DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Documentation Summary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Documentation Summary Pimachiowin Aki World Heritage Nomination Cultural Landscape Study Cultural Documentation Summary Author: R. Michael O'Flaherty Prepared for: Gord Jones (Project Manager, Pimachiowin Aki Corporation) Date: October 7, 2011 Pimachiowin Aki Cultural Documentation Summary October 7, 2011 Table of Contents Introduction to the Cultural Documentation Summary .................................................. iii PURPOSE........................................................................................................................III APPROACH .....................................................................................................................III SOURCES........................................................................................................................IV ORGANISATION ..............................................................................................................IV A. Anishinaabeg of Pimachiowin Aki in a Wider Context................................................. 1 A1. ETHNOLOGY & LINGUISTICS .......................................................................................1 A2. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD .................................................................................1 TABLE 1 - SIMPLIFIED CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY ...............................................................3 A3. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN RECENT HISTORY ..........................................................4 A HISTORY OF REMOTENESS ............................................................................................4 ADAPTATION AND SYNCRETISM ........................................................................................6 B. Relationship to Aki – Worldview.................................................................................. 9 B1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ANISHINAABE WORLD OF SPIRIT.............................................9 B2. LANGUAGE AS A WINDOW TO THE ANISHINAABE WORLDVIEW.................................. 11 INDETERMINACY......................................................................................................... 11 ANIMACY & PERSONHOOD............................................................................................ 13 B3. ORAL TRADITIONS AND CULTURAL CONTINUITY ........................................................ 14 MEMORY ................................................................................................................. 14 HISTORY IN THE LAND.................................................................................................. 14 BIRCH SCROLLS .......................................................................................................... 15 ORAL TEACHINGS ....................................................................................................... 16 B4. RELATIONS WITH OTHER BEINGS .............................................................................. 17 SPIRIT BEINGS | OTHER-THAN-HUMAN BEINGS.................................................................. 17 BEMAADIZIWAAD | ‘THOSE WHO HAVE LIFE’ .................................................................... 20 AGENCY AND SPIRIT .................................................................................................... 21 RESPECTFUL BEHAVIOUR .............................................................................................. 22 ONJINEWIN............................................................................................................... 23 B5. CONCLUSIONS | THE GOOD LIFE............................................................................... 24 C. Relationship to Aki – Livelihood................................................................................. 25 C1. CUSTOMARY LIVELIHOOD PURSUITS ......................................................................... 25 FIGURE 1. HYPOTHETICAL SEASONAL ROUND ................................................................ 26 A DESCRPTION OF THE SEASONAL ROUND ......................................................................... 27 NOTE ON THE RELATIVE PERSISTENCE OF CUSTOMARY LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES ........................... 32 TABLE 2. ESTIMATED POPULATIONS OF FIRST NATIONS IN PIMACHIOWIN AKI........................ 33 INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE............................................................................................. 33 SHARING & RECIPROCITY.............................................................................................. 35 PARTICIPATION IN THE MARKET...................................................................................... 36 C2. CUSTOMARY GOVERNANCE ...................................................................................... 39 LAND TENURE - FAMILY HUNTING AND TRAPPING AREAS ...................................................... 39 CUSTOMARY AUTHORITY AND DECISION-MAKING ............................................................... 42 GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ........................................................................................ 44 C3. CONCLUSIONS | SURVIVAL ON THE LAND.................................................................. 47 i Pimachiowin Aki Cultural Documentation Summary October 7, 2011 D. Pimachiowin Aki Anishinaabe Cultural Landscape..................................................... 49 D1. THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CONCEPT....................................................................... 49 BOUNDARIES & TERMINOLOGY ...................................................................................... 50 THE UNESCO CONTEXT............................................................................................... 51 D2. PIMACHIOWIN AKI – THE LAND THAT GIVES LIFE....................................................... 51 MATERIAL EVIDENCE OF CHANGE OVER TIME..................................................................... 51 INTANGIBLE ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE LAND....................................................................... 52 LIVING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE........................................................................................ 53 D3. JOURNEYING THE LAND ........................................................................................... 54 E. Authenticity................................................................................................................ 55 E1. SOURCES OF INFORMATION ..................................................................................... 55 ORAL TESTIMONY ....................................................................................................... 55 COMMUNITY DOCUMENTATION...................................................................................... 55 ACADEMIC LITERATURE ................................................................................................ 55 E2. ATTRIBUTES OF AUTHENTICITY ................................................................................. 56 AUTHENTICITY IN USE AND FUNCTION.............................................................................. 56 AUTHENTICITY IN TRADITIONS, TECHNIQUES AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ................................ 56 AUTHENTICITY IN LOCATION AND SETTING......................................................................... 57 AUTHENTICITY IN LANGUAGE, AND OTHER FORMS OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE .............................. 57 AUTHENTICITY IN SPIRIT AND FEELING.............................................................................. 58 F. Works Cited................................................................................................................. 59 ii Pimachiowin Aki Cultural Documentation Summary October 7, 2011 Introduction to the Cultural Documentation Summary PURPOSE The Pimachiowin Aki Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) provides a proposed justification for a cultural landscape nomination, using criterion (v): ‘Pimachiowin Aki fully represents the tangible and intangible elements of a living Anishinaabe cultural landscape’. The Cultural Landscape Study is therefore a very significant part of the background research for the Pimachiowin Aki nomination. The purpose of this Cultural Documentation Summary is to provide a more plain- language summary of the cultural landscape features and values in Pimachiowin Aki that provide support for the Statement of Outstanding Universal Value. In this way, the Summary will facilitate the writing of the following sections of the nomination document: Section 2.A Description Section 2.B History and Development Section 3.D Authenticity and Integrity APPROACH This Cultural Documentation Summary was prepared according to the following principles: 1. The Summary has been prepared as a thematic discussion paper so that related materials are consolidated and the specific relevance of documentation details to the various needs of the nomination document is more evident. 2. Summary is provided only for those portions of the Cultural Landscape Study and other documentation directly relevant to the Pimachiowin Aki Statement of OUV and the culture and geography of the Pimachiowin Aki area. Documentation that addresses Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) society beyond the First Nations of Pimachiowin Aki is not addressed here. 3. Discussion of documentation is centered on and takes direction from the Cultural Landscape Study (i.e. Macro-, Meso- and Micro-level Reports); other materials are brought in to provide additional detail or explanation, where needed. At the time of writing, the Micro-level Report is in draft form
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines.
    [Show full text]
  • National Park System Plan
    National Park System Plan 39 38 10 9 37 36 26 8 11 15 16 6 7 25 17 24 28 23 5 21 1 12 3 22 35 34 29 c 27 30 32 4 18 20 2 13 14 19 c 33 31 19 a 19 b 29 b 29 a Introduction to Status of Planning for National Park System Plan Natural Regions Canadian HeritagePatrimoine canadien Parks Canada Parcs Canada Canada Introduction To protect for all time representa- The federal government is committed to tive natural areas of Canadian sig- implement the concept of sustainable de- nificance in a system of national parks, velopment. This concept holds that human to encourage public understanding, economic development must be compatible appreciation and enjoyment of this with the long-term maintenance of natural natural heritage so as to leave it ecosystems and life support processes. A unimpaired for future generations. strategy to implement sustainable develop- ment requires not only the careful manage- Parks Canada Objective ment of those lands, waters and resources for National Parks that are exploited to support our economy, but also the protection and presentation of our most important natural and cultural ar- eas. Protected areas contribute directly to the conservation of biological diversity and, therefore, to Canada's national strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Our system of national parks and national historic sites is one of the nation's - indeed the world's - greatest treasures. It also rep- resents a key resource for the tourism in- dustry in Canada, attracting both domestic and foreign visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Beads from the Hudson's Bay Company's Principal Depot, York Factory, Manitoba, Canada
    BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers Volume 25 Volume 25 (2013) Article 6 1-1-2013 Beads from the Hudson's Bay Company's Principal Depot, York Factory, Manitoba, Canada Karlis Karklins Gary F. Adams Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Karklins, Karlis and Adams, Gary F. (2013). "Beads from the Hudson's Bay Company's Principal Depot, York Factory, Manitoba, Canada." BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 25: 72-100. Available at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads/vol25/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers by an authorized editor of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEADS FROM THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY’S PRINCIPAL DEPOT, YORK FACTORY, MANITOBA, CANADA Karlis Karklins and Gary F. Adams There is no other North American fur trade establishment whose half a dozen times in two separate international conflicts. longevity and historical significance can rival that of York Factory. It witnessed a naval engagement and suffered three direct Located in northern Manitoba, Canada, at the base of Hudson Bay, attacks. The factory was rebuilt seven times and was the it was the Hudson’s Bay Company’s principal Bay-side trading base of operations for such fur trade personalities as Pierre post and depot for over 250 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Large Area Planning in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin (NCRB): Laying a Foundation in Northern Manitoba
    Large Area Planning in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin (NCRB): Laying a foundation in northern Manitoba Karla Zubrycki Dimple Roy Hisham Osman Kimberly Lewtas Geoffrey Gunn Richard Grosshans © 2014 The International Institute for Sustainable Development © 2016 International Institute for Sustainable Development | IISD.org November 2016 Large Area Planning in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin (NCRB): Laying a foundation in northern Manitoba © 2016 International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is one Head Office of the world’s leading centres of research and innovation. The Institute provides practical solutions to the growing challenges and opportunities of 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325 integrating environmental and social priorities with economic development. Winnipeg, Manitoba We report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained Canada R3B 0T4 through collaborative projects, resulting in more rigorous research, stronger global networks, and better engagement among researchers, citizens, Tel: +1 (204) 958-7700 businesses and policy-makers. Website: www.iisd.org Twitter: @IISD_news IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and from the Province
    [Show full text]
  • 2.0 Native Land Use - Historical Period
    2.0 NATIVE LAND USE - HISTORICAL PERIOD The first French explorers arrived in the Red River valley during the early 1730s. Their travels and encounters with the aboriginal populations were recorded in diaries and plotted on maps, and with that, recorded history began for the region known now as the Lake Winnipeg and Red River basins. Native Movements Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye records that there were three distinct groups present in this region during the 1730s and 1740s: the Cree, the Assiniboine, and the Sioux. The Cree were largely occupying the boreal forest areas of what is now northern and central Manitoba. The Assiniboine were living and hunting along the parkland transitional zone, particularly the ‘lower’ Red River and Assiniboine River valleys. The Sioux lived on the open plains in the region of the upper Red River valley, and west of the Red River in upper reaches of the Mississippi water system. Approximately 75 years later, when the first contingent of Selkirk Settlers arrived in 1812, the Assiniboine had completely vacated eastern Manitoba and moved off to the west and southwest, allowing the Ojibwa, or Saulteaux, to move in from the Lake of the Woods and Lake Superior regions. Farther to the south in the United States, the Ojibwa or Chippewa also had migrated westward, and had settled in the Red Lake region of what is now north central Minnesota. By this time some of the Sioux had given up the wooded eastern portions of their territory and dwelt exclusively on the open prairie west of the Red and south of the Pembina River.
    [Show full text]
  • Wapusk National Park Management Plan 2017
    Management Plan 2017 2017 Wapusk National Park of Canada Management Plan ii © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer of Parks Canada, 2017. Cette publication est aussi disponible en français. National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data: Parks Canada WAPUSK NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Issued also in French under the title: PLAN DIRECTEUR PARC NATIONAL WAPUSK Available also on the Internet. ISBN SBN R64-497/2017E-PDF Cat. no. 978-0-660-08995-9 For more information about the management plan or about WAPUSK NATIONAL PARK: WAPUSK NATIONAL PARK OF CANADA P.O. BOX 127 CHURCHILL, MANITOBA CANADA R0B 0E0 Tel: 204-675-8863, fax: 204-675-2026 Email: [email protected] http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/mb/wapusk/index.aspx Cover Images: Copyright Parks Canada Above (left to right): Lesser Snow Geese, Leadership Camp hikers see foxes, Caribou herd in Wapusk NP Below: Polar bear in Wapusk NP Wapusk National Park iