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View, This Policy Served Two Purposes: It Helped Keep Wages Low and It Stifled Expressions of Class-Consciousness.15 HBC University of Alberta Orkneymen to Rupert’s Landers: Orkney Workers in the Saskatchewan District, 1795-1830 by Cheryl Ann Purdey A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History ©Cheryl Ann Purdey Spring 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Examining Committee Dr. Gerhard Ens, Department of History Dr. Ken Munro, Department of History Dr. Pat McCormack, Faculty of Native Studies Dedicated to the memory of my parents. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my parents. Above, the modern port of Stromness, Orkney islands, as the ferry leaves for the mainland Scottish coast. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hudson’s Bay Company ships stopped here to recruit young Orkneymen for work in Rupert’s Land. At left, a sign on the door of a Stromness house signifies the importance of the HBC to island life. Photographs by Bruce White ABSTRACT The majority of workers in the Hudson’s Bay Company, up until the mid-19th century, originated in the Orkney Islands, off the north coast of Scotland. Historians have characterized these workers as an homogenous group—thrifty, sober, suited to work in cold weather and in the boats. Most worked for the Company for several years, saved their money and returned to their home islands. My research into the lives and work of the Orkneymen of the Saskatchewan district, however, has revealed that a significant portion of these men remained in the North West. They adapted well to the environment of Rupert’s Land, acquired useful skills including learning aboriginal languages, and, above all, many married native women and raised families, ultimately putting down roots in western Canada. My thesis focuses on this subset of men and the contribution they made to life in the early Canadian West. Acknowledgements I owe thanks and gratitude to many people who helped me with my thesis and my work as a graduate student. Thanks to Professor Gerhard Ens, my adviser, for his thoughtful and careful guidance. I am also grateful to many other members of the history department who nurtured my interest in historical research. The enthusiasm of fellow graduate students was a great support. Above all, I owe thanks to my husband Bruce, who set me off on my academic journey more than a decade ago, took me to the Orkney islands on holiday, and was a patient and interested listener. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Orkney Workers in the Saskatchewan District, 1795-1830: Pg. 1 An Introduction Chapter 2: The Orkneymen in the Saskatchewan District Page 20 A Demographic Profile Chapter 3: Orkneymen and long-term service in the HBC Page 43 Chapter 4: Orkneymen who retired in Rupert’s Land: case studies Page 61 Chapter 5: Conclusion Page 87 Bibliography: Page 93 APPENDIX 1: Men who worked in Sask. District 1795-1830 Page 98 TABLES AND MAPS Table 2.1: HBC Servants of the Sask. District by origin: Page 22 Table 2.2: Years of Service Among Orkneymen 1795-1830: Page 31 Table 3.1 Breakdown of tasks among Orkney Servants in the Sask. District: Page 46 Table 3.2 Long-Service Orkney workers who stayed and married: Page 48 Table 3.3 Orkneymen: Their Wives and Children, Sask. District 1795-1830: Page 58 Map 1: Orkney islands Page 24 Map 2: Saskatchewan district 1825 Page 27 Map 3: Locational map of HBC posts 1830s Page 28 CHAPTER 1 Orkney Workers in the Saskatchewan District, 1795-1830 An Introduction In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, thousands of men from the Orkney Islands off the north coast of Scotland signed on for work with the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC). It was a mutually beneficial and long-running partnership: the fur trade company liked the sturdy, sober men they recruited on the islands while the workers found the employment in the Northwest to their liking. Most joined as labourers, although a few rose in the ranks to become officers. In Rupert’s Land, most worked for several years, saved their money then returned to their native isles, where they invested in farms and island businesses. But others stayed in North America, married native women and raised families; later in the nineteenth century, some settled in Red River, and their descendants are sprinkled throughout Western Canada today. The purpose of this thesis is to examine this latter group, the ones who stayed in North America. I argue that this group constituted a much larger percentage of Orkneymen in the country than has previously been acknowledged. My analysis indicates that the men who elected to stay in Rupert’s Land had different employment trajectories and skills than those who only stayed a short time. As well, this subset of men established family ties with aboriginal and mixed-ancestry women, and these bonds bound them more securely and permanently to life in their adopted homeland. I argue that the combination of work adaptability and family bonds was a key influence in their decision to 1 remain in the country. In describing these men, my thesis will also provide an overall portrait of the Orkneymen in the Saskatchewan district, showing the diversity within their ranks and their ability to adapt to changing circumstances and a new environment. I also argue that, far from fitting into an ethnic stereotype, many Orkney workers diverged from the expected trajectory, proving versatile in both their work and at putting down roots in the Canadian West. Although those Orkney workers who stayed and became a vital part of the fabric of the early settlement in the Canadian West have been acknowledged before, their story has not been fully told, and both their numbers and significance have been underestimated. Historians have examined the Orkney connection in a number of interesting but limited ways, highlighting changing recruitment policies, social interactions at the fur trade posts, status, workplace conflict and the origins of the men from the islands themselves. The historiography is not large: most studies of the fur trade discuss the Orkneymen in the context of fur trade labour, but few examine their significance as a specific group. Additional studies have touched on the Orkney role relating to fur trade marriage and family life, especially since the 1970s when the social history of the fur trade was expanded greatly. In particular, John Foster, Sylvia Van Kirk and Jennifer Brown, with their research into family life, the role of women in the fur trade and the formation of the Métis peoples, were among those who helped push fur trade history “out of old trails and into new directions.”1 But many gaps still remain. 1 Michel Payne, “Fur Trade Historiography,” in From Rupert’s Land to Canada: Essays in Honour of John E. Foster, edited by Theodore Binnema, Gerhard Ens and R.C. Macleod (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2001), 5. 2 A survey of this historiography illustrates what research remains to be done. Michael Payne’s examination of the social history of York Factory and Churchill deals with work relations, diet, health, recreation and conflict and status. At these posts, the Orkneymen were the major group: even after the 1821 merger, Payne noted, Orcadians dominated the workforce at York—22 out of 72 officers were from a parish in Orkney and about 40 per cent of the tradesmen listed Orkney as their place of origin.2 By focusing on particular posts, Payne was able to provide a unique perspective on the Orkney workers, contrasting them to the workers from England or other parts of Scotland. Their clannishness, their relationships with each other and other ethnic groups, their status within the post and length of stay, were brought into focus. As well, Payne examined the posts in terms of the contemporary hierarchy of society, the “social pyramid” of pre-industrial England, stressing the “graduated statuses” to which all men were subject.3 Wage and salary scales were rigid; even the seating arrangements in the chapel reflected the post hierarchy. Payne reiterated that fur trade posts were enclaves of expatriate Britons, particularly Orkneymen, up to 1870. “That the communities these men established reflected ongoing British cultural influences is rooted in this basic demographic fact.”4 But he argued that the HBC policy of “dispersed recruitment,” also a large part of Philip Goldring’s study, showed that the posts were not merely fragments of British society, and that the presence of men from many backgrounds —Irish, 2 Michael Payne, A Social History of York Factory and Churchill (PhD dissertation, Carleton University: 1989), vol. 1, 102. 3 Payne, vol. 2, 484. 4 Ibid. 3 Norwegian, Britain, and in particular from the native population — was also a defining characteristic of the posts. Payne’s study provides a context for the study of the Orkneymen—how they functioned at a major fur trade post and how they got along with other groups. What is missing in Payne’s work is a detailed study of Orkneymen as a separate entity, especially as they were dispersed inland.
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