Bugün de suyu bol olan bir kayna¤›n kuzeyinde yer alan An EBA settlement was identified in the Samut area, yerleflme, tar›m nedeniyle çok tahrip edilmifltir. 3.5 km northwest of Çuvall› village and 1 km east of Karaatl› village. Located to the north of a still today Samut Höyü¤ün 800 m. kadar do¤usunda, Bay›rbafl› well-watered area, the site has been considerably dam- Köyü’nün güneydo¤usundaki da¤l›k s›rtta, Köyyeri deni- aged from agricultural activity. len mevkide yine bir ‹lk Tunç Ça¤› yerleflmesi bulunmufl- tur, genifl bir alanda, fakat çok da¤›n›k olarak bulunan Another EBA settlement was identified at the Köyyeri area keramiklerden, bugün fundal›k olan bu yerleflmenin de on the mountainous ridge to the southeast of Bay›rbafl› zaman içinde çokça tahrip edildi¤i anlafl›lmaktad›r. village, about 800 meters east of Samut Höyük. Potsherds were collected scattered across a wide area overgrown Yukar›da iflaret edildi¤i gibi, Yass›güme, Hac›lar, Çamur, with bushes and it was understood that this settlement Hüyükköy, Karamusa, Mürseller-Bademli, Çaltepe, had been largely destroyed in the course of time. Gençali, Mancar, Uylup›nar, Yar›köy, Çavd›r, Yakalar- Telli, Kozluca, Gençali, Höyük, Beyköy, Gölde, Aziziye As mentioned above, the following sites were visited gibi höyükler; Hadriani, Olbasa, fieref (Komama), Çalte- and photographed in order to document their present state and they were introduced to the young members of pe örenyerleri; Karaevli, Karaatl› gibi tümülüsler ziyaret our team in order to establish continuity for these sur- edilerek son durumlar›n› belirlemek için foto¤raflar› veys: the mounds of Yass›güme, Hac›lar, Çamur, Hüyük- çekilmifl ayr›ca, bu kabil araflt›rmalara süreklilik kazan- köy, Karamusa, Mürseller-Bademli, Çaltepe, Gençali, d›rabilmek amac›yla, bu yerler, ekibimizde yer alan Mancar, Uylup›nar, Yar›köy, Çavd›r, Yakalar-Telli, Kozlu- genç elemanlara da tan›t›lm›flt›r. ca, Gençali, Höyük, Beyköy, Gölde and Aziziye; ancient Göller Bölgesi’nin bu kesiminde yapt›¤›m›z on yedi gün- ruins of Hadriani, Olbasa, fieref (Komama) and Çaltepe; lük araflt›rmada yine, bölgenin kültür tarihi ve kültür and the tumuli of Karaevli and Karaatl›. envanteri yönünden küçümsenemeyecek bulgular elde Our surveys over 17 days in this part of the Lakes’ edilmifltir. Araflt›rmalar henüz sonland›r›lmam›flt›r; Region have contributed considerably to the cultural gelecek y›l ayn› flekilde devam edecektir. Yerleflme yer- history and inventory of the region, our surveys have not lerinin h›zl› bir flekilde ve de¤iflik nedenlerle tahrip been finalised as yet and we plan to continue next year. edilmifl olmas› üzücüdür. Tahribat›n önüne ancak, yerel It is very heartrending to witness the rapid destruction of yönetimlerle daha s›k› bir iflbirli¤i ve araflt›rmalara a¤›r- these settlements. This destruction can be stopped only l›k verebilecek flekilde kaynak ayr›lmas›yla geçilebile- through better collaboration with the local authorities cektir. Hal böyle olunca da, bölgenin araflt›r›lmas›n›n ve and higher budgets for research and thus the regional kültür envanterinin daha çabuk tamamlanabilece¤i surveys and the establishment of the cultural inventory düflüncesindeyiz. would be completed in a shorter period of time.

121

Da¤l›k Kilikya Deniz K›y›s› Arkeolojisi Projesi: Ön Rapor 2004 The Rough Cilicia Maritime Archaeological Project in 2004: A Preliminary Report

Cheryl WARD

Da¤l›k Kilikya Arkeolojik Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› Projesi on More than ten years ago, the Rough Cilicia Archaeolog- seneyi aflk›n bir süredir, yok olan arkeolojik kaynaklar› ical Survey Project began its systematic evaluation of the sistematik flekilde de¤erlendirmeye bafllam›flt›r. Proje çal›fl- disappearing archaeological resources which document malar›yla elde edilen bilgilerden, yörede yavafl ve k›rsal the rise of a slow, rural economy that was “jumpstarted” bir ekonominin do¤du¤u ve korsanlar taraf›ndan birden by pirates and then, following Pompey’s triumph over alevlendirildi¤i, Pompeius’un korsanlara karfl› zaferin- the pirates, surged to become a strong regional system. den sonra güçlü bir bölgesel sistem haline geldi¤i anla- In 2004, I began the survey’s maritime component, con- fl›lmaktad›r. 2004 y›l›nda yazar taraf›ndan yüzey araflt›r- sisting of an underwater archaeological survey. Our first mas›n›n, sualt› arkeolojik araflt›rmalar›n› da içeren deniz season, from July 14th to 28th, assessed the anchorages and k›y›s› bilefleni hayata geçirilmifltir. 14-28 Temmuz 2004 the likely harbors, seeking the remains of shipyards and tarihleri aras›nda gerçekleflen birinci sezonda demir harbor structures, and incorporating a limited acoustic atma yerleri ve muhtemel limanlar de¤erlendirilmifl; survey. tersane ve liman yap›lar›na ait kal›nt›lar aran›rken küçük This paper presents a preliminary report of our findings bir akustik araflt›rma da yap›lm›flt›r. along the southeastern coast of the Bay of Pamphylia Bu yaz›da Pamfilya Körfezi’nin güneydo¤u k›y›s›nda between Iotape and Kalidran Burnu. The project was Iotape ile Kal›dran Burnu aras›ndaki kesimde ele geçir- directed by Prof. Dr. C. Ward, in collaboration with Prof. di¤imiz buluntular hakk›nda k›sa bir rapor sunulmakta- Dr. N. Rauh, under the supervision of the Ministry of d›r. Projenin baflkanl›¤›n› Prof. Dr. C. Ward, yard›m- Culture and Tourism and representative G. Savran. An c›l›¤›n› Prof. Dr. N. Rauh yürütmüfl ve Kültür ve Turizm international team of American, Turkish, North Cypriot Bakanl›¤› temsilcisi olarak G. Savran kat›lm›flt›r. Ameri- and Norwegian students and archaeologists and under- kal›, Türk, Kuzey K›br›sl› ve Norveçli ö¤renciler ve arkeo- water photographer and videographer H. Öniz partici- loglar›n yan› s›ra sualt› foto¤rafç›s› ve kameraman› pated in the survey. H. Öniz de çal›flmalara kat›lm›flt›r. The survey relied on sidescan sonar and visual survey Çal›flmam›z, “sidescan sonar”›n yan› s›ra arkeologlar›n by archaeologists diving and snorkeling to identify arkeolojik sitleri saptamak ve antik demirleme bölge- archaeological sites and to investigate ancient anchora- lerini incelemek amac›yla dalarak veya flnorkel ile ges. The team made 127 dives to depths of up to 25 m görsel araflt›rmalar›na dayanmaktad›r. Ekip, Derin 2 adl› from the boat Derin 2. GPS measurements of the loca- tekneden 25 m.’ye kadar toplam 127 dal›fl yapm›flt›r. tion of artifacts were used to create the GIS map made B. Koziol, eser konumlar› için yap›lan GPS ölçümleri by B. Koziol (Fig. 1). Representative, endangered, and kullanarak bir GIS haritas› haz›rlam›flt›r (Res. 1). Bulun- diagnostic artifacts were recovered from several sites tular› temsil edecek türden, tehlikede veya etütlük eser- and received initial conservation treatment of desalina- ler çeflitli alanlardan ç›kart›larak, en önemli buluntular›n tion in fresh water and mechanical cleaning before Alanya Müzesi’nce devral›nmas› öncesi ve sonras›nda and after the Alanya Museum began to curate the most tatl› suda birincil tuz giderme konservasyonuna tabi significant finds. tutulmufl ve mekanik temizleme ifllemleri yap›lm›flt›r.

123 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 Araflt›rma alan›n›n GIS temelli haritas›, denizsel ve karasal arkeolojik bulgular hakk›nda hassas bilgi sa¤l›yor (Harita: N. Rauh). Fig. 1 GIS-based map of the survey area provides precise information of maritime and terrestrial archaeological finds (Map by N. Rauh).

Birincil sonuçlar aras›nda Kragos Antiokheia’s› antik lima- Primary accomplishments included locating the ancient n›n›n yerinin saptanmas› ile Iotape, Halil Liman›, Cipc›k- harbor of Antioch ad Cragum and documenting the l›kaya ve Kal›n Burnu’ndaki çapalamalar›n belgelen- anchorages at Iotape, Halil Liman›, Cipc›kl›kaya, and mesi say›labilir. Di¤er lokasyonlarda flnorkelle araflt›rma Kal›n Burnu. Additional snorkel surveys were carried out yap›lm›fl ve B›çk›c› Çay› ile Kal›n Burnu aras›nda “side- at other locations and a side-scan sonar survey was con- scan sonar” taramas› gerçeklefltirilmifltir. ducted between the B›çk›c› Çay and the Kal›n Burnu.

Kragos Antiokheia’s› ve Civar›ndaki Demirlemeler Antioch ad Cragum and its Anchorages Kragos Antiokheia’s›n›n antik liman›, kalenin ve Güney Antioch’s ancient harbor was identified to the northwest Köyü’nün kuzeybat›s›nda saptanm›flt›r (Res. 2). Bu konum of the kale-castle and the modern village of Güney (Fig. Lindley Vann taraf›ndan 1970’lerde önerilmiflti. Ekibimiz 2). Lindley Vann first suggested this identification in the de bu büyük çapalama merkezini birinci hedef olarak 1970s, and we made this major anchorage our primary belirlemifltir. Daha ilk günde saptanan çapalar›n say›s› focus. On the first day, the number of anchors and other ve deniz trafi¤ine ait di¤er bulgular Vann’›n önerisinin remains of seaborne traffic made it clear that Vann’s do¤rulu¤unu kan›tlam›flt›r. Antiokheia liman› büyük (1.2x suggestion was correct. Antioch’s harbor is large (1.2x 0.6 km.) ve karmafl›k olup kalenin kuzey ve güneyinde- 0.6 km), complex, and incorporates four separate coves ki çapalamalar›n haricinde yaln›zca ana bölgede dört in the main region, in addition to nearby anchorages ayr› koydan ibarettir. 30’dan fazla tafl a¤›rl›k ve çapa, both south and east of the kale. More than 30 stone ahflap çapalara ait üç adet kurflun çipo ve yaklafl›k 20 weights and anchors, three lead stocks from wooden adet demir çapa Erken Roma Dönemi’nden Osmanl› anchors, and nearly 20 iron anchors representing the Dönemi’ne (yaklafl›k 17. yy.) kadar genifl bir zaman dil- period from the early Roman through to the Ottoman imine aittir. Bulunan tafl a¤›rl›klar ve çapalar muhteme- period (c. 17th century) were located. The stone weights len hem antik denizcili¤i hem de yerel bal›kç›l›¤› temsil and anchors discovered probably represent both ancient ediyor olmal›d›r. Kurflun çipolar ‹.Ö geç 2. yy. ile ‹.S 1. seafaring and local fishing activities over a long period yy. aras›na ait olup yaln›zca Antiokheia liman›n›n kuzey- of time. The lead stocks date from the late 2nd century bat› koyunda ele geçmifltir. Geç Roma’dan Osmanl›’ya BC to the 1st century AD and were found only in the kadar genifl bir zaman dilimine ait demir çapalar genel- northwest cove of Antioch’s harbor. The iron anchors likle 4. ila 10. yy.’lar aras›na tarihlenmektedir. dating from the late Roman through to the Ottoman periods, come mainly from the 4th to the 10th centuries Antiokheia’n›n hemen güneyinde ve görüfl sahas› içinde AD. Cipc›kl›kaya ad›nda küçük bir adac›k vard›r. Ada ile anakara aras›nda kuvvetli bir ak›nt› olmas›na karfl›n bu- Just south of Antioch ad Cragum and within easy view ras›n›n binlerce y›ld›r çapalama alan› oldu¤u, yaln›zca of it is a small island named Cipc›kl›kaya. Although a

124 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 2 Antiokheia’daki çapalama kompleksi, burunlar üzerindeki ana yerleflimin her iki taraf›nda limanlar ve güvenli demirleme yeri içeriyor. Bizans kalesinden çekilmifl bu foto¤rafta kuzey çapalaman›n yaklafl›k yar›s› görülebiliyor. Fig. 2 The anchorage complex at Antioch includes harbors and secure moorings on both sides of the main settlement area located upon elevated promontories. About half of the northern anchorage is visible in this view from the Byzantine castle (C. Ward photo).

iki dal›flta saptanan 6. yy.’dan 17. yy.’a kadar tarihlenen strong current runs between it and the mainland, it has çok say›da demir çapa ve ‹.Ö. 5.-4. yy.’a ait bir ahflap clearly been an anchorage for thousands of years, as in çapa çiposunun kurflun nüvesi, Geç Bizans veya Selçuklu only two dives, we located a number of iron anchors amforas›, 13. yy.’a ait Bizans amfora kulp ve boyunlar› from the 6th to the 17th centuries AD and the lead core ve bir çok baflka fragmandan anlafl›lm›flt›r. Yaklafl›k 1 km. from a 5th-4th c. BC wooden anchor stock, in addition to daha güneydo¤udaki Kal›n Burnu da orada bulunan Orta a late Byzantine or Selcuk amphora, 13th c. AD Byzan- Bizans demir çapas› ve tafl çapalardan anlafl›ld›¤› üzere tine amphora handles and necks, and many other shards. küçük gemilerin demirlemesine yar›yordu. Kal›n Burnu, about 1 km further southeast, provided Bu çapalar› foto¤raflama ve ölçme yoluyla belgeleme- anchorage for small boats, as is shown by the middle nin yan› s›ra deniz taban›ndaki seramik fragmanlar›n- Byzantine iron anchor and the stone anchors that were dan temsili bir grup da incelenmifltir. Bunlar›n aras›nda, found there. bu tür kaplarda flarap tafl›nd›¤› zaman uyguland›¤› In addition to documenting these anchors through pho- üzere, içleri yo¤un flekilde ziftlenmifl bir adet Zemer tip tography and measurements, we also examined repre- 41 ve muhtemelen bir adet Will tip 10 tafl›ma amforas›- sentative ceramic shards found on the surface of the sea na ait üst k›s›mlar dikkat çekicidir. floor. Most notable amongst these are the upper parts of Sezonun en dikkat çeken buluntusu, Foto¤rafç›m›z H. a Zemer type 41 and probably a Will Type 10 transport Öniz’in Kragos Antiokheia’s›nda merkez limanda kaya- amphoras heavily coated with pitch on the interior, a ya hafifçe yap›flm›fl halde buldu¤u kanatl› at biçiminde practice common when wine was shipped in these jars. küçük bir tunç soket olmufltur (Res. 3). fiaha kalkm›fl at The most spectacular find of the season was made at ve soket 22.2 cm uzunlu¤unda olup orijinalde dikdört- Antioch ad Cragum. Photographer Öniz discovered a gen biçimli ahflap bir kalasa tak›l› olmal›d›r. At›n bafl›n- small bronze socket decorated in the form of a winged da küçük bafll›k biçimli bir mi¤fer bulunmaktad›r. Mi¤- horse (Fig. 3) lightly concreted to a rock in the central ferin tepesinde, al›nl›ktaki stilize bir rozetin üzerinde bafl- harbor. The rampant horse and socket are 22.2 cm long l›¤a tutunan pençelere sahip bir avc› kuflun alt baca¤› and originally were attached to a rectangular wooden görülmektedir. Genel olarak di¤er Grek ve Roma Döne- timber. The horse wears a small, cap-like helmet, mi Pegasus betimlerine göre kanatlar daha k›sad›r. K›sa topped with the lower leg of a raptor (bird of prey) with kanatlar ise özel bir siyasi veya kültürel gruba atfedile- talons gripping the cap above a stylized rosette on its memektedir. Üslubu Geç Hellenistik veya çok Erken forehead. Its wings are short in comparison to most Roma Dönemi sanat›n› akla getirmesine karfl›n sokette other Greek and Roman depictions of Pegasus, and the ele geçen ahflap üzerinde yap›lacak incelemeler daha short wings cannot be specifically linked to any partic- kesin bir tarihleme yapmam›z› sa¤layabilecektir. ular political or cultural group. The style is representa- tive of Late Hellenistic or very early Roman art but

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further research on the wood found in the socket may help to date the find more precisely. Another small concretion of bronze and lead objects was located near the stairs at the base of the castle point (kale burnu). It includes nails of several sizes, a broken handle, a hexagonal shaft that may be a tool, and small tacks, some of which are still in the lead sheathing frag- ments preserved within the concretion. It is likely to date to the 2nd-1st century BC, the remains of a shipping accident, as after this date, iron nails were more com- monly used.

Halil Liman› and Iotape Res. 3 Muhtemelen antik bir gemiyi süsleyen küçük, tunçtan After an initial snorkel survey, the archaeological team kanatl› at. documented nearly 20 stone weights and iron anchors Fig. 3 A small bronze winged horse, probably forming a part of at the Halil Liman› anchorage, still used by local fisher- the ornamentation of an ancient ship (J. Gundersen photo). men. Most unusual here is a complete early Roman anchor concreted to the base of a point on the west side of the harbor (Fig. 4). Kale Burnu’nun dibindeki basamaklar›n yak›n›nda da Hakan Öniz and members of the AASM based at the çeflitli boylarda çivi, k›r›k bir sap, bir alet olabilecek Antalya Museum visited Iotape in 2001, 2002, and küçük bir alt›gen mil, bir k›sm› halen bu tafllaflm›fl kur- 2003, conducting a salvage operation to remove 12 flun k›l›f›n fragmanlar› aras›nda duran küçük iri bafll› stone weights and anchors and lead anchor parts. Our çiviler ile bir baflka tafllaflm›fl tunç ve kurflun obje grubu visit there in 2004 included both a snorkel survey and saptanm›flt›r. Bu buluntu grubunu ‹.Ö. 2.-1. yy.’da bir diving to further document broken column pieces in the deniz kazas›n›n enkaz› olarak tarihlemek mümkündür. water, stone weights and anchors, and an unusual Çünkü bu tarihten sonra yayg›n olarak demir çiviler kul- underwater formation that may be the remains of an lan›ld›¤› bilinmektedir. anciently constructed harbor structure. Currently 6 m beneath the sea, it rises about 3.5 m above the seabed. Halil Liman› ve ‹otape Broken ceramics and large cobbles are abundant within finorkelli bir ön taramadan sonra, halen yerel bal›kç›lar what seems to be its concrete construction. Further taraf›ndan kullan›lan Halil Liman› çapalama alan›nda yaklafl›k 20 kadar tafl a¤›rl›k ve demir çapa belgelenmifl- tir. Buradaki bulgular aras›nda, liman›n bat› k›y›s›ndaki bir burnun dibinde tafllaflm›fl halde saptanan tam halde, bir Erken Roma çapas› s›ra d›fl› say›labilir (Res. 4). Antalya Müzesi’nde üslenen H. Öniz ve AASM üyeleri ‹otape’yi 2001, 2002 ve 2003 y›llar›nda ziyaret etmifl ve gerçeklefltirdikleri kurtarma operasyonunda 12 adet tafl a¤›rl›k, çapa ve kurflun çapa parças› ç›kartm›fllard›. Eki- bimiz taraf›ndan burada 2004 y›l›nda yap›lan çal›flmada hem flnorkelli hem de dalarak araflt›rma gerçekleflti- rilmifl ve sudaki k›r›k sütun parçalar›, tafl a¤›rl›klar ve Res. 4 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar› s›ras›nda saptanan yaklafl›k 100 çapalar›n yan› s›ra antik bir limana ait kal›nt›lar olabile- çapan›n ço¤unlu¤u, bu resimde görülen ve Halil Liman›’nda bir cek s›ra d›fl› bir sualt› oluflumu belgelenmifltir. Deniz kayal›¤›n dibine yap›flm›fl, 1. yy.’a ait 1 metre boyundaki sa¤lam yüzeyinden 6 m. afla¤›da bulunan bu kal›nt›lar taban- çapa örne¤i gibi küçükçedir. dan 3.5 m. yükselmektedir. K›r›k seramikler ve büyük Fig. 4 Most of the nearly 100 anchors located in the 2004 survey k›rma tafllar bu yap› alan› dahilinde bol miktarda görül- were relatively small like this intact, 1-m-long example from the mektedir. Denizin içine do¤ru 65 m. uzanan bu yap› first century, concreted to the base of a rock outcrop at Halil hakk›nda yorum yapmak için henüz erkendir. Liman› (H. Öniz photo).

126 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Sonuçlar analysis and examination of this 65-meter-long exten- Pamfilya Körfezi’nin do¤u k›sm›, geçen binlerce y›lda sion into the sea is required before it can be fully inter- erozyon ve müteakip sedimentasyondan çok etkilenmifl- preted. tir. Ancak 100’den fazla tafl ve demir çapa ve di¤er obje- ler, bölgenin di¤er denizlerle ekonomik ba¤lar›n›n geli- Conclusions flimini tan›mlamaya yard›mc› olmaktad›r. Karada uzun The eastern portion of the Bay of Pamphylia has suffered süredir gerçeklefltirilmekte olan araflt›rmalar›n sonuçla- from a great deal of erosion and subsequent sedimenta- r›n› destekleyen denizle ilgili kronolojik göstergeler özel- tion over millennia, but more than 100 stone and iron likle önemlidir. Artan deniz ticareti, bölgede korsanlar›n anchors and other artifacts help to describe the develop- faaliyette bulundu¤u dönemle tamamen çak›flmaktad›r. ment of the region’s economic links to other maritime fiarap ve zeytinya¤› gibi tar›msal üretim fazlas›n›n gelifl- regions. Of particular significance are the maritime mesi, ayn› döneme ait çapa ve tafl›ma amforalar›yla chronological indicators that support the results of the desteklenmektedir. Bulgular›m›z› gelifltirmek amac›yla long-term terrestrial survey. Increased seaborne com- 2005 ve 2006’da çal›flmalar›m›z› sürdürmeyi planl›- merce is indicated at the exact same time that the yoruz. pirates were operating in the region, and the develop- ment of surplus agricultural crops such as wine and Teflekkür olive oil is accompanied by increased numbers of anchors and transport amphora dating from this same Bana bu araflt›rmaya kat›lma f›rsat›n› sa¤layan Purdue period. Additional survey work is planned in 2005 and Üniversitesi’nden N. Rauh ve Da¤l›k Kilikia Arkeolojik 2006 to build upon these discoveries. Yüzey Araflt›rmas› Projesi’nin efl-baflkanlar›na teflekkür ediyorum. Deniz k›y›s› projesi, Kültür ve Turizm Bakan- Acknowledgments l›¤›’n›n ve temsilcisi G. Savran’›n büyük destek ve yar- d›mlar›yla gerçekleflmifltir. Tamamen gönüllü Amerikal›, I thank N. Rauh of Purdue University and the co-direct- Türk, Kuzey K›br›sl› ve Norveçli ö¤rencilerden ve AASM ors of the RCASP for the opportunity to join them in this ve Do¤u Akdeniz Üniversitesi’nden sualt› kameraman› research. The maritime project relied on the strong H. Öniz’den oluflan uluslararas› ekibimize müteflekki- support and assistance of the Ministry of Culture and riz. 2004 y›l› çal›flmalar› National Science Foundation Tourism and its representative G. Savran. We are partic- (Ulusal Bilim Vakf›) Grant BCS-0240211, Florida Eyalet ularly grateful to our all-volunteer international team Üniversitesi ve Deniz Arkeolojisi Araflt›rma Fonu ve of American, Turkish, North Cypriot and Norwegian yine ad› geçen üniversitenin Akademik Dal›fl Program› students and archaeologists and our underwater videog- taraf›ndan sa¤lanan dal›fl ekipman›, ve Do¤u Akdeniz rapher H. Öniz of AASM and Eastern Mediterranean Üniversitesi taraf›ndan sa¤lanan kamera ekipman› ile University. The 2004 survey was generously funded by cömert flekilde desteklenmifltir. a National Science Foundation Grant BCS-0240211, Florida State University, and the Nautical Archaeology Research Fund at FSU, with equipment supplied by the Academic Diving Program at Florida State University and camera equipment from the Eastern Mediterranean University.

127

Da¤l›k Kilikya Yüzey Araflt›rmas› Projesi: Mimari Çal›flmalar 2004 The Rough Cilicia Survey Project: Architectural Work 2004

Rhys F. TOWNSEND - Michael C. HOFF

Da¤l›k Kilikya Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› Projesi mimari ekibi, In the 2004 season the architectural team of the Rough çal›flmalar›n› Kestros ören yerindeki ana yap›lar üzerinde Cilicia Survey Project concentrated its efforts on survey- yo¤unlaflt›rd›. Asl›nda çal›flma bir önceki y›l bafllam›flt› ing the principal buildings at the site of Kestros. This ancak cihaz ar›zas› nedeniyle tamamlanamam›flt›. work began the previous year, but the failure of the survey equipment had prevented its completion. Ören yeri, yaklafl›k kuzey-güney do¤rultusunda uzanan küçük bir s›rt üzerindedir. Mimari kal›nt›lar, s›rt›n tepe The summit on which the site is situated consists of a hatt› boyunca ve de bir miktar da e¤imin görece az oldu- small ridgeline oriented in approximately a north-south ¤u do¤u yamaçta yer almaktad›r. S›rt›n tepe hatt›n›n direction. The architectural remains occupy the spine of hemen alt›nda uzanan bat› yamaçtaki sarp uçurum, bu the ridge and continue a short distance down the east yönde inflaat yap›lmas›n› k›s›tlam›flt›r. Tüm yap›lar yak- side where the slope is relatively moderate. Immediately lafl›k 450 m. uzunlu¤unda, 70 m. geniflli¤inde bir alana below the ridgeline on the west, a steep cliff extends the yay›lmakta olup en iyi korunmufl kal›nt›lar ise kuzey ve entire length of the summit, which restricted building güney uçlardad›r. Ara bölgedeki duvar kal›nt›lar›, yap›- activity on this side. Altogether the structures occupy an lar›n afla¤› yukar› tüm s›rt boyunca infla edildi¤ini göster- area over 450 m long and approximately 70 m wide; the mesine karfl›n, orta k›s›mda bugün görülebilenler yaln›z- best preserved remains are concentrated mainly at the ca kaçak kaz›larla ortaya ç›kanlard›r. Yo¤un çal›l›k ve northern and the southern extremities. Stretches of wall bitki örtüsü nedeniyle anlafl›l›r bir plan ç›kartmak müm- in the area between, indicate that buildings extended kün olamad›¤› gibi (bir iki istisna d›fl›nda ören yeri harita- more or less continuously along the whole of the ridge, s›nda görülmezler, Har. 1) kente Eski Ça¤’da hangi yoldan but today those in the central section have been re- ulafl›ld›¤› da anlafl›lamamaktad›r. vealed largely by the trenches of illegal excavators, making it difficult, given the dense overgrowth, to pro- Ören yerinin kuzey ucundaki en dikkate de¤er kal›nt›, vide any adequate plans (with a few exceptions there- zirvenin hemen alt›nda güneye bakan uzun terast›r (Res. fore, these remains do not appear on the site plan, 1). Toplam uzunlu¤u 85 m.’ye yaklaflan bu teras›n ön ve Map 1). The overgrowth also has obscured any trace of arka duvar› aras› 14 m.’nin biraz üzerindedir. Korunmufl the ancient approach to the site itself. haliyle arka duvar, güneye do¤ru döndü¤ü noktan›n yak›n›ndaki küçük bir k›vr›m haricinde, 5 m. yüksekli¤in- The most prominent feature at the northern end of the de düz bir hat biçiminde uzanmaktad›r. Ön duvar da, site is a long terrace that lies just below the actual sum- güney ucu yak›n›ndaki hafif bir bükülme d›fl›nda yine mit and faces south (Fig. 1). Its total length extends for düz olarak uzanmaktad›r. Ön ve arka duvar›n taban approximately 85 m; its width from the front wall to seviyesinde yer alan blok dizisi, bir iç kolonada iflaret the back is just over 14 m. As preserved, the back wall ediyor olabilir. Teras›n arka duvar›nda heykeller için stands about five meters high against the hillside and yap›lm›fl nifl dizisinden üçü korunmufltur; 1960’larda G. E. runs in a straight line, except for a section that bends Bean ve T. B. Mitford buray› ziyaret ettiklerinde bunlar- forward near the point where the wall breaks off to the dan birinde bir heykel kaidesinin yer ald›¤›, bir di¤e- south. The front wall is also straight, except for a slight rinin de ait oldu¤u niflin hemen önünde yerde durdu¤unu curve towards the southern end. On the level ground

129 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Har. 1 Kestros’un plan› / Map. 1 Plan of Kestros rapor etmifllerdir (G. E. Bean - T. B. Mitford, “Sites Old between front and back wall there is a line of blocks that and New in Rough Cilicia,” AnaSt 12, 1962; ayr›ca may define an interior colonnade. Set into the back wall “Journeys in Rough Cilicia 1964-1968”, Österreichische of the terrace are a series of arched niches for statuary, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historis- three of which are preserved; one still held a statue base che Klasse Denkschriften, Band 102, Ergänzungsbände when G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford visited Kestros in the zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris, Nr. 3 [1970]). Bean ve Mitford 1960s, and another base lay directly below and in front bu ziyaretleri s›ras›nda, yaklafl›k teras›n orta hatt› boyun- of its niche. (For accounts of Bean and Mitford’s work at ca dizilmifl üçü in situ durumda heykel kaideleri sapta- Kestros, see G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford, “Sites Old and m›fllard›. Olas›l›kla iç kolonad›n sütunlar› aras›nda yer New in Rough Cilicia,” AnSt 12 (1962), and idem, alan bu kaidelerin bugün hiçbiri yoktur. Son olarak da, Journeys in Rough Cilicia 1964-1968, Österreichische muhtemelen tüm bunlardan günümüze sadece üst Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Histori- k›sm›nda bugün okunamayan yaz›tl› bloklar bulunan sche Klasse Denkschriften, Band 102, Ergänzungsbände 1.34 m. geniflli¤indeki iki basamakl› tek bir platformun zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris, Nr. 3 (Vienna 1970). Bean ulaflabildi¤ini belirtelim. and Mitford also observed a line of statue bases running roughly down the middle of the terrace, three of which Terasa nas›l eriflildi¤i anlafl›lamamaktad›r. Kuzeyden were in situ at the time of their visit. None are preserved herhangi bir girifl, Geç Antik Ça¤’da buraya infla edilen, today; probably they originally stood between the col- yaklafl›k 14x4.60 m. ebatlar›nda tek nefli kilise taraf›n- umns of the interior colonnade. Finally, Bean and Mit- dan iptal edilmifl olmal›d›r. Yap›n›n bugün en göze çar- ford noted that the front edge of the terrace was also pan yeri, güney duvar›na ait 3 m.’den fazla yüksekli¤e embellished with honorific statues. Of these, all that sahip devflirme kap› söveleridir. Kilisenin terastan daha remains today is a single two-stepped platform, 1.34 m sonra infla edildi¤i, kal›n do¤u duvar›n›n içine giren wide, on top of which are inscribed blocks (today illeg- apsisten anlafl›lmaktad›r. Teras›n güney ucunda bugün ible). korunmufl haliyle yaklafl›k 10 m2’lik tek odal› bir yap› yer almaktad›r. Arka, yani bat› duvar›, teras›n kendisidir. How the terrace was approached is uncertain. Any entry Bu yap›n›n terasla ilgili bir ifllevi olup olmad›¤›, yoksa from the north was interrupted in later antiquity by a yaln›zca oraya m› yap›ld›¤› sorusuna aç›kl›k kazand›r›- single-aisled church, measuring ca. 14x4.6 m. The most lamam›flt›r. Yap›, bu yönde komplekse ait baflka kal›nt› prominent feature of the building today are the two görülmedi¤inden teras›n güney ucunu teflkil ediyor ola- reused door jambs belonging to the south wall which bilir. still stand to a height of over three meters. That the

130 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 Teras, kuzeyden bak›fl / Fig. 1 Terrace, from the north Res. 2 Mezar, do¤udan bak›fl / Fig. 2 Tomb, from the east

Kare yap›n›n hemen afla¤›s›nda, teras›n do¤u ucunda, church is later than the terrace is demonstrated by the iyi korunmufl durumda bir “Grabhaus” yer almaktad›r. construction of the apse that intrudes into the fabric of 10.98x7.18 m. ebatlar›ndaki dikdörtgen yap›, kuzeye the thick eastern terrace wall. At the southern end of the bakmakta olup, in antis ön mekana basamakl› bir podyum terrace as preserved is a single-roomed structure, ap- ile ulafl›lmaktad›r. Ancak sütunlara ait hiç bir iz yoktur. proximately 10 m square. Its rear or west wall is formed Ön mekan ile mezar odas› tonozla örtülüdür. Ana odaya from the terrace itself. Whether this structure somehow aç›lan kap›n›n iki yan›nda birer küçük, yar›m daire served a function in connection with the terrace or was biçimli nifl yer almaktad›r. Mezar›n kendisi üç seviyeye simply built against it, is not certain. It may mark the bölünmüfl olup bunlardan iyi korunmufl olan alt ikisinin end of the terrace at the south, since no further trace of yan ve arka duvarlar›nda üçer tane, kemerli arkosolium’ the complex is preserved in this direction. un varl›¤› anlafl›lmaktad›r. Üst seviyede de üç arkosolium’ un varl›¤›n› kabul edersek toplam say› dokuza ulafl›r. Immediately below the square structure at the south Podyumun do¤u kenar›nda tonozlu krypta’lara girifli end of the terrace stands a well-preserved tomb of the sa¤layan kemerli iki girifl yer almaktad›r (Res. 2). Mezar “Grabhaus” type. This structure is rectangular, measur- yap›s›, kal›n harç içinde yumruk büyüklü¤ünden kafa ing 10.98 by 7.18 m; it faces north and is approached büyüklü¤üne kadar de¤iflen moloz tafllarla infla edilmifl- by means of a stepped podium leading to an in-antis tir. Yerli kireçtafl›ndan yontulmufl ön mekan›n zemin porch; there are no indications of any columns. Both döflemesine ait bir parça ile parça halindeki bir ante porch and tomb chamber proper were vaulted. To either kaidesi devflirme malzemedirler. side of the door leading into the main chamber are small semi-circular niches, one on each side. The tomb Ören yerinin güney ucunda yer alan binalar grubu, itself is divided into three levels, the lower two of which kamu, imalat ve konut amaçl› yap›lar›ndan oluflan bir are well preserved enough to show that they each con- kar›fl›md›r. Bu grubun kuzey ucunda, küçük bir belin iki tained three arched arcosolia set into the flank and rear yan›nda birbirine bakan iki tap›nak yer almaktad›r (Res. walls; assuming the third level held the same number, 3). Bean ve Mitford taraf›ndan bulunan yaz›tlara dayan›- there would have been nine arcosolia in all. On the east larak, bunlardan kuzeydeki Antoninus Pius’a (Plan 1A) side of the podium are two arched entryways into vault- ve güneydeki de Vespasianus’a (Plan 1B) ithaf edilmifltir. ed crypts (Fig. 2). The tomb is made up of rubble, ran- Her iki tap›nak da, basamaklarla ç›k›lan bir pronaos ve ging from fist sized to head sized stones, placed in a cella’dan oluflmaktad›r. Bean ve Mitford’un sözünü thick mortar. The only exceptions to this material are a etti¤i Antoninus Pius Tap›na¤›’na ç›k›fl› sa¤layan sekiz paving slab from the porch and a fragmentary anta base, basamak günümüze ulaflamam›flt›r. Benzer flekilde, both of which are carved from the local limestone. Vespasianus Tap›na¤›’n›n da ön k›sm› kötü durumdad›r. Önde ve altta kayaya oyulmufl basamak izleri, girifle The complex of buildings that is situated at the southern ulafl›m› sa¤layan bir merdivenin varl›¤›n› kan›tlamak- end of the site appears to consist of a mixture of tad›r. Her iki tap›nak da içerde harçl› moloz tafl mal- public, industrial, and domestic structures. At the north- zeme ile, d›flta ise daha büyük kare veya kareye yak›n ern limit of this complex, two temples face each other

131 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 3 A. Pius Tap›na¤›, kuzeyden Vespasianus Tap›na¤›’na do¤ru bak›fl Fig. 3 Temple of A. Pius from north looking towards the Temple of Vespasian

across a small saddle (Fig. 3). They were noted by Bean and Mitford who identified that at ihe north (Plan 1A) as dedicated to Antoninus Pius on the basis of the inscrip- tions found within, and that to the south (Plan 1B) as dedicated to Vespasian, again on the basis of inscrip- tions found in its cella. Each temple consists of a cella and pronaos which was approached from the front by a flight of stairs. Bean and Mitford report eight steps lead- ing to the temple of Antoninus Pius; these are no longer preserved. The front of the temple of Vespasian is likewise very badly damaged today, but traces of rock steps in front and below the temple provide evidence for a stairway of several steps leading up to the en- trance. Both temples are built of rubble masonry set in mortar on the interior; on the exterior the masonry is more substantial, with larger square or nearly square cut stone blocks. The construction of the temple of Antoni- nus Pius is both more careful and more monumental than that of Vespasian. In the saddle between these two temples are a number of structures, one of which was used as a pressing com- plex, from the evidence of slots for two press frames found in situ that were built into the interior face of one wall of the building. Numerous other buildings, either domestic or light industrial, crowd the area immediate- ly south of the Temple of Vespasian; indeed one such Plan 1 Tap›naklar›n plan flemalar› / Plans of the Temples structure even abuts against the temple itself. Bean and

132 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS kesme tafllarla infla edilmifltir. Antoninus Pius Tap›na¤›, Mitford describe a circuit wall, but no trace of a sepa- Vespasianus Tap›na¤›’na göre hem daha an›tsal hem de rate city wall remains today. The structures at the south- daha dikkatli bir iflçilik sergilemektedir. ern end of the site abut each other, their outer walls extending right up to the edge of the cliff, and in this ‹ki tap›na¤›n aras›ndaki bel üzerinde yer alan yap›lardan manner produce the effect of a circuit wall. It may be biri, duvar›n›n iç yüzüne infla edilmifl ve in situ durum- that it is to this arrangement that Bean and Mitford refer. daki iki adet pres yuvas›ndan anlafl›laca¤› üzere presle- Finally, Bean and Mitford mention a cemetery that me iflli¤idir. Vespasianus Tap›na¤›’n›n hemen güneyinde, extends for about 100 m to the south of the Grabhaus. evler ve küçük imalathaneler yer almaktad›r. Bunlardan Only bare traces of the concentration of small tombs biri de do¤rudan tap›na¤a yaslanm›flt›r. Bean ve Mitford that Bean and Mitford mention can today be located. bir çevre duvar› tasvir etmelerine karfl›n, bugün ayr› bir kent suruna ait iz görülmemektedir. Ören yerinin güney ucundaki yap›lar birbirine yaslanmakta ve d›fl duvarlar› uçurumun kenar›na kadar uzanmakta olup adeta bir kent suru izlenimi yaratmaktad›r. Belki de Bean ve Mitford bu düzenlemeden söz etmektedir. Ve nihayet Bean ve Mitford’un “Grabhaus”un 100 m. kadar güneyinde yer ald›¤›n› belirttikleri mezarl›ktan bugün yaln›zca belli belirsiz izler seçilebilmektedir.

133

Kilikya K›y›lar› Sualt› Arkeolojik Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› 2004 Archaeological Underwater Surveys of the Cilician Coasts in 2004

Volkan EVR‹N - Mert AYARO⁄LU - Korhan ÖZKAN - Çi¤dem TOSKAY EVR‹N Korhan B‹RCAN - Murat B‹RCAN - Levent ZORO⁄LU

ODTÜ Sualt› Toplulu¤u Bat›k Araflt›rmalar› Gurubu (SAT- A series of underwater surveys were conducted by the BAG) ve Sualt› Araflt›rmalar› Derne¤i Sualt› Arkeolojisi METU - Subaqua Society Underwater Wreck Research Araflt›rma Gurubu (SAD-SAAG), 1992 y›l›ndan bafllaya- Group (SAT-BAG) and the Underwater Research Society rak Roma Dönemi’nde Kilikya olarak adland›r›lan ve - Underwater Archaeology Research Group (SAD-SAAG) Anadolu’nun Do¤u Akdeniz sular›n› içine alan bölgede along the eastern Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia, (Har. 1) sualt› yüzey araflt›rmalar› yapm›flt›r. Kilikya Arafl- from 1992 in the region termed Cilicia in the Roman t›rmalar› süresince, de¤iflik bölgelerde ve de¤iflik derinlik- period. lerde yüzlerce dal›fl yap›lm›fl, sualt›nda pek çok alan During these Surveys, after hundreds of dives in various taranm›fl ve önemli görülen de¤erler çizim ve foto¤raflarla regions and depths, a vast area has been surveyed and belgelenmifltir. Araflt›rmalar süresince Antakya-Samanda¤ the archaeological features of immediate importance ve Mersin-Ayd›nc›k’ta olmak üzere iki adet bat›k, onlar- were drawn and photographed. Resulting from these ca tafl ve metal çapa ve kayda de¤er pek çok arkeolojik surveys, two wrecksites, at Antakya-Samanda¤ and Mer- de¤er tespit edilmifltir. Elde edilen bilgiler ve belgeler, sin-Ayd›nc›k (ancient Kelenderis), many stone and metal ulusal ve uluslararas› pek çok bilimsel yay›n ve konfe- anchors and other archaeological features were ob- ransta sunulmufltur. served. The findings from these campaigns have been Kilikya Araflt›rmalar› 3 aflamal› bir yöntemle uygulan- presented and widely published in domestic and inter- maktad›r: Bilgi Toplama, Keflif Gezileri ve Sualt› Araflt›r- national symposia and academic journals. malar›. The Cilicia Surveys are based on a three-tiered system: ODTÜ-SAT ve SAD Üyeleri bir araflt›rma esnas›nda s›ra- Collecting Information, Exploratory Trips and Underwa- s›yla: ter Surveys. 1. Eskinin ve bugünün bilgi ve belgelerini kütüphaneler- METU-SAT and SAD members apply the following steps den, internet’ten ve kitaplardan toplamakta; in a typical research campaign: 2. Dal›fl yap›lacak potansiyel alanlar› belirlemekte; 1. Collecting information concerning the targeted 3. Bölgeye keflif gezileri yaparak yerinde incelemelerde research area from primary and secondary sources, bulunup, o bölgedeki kültür, altyap› ve co¤rafya hak- from libraries and the internet, k›nda bilgi toplay›p, yerel halkla, bal›kç›larla ve yerel 2. Deciding on potential diving spots, dalg›çlarla konuflmakta; 3. Making exploratory trips to the targeted region to 4. Yetkili makamlardan araflt›rma yapmak için yetki ve acquire first-hand experience and knowledge of the izinlerini almakta; culture, infrastructure and geography of the area, and 5. Dal›fl organizasyonunu (bütçe, malzeme, etkinlik vs.) talking to the local inhabitants, to local fishermen yapmaktad›rlar. and divers, Bu kapsamda, 1992-1993 y›llar›nda Antakya bölgesinde 4. Obtaining an official permit for research from admin- Suriye s›n›r›m›zdan bafllayarak Arsuz’a kadar uzanan k›y› istrative authorities, fleridinde keflif dal›fllar› yap›lm›flt›r. Bu bölgede Samanda¤ 5. Organizing the diving expedition (budget, supplies, k›y›s›nda ‹.S. 2-4 yy.’lara ait bir bat›k tespit edilmifltir. the scope of activity, etc.).

135 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Har. 1 / Map 1

Ayr›ca, Kültür Bakanl›¤› ve Antakya Arkeoloji Müzesi To this aim, diving expeditions along the coastline were gözetiminde, dört adet tafl çapa, iki adet amfora ve iki conducted in 1992-1993 in the immediate vicinity of adet cam külçe su üstüne ç›kart›larak müzeye teslim Antakya (Antioch) by the Syrian border, starting from edilmifltir. Arsuz. On the coast of Samanda¤, a wreck site dated to nd th 1994 y›l›nda Anamur-Gazipafla aras›nda kalan k›y› fleri- the 2 -4 centuries A.D. was discovered. Under the dinde araflt›rmalar yap›lm›flt›r. Bu araflt›rmalar s›ras›nda supervision of the Ministry of Culture and the Archaeo- Anamur antik kentinin k›y›s›nda, sualt›nda kalm›fl mima- logical Museum of Antioch, four stone anchors, two ri elemanlar tespit edilmifl ve raporlanm›flt›r. Antik fleh- amphorae and two glass ingots were brought to the rin kiliselerinden birine ait olabilece¤i düflünülen bu surface and given to the museum. kal›nt›lar›n, deniz k›y›s›nda basit ölçüm ve çizimleri In 1994 underwater surveys were concentrated on the yap›lmaya çal›fl›lm›flt›r. coastline between Anamur (Anemurium) and Gazipafla 1996-2000 y›llar› aras›nda Ayd›nc›k-Taflucu aras›nda (Selinus). Architectural remains, which possibly belong- kalan k›y› fleridinde keflif dal›fllar› ile Kilikya Araflt›rma- ing to one of the ancient churches on the coast of lar› devam etmifltir. Bu çal›flmalar s›ras›nda Ayd›nc›k ancient Anemurium, were discovered underwater and ‹lçesi ve yak›n k›y› alan›nda dikkat çekici bulgular tespit were reported with basic plans and measurements. edilince, ayn› bölgede 1987 y›l›ndan beri Kelenderis Kaz›- Between 1996 and 2000 the Cilicia Underwater Surveys lar›’n› yürütmekte olan Konya Selçuk Üniversitesi Klasik investigated the coastline between Ayd›nc›k (Kelenderis) Arkeoloji Bölümü ö¤retim üyelerinden Prof. Dr. L. Zoro¤- lu’ndan yard›m istenmifltir. Kelenderis kaz›lar› s›ras›nda, and Taflucu (Holmoi). Following the discovery of inter- hem kentin mezarl›¤›nda, hem de Afla¤› fiehir ve Akro- esting features at Ayd›nc›k (Kelenderis) and in its imme- pol’de çok say›da ticari amfora ve Kelenderis d›fl›ndan diate environs, Prof. Dr. L. Zoro¤lu from the Department gelmifl di¤er materyaller bulan kaz› ekibi için de eksik- of Archaeology, Selçuk University, Konya, who has li¤i hissedilen en önemli çal›flmalardan birisi, liman ve directed the Kelenderis Excavations since 1987, was limana yak›n çevrede henüz sualt› çal›flmalar›n›n yap›- consulted. The archaeological team at Kelenderis had lamam›fl olmas›d›r. Bu nedenle 2001 y›l›nda genifl bir discovered numerous commercial amphorae as well as planlama yap›larak, 2002 y›l›nda Kelenderis kaz›lar› other imported material in the ancient city’s necropolis çerçevesinde bir ekibin Kültür Bakanl›¤›’n›n da izni ile area, in the Lower City and on the Acropolis, however söz konusu bölgede sualt› araflt›rmas› yapmas›na karar the lack of an underwater expedition to provide evi- verilmifltir. ODTÜ-SAT & SAD olarak geçmifl tecrübele- dence concerning the commercial ties of Kelenderis rimizden ve bilgi birikimimizden de yararlanarak önemli in the harbour and harbour area was obvious.

136 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS görülen dal›fl bölgeleri belirlenmifltir. Dal›fllar›n büyük Consequently an extensive organisational process was bir bölümünü Ayd›nc›k aç›klar›nda bulunan Y›lanl› Ada conducted in the 2001 season, and in 2002, combined çevresinde yapacak flekilde bilimsel ve teknik haz›rl›klar with the land excavations at Kelenderis, with an under- tamamlanm›flt›r. Sualt› çal›flmalar›n›n 2002-2004 y›llar› water survey permit from the Ministry of Culture, our boyunca ana sponsorlu¤unu Türkiye Sualt› Arkeolojisi first investigations have been conducted. Experience Vakf›-TINA yapm›flt›r. Sualt› araflt›rmalar›, Kelenderis kaz› gained from past Cilician Surveys, when METU-SAT and bütçesinden de güçlü bir flekilde desteklenmifltir. SAD members’ acquired technical skills and know-how Kelenderis, antik Anadolu co¤rafyas›nda Da¤l›k Kilikya helped in determining the diving spots at Kelenderis. (Kilikia Trakheia, Tafleli Platosu) olarak bilinen bölgenin Most dives were planned for Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) önemli bir liman kentidir. Kelenderis bölgesi co¤rafi close to Kelenderis harbour. The main sponsor for the konumu, do¤al liman› ve k›y› yap›s› itibari ile Anadolu’ 2002-2004 seasons’ work was the Turkish Institute of nun Do¤u Akdeniz k›y›lar›nda önemli geçifl ve demir- Nautical Archaeology - TINA and our underwater expe- leme noktalar›ndan biridir. Yak›n çevresinde bulunan ditions were also well supported by the Kelenderis tatl›su kaynaklar›, gemi yap›m› için büyük önem tafl›yan Excavations. sedir ormanlar›, Anadolu’ya aç›lan geçifl noktalar›na Kelenderis is one of the important ancient harbour-cities yak›nl›¤› ve K›br›s’›n ana karaya en yak›n oldu¤u bir of Rough Cilicia (Cilicia Tracheia, Tafleli Platosu). The konumda bulunmas› nedeniyle de bu önemini hiç kay- geographical site of Kelenderis with its natural harbour betmemifltir. Bu bölgede Prof. Dr. L. Zoro¤lu taraf›ndan and coast provides one of the significant transit and 1987 y›l›ndan beri sürdürülen kaz›larda, kentteki ilk anchorage points in the eastern Mediterranean. The yerleflimin ‹.Ö. 7. yy. bafllar›na kadar uzand›¤› saptan- freshwater resources and the cedar forests were impor- m›flt›r. Kelenderis’teki bu kentleflmenin öncesinde de tant for ship construction in the city’s immediate envi- yerleflmelerin oldu¤u, Neolitik, Kalkolitik ve Erken Tunç ronment, in addition its proximity to the passes leading Ça¤lar›na (‹.Ö. 5000-3000 y›llar›na) kadar geri giden to the Anatolian plateau and situated where the main- seramik ve di¤er arkeolojik malzemenin belgelendi¤i land is closest to Cyprus, all contributed to this ancient Gilindire Ma¤aras› ile kan›tlanm›flt›r. Kelenderis en par- city’s strategic importance. The first settlement layers of lak dönemini ‹.Ö. 5. ve 4. yy.’larda yaflam›fl, Hellenistik ancient Kelenderis, dating to the 7th century B.C. have Ça¤’da bir süre M›s›r’daki Ptolemaioslar’›n denetimi been revealed during excavations from 1987 onwards alt›na girmifl, Roma ‹mparatorluk Dönemi’nde ise küçük conducted by Prof. Dr. L. Zoro¤lu. However, from bir liman kenti olarak önemini korumufltur. Erken H›ris- ceramic and other finds from the Gilindire Cave, it has tiyanl›k zaman›nda (‹.S. 5. ve 6. yy.’lar) yeni bir parlak dönem yaflayan kentin, antik ça¤a ait bu son evresinin been determined that the settlement history in this area görünümü, Kelenderis Mozai¤i üzerinde de yans›lt›lm›flt›r. extends back to the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and early 1991 y›l›nda bulunan mozaik, 12 m. uzunlukta, 3.20 m. Bronze Age (5000-3000 B.C.). The city had its most th th geniflliktedir. Mozaik üzerindeki görüntünün 3x3 m.’lik prosperous period during the 5 and 4 centuries B.C., panosunda Geç Antik Dönem’e ait Kelenderis’in kent during the Hellenistic period it came under the rule of manzaras› ile içerisinde iki yelkenlinin bulundu¤u lima- the Ptolemids for a short time, whereas during the n› betimlenmifltir. Roman imperial period it kept its importance as a lively small harbour town. In the early Christian period (5th Y›lanl› Ada (36º 06’ 85’’ Kuzey enlemi - 33º 22’ 68’’ and 6th centuries A.D.) there was further activity in the Do¤u boylam›), kuzeybat›-güneydo¤u ekseninde 120- town. The last glimpses of antiquity are thoroughly 130 m. uzunlu¤unda 45-50 m. geniflli¤inde ve deniz depicted on the Kelenderis mosaic found in 1991 and seviyesinden 25-30 m. yüksekli¤inde bir konuma sahip- which is 12 m long and 3.20 m wide. In the first 3 sq. tir. Ayd›nc›k Liman›’na 3.3 deniz mili (yaklafl›k 6 km.) m. of the mosaic, a town scene of late antique Kelen- uzakl›kta bulunan ve Sancak Burnu’na 1 mil karfl›dan deris with two merchant-ships sailing into its harbour is bakan bir adad›r (Har. 1). Konum itibari ile tüm yak›n depicted. k›y›lar› görebilen bu adan›n, eski denizciler taraf›ndan s›k kullan›lan bir alan olmas› kuvvetle muhtemel oldu- Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) (36º 06’ 85’’ N. - 33º 22’ 68’’ ¤undan Kelenderis sualt› çal›flmalar› Y›lanl› Ada üzerin- E.) lies in a northwest-south eastern position; it is 120- de yo¤unlaflm›flt›r. Ada önlerinde 50 civar›nda de¤iflik 130 m long, 45-50 m wide and about 25-30 m above tür ve tipte çapaya rastlanm›fl, detayl› ölçüm ve çizim the sea level. It is 3.3 sea miles from the Ayd›nc›k çal›flmalar› sonucunda 4500 m2’lik bir alan haritaland›- (Kelenderis) harbour and 1 mile from Cape Sancak (San- r›lm›flt›r (Har. 2). Bir, iki ve üç delikli tafl çapalar, tafl ve cak Burnu) (Map. 1). Due to its position monitoring kurflun çipolar (kelepçesi ile beraber) ve T, Y ve yay all nearby bays and the coast, it would have been

137 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Har. 2 / Map 2

flekilli metal çapalar belgelenmifltir. Araflt›rma sonucun- Res. 1 / Fig. 1 da elde edilen çapa haritas›, Y›lanl› Ada’n›n yüzy›llar boyunca bir demirleme bölgesi olarak kullan›ld›¤›n› much favoured by ancient mariners, consequently the ispatlamaktad›r. Bu çapalama alan›n› daha da önemli ve Kelenderis Underwater investigations mostly focused özel k›lan ise, tespit edilen çapalar›n hem çeflit hem de around Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island). Lying under water on tür olarak Akdeniz sular›nda Geç Tunç Ça¤›’ndan beri its north and north eastern sides, around fifty different denizciler taraf›ndan kullan›lan pek çok tür çapadan anchors were discovered, drawn and measured, result- birkaç örne¤i birden bar›nd›rmas›d›r (Res. 1). Ayd›nc›k- ing in a small anchorage site-map covering about 4500 Y›lanl› Ada bu hali ile do¤al bir çapa müzesi konu- m2 (Map. 2). One, two and three-hole stone anchors, mundad›r. Tespit edilen, çizilen ve foto¤raflanan çapala- r›n tipoloji ve tarihleme çal›flmalar›na halen devam stone and lead stocks (one together with its collar) and edilmekle birlikte, tespit edilen çapa ve amphoralar Kelen- T-, Y-, and larger bow-shaped metal anchors were doc- deris kaz›lar›n›n bulgular› ile beraber de¤erlendirildi¤in- umented. The anchorage site-map constructed with the de ortak paydalara ulafl›ld›¤› görülmektedir. Çapa türleri help of these underwater investigations clearly reveals aç›s›ndan da Akdeniz havzas›nda Tunç Ça¤›’ndan beri how Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) was favoured as an görülen ve incelenen türlerin pek ço¤una bu bölgede anchorage. Moreover, what makes this anchorage site beraberce rastlanmaktad›r. Y›lanl› Ada’y›, sualt› arkeolo- so special is the variety and types of anchors found here jisi ad›na çok önemli bir konuma tafl›yan bu bulgular, that include types used by mariners in the Mediterra- tek tek incelenerek de¤erlendirilecektir. Tafl çapa tür- nean from at least the late Bronze Age (Fig. 1). Ayd›nc›k- lerinden tek delikli, iki delikli ve üç delikli örnekler, tafl Y›lanl› Ada (Kelenderis-Spurie Island) is in this sense an çipo, kurflun çipo ve kelepçesi, metal T ve Y çapalar ve underwater museum of anchors. Studies on the typolo- yay fleklinde olan büyük metal çapalar sualt›nda birbir- gy and chronology of the discovered, drawn and photo- lerine yak›n konumlarda bulunmaktad›r. Sualt› çal›flma- graphed anchors are continuing, however, from the lar›nda bu kadar çok say›da ve farkl› türde çapan›n bir knowledge gained from these anchors and from the arada tek bir bölgede bulunmas› ender rastlanan bir amphorae from the Kelenderis excavations, the relation- kefliftir. Gerek bölgenin Tunç Ça¤›’na kadar uzanan deniz ship between these two classes of finds is clear. The ticaretine ›fl›k tutmas› aç›s›ndan gerekse çapa türleri üze- anchor types observed and studied in the Mediterrane- rinde yap›lacak tipoloji çal›flmalar›na kaynak yaratmas› an basin, that have been employed since the Bronze bak›m›ndan bu sular›n hassasiyetle incelenmesine devam Age are found together in this region. These finds high- edilecektir. light the importance of Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) in Y›lanl› Ada önlerinde bulunan çapalar›n d›fl›nda 55 m. contexts of underwater archaeology as this is a singular derinlikte bir bat›k alan› da keflfedilmifltir (Y›lanl› discovery with such a variety of types of anchors, in Ada-Erkut Arcak Bat›¤›). Bat›k alan›nda yap›lan dal›fllar great numbers found together in an area. Mainly form- sonucunda, yüzeyde görünen geminin kargosu olarak ing an indication of Bronze Age maritime activities in yaklafl›k 50-60 kadar amfora tespit edilmifltir (Res. 4). the region, as well as a detailed study of the anchors, Amforalar her ne kadar da¤›n›k gibi görünse de kuzey- this research will contribute to the overall typology of

138 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS güney ekseninde hakim bir y›¤›lma do¤rultusu gözlen- this class of finds and the thorough surveying of these mifltir. Ayr›ca Y›lanl› Ada’n›n bat›¤a bakan yüzünde, 15- waters will continue. 35 metreler aras›nda da¤›n›k flekilde duran amfora par- In addition to the anchors found around Y›lanl› Ada çalar›n›n ço¤unun bat›k amforalar› ile ayn› tipte olmas›, (Spurie Island), a wreck site at a depth of 55 m was dis- geminin batarken ya yük atmaya çal›flt›¤›n› ya da kaya- covered (the Y›lanl› Ada-Erkut Arcak wreck). As a result lara çarparak batma an›nda kargosunun bir k›sm›n› of the expedition to this wreck site, about 50-60 ampho- dökerek kumluk zemine oturdu¤unu göstermektedir. rae, constituting a part of the ship’s cargo lie on top of Yap›lan küçük çapl› yüzey incelemelerinde de da¤›n›k durumda olan üst katman›n alt›nda en az iki s›ra düzen- the seabed-mound, were observed (Fig. 4). Although the li amfora y›¤›n› oldu¤u da görülmüfltür. Fakat, bat›k amphorae seem to be scattered on the seabed, there is alan›nda daha sonradan yap›lacak olas› detayl› araflt›r- an obvious north-south orientation to this heap of these ma ve kaz› çal›flmalar›na zarar vermemek için bat›k jars. Moreover, at Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) facing the içeri¤ine müdahale edilmemifltir. Bat›¤›n kargosunu olufl- wreck site, at a depth of 15-35 m there is a part of the turan amforalar Geç Roma 1 (Late Roman Amfora 1) wreck’s cargo assemblage, an indication that prior to the s›n›flamas› içinde yer almaktad›r (Res. 2). Buna ba¤l› sinking of the ship either some of the cargo had been olarak yap›lan ayr›nt›l› görüntüleme, çizim çal›flmalar› dumped overboard or at the time of sinking the ship first ve inceleme dal›fllar›ndan sonra, su üstüne ç›kart›lan iki passed by the rocky edge of the island, spilling some amfora ve bir testinin de yard›m› ile bat›k Geç Antik of its cargo there, and then gently sank on the sandy Dönem’e (‹.S. 6-7. yy.) tarihlenmifltir (Res. 2-3). Bu seabed. It is certain that beneath the scattered heap of dönemlerde Kelenderis antik kentinin de aktif bir liman amphora forming the cargo’s surface layer, there are at olarak kullan›ld›¤› düflünülürse, deniz-kara ticaret ba¤- least two rows of stacked amphorae. In order to pre- lant›s› güçlü bir flekilde ortaya konulmufl olur. serve the original condition of the site and not to harm any possible future investigation or underwater excava- Y›lanl› Ada çal›flmalar›nda 2004 y›l›nda iki amfora, bir tions, no further detailed exploration was undertaken at testi, üç tafl çapa, bir kurflun çipo ve kelepçesi ile bir tafl this wreck. The cargo amphorae are of Late Roman 1 çipo sualt›ndan ç›kart›larak Silifke Müzesi’ne teslim (LR 1) type (Fig. 2). Related to these findings, after the edilmifltir. Ç›kan eserler üzerinde konservasyon ve resto- rasyon çal›flmalar› halen devam etmektedir. Bu eserler için Ayd›nc›k ‹lçesi içinde Kelenderis kaz› çal›flmalar›n›n da sergilenebilece¤i bir ortam›n kurulmas› düflünülmek- tedir. Keflfedilen ve belgelenen metal ve tafl çapalar ile bat›k bölgesi sayesinde, Da¤l›k Kilikya’n›n önemli bir liman flehri olan Kelenderis’in, Do¤u Akdeniz deniz ticaret yol- lar› üzerinde s›k kullan›lan bir u¤rak noktas› oldu¤u tek- rar gösterilmifltir. Ayr›ca bu çapalar›n Akdeniz havzas›nda

Res. 2 / Fig. 2 Res. 3 / Fig. 3

139 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

detailed imaging, drawing and research-oriented dives, two cargo amphorae and a jug were taken to the sur- face, which helped in dating this wreck to the late antique period (6th-7th centuries A.D.) (Fig. 2, 3). As the harbour of ancient Kelenderis is understood to have been an active port during late antiquity, some of the land and sea trade consequences can be understood. In the 2004 season of the Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) sur- vey, two amphorae, three stone anchors, a lead stock and its collar, and a stone stock were taken to the sur- face and delivered to the Museum at Silifke (Seleuceia). Conservation and restoration work concerning these artefacts continues. A facility to exhibit these artefacts and the other results of the Kelenderis excavations is under consideration. The discovered and documented metal and stone anchors and the wreck site are proof that the ancient harbour town of Kelenderis, in Rough Cilicia (Cilicia Tracheia, Tafleli Platosu) was a port-of-call on the East Mediterra- nean maritime trade routes. In addition, the variety and number of anchors from different historical periods that have been found together by Y›lanl› Ada (Spurie Island) and in its vicinity, show that for centuries this was a favoured anchorage. Further, the Late Roman 1 (LR 1) amphorae found in the Y›lanl› Ada - Erkut Arcak wreck Res. 4 / Fig. 4 indicate the wine and/or olive oil production of Cilicia and possibly the export of such produce from Kelenderis varolan pek çok çapa türü ile benzer olmas›, Y›lanl› Ada harbour during late antiquity. ve yak›n çevresinin genifl bir zaman dilimi boyunca The Archaeological Underwater Surveys of the Cilician demirleme bölgesi olarak kullan›ld›¤›n› da göstermifltir. Coasts are a long-term project totally organised through Bunun yan› s›ra, Y›lanl› Ada-Erkut Arcak Bat›¤›’nda tespit edilen Geç Roma 1 (Late Roman 1) amforalar› da Kilikya the younger generation, employing their own resources bölgesinin ve olas›l›kla Kelenderis Liman›’n›n flarap ve/ of technical know-how and academic skills. METU-SAT veya zeytinya¤› ticaretinde Geç Antik Dönem’de aktif and SAD encourage the younger generation to maintain oldu¤una iflaret etmektedir. and respect the land’s cultural heritage, and to take a pro-active stance in its protection through educational Kilikya K›y›lar› Sualt› Arkeolojik Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› tüm and academic projects, working in a much neglected kaynaklar› ile kendi gençlerimizin yapmakta oldu¤u sphere in Turkey. Such activities aim to establish public uzun soluklu bir çal›flmad›r. ODTÜ-SAT ve SAD, Tür- awareness of both underwater archaeology and our kiye’de genç nesillerin sualt› kültür miras›na daha bilinç- cultural heritage. li yaklaflmalar›n› ve onu korumak kadar anlamaya yöne- lik çal›flmalar› da içeren e¤itimsel ve bilimsel destekli METU-SAT: http://www.metu.edu.tr/home/wwwsat faaliyetleri ile ülkemizde bir bofllu¤u doldurmaktad›r. SAD: http://www.sad.org.tr Bu tür çal›flmalar›n sonuçlar›n›n sualt› arkeolojisine oldu- TINA: http://www.tinaturk.org ¤u kadar kültürel miras›m›za olan toplumsal duyarl›l›¤›n Kelenderis Excavations: http://www.kelenderis.org artmas›na da hiç flüphesiz katk›s› olacakt›r. Cilicia Web Pages: http://www.kilikya.org ODTÜ-SAT: http://www.metu.edu.tr/home/wwwsat SAD: http://www.sad.org.tr TINA: http://www.tinaturk.org Kelenderis Kaz›lar›: http://www.kelenderis.org Kilikya Web Sayfalar›: http://www.kilikya.org

140 Do¤u ve Kuzeydo¤u Likya - Güneybat› Pisidya Epigrafik-Tarihi Co¤rafi Yüzey Araflt›rmalar› Projesi 2004 The Epigraphical-Historical Survey Project of East and Northeast Lycia - Southwest Pisidia, Work During 2004

Bülent ‹PL‹KÇ‹O⁄LU

Antalya ‹li s›n›rlar› içinde 1990 y›l›ndan bu yana, Avus- Our project, initiated in 1990 with the financial support turya Bilimler Akademisi Küçükasya Komisyonu’nun of the Commission of Asia Minor of the Austrian Acad- finans deste¤iyle uygulanmakta olan projeye iliflkin emy of Sciences within the province of Antalya, contin- çal›flmalara 2004 y›l›nda da 16 A¤ustos-5 Eylül tarihleri ued with the surveys from August 16th to September 5th, aras›nda devam edilmifltir. Yüzey araflt›rmalar›na proje 2004. The surveys were attended by Research Assistant asistan› olarak Marmara Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat H. S. Öztürk of the Ancient History Department of the Fakültesi Eskiça¤ Tarihi Araflt›rma Görevlisi H. S. Öztürk Faculty of Sciences and Letters of Marmara University as ve Bakanl›k Temsilcisi olarak Uflak Müzesi Müdürlü¤ü well as S. Do¤an of Uflak Museum, who both contribut- uzmanlar›ndan S. Do¤an kat›lm›fllar ve özverili çal›fl- ed greatly from their enthusiasm. malar›yla önemli katk›lar sa¤lam›fllard›r. Work in 2004 focused at Rhodiapolis - an ancient site 2004 y›l çal›flmalar›, esas itibariyle, Kumluca ‹lçe Mer- located on a hill of 250 m altitude in the Eskihisar area, kezi’nin 4 km. kadar kuzeybat›s›nda, Sar›casu Köyü’nün also known as Gavuristan, to the north of Sar›casu vil- kuzeyinde, bugün Eskihisar ya da Gavuristan diye an›- lage and about 4 km northwest of Kumluca town centre lan Mevkii’de 250 m. kadar yükseklikteki bir tepe üze- - and also at Olympos, located about 57 km south- rinde bulunan antik Rhodiapolis ve Antalya’n›n 57 km. southwest of Antalya. kadar güney-güneybat›s›ndaki Olympos kentlerinde yap›lm›flt›r. Almost inaccessible until the forest fire of 2001, Rhodia- polis was settled from the Classical Period to the Byzan- Klasik Ça¤’dan Bizans Ça¤›’na kadar yerleflim izleri gös- tine Period. The work at Rhodiapolis brought to light teren ve 2001 y›l›ndaki orman yang›n›na kadar ziyaret about 100 unpublished inscriptions. About half of these edilmesi son derece güç olan Rhodiapolis’teki çal›flma- inscriptions have been completely documented. Among lar son derece verimli olmufl ve bu antik kentte, flimdiye these, noteworthy are: the honorary inscriptions of Julia kadar yay›mlanmam›fl 100 kadar yaz›t belirlenmifltir. Agrippina, wife of Germanicus; Emperor Septimius Bunlar›n afla¤› yukar› yar›s›n›n dokümentasyonu tamam- Severus and his wife Julia Domna; Emperor Caracalla; lanm›fl bulunmaktad›r. Onur yaz›tlar›n›n a¤›rl›kl› oldu¤u a governor of each of the Emperors Vespasian and bu buluntular aras›nda Germanicus’un efli Iulia Agrip- Trajan; M. Aurelios Aristodemos, an athlete; Aristo, son pina’n›n, ‹mparator Septimius Severus ve efli Iulia Domna’ of Aikhmon; Aristobulos, son of Aristobulos; Semnoas, n›n, ‹mparator Caracalla’n›n, imparatorlar Vespasianus son of Hermoias; Hermogenes, son of Hermogenes; ve Traianus’un birer valisinin, atlet M. Aurelios Aristo- Armokatas, son of Perikles; Orkanos, son of Sokrates, as demos’un, Aikhmono¤lu Aristo’nun, Aristobuloso¤lu well as that regarding a building or monument built Aristobulos’un, Hermaioso¤lu Semnoas’›n, Hermogenes- by Opramoas, the renowned Rhodiapolitan. Work at o¤lu Hermogenes’in, Perikleso¤lu Armakotas’›n ve Sokra- Rhodiapolis will continue in the 2005 season. teso¤lu Orkanos’un onur an›tlar›na iliflkin metinler ile Rhodiapolisli ünlü Opramoas’›n yapt›rd›¤› bir bina ya da During the work at Rhodiapolis, a base which was an›ta iliflkin yaz›t burada özellikle zikredilebilir. Rhodia- understood to have been from Korydalla nearby and polis’teki çal›flmalara 2005 y›l›nda da devam edilecektir. bearing an inscription regarding the erection of a statue

141 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Rhodiapolis’teki çal›flmalar s›ras›nda, yak›ndaki Korydal- of Athena Nikephoros by oikonomos Hermianus, as well la antik kentinden oldu¤u saptanan bir kaide üzerinde, as some other votive and honorary inscriptions from oikonomos Hermianus’un kente Athena Nikephoros’un Neapolis -a site under study by a team led by Prof. Dr. heykelini diktirdi¤inden söz eden yaz›t ile, daha önce N. Çevik- previously discovered by our team, were doc- ekibimiz taraf›ndan keflfedilen ve flu s›rada Prof. Dr. N. umented. Çevik baflkanl›¤›ndaki bir ekip taraf›ndan araflt›r›lmas› The final work in 2004 was at Olympos, where 17 new sürdürülen, Antalya’n›n 15 km. kadar bat›-kuzeybat›- inscriptions were found. In coming years, a survey for s›ndaki antik Neapolis kentinde Prof. Çevik taraf›ndan new inscriptions as well as the systematical revision of bulunan baz› onur ve adak yaz›tlar›n›n dokümentasyonu all the published inscriptions of Olympos is foreseen. yap›lm›flt›r. From Olympos the noteworthy inscriptions are: that 2004 çal›flma y›l›n›n son dura¤› Olympos antik kenti regarding the repair of the Great Baths by Sextus olmufltur. Önümüzdeki y›llarda, Phaselis kentiyle birlikte, Marcius Pristus, the governor of Vespasian’s, the border yaln›zca yeni yaz›tlar›n›n araflt›r›lmas›n›n de¤il, ayn› inscription of the church, and also the nerary inscription zamanda yay›ml› yaz›tlar›n›n da sistematik bir biçimde on the sarcophagus of Artemidora and her freed slave gözden geçirilmesinin planland›¤› bu kentte toplam 17 Sarapias, which probably dates to the Hellenistic yeni buluntu yap›lm›fl olup; bunlar aras›nda çeflitli adak- Period. lar, “Büyük Hamam”›n Vespasianus’un valisi Sextus Marcius Priscus taraf›ndan tamir ettirildi¤ine dair yaz›t, kilise arazisinin s›n›r yaz›t› ve muhtemelen Hellenistik Ça¤’a ait, Artemidora ve azatl› kölesi Sarapias’›n lahdi üzerindeki mezar yaz›t› dikkati çekmektedir.

142 Mersin-Olba (U¤uralan›) Arkeolojik Yüzey Araflt›rmas› 2004 Archaeological Surveys at Mersin-Olba (U¤uralan›) in 2004

Emel ERTEN

Olba 2004 dönemi arkeolojik yüzey araflt›rmas›, antik Surveys at Olba in 2004 focussed mainly in the study of kentin nekropolis alanlar›n›n incelenmesi ve geçerli the necropolises, the identification and the documenta- mezar tiplerinin saptanmas› ve belgelenmesi ifllemine tion of tomb types. yo¤unluk verilerek sürdürüldü. Detailed architectural plan and elevation drawings of Bu kapsamda, 2003 araflt›rmalar› s›ras›nda ilk belgeleme the rock-cut tomb with an arch-lintel façade, document- çal›flmalar› yap›lan do¤u vadisindeki kemer lentolu cep- ed in the eastern valley during the 2003 surveys were heye sahip kaya mezar› kompleksinin ayr›nt›l› mimari initiated. During the cleaning conducted in the area for plan ve cephe çizimlerinin oluflturulmas›na baflland›. this purpose, rock niches, chamosorion type sarcophagi Bu amaçla yap›lan ot temizli¤i s›ras›nda komplekse göre and remains belonging to a monumental tomb with güney yönde yer alan kaya nifllerine, khamosorion tipi vaulting were discovered, to the south of the rock-cut lahitlere ve tonoz örtülü an›t mezara ait kal›nt›lara rast- tomb complex. This structure is situated on the large land›. Bu yap›, Olba akropolisinin bat› ve do¤usundaki rock where the eastern and western valleys join to form vadilerin birleflerek, fieytanderesi Vadisi’ni oluflturdukla- the valley of the fieytan Creek. It rises on a plane formed r› noktada yer alan görkemli kayal›k üzerindedir. Anaka- by cutting into the bedrock (Fig. 1). It is a single cham- yan›n biçimlendirilmesi ile oluflturulan düzlem üzerin- ber of almost square shape and faces the east valley. den yükselmektedir (Res. 1). Yaklafl›k olarak kare planl› There is a vestibule or a forecourt hewn from the rock tek mekandan oluflmaktad›r ve cephesi do¤u vadisine on the same side. The only chamosorion under the vault bakmaktad›r. Ayn› tarafta, yine kayaya oyularak yap›lan extends in an east-west direction. There is only one bir girifl holü ya da ön avlu vard›r. Tonoz örtünün alt›n- block in situ belonging to the vault, resting on an archi- daki tek khamosorion kuzey-güney düzleminde uzan- trave with three fasciae. The walls were built in a rec- maktad›r. Üç fascia’l› bir arflitrav üzerine oturan tonoza tangular block technique but without any mortar. ait sadece bir tek blok in situ’dur. Duvarlar harçs›z ve This vaulted monumental tomb adds a new tomb type rektagonal tekniktedir. to the typology of tombs in Olba. Although it rises on Tonozlu mezar an›t›, Olba’da tan›d›¤›m›z mezar tiplerine the bedrock, it represents a peculiar and singular archi- bir yenisini eklemekte; ana kaya üzerinden yükselmesi- tecture with its stone walls and vaulted superstructure. ne karfl›n, tafl duvarlara ve tonoz örtüye sahip bulunmas› Examples of such tombs with vaulted superstructure are bak›m›ndan ba¤›ms›z bir mimari sergilemektedir. Bu tip found at many centres in the territorium of Olba and tonoz örtülü mezarlar›n örneklerine Olba territorium’un- they should be dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. da birçok merkezde rastlanmakta ve bunlar›n ‹.S. 2. ve This necropolis area came into use in the Roman 3. yy.’lara ait olmalar› gerekmektedir. Imperial Period and its use must have continued well Bu kesimdeki mezarl›k alan›n›n ilk kullan›m› Roma into the Byzantine Period. The fact that a monastery ‹mparatorluk Dönemi içinde bafllad›ktan sonra, Bizans exists on the opposite slope of the valley reflects the Dönemi içinde de sürmüfl olmal›d›r. Yak›n konumda, importance of this area during Late Antiquity and the vadinin tam karfl› ete¤inde manast›r›n yer almas› da bu Byzantine Period.

143 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2 alan›n Geç Antik Ça¤ - Bizans Dönemi’ndeki önemini Surveys along the fieytan Creek valley, which extends yans›tmaktad›r. like a gorge south of the Acropolis, showed that necro- polises extend in this area, as was understood from the Olba 2004 çal›flma döneminde, akropolisden güneye sarcophagi, rock-cut tombs and rock-niches along both do¤ru derin bir yar›k biçiminde uzanan fieytanderesi sides of the valley. The tomb complex that is situated on Vadisi boyunca yap›lan çal›flmalarda, bu kesimde de the east side about 25 meters above the valley floor is nekropol alanlar›n›n devam etti¤i lahit, kaya mezar› ve one of the most important finds from 2004. The entran- kaya nifllerinin do¤u ve bat› yamaçlar› boyunca uzan- ceway cut from the rock leads into an area that can be d›¤› anlafl›ld›. fieytanderesi Vadisi’nin do¤u yamac›nda, called a central courtyard (Fig. 2). On one side of this vadi taban›ndan ortalama 25 m. yükseklikte yer alan court is the burial chamber with an arched and vaulted mezar kompleksi, 2004 y›l›n›n önemli bulgular›ndand›r. entrance. The rectangular burial chamber (ca. 2.10x Kaya biçimlendirilerek oluflturulan giriflten merkezi avlu 4.03 m) contains two sarcophagi of the arcosolium type, niteli¤indeki alana ulafl›l›r (Res. 2). Avlunun bir kenar›n- placed in an east-west direction, to the right and the left da kemerli ve tonozlu bir girifle sahip mezar odas›na of the entrance. On the wall opposite the entrance are ulafl›l›r. Mezar odas› dikdörtgen planl›d›r (yak. 2.10x two small niches (11x12 cm each). Also on the same 4.03 m.) ve içinde, giriflin sa¤›nda ve solunda, karfl›l›kl› wall is the trace of an arc on the rock surface suggesting do¤u-bat› düzlemi üzerinde yerlefltirilen iki arkosolium the beginning of the cutting of another arcosolium. tipi lahit vard›r. Mezar odas›n›n giriflinin karfl›s›ndaki There is a stepped arrangement cut from the rock on the duvarda iki küçük nifl yer al›r (her birinin boyutu outer façade of the burial chamber (Fig. 3). It is thought 11x12 cm.). Yine ayn› duvarda, kaya yüzeyinde de bir that this is not something decorative; as this tomb com- arkosolium tipi lahit yap›m›n›n bafllang›c›n› düflündüren plex was not completed and was abandoned during the kavisli ize rastlanmaktad›r. process of the arrangement of a new sarcophagus, rock- Mezar odas›n›n d›fl cephesinde kayaya oyularak olufltu- cut tomb etc. In particular, the rectangular cut in the rulmufl basamakl› bir düzenleme vard›r (Res. 3). Bunun rock surface next to the burial chamber must have been dekoratif anlamda olmad›¤›, mezar kompleksinin ifllen- made in preparation for a new sarcophagus, relief or mesinin henüz tamamlanmad›¤› ve bu alanda yeni lahit, niche. To the north of the court is a chomasorium type kaya mezar› vb. düzenlemeleri yap›lmaktayken, iflin sarcophagus cut from the rock but its basin has not been yar›m kald›¤› düflünülmektedir. Özellikle de mezar oda- cut out, again reflecting the state of incompleteness of s›n›n bitifli¤indeki kaya yüzeyi üzerinde görülen dik- this tomb complex. dörtgen biçimindeki kesik, yeni bir lahit, mezar odas›, It was understood from the high number of tombs iden- kabartma ya da niflin haz›rl›¤› olmal›d›r. Söz konusu tified on the heights to the east of the Acropolis, along alanda, merkezi avlunun kuzeyinde kayaya oyularak the modern road to Örenköy on the northern slopes that oluflturulan khamosorion tipi lahit de içi oyulmam›fl, the necropolis also continues in this direction. Termed yine tamamlanmam›fl bir görünüm sergiler. the East Hill Necropolis by our expedition, this necrop- Olba akropolisine göre do¤u yönde kalan yükseltide, olis mainly contains sarcophagi, including rock cut kuzey etekte, bugün Örenköy’e do¤ru uzanmakta olan rock sarcophagi, chamosorion and independent types.

144 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS yol üzerinde nekropolis alan›n›n devam etti¤i, bu kesim- Mostly orientated in north-west and south-east direc- de çok say›da mezar›n saptanmas› sonucu anlafl›ld›. tions, most of these sarcophagi do not carry any decora- Do¤u Tepesi Nekropolisi olarak adland›rd›¤›m›z bu tion, while some are decorated with empty tabula ansa- kesimdeki mezarlar›n büyük ço¤unlu¤u lahitlerden olu- ta on their basins, and garland and Eros or wreathes. flur. Bunlar, sabit kaya lahitleri, khamosorion ve ba¤›m- Futher, some sarcophagus lids carry a cross motif inside s›z lahit örnekleridir. Ço¤unlu¤u kuzeybat› ve güneydo¤u a circle. There are two arcosolium type sarcophagi side düzlemi üzerinde yer alan lahitlerin önemli bir bölümü by side at the mouth of the eastern valley in the same süslemesiz olmakla birlikte, tekne k›sm›nda bofl tabula necropolis. One bears illegible traces of an inscription ansata, girland ve Eros ya da çelenk bezemelerine sahip in Greek on its rear side. lahitler de vard›r. Ayr›ca, baz› lahit kapaklar› üzerinde daire içinde yer alan haç ifllemesine rastlan›r. Ayn› nekro- Another important monument of Olba is the rock-cut polis içinde, Do¤u Vadisi giriflinde, yan yana iki arko- tomb with relief, about 2-3 km from Olba by the Ören- solium tipi mezar da yer al›r. Bunlardan birinin arka köy-K›z›lgeçit road, considered an extension of the duvar›ndaki yaz›ta ait son derece silik Eski Yunanca harf- same necropolis (Fig. 4). On the façade facing north is a ler bulunmaktad›r ancak, bunu okumak olas› görünme- rectangular relief crowned by a pediment. The relief has mektedir. a banquet scene with a figure reclining on a kline. A woman sits by the foot of the kline and, another woman Ayn› nekropolis alan›n›n bir uzant›s› olmak üzere, Ören- sits next to her and a third figure stands at the back. köy-K›z›lgeçit yönünde ilerleyen yolun kenar›nda, Olba Below the relief is a rectangular burial chamber hewn yerleflim merkezinden yaklafl›k 2-3 km. uzakl›ktaki from the rock. This monument is dated to the Late Hel- kabartmal› kaya mezar› da Olba’n›n önemli an›tlar›n- lenistic Period and should represent the earliest use of dand›r (Res. 4). Kuzeye bakan cephede, al›nl›kla taçlan- this necropolis. Other tombs identified here, of the types d›r›lan dikdörtgen biçimli kabartmada bir banket sahne- of sarcophagi mentioned above, show that the East Hill si görülür. Kline üzerine bir figür uzanmakta, onun ayak Necropolis was in use from the Roman Imperial Period ucunda oturan bir kad›n ile yan›nda oturan bir di¤er into the Early Byzantine Period. kad›n ile arkada ayakta duran bir baflka figür bulunmak- tad›r. Afla¤›da ise, kayaya oyulmufl dikdörtgen planl› The “South Necropolis”, so termed from the investiga- mezar odas› yer al›r. Söz konusu an›t, Geç Hellenistik tions at Olba in the first half of the 20th century, compris- Dönem’e tarihlenmektedir. Bu, nekropolis alan›n›n en es rock-cut tombs and sarcophagi on the slope facing erken kullan›m›n› yans›t›yor olmal›d›r. Burada saptanan south, located to the west of the Acropolis. A select ex- di¤er mezarlar, yukar›da belirtilen çeflitli lahit tipleri, ample among Olba rock-cut monuments, the Ionic rock- Geç Hellenistik Dönem sonras›nda, Roma ‹mparatorluk cut tomb is located in this area. The Olba monumental

Res. 3 / Fig. 3

145 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 4 / Fig. 4

Dönemi boyunca ve Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne kadar tomb with a temple layout is to be found on a flat area Do¤u Tepesi Nekropolisi’nin kullan›m›n›n sürdü¤ünü also not far distant from the South Necropolis. The gösterir. sarcophagus with inscribed tabula ansata mentioned in earlier publications on Olba is also to be found in this Olba’da yirminci yüzy›l›n ilk yar›s›nda yap›lan çal›flma- area. lar s›ras›nda “Güney Nekropolisi” olarak adland›r›lan alan, akropolise göre bat› yönde kalan ve güneye bakan The surveys initiated at the South Necropolis in 2003, yamaç üzerinde yer alan kaya mezarlar› ve lahitlerden continued in 2004, and the pattern observed here is oluflur. Olba kaya an›tlar› aras›nda seçkin bir yap›t olan similar to that of the East Hill Necropolis: ‹on düzenindeki kaya mezar› bu kesimdedir. Olba tap›- Chamosorion, and independent or rock cut sarcophagi nak planl› an›t mezar› da yine Güney Nekropolisi’ne are the main burial types employed in the South Necro- uzak olmayan bir konumda ancak, düzlük alanda yer polis. The independent sarcophagi bear features sug- al›r. Daha önce Olba ile ilgili yay›nlarda söz edilen yaz›t- gesting a date in the Roman Imperial Period. However, l› tabula ansata’ya sahip lahit de ayn› alandad›r. the fact that there are cross motifs on the khamosoriom Bu alanda 2003 y›l›nda yap›lan incelemelere 2004 suggests their use in Late Antiquity and Early Byzantine araflt›rma döneminde de devam edildi ve Do¤u Tepesi Period. Amongst the South Necropolis sarcophagi, there Nekropolisi’ne benzer bir doku ile karfl›lafl›ld›: are examples with empty or full tabulae ansata, wreath- es, and garlands. In addition, two examples carrying Güney Nekropolisi’nde de chomasorium, ba¤›ms›z ya portraits in relief were also found in this necropolis, they da sabit kaya lahitleri bafll›ca gömü tiplerini olufltururlar. were broken and damaged. Ba¤›ms›z lahitlerin Roma ‹mparatorluk Dönemi’ni ça¤- r›flt›ran özellikte oldu¤u görülür. Buna karfl›l›k, khamo- An important find from this area is the rock relief depict- sorion’larda haç kabartmalar›na rastlanmas›, bunlar›n ing two soldiers with shields. This relief was 1.35 m Geç Antik-Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne ait olduklar›n› düflün- above present ground level, and was carved in the rock dürür. Güney Nekropolisi lahitlerinde, bofl ve dolu tabu- above a rectangular niche. However this relief has been la ansata, çelenk, girland süslemelerine sahip örnekler cut out from the rock and is today lying on the ground vard›r. Ayr›ca, portre kabartmalara sahip iki lahit nek- (Fig. 5). ropolis’te yer al›r ancak, bunlar›n k›r›larak, tahrip edildi¤i The architectural study of the Roman Imperial Period görülür. monument on top of the Acropolis was initiated in Bu kesimdeki en önemli saptamalardan biri de iki kal- 2003. The study of the prostyle structure in the Corinthi- kanl› askerin betimlendi¤i kaya kabartmas›d›r. Kabart- an order standing on top of a podium, continued ma, flimdiki toprak yüzeyinden 1.35 m. yükseklikteki in 2004 after cleaning the area of overgrowth. The

146 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 5 / Fig. 5

dikdörtgen bir nifl üzerindedir. Ancak, kaya an›t›n›n presence of the remains of walls and doorways etc sug- kabartmal› bölümü kaya yüzeyinden kesilerek, yere düfl- gests the continuity of constructions around this monu- müfl durumdad›r (Res. 5). ment. Olba’da 2004 araflt›rma döneminde nekropolis alan- In addition, to the southeast of this monument, at the lar›nda yürütülen incelemelerin yan›s›ra, akropolisin point on the Acropolis overlooking the fieytan Creek tepe noktas›nda, podium üzerinde prostylos planl› ve there is a rock terrace and a rock bench. Directly Korinth düzeninde bir Roma ‹mparatorluk Dönemi below this bench is a tomb of the arcosolium type and yap›s› oldu¤u anlafl›lan an›t›n 2003 y›l›nda bafllat›lan a cistern with an oval mouth. One lower terrace is also mimari çizim çal›flmalar›, 2004 y›l›nda da alanda yap›- leveled from the bedrock, measuring 25 meters in an lan ot temizli¤i sonras›nda sürdürüldü. An›t›n çevresin- east-west direction and 11 meters in a north-south direc- de geliflen bir yap›lanman›n varl›¤› süreklilik gösteren tion. To the east of the arcosolium is another cistern cut duvar, kap› vb. kal›nt›lardan anlafl›lmaktad›r. into the rock. Also in this area are rock cut bowls. It is thought that this area may have some connection with Ayr›ca, an›tsal yap›n›n güney-do¤u kesiminde, fieytan- religious rites. deresi Vadisi bafllang›c›na yukar›dan, akropolisten bakan noktada kaya düzlefltirilerek oluflturulan bir teras ve kaya sekisi yer al›r. Bu sekinin tam alt›nda arcosolium tipi bir mezar ile oval a¤›zl› bir sarn›ç yer al›r. Bir alt teras yine üzeri düzlefltirilmifl büyük bir kaya kütlesi niteli¤indedir ve kuzey-güney düzleminde yaklafl›k 11 m., do¤u-bat› düzleminde ise yaklafl›k 25 m.’yi bulan bir alan› kaplar. Arcosolium’un do¤u taraf›nda bir di¤er kaya sarn›c› vard›r. Ayn› alanda kaya çanaklar›n›n da yer ald›- ¤› görülür. Bu alan›n dinsel ritüellerle ilgili bir nitelik tafl›yabilece¤i düflünülmektedir.

147

Olympos Antik Kenti Çal›flmalar› 2004 Work at Ancient Olympos in 2004

B. Yelda Olcay UÇKAN - Yalç›n MERGEN

2004 y›l› Olympos ören yeri çal›flmalar› Antalya Müze- The work at ancient Olympos was carried out from si Müdürlü¤ü baflkanl›¤›nda Anadolu Üniversitesi’nden August 20th to September 15th in 2004 under the super- Doç. Dr. B. Y. Olcay-Uçkan, Dr. E. Uçkan, Arfl. Gör. vision of the Directorate of the Antalya Archaeologi- M. Bursal›, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi’nden Ö¤r. Gör. Y. cal Museum. The team comprised Assc. Prof. Dr. B. Y. Mergen, Harita Mühendisi A. Nadir Topograf, Restoratör Olcay-Uçkan, Dr. E. Uçkan and Research Asst. M. Mimar R. Y›lmaz, Mimar E. Taneri, Anadolu Üniversite- Bursal› of Anadolu University, Y. Mergen of Dokuz Eylül sinden Yüksek Lisans Ö¤rencileri G. Öztaflk›n ve H. Yeflil- University, Cartographer A. Nadir, restoration archi- ova, Lisans ö¤rencileri A. Gümüflo¤lu, G. Ergün, N. Kart, tect R. Y›lmaz, architect E. Taneri, master’s students G. Ifl›k ve E. Aka’n›n kat›l›m›yla 20 A¤ustos-15 Eylül G. Öztaflk›n and H. Yeflilova of Anadolu University, tarihleri aras›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Çal›flma iznini veren and undergraduate students A. Gümüflo¤lu, G. Ergün, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤›, Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler N. Kart, G. Ifl›k and E. Aka of Anadolu University. We Genel Müdürlü¤üne, maddi destek sa¤layan Anadolu would like to extend our thanks to the Directorate Üniversitesi Araflt›rma Fonuna ve Suna - ‹nan K›raç Akde- General of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for grant- niz Medeniyetlerini Araflt›rma Enstitüsü (AKMED)’e teflek- ing permission for our work and Anadolu University’s kür ederiz. Research Fund and the Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED) for Önceki y›llarda bafllanan topografya çal›flmalar›, yeni their financial support. tespit edilen yap›lar›n da eklenmesi ile tamamlanm›fl, ayr›ca kentin güney bölümü için öngörülen kesit çal›fl- The topographic work that was begun in previous years mas›na bafllanm›flt›r. Kent s›n›rlar› içinde tespiti müm- was completed, with the addition of the mapping of the kün olan mimari ve mimari plastik buluntular›n de¤er- newly discovered structures, and the cross-section work lendirme, envanter ve koruma çal›flmalar› sürdürülmüfl- planned for the southern part of the site was initiated. tür. Kaz› evinde ise önceki y›llarda bafllanan kaz› evi The evaluation, inventory and protection work on deposundaki malzemelerin envanter ve düzenlemesine the architectural and architectural sculpture remains devam edilmifltir. that had been identified within the city continued. The inventory and organisation work at the excavation I- Arazi Çal›flmalar› house, which was initiated in previous years continued. Olympos antik kenti yüzey araflt›rmas› kapsam›nda 2004 y›l› yaz sezonunda arazide yürütülen çal›flmalar üç ana I- Fieldwork bafll›k alt›nda de¤erlendirilebilir. The field work at Olympos in the 2004 campaign can be grouped under the following three headings: a- Yap› Stoklar›n›n Saptanmas› Olympos Antik Kenti’nde geçti¤imiz y›llardan bafllaya- a- The Identification of Building Remains rak devam eden ve 2004 yaz sezonunda da sürdürülme- One of the main goals of the work at Olympos is to si hedeflenen çal›flmalardan bir di¤eri de kent içinde ve identify any presently unknown structures within and çevresinde yer almas› muhtemel bilinmeyen yap›lar›n around the city, consequently those previously inac- tespitidir. Bu nedenle, önceki y›llarda “Kuzey” ve “Güney cessible parts of the “North” and the “South” Cities on Kent’in” ulafl›lamayan, bilhassa yamaçlarda yer alan the slopes were investigated and surveyed. Numerous bölgelerine ulafl›lm›flt›r. Bu alanlarda bir çok teras duvar- terrace walls and many walls belonging to structures of lar› ve bu duvarlar›n oluflturdu¤u düzlük alanlarda niteli¤i an unclear function erected upon these terraces were

149 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 Ortaça¤ Kalesi ve sahil giriflinin güney yamaçtan görünümü Fig. 1 The medieval fortress and the mouth of the river, from the southern slope

henüz belli olmayan bir çok yap› kal›nt›s› tespit edil- identified. As we have not as yet begun our excavations, mifltir. Henüz kaz› aflamas›na geçilemedi¤inden küçük we are not able to provide a date for these structures buluntuya dayal› tarihlendirme yap›lamamakla beraber; based upon any small finds; however, from drawing malzeme ve teknik karfl›laflt›rmas› yaparak bu yap›lar›n analogies with materials and techniques, it can be kent s›n›rlar›ndaki di¤er ortaça¤ yap›lar› ile benzerlikler inferred that these structures are of a similar date to the gösterdi¤i anlafl›lm›flt›r. medieval ones erected within the boundaries of the city. b- Mimari Plastik Malzemenin Tespiti b- The Identification of the Architectural Sculpture Geride kalan çal›flma dönemlerinde tespit edilen mimari In addition to the material identified in preceding years, plastik malzemelerin d›fl›nda, 2004 y›l› çal›flma sezonun- in 2004 new pieces of architectural sculpture were da yo¤un bitki örtüsü alt›nda kalan birçok alanda da discovered concealed within the undergrowth. Some of yeni malzemelere rastlanm›flt›r. Bu buluntular›n suni the portable pieces of architectural sculpture that were tahribata aç›k olup, müdahale aç›s›ndan aciliyeti olan exposed to erosion and in urgent need of protection tafl›nabilir durumdaki baz› parçalar kaz› evine getirile- were transported to the excavation house for their pro- rek koruma alt›na al›nm›flt›r. tection. Olympos Antik Kenti’nde sürdürülen yüzey araflt›rmala- A group of noteworthy finds are the inscriptions that r› s›ras›nda önemli say›labilecek bir buluntu grubunu da have been identified during our surveys. The construc- yaz›tlar oluflturmaktad›r. Bunlar›n aras›nda Roma Döne- tion and the repair inscriptions of the Roman baths in mi’ne tarihlenen ve güney kentte yer alan hamam›n infla the south city have been discovered. Further, an inscrip- ve tamir yaz›tlar› tespit edilmifltir. Ayr›ca flehir içi alan- tion describing a church boundary, rare for churches or lar›nda kurulan manast›r ve kilise komplekslerinde kul- monastic complexes built within the city, was discov- lan›m› görülmeyen kilise s›n›r yaz›t› bulunmufltur. Elde ered. These materials were identified, inventoried and edilen malzemeler özgün buluntu yerlerinde ve/veya documented in situ. in situ konumda belgelenmifl, envanter düzenlemeleri yap›lm›flt›r. c- The Topographic Work The aim of completing the initiated topographical work c- Topografya Çal›flmalar› could not be realised in previous years because of the Önceki y›llarda çal›flmas›na bafllanan ancak, arazinin dense overgrowth and topography of the terrain. Howe- topografyas› ve çok s›k bitki örtüsünden kaynakl› zorluk- ver, in 2004, this was finalised through including in the lar nedeniyle bitirilemeyen çal›flman›n tamamlanmas› topographic map the Hellenistic city walls on the skirts

150 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS hedeflenmifl ve 2004 y›l› sezonunda bu çal›flma kentin of Musa Mountain, which forms the natural boundary of do¤al s›n›rlar›n›n bir k›sm›n› oluflturan Musa Da¤› etek- the city (Fig. 2). The topographic work was conducted lerinde yer alan Hellenistik Dönem’e ait surlar›n da in the following 5 areas: topografik plana eklenmesi ile sonuçland›r›lm›flt›r a.1 - To prepare a topographic map of Olympos that (Res. 2). would also show its connections with the con- Topografi çal›flmalar› hedeflenen do¤rultuda, flu bafll›k- temporaneous related sites. lar alt›nda yürütülmüfltür: a.2 - Alongside the field work, the topographic map a.1 - Olympos antik kentinin çevredeki ça¤dafl yerle- was supplemented by satellite images and the city flim alanlar› ile de ba¤lant›s›n› sergileyecek flekil- layout was extrapolated onto this map forming a de topografik haritas›, “topographic city map”. a.3 - The recording of measurements to establish the a.2 - Arazi çal›flmalar›n›n d›fl›nda, elde edilen uydu profile and cross-section of the South City, located foto¤raflar› ile de desteklenen topografik harita to the south of Olympos Creek (modern Akçay), üzerine kent plan›n›n da tamamlanarak, bu harita on three different planes. üzerine yerlefltirilmesi ve “topografik kent plan›- n›” n›n sonuçland›r›lmas›, a.4 - To prepare the 3-D topographic map of the city. a.3 - Kenti ikiye ay›ran Olympos Çay› (Akçay)’n›n a.5 - Finally to identify the sectors where the main güneyinde yer alan ve “Güney Kent” olarak adlan- building groups extend, based on the country coordinates, for the excavations to be conducted d›r›lan bölgenin 3 farkl› düzlemden geçen bak›fl in the future, and to identify the necessary poly- aç›s›yla oluflturulmufl, topografik yap›yla da iliflki- gonal and grid point networks for a grid system of lendirilmifl “Güney Kent” silueti için gerekli ölçü 200x200 and of 10x10 meters. çal›flmas› ve “Güney Kent” kesitinin haz›rlanmas›, a.4 - Üç boyutlu topografik kent plan› çal›flmas›, II- The Work in the Excavation House a.5 - Memleket koordinatlar› esas al›narak alandaki The topographic work was in part carried out in the yap› stoklar›n›n yay›ld›¤› alanlar› sektörler halinde excavation house and the data obtained was there trans- belirlemek ve gelecekte yap›lmas› durumunda, ferred into the digital medium. 3-D restitution proposals kaz› çal›flmalar›na sistematik zemin haz›rlamak were developed for some of the buildings based upon

Res. 2 Olympos Antik Kenti Topografik plan›n›n Uydu Foto¤raf› Üzerine Aplike edilmifl Durumu Fig. 2 The topographic plan of Olympos applied to the satellite image

151 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 3 Kentin güneydo¤usunda ortaya ç›kan olas› r›ht›m döflemesi Res. 4 Kentin güneydo¤usunda ortaya ç›kan olas› r›ht›m döfleme- Fig. 3 The pier pavement (?), exposed in the southeast edge of the si ve liman duvar› city. Fig. 4 The exposed, possible pier pavement and the harbour wall at the southeast edge of the city

amac›yla; 200x200 ve 10x10 m.’lik grid sistemi the data obtained in the field. The inventory work on the için gerekli poligon ve a¤ noktalar›n›n flebekes- terra cotta material and the architectural sculpture in the inin oluflturulmas›. excavation house depot was continued. The storms and heavy rainfalls during January 2004 II- Kaz› Evindeki Büro Çal›flmalar› enabled us to otain important data in regard to the plan Topografik çal›flmalar›n bir bölümü de kaz› evinde yer of the city, which opens into sea on the east. Rocks and alan bir ekip taraf›ndan sürdürülerek, verilerin dijital sand that had accumulated over time were dragged ortamdaki de¤erlendirilmesi sa¤lanm›flt›r. Ayr›ca, arazi- away to a depth of 2 m and a regular pavement on the de elde edilen veriler do¤rultusunda kent içinde yer coast lay exposed (Fig. 3). This is likely to be the pave- alan baz› yap›lar için üç boyutlu restitüsyon önerileri ment of the piers, as the remains of the harbour are in gelifltirilmifl; kaz› evi deposunda bulunan mimari plastik this area (Fig. 4). The cleaning work to be carried out in ve piflmifl toprak malzemenin envanterleme çal›flmas› the next campaign will clarify the function and connec- da sürdürülmüfltür. tion of this area with the southern part of the city. 2004 y›l› Ocak ay›nda bölgedeki kuvvetli ya¤›fllar ve buna ba¤l› oluflan f›rt›na, do¤udan denize aç›lan kent plan›n› ayd›nlatmaya yönelik önemli bir veriye ulaflma- m›z› sa¤lam›flt›r. Zaman içinde dalgalar›n k›y›ya doldur- du¤u tafl ve kumun yaklafl›k 2 m. derinli¤e kadar geriye çekilmesi ile sahilde düzgün yer döflemesi ortaya ç›k- m›flt›r (Res. 3). Liman duvar kal›nt›lar›n›n oldu¤u bu bölümün r›ht›m döflemesi olmas› muhtemeldir (Res. 4). Önümüzdeki y›l yap›lacak temizlik çal›flmalar›, bu ala- n›n kentin güneyi ile olan ba¤lant›s›n› ve ifllevini daha net ortaya koyacakt›r.

152 Likçe Yaz›tl› An›tlar Projesi: Rhodiapolis, Karmylessos ve P›nara 2004 Y›l› Araflt›rmalar›n›n Baz› Sonuçlar› The Lycian Inscribed Monuments Project: Some Results from the 2004 Surveys at Rhodiapolis, Karmylessos and P›nara

Martin SEYER

“Lycian Inscribed Monuments Project”in 2004 y›l› çal›fl- The 2004 campaign of the Lycian Inscribed Monuments malar› büyük ölçüde Rhodiapolis, Karmylessos ve P›na- Projects mainly focussed on the scientific documenta- ra nekropollerindeki mezarlar›n bilimsel kayd› üzerinde tion of the tombs in the necropoleis of Rhodiapolis, yo¤unlaflmakta idi. Bu sezon süresince, kabul görmüfl Karmylessos and P›nara. In this season we were able to metodla (bk. J. Borchhardt - H. Eichner - M. Pesditschek - complete the documentation of 18 structures using P. Ruggendorfer, Archäologisch-sprachwissenschaftliches the customary method (see. J. Borchhardt - H. Eichner - Corpus der Denkmäler mit lykischer Schrift, AnzWien M. Pesditschek - Ruggendorfer, “Archäologische sprach- 134,2, 1997-99, 11 vdd.), toplam 18 yap›n›n doküman- wissenschaftliches Corpus der Denkmäler mit Iykischer tasyonunu yapmak mümkün olmufltur: TL 149, 150 Schrift”, AnzWien 134, 2, 1997-99, 11 ff): TL 149, 150 (Rhodiapolis); TL 6-8 (Karmylessos); TL 10-12, 14-21, N at Rhodiapolis; TL 6-8 at Karmylessos; TL 10-12, 14-21, 322, N 336 (P›nara). Böylece bu üç kentin nekropol- N 322, N 336 at P›nara. Thus, the work at the necropoleis lerindeki çal›flmalar tamamlanm›flt›r. Ch. Fellows tara- of these three ancient cities has been completed. TL 13, f›ndan (Ch. Fellows, An account of discoveries in Lycia identified as Pdd[ê]kñta’s tomb at P›nara by Charles being during a second excursion in Asia Minor [1841] Fellows in his An Account of Discoveries in Lycia dur- 468 Lev. 36) P›nara’da Pdd[ê]kñta’n›n mezar› (TL 13) ing a Second Excursion in Asia Minor [1841] 468 Pl. 36, olarak tarif edilen ve 19. yy. Avusturya araflt›rmalar› esna- could not be found, not during the 19th century Austrian s›nda da bulunamayan, mezar art›k kay›p olarak kabul surveys, nor by ourselves, and thus, it must be consid- edilmelidir. Buna karfl›n, ören yeri bekçisi F. Parça yar- ered to have vanished. However, with the help of the d›m›yla henüz bilinmeyen Likçe bir yaz›ta sahip kaya guard of the ruins F. Parça, a rock-cut tomb with an mezar› bulmak mümkün olmufltur (N 336). inscription in Lycian was discovered (N 336). Çal›flmalar süresince Likyal›lar›n ölü gömme gelenekle- Based on the information gathered on the burial tradi- ri ve Likçe üzerinde elde edilen bilgilerden yararlana- tions of the Lycians and on the Lycian language itself rak, bu yaz›m›zda P›nara Güney Nekropol mezarlar›n›n during our work, we will also include some information tarihi hakk›nda baz› düflüncelere yer verilecektir. Bu regarding the dating of the tombs in the South Necro- düflüncelerin sadece bir ön rapor oluflturdu¤unu vur- polis of P›nara. However, it must be noted that these gulamak gerekir. Çünkü bu fikirlerin ayr›nt›l› flekli III. constitute merely a preliminary report as this research Uluslararas› Likya Sempozyumu çerçevesi içinde 2005 will be presented in detail at the Third International y›l›n›n sonbahar›nda sunulacakt›r. Symposium on Lycia in the autumn of 2005. Boyutlar› ve önemi do¤rultusunda P›nara kenti, Likya’ In regard to its size and importance, the city of P›nara da mevcut olan neredeyse tüm mezar tiplerine sahiptir. contains almost all tomb types known from Lycia and Say›s› ise, ola¤anüstüdür. Bunlar›n ço¤u, Da¤ Nekropolü, the number of tombs is extraordinary. Most of the tombs Dere Nekropolü ve Güney Nekropolü olarak adland›r›lan are found in three necropoleis known as: the Mountain

153 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 1 P›nara-Güney Nekropolü, TL 04.124.18, Foto¤raf: R. Hügli Fig. 1 P›nara-South Nekropolü, TL 04.124.18, Photo: R. Hügli

üç nekropolde yo¤unluk göstermektedir (adland›rma Necropolis, the Creek Necropolis and the South Necro- için bk. W. W. Wurster - M. Wörrle, Die Stadt P›nara, polis (For naming see W.W. Wurster - M. Wörrle, Die AA 1978, 80’deki plan). Da¤ Nekropolü’nün en Stadt P›nara, AA 1978, plan on p. 80). The most charac- karakteristik özelli¤i, bilim dünyas›nda hala tart›flmal› teristic feature of the Mountain Necropolis is the so- olarak görülen “pigeonhole tombs” iken (son olarak krfl. called “pigeonhole tombs”, still disputed in academic J. Borchhardt, “Hurttuweti von Myra und die sogen. circles (cf. J. Borhardt, “Huttuweti von Myra und die Pigeonhole-Tombs: Eigenstellte Felsfassadengräber in sogen. Pigeonhole-Tombs: Eingestellte Felsfasadengrä- Lykien”, bk.: T. Korkut (Hrsg.) Anadolu’da Do¤du. ber in Lykien”, in T. Korkut (ed.), Anadolu’da Do¤du, Festschrift für Fahri Ifl›k zum 60. Geburstag [2004] 145- Festschrift für Fahri Ifl›k zum 60. Geburtstag [2004], 162), di¤er iki nekropol a¤›rl›kl› olarak mimari ögeler- 145-162). The other two necropoleis mainly comprise le süslenmifl cephelere sahiptir. Likçe yaz›tlara sahip tombs with facades decorated with architectural ele- 13 mezardan 11’i de bu iki nekropole aittir. Sadece ments. 11 tombs from a total of 13, carrying inscriptions Ddapssm˜ ma’n›n (TL 11) lahiti ve yeni keflfedilen yaz›- in the Lycian language, are found within these two nec- t›yla N 336 no’lu kaya mezar›, biraz daha d›flar›da yer ropoleis. Only the sarcophagus of Ddapssm˜ ma (TL 11) al›r. Dere Nekropolü’nün mezarlar›; büyüklükleri ve yük- and the rock-cut tomb N 336 with the newly discovered sek kalitesi ile dikkat çekmektedir. Bu özellikleri saye- inscription are located somewhat outside them. The sinde Klasik Dönem P›nara’s›n›n en zengin ve en nüfus- tombs in the Creek Necropolis are noteworthy for their lu ailelerinin, buraya gömüldükleri anlafl›lmaktad›r. Bu dimensions and high quality and it is understood that sonuç, hanedan›n ikamet yeri olarak düflünülen afla¤› the dignitaries and wealthy families of Classical P›nara kalenin hemen alt›nda yer alan nekropolün konumu ile were buried here. This result is further supported by the de kuvvetlenmektedir. Bununla beraber kentin kabart- location of this necropolis right below the lower citadel, malarla süslenmifl tek mezar› da burada yer almaktad›r where the dynasts are thought to have resided and fur- (Ch. Fellows, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, more ther, the tomb with reliefs, the only one in the city, was particularly in Lycia [1852] 321 vd.; Wurster - Wörrle, also found here (Ch. Fellows, Travels and Researches in 1978, 89 dn. 40; W. A. P. Childs, The City-Reliefs of Asia Minor, more particularly in Lycia [1852] 321 ff; Lycia [1978] 11 vd. 37 vdd.). Wurster - Wörrle 1978, 89 fn. 40; W.A.P. Childs, the City-Reliefs of Lycia [1978] 11 ff, 37 ff). Güney Nekropolü’nün heybetli uçurumu (Res. 1) da kaya mezar yap›m›na uygun olmas›na ra¤men, bu bölge Despite the fact that the grand gorge of the South Nec- bir nekropol için düflünülen ilk yer de¤ildi. Burada ropolis (Fig. 1) was convenient for rock-cut tombs, it bulunan mezarlar, Dere Nekropolü’ndekiler gibi büyük was not the first place utilised for a necropolis. Although ölçüde ev mezar tipinde olsalar da, di¤erlerinden daha the tombs found here are mainly of the large house-type geç yap›ld›klar›na dair birçok ipucu mevcuttur. tombs, as in the Creek Necropolis, there is numerous evidence to show that these tombs were built later.

154 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Bu nekropolde Grek kökenli mimari elemanlara sahip üç mezar›n oldu¤u göze çarpmaktad›r. Bunlardan ikisi s›ra d›fl› ölçüleriyle uzaktan bile görünmektedir. Söz konusu mezarlar, Likya-Grek kar›fl›m› bir form olufltur- maktad›r. Çünkü cephesi Likya ev mezar› formunda olmas›na ra¤men, çat›s› Grek bir al›nl›¤a sahiptir. Bir di¤er kaya mezar› ise, tümüyle Dor düzeninde bir tap›- nak gibi biçimlendirilmifltir. Buna ilaveten, Grekçe mezar yaz›tlar› da ortalaman›n üzerindedir, zira nekropolün mimar› ögelerle düzenlenmifl bir cepheye sahip, büyük ölçüde bitirilmifl 24 mezardan befl tanesinde Grekçe yaz›lm›fl bir epigram bulunmaktad›r. Kaya mezarlar›nda bulunan Grek kökenli mimari formlar ile Grekçe yaz›tlar, Likya’n›n Hellenizasyonu’nun bir iflareti olarak de¤er- Res. 2 Myra’daki Huzeimi’nin mezar odas› (N 308), lendirilmesi gerekti¤inden (bk. M. Seyer, “The Lycian TL 02.127.05; Foto¤raf: Pliesser / Fig. 2 Burial chamber of Huzeimi in Myra (N 308), TL 02.127.05; Photo: Pliesser Inscribed Monuments Project: Some Thoughts Concern- ing the Season 2003 Xanthos”, ANMED 2, 2004, 85 vd.), sözü geçen mezarlar›n bu özellikleri, oluflumlar› için This necropolis has three tombs with architectural ele- ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’›n geç dönemine, k›smen Hellenistik Ça¤’a ments of Greek origin. Two of the three are visible from (krfl. Wurster - Wörrle, 1978, 95) iflaret etmektedir. afar due to their extraordinary dimensions. These tombs Güney Nekropol’ün daha geç oluflum tarihi için, birkaç constitute a mixed form of Lycian and Greek practice as mezar odas›nda bulunan tafl banklar›n düzeni de ipuç- they have a Greek pediment crowning a Lycian house- lar› sa¤lamaktad›r. Göründü¤ü kadar› ile mezar sahibi- type tomb facade. Another rock-cut tomb is designed nin ihtiyaçlar› ve istekleri do¤rultusunda düzenlenen bu entirely as a Doric temple. In addition, the Greek tomb banklar›n konumlar›nda genel bir kural olmasa da, aile inscriptions are more frequent than the average as five mezarlar›nda, onlar›n ço¤unlukla üç duvarda triklinium tombs from a total of 24 tombs with a facade with archi- fleklinde yerlefltirildi¤i görülmektedir. Bu düzenlemenin tectural elements and completed to a great extent, have yan› s›ra banklar›n yükseltilmifl nifller olarak odan›n epigrams in Greek upon them. The architectural forms duvarlar›na oyuldu¤u da görülmektedir. Bu gömü formu of Greek origin and the inscriptions in Greek observed daha geç bir döneme ait gibi görünmekte ve gömü on these rock-cut tombs should be regarded as a sign of geleneklerinin geliflimine iflaret etmektedir. Bu gelenek the Hellenisation of Lycia (see M. Seyer, The Lycian Ins- muhtemelen ani bir flekilde kültüre al›nm›flt›r. Çünkü bu cribed monuments Project: Some Thoughts Concerning nifller, çok say›da Likya nekropolünün bir çok mezar›n- the Season 2003 at Xanthos, ANMED 2004-2, 85 ff), th da, orijinal yap›ya ait de¤il, mezar odalar›n›n geniflletil- thus a date in the late 4 century BC, partly in the Hel- mesi sonucunda oluflmufl görünümü vermektedir. Örnek lenistic Period, is indicated by the features of the tombs olarak Myra’n›n Güney Nekropolü’nde yer alan Huzeimi’ in question (cf. Wurster - Wörrle 1978, 95). nin (Mezar 50, N 308) mezar› (Res. 2) gösterilebilir (yaz›- The arrangement of the stone benches in several burial t› için G. Neumann, “Die lykischen Grabinschriften von chambers also provides us with evidence for a later date Myra”, bk.: J. Borchhardt (Hrsg.) Myra, Eine lykische for the South Necropolis. Although not a general rule, it Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit [1975] is inferred that these benches were arranged generally 150 vd. Lev. 86 B; G. Neumann, Neufunde lykischer as a triclinium along three walls, according to the de- Inschriften seit 1901, 7 Ergänzungsband TAM [1979] 22 mands and needs of the tomb owners. In addition, there N 308). Burada nifllerin ikinci bir yap› evresindeki ekle- are also examples where these benches are carved in nifli çok iyi izlenebilmektedir. Bunun nedeni hem mezar the walls in the form of niches beginning above floor hem de yaz›t›n tüm ayr›nt›lar› ile bitirilmiflken, nifllerin level. This type of burial seems to belong to a later date yap›m›n›n anlafl›lamayan bir nedenden dolay› yar›m and displays the development of burial traditions. This b›rak›lm›fl olmas›d›r. Arka duvar›n oyuluflu bitirilmemifl, tradition was probably taken into the culture suddenly, sol yan duvara ise hiç bafllanmam›flt›r. as these niches do not seem to belong to the original Bir çok mezar taban›nda tafl banklar›n yoklu¤undan structures but rather seem to have formed with the sub- dolay›, bu gibi nifller yegane gömü imkan› oluflturmak- sequent enlargement of the burial chambers. An exam- tad›r. Göründü¤ü kadar› ile, gömünün daha yüksekte ple is the tomb of Huzeimi (Tomb 50, N 308) in the

155 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

South Necropolis of Myra (Fig. 2) (for its inscription see G. Neumann, “Die lykischen Grabinschriften von Myra”, in J. Borhardt (ed.), Myra, Eine Iykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit [1975] 150 ff Plate 86 B; G. Neumann, Neufunde lykischer Inschriften seit 1901, 7 Ergänzungsband TAM [1979] 22 N 308). Here it is clearly seen that the niches were added in a second building phase. Both the tomb and the inscription were completed in every detail but the niches were left in- complete for unknown reasons and the carving of the rear wall was unfinished and the left wall never began to be carved.

Res. 3 P›nara’daki Wazala’n›n mezar odas› (TL 16), TL 04.109. In many tombs, such niches are the only places availab- 22A, Foto¤raf: R. Hügli / Fig. 3 Burial chamber of Wazala in le for burials due to lack of these benches. As could be P›nara (TL), TL 04.109.22A, Photo: R. Hügli understood, these benches did not answer to the requi- rement, as it was preferred to have the burials placed at a higher level. This development, taken as indicating a yer almas› tercih edildi¤inden, bu banklar art›k ihtiyaca later date, can be observed impressively in the South cevap vermemeye bafllam›flt›r. Daha geç bir tarihlendir- Necropolis of P›nara where there are a total of 10 tombs me için kabul edilen bu geliflim, P›nara’n›n Güney Nek- with such niches. Seven of these tombs stand as exam- ropolü’nde oldukça etkileyici olarak görülmektedir. ples of a variant in burial traditions, as in the tomb of Burada bu nifllere sahip toplam on mezar yap›s› mevcut- Wazala (TL 16) (Fig. 3). tur. Bunlardan yedisi, gömü gelene¤inin ayr› bir formu olarak karfl›m›za ç›kmaktad›r; Wazala’n›n mezar›nda As a final point, the epigraphy of the inscriptions does oldu¤u gibi (TL 16) (Res. 3). not prevent us from dating the tombs to a later date (I am grateful to Mrs. L. Kogler for the palaeographic analysis). Son olarak yaz›tlar›n paleografisi de Güney Nekropo- Epigrams TL 14, 15, 16, 17 and N 322, out of seven, lü’nün daha geç döneme tarihlendirilmesini engelle- show the influence of Greek inscriptions of the second memektedir (paleografik analiz için Bayan L. Kogler’e half of the 4th century BC. The other two (TL 18 and 20) teflekkür borçluyum). Mevcut olan yedi epigramdan özel- cannot be evaluated in regard to palaeography because likle TL 14, 15, 16, 17 ve N 322, ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’›n ikinci of their poor state of preservation. yar›s›na ait Grek yaz›tlar›n etkisini göstermektedirler. Di¤er ikisini (TL 18 ve 20) kötü durumlar›ndan dolay›, In TL 14 and 15, the letters i, ñ, ã, t, and w generally paleografik aç›dan de¤erlendirmek mümkün de¤ildir. worked horizontally have slightly round tops (Fig. 4). This specific palaeographic form is also found in three TL 14’de ve 15’te, genellikle yatay olarak ifllenen “i”, inscriptions from the nearby city of Tlos. The closest “ñ”, “ã”, “t” ve “w” harflerinin üst bölümleri fark edilir parallel is TL 25 (E. Kalinka, Tituli Lyciae Lingua Lycia flekilde yuvarlak bir forma sahiptir (Res. 4). Bu pale- conscripti, TAM 1 [1901] 24 ff TL 25). This inscription ografik özel formu, yak›n›ndaki Tlos’un üç yaz›t›nda da is a bilingual in Greek and Lycian, and the Greek text tespit etmek mümkündür. En yak›n benzerlik ise, TL 25 had already been dated to the late 4th century BC by (E. Kalinka, Tituli Lyciae lingua Lycia conscripti, TAM 1 Benndorf (cited according to Kalinka 1901, 24 ff TL 25). [1901] 24 vd. TL 25) oluflturmaktad›r. Bu yaz›t, Likçe- x n Grekçe çift dilli bir yaz›tt›r ve Grekçe metni daha evvel According to the latest research, and bear character- istics that facilitate the dating of inscriptions, for exam- Benndorf taraf›ndan da (Kalinka 1901, 24 vd. TL 25’e ple, the diagonal middle line of x provides evidence göre site edilmifltir) ‹.Ö. geç 4. yy.’a tarihlendirilmifltir. towards establishing a later date. Due to the e˜ne˜... Son araflt›rmalara göre, öncelikle “x” ve “n” harfleri ta- xñtawata formula for dating, the diagonal middle line is rihlendirici özellikleri tafl›maktad›r. “x” ’in çapraz orta vertical in almost the inscriptions dated to the 5th century çizgisi örne¤in, daha geç bir tarih için ipucu olufltur- and the first half of the 4th century BC. The development maktad›r, Zira “e˜ne˜...xñtawata” tarihlendirme formülü of this letter can be easily followed in P›nara. On the sayesinde ‹.Ö. 5. ve 4. yy.’›n ilk yar›s›na tarihlenen sarcophagus of Ddapssm˜ a (TL 11) from the reign of yaz›tlar›n neredeyse tümünde, orta çizgi dikey duru- Arttum˜ para, the older version with a vertical middle mundad›r. Bu harfin geliflimi P›nara’da çok net olarak line is employed, while in the inscription on the rock-

156 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI SURVEY REPORTS

Res. 4 Likçe Yaz›t TL 04.124.09, Foto¤raf: R. Hügli / Fig. 4 The Lycian inscription TL 15, TL 04.124.09, Photo: R. Hügli izlenebilmektedir. Arttum˜ para’n›n hükümdarl›¤› s›ras›n- cut tomb of Xisterija (TL 19), both forms occur side by da infla edilen Ddapssm˜ a’n›n lahtinde (TL 11) dikey orta side. çizgili eski formu tercih edilirken, Xisterija’n›n kaya The late form of n has the vertical right line and the two- mezar›nda (TL 19) her iki form beraber yan yana yer al›r. segmented angle to the left and it is found both at the “n”nin geç formu ise, dikey sa¤ çizgisi ve onun solunda Creek Necropolis (e.g. TL 12 has also the late form of x yer alan iki çizgili aç› ile kendini gösterir ve hem Dere and at the South Necropolis (N 322 and similarly at TL Nekropolü’nde (örne¤in TL 12; bu yaz›tta “x”in geç 14 and 15). formu da mevcuttur), hem de Güney Nekropolü’nde (N It is worth noting that no palaeographic data exists in 322 ve benzer formda TL 14 ve 15) görülmektedir. the South Necropolis pointing to earlier inscriptions (to Güney Nekropolü’nde daha eski yaz›tlara (yak. ‹.Ö. 360 before ca. 360 BC). The other necropoleis have mixed y›llar›na kadar) iflaret eden paleografik verilerin yoklu¤u dates. dikkat çekicidir. Di¤er nekropollerde kar›fl›k tarihler söz konusudur.

157

D‹⁄ER ÇALIfiMA RAPORLARI / OTHER REPORTS

Burdur Müzesi Çal›flmalar› 2004: Gölhisar, Yusufça Erken Bizans Dönemi Kilisesi Kurtarma Kaz›s› Work conducted by Burdur Museum in 2004: The Rescue Excavation of the Early Byzantine Church in Yusufça, Gölhisar

H. Ali EK‹NC‹

Gölhisar ‹lçesi, Yusufça Beldesi, Freng alan› Mevkii’nde Rescue excavation work at the Early Byzantine Church bulunan, Erken Bizans dönemi kilisesi kurtarma kaz›s› in the Freng area of Yusufça, Gölhisar, was carried out 2004 çal›flmalar›, geçen y›l aç›lamayan Narteks bölü- from the 20th to the 29th of September 2004. The work münde, 11 kiflilik bir ekip ile 20-29 Eylül 2004 tarihleri with a team of 11, focussed on the narthex of the struc- aras›nda yap›lm›flt›r. ture, which could not be unearthed the previous year. Alanda ilk olarak yaklafl›k 1.5-2 m.’lik dolgu topra¤› Firstly, the filling of 1.50-2.00 m was removed (Fig. 1). temizlenmifl (Res. 1), ard›ndan narteks’in d›fl duvarlar›n› Then, three trenches were opened, situated according tesbit etmek amac›yla, kap› girifllerine göre üç ayr› açma to the locations of the doorways, to identify the outer aç›larak narteks’in bat› duvar›n›n arkas›ndaki mekan- walls of the narthex, the western walls of the rooms lar›n bat› duvar› ile narteks’in güney duvar›n› bulmaya adjoining the western wall of the narthex and the south- yönelik çal›flmalar yap›lm›flt›r. Güney duvar›n›n netlefl- ern wall of the narthex. When the southern wall was mesiyle, bat›dan biri vaftiz odas›na, di¤eri soka¤a aç›lan also identified, the narthex was then understood to be a iki girifli; do¤udan geçen y›l ortaya ç›kar›lan as›l mekana quadrangular hall measuring 15.80x4.32 m, becoming üç girifli olan, 15.80x4.32 m. ölçülerinde, kuzeye do¤ru slightly narrower towards the north, with three door- daralan dikdörtgen planl›, mozaik zeminli bir mekan›n ways opening into the main hall unearthed last year, narteks olarak kullan›ld›¤› görülmüfltür (Plan 1). Kiliseye and with two doorways on the west, one opening into as›l girifl orta kap›dan olmal›d›r, di¤er iki kap› sa¤ ve sol the street and the other opening into the baptistery. The neflere aç›lmaktad›r. 80 cm. kal›nl›¤›ndaki duvar moloz narthex has a floor paved with mosaics (Plan 1-2). The tafllarla örülmüfl, genellikle tu¤la parçalar›n›n yan› s›ra main doorway to the nave should be the one in the mermer lahit kapa¤› gibi devflirme malzemenin de kul- middle while the other two led into the side aisles. The lan›ld›¤›n› tespit edilmifltir. Çal›flmalar do¤u bat› eksenli 0.80 m thick walls are built with rubble stones with duvar boyunca devam etti¤inde, narteks’in bat› taraf›n- brick pieces and, here and there, re-used materials such daki mekanda 5.60x3.90 m. ölçülerinde vaftiz odas›na as marble sarcophagus lids. As the work progressed along rastlan›lm›flt›r. Odan›n bat›dan kademeli bir girifli vard›r. the east-west wall, a baptistery measuring 5.60x3.90 m Bu kademe için kesme tafl ve sütun parçalar› kullan›l- was identified as the room to the west of the narthex. m›flt›r. Merdiven olarak de¤erlendirdi¤imiz bu kademe The baptistery has an entranceway with a level differ- ile muhtemelen vaftiz odas›n›n üst kat›nda bulunan fark- ence to the west. This level, formed from cut stones and l› bir mekana geçifl sa¤lan›yor olmal›yd›. Oda içerisinde column fragments is understood to be a stairway, which kuzey duvar›na bitiflik Korinth sütun bafll›¤› in situ ola- should have led to the upper floor of the baptistery. rak bulunmufltur. Odan›n do¤u duvar› ile güney duvar›- Inside the baptistery, a column capital of the Corinthian n›n birleflti¤i noktada (Vaftiz havuzunun do¤u duvar› order was found in situ adjoining the northern wall. köflesi) zemin seviyesinden yukar›da duvar içinden geçen Where the eastern and the southern walls join, at the

159 D‹⁄ER ÇALIfiMA RAPORLARI OTHER REPORTS su künküne rastlan›lm›flt›r. Bu künk ile vaftiz havuzun- daki su, narteks’e yukar›dan boflalt›l›yor olmal›yd›. Oda- n›n güney duvar› bitifli¤inde vaftiz havuzu yer almakta- d›r. Havuzun su girifli, odan›n bat› duvar› içinden gelen bir künk ile sa¤lanm›fl olup, havuzun kuzey duvar›na “L” yaparak suyu boflaltmaktad›r (Res. 2). Havuzun do¤u- sunda, üzerinde yer yer korunmufl renkli s›va ve harç izleri olan iki basamakl› merdivene rastlan›lm›flt›r. Moloz içinde rastlan›lan k›rm›z› bordürlü mavi ve aç›k yeflil renkte fresk parçalar›na göre, vaftiz odas›n›n duvarlar› da fresk ile süslenmifl olmal›d›r. Odadaki çal›flmalar Plan 1 esnas›nda havuz giriflinin kuzey bat›s›nda ki dolgu mal- zemenin içinden, halka kaideli mermer bir taba¤a ait corner of the eastern wall of the baptismal font, a water parçalar bulunmufltur. Yine bu alanda, PT unguentarium, pipe was found inside the wall above the ground level kandil, fincan parçalar›, baz›lar› bezekli ince ve kaba and this pipe must have facilitated the emptying from seramik kap parçalar›, cam k›r›klar›, demir çiviler ile above of the water in the baptismal font into the bronz haç ve gümüfl kafl›k bulunmufltur. Kilisenin plan› narthex. The baptismal font extends along the southern netlik kazand›ktan sonra, narteksin içinde b›rak›lan wall. The water was conveyed into the font through a 5 cm.’lik toprak da kald›r›ld›¤›nda, tüm zeminin mavi, pipe coming from inside the western wall and reaching k›rm›z›, siyah ve beyaz renkli tesseralardan oluflan ve the northern wall of the font forming an elbow (Fig. 2). 12’fler panolu iki s›ra halinde toplam 24 panolu bir On the east side of the font are two steps with traces of mozaikle kapl› oldu¤u görülmüfltür. Mozaikler genel painted plaster and mortar. The fragments of blue and olarak duvar dibinden itibaren dört s›ra halinde damal› light green frescoes with red borders suggest that the bir bordür, ondan sonra baklava dilimi ve iç içe iki dai- baptistery was decorated with frescoes. To the north- reden oluflan rozet fleklindeki daha ince ikinci bir bor- west of the font, fragments of a marble bowl with a ring dür ile mekan› çepe çevre dolaflt›ktan sonra (Res. 3), base were found. Fragments of terra cotta unguentaria, ortada iki s›ra halinde 12’fler panodan birer atlayarak lamps, cups, potshards, some of which belonged to gamal› haç, çark›felek (Res. 4), bal›k s›rt›, has›r örgüsü, decorated fine pottery and to coarse-ware examples, birbirine geçen 4’lü giyofllar, saç örgüsü gibi bezeklerle glass fragments, iron nails, a bronze cross and a silver devam etmektedir. Bu bölümdeki mozaiklerin 2003 spoon were recovered from this area. When the layout y›l›nda açt›¤›m›z kilisenin ana mekan›ndan daha az of the structure was clarified, the remaining 5 cm of çöküntü ve tahribata u¤rad›¤› görülmüfltür. Yine bu me- deposit was removed. The floor is paved with mosaics kandaki mozaiklerin zaman›nda tamirat geçirmifl olmas› of blue, red, black and white tesserae, designed in two önemli bir ayr›nt›d›r. Bu tamirat girifl kap›s›n›n (orta rows of 12 panels. Starting from the walls, firstly there kap›n›n) güney taraf›nda damal› bordür üzerinde yama is a border of 4 lines of checkerboard design, then a

Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2

160 D‹⁄ER ÇALIfiMA RAPORLARI OTHER REPORTS

Res. 3 / Fig. 3 Res. 4 / Fig. 4 ifllemi olarak karfl›m›za ç›km›flt›r. Salonun kuzey taraf›n- narrower border of lozenges, and two eccentric circles da da geometrik bordürde daire motifinin göbe¤ine like a rosette, all encircling the narthex (Fig. 3). The two tu¤la konularak harç ile sabitlenmifl olmas› da ilginçtir. rows of 12 panels in the main field are decorated with alternating motifs such as swastika, wheel of fortune Aç›lan mekanlardaki bitki kökleri yok edilmifl ve bunlara (Fig. 4), fish scale, interweaving, interlacing quadruple mozaiklere bir daha zarar vermeyecek flekilde fl›r›ngay- guilloches and hair-braid motifs. The mosaics of the la kurutucu kimyasal uygulanm›fl; mozaikler y›kand›ktan narthex are in a better state of preservation than those of sonra, bozulan alanlarda konservasyon çal›flmas› yap›l- the congregational hall. Another important point is that m›flt›r. Daha sonra narteks bölümü ve vaftiz odas›n›n these mosaics were renovated at some point, as can be zemini plastik brandayla kapat›larak üzeri dere kumuyla observed from the patch made to the checkerboard duvar seviyesine kadar doldurulmufltur. Bütün bu çal›fl- border to the south of the middle doorway. A curious malar›n ard›ndan kaz› alan›n› oluflturan kilise mekan›yla feature is the brick fitted with mortar set in the centre of birlikte, takribi 1500 m2’lik bir alanda çevre düzenleme- the circle motif of the geometric border to the north of si ve bitki temizli¤i yap›lm›flt›r (Res. 5). the hall. Bundan sonraki çal›flmalar›n hedefi, yap›lacak olan bir The plant roots in the areas exposed were removed and sundurma projesi çerçevesinde, kilisenin üzerinin örtü- herbicides were applied using syringes. Following the lerek, kenarlarda oluflturulacak bir gezi yolu vas›tas›yla washing of the mosaics, the sections that had suffered ziyaret edilebilir bir duruma getirilmesidir. deterioration were conserved. Then the floors of the narthex and the baptistery were covered with plastic canvas and river sand was spread out up to the level of the wall. After all the work was completed, an area of approximately 1500 square meters including the church, was landscaped and cleansed of undergrowth (Fig. 5). The aim of the next stage of the work is to protect the structure with a roof and to facilitate visits to the site by building a walkway around it for the visitors.

Res. 5 / Fig. 5

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YAZARLARIN ADRESLER‹ - ADRESSES OF THE AUTHORS

Prof. Dr. M. Olufl ARIK Doz. Dr. Thomas MARKSTEINER Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Wien Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Franz-Klein-Gass 1 Terzio¤lu Kampüsü - Çanakkale A-1190 Wien - AVUSTURYA [email protected] Prof. Dr. Cevdet BAYBURTLUO⁄LU Turgutlu Sokak 15/7 Prof. Dr. Y›ld›z ÖTÜKEN Gaziosmanpafla - Ankara Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Prof. Dr. Refik DURU Beytepe - Ankara Yazanlar Sokak 2/6 [email protected] Suadiye 34740 Kad›köy - ‹stanbul [email protected] Prof. Dr. Fahri IfiIK Akdeniz Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Eugenia Equini SCHNEIDER Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, 07040 Kampüs - Antalya Archeologiche e Antropoligiche dell’Antichità- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”-Piazzale A. Moro Prof. Dr. Haluk ABBASO⁄LU 5- 00185 Roma - ‹TALYA ‹stanbul Üniversitesi [email protected] Edebiyat Fakültesi K. Arkeoloji Bölümü 34459 Vezneciler - ‹stanbul Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZSA‹T [email protected] ‹stanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Eskiça¤ Tarihi Anabilim Dal› Prof. Dr. Marc WAELKENS 34459 Vezneciler - ‹stanbul Katholieke Universiteit Leuven [email protected] Sagalassos Archäological Research Project Blijde Inkomststraat 21, B-3000 Leuven - BELÇ‹KA Doç. Dr. Harun TAfiKIRAN [email protected] Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co¤rafya Fakültesi Ülkü ‹ZM‹RL‹G‹L Arkeoloji Bölümü Prehistorya Anabilim Dal› Restorasyon ve Konservasyon 06100 S›hhiye - Ankara Merkez Laboratuvar› Müdürlü¤ü [email protected] Eski Darphane Binas› Sultanahmet - ‹stanbul Prof. Dr. Levent ZORO⁄LU [email protected] Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Doç. Dr. Remzi YA⁄CI Kampüs - Konya Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi [email protected] Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Kaynaklar Yerleflkesi, Buca - ‹zmir Prof. Dr. Jacques des COURTILS [email protected] Maison de l’Archéologie Université de Bordeaux III Yard. Doç. Dr. K. Serdar G‹RG‹NER F-33607 Pessac Cedex - FRANSA Çukurova Üniversitesi [email protected] Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Kampüs - Adana [email protected]

163 Doç. Dr. Sema DO⁄AN Volkan EVR‹N Hacettepe Üniversitesi Karel A.fi. Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Beytepe - Ankara Gazneliler Cad. No: 10 [email protected] 06935 Sincan - Ankara [email protected] Yard. Doç. Dr. Hatice PAM‹R Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Bülent ‹PL‹KÇ‹O⁄LU Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Marmara Üniversitesi Tayfur Sökmen Kampüsü Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi 31034 Antakya - Hatay Tarih Bölümü Eskiça¤ Tarihi Anabilim Dal› [email protected] 81040 Göztepe - ‹stanbul [email protected] Prof. Dr. Nevzat ÇEV‹K Akdeniz Üniversitesi Doç. Dr. Emel ERTEN Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Mersin Üniversitesi 07040 Kampüs - Antalya Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü [email protected] 33342 Çiftlikköy Kampüsü - Mersin [email protected] Asst. Prof. Dr. Cheryl WARD 1847 West Tennessee St. Doç. Dr. B. Yelda Olcay UÇKAN Florida State University Anadolu Üniversitesi Department of Anthropology Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Tallahassee, FL 32306-7772 ABD 26470 Eskiflehir [email protected] [email protected]

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rhys F. TOWNSEND Dr. Martin SEYER Clark University Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Wien Department of Visual and Performing Arts Franz-Klein-Gass 1 Worcester, MA 01610-1477 ABD A-1190 Wien - AVUSTURYA [email protected] [email protected]

Hac› Ali EK‹NC‹ Müze Müdürlü¤ü - Burdur

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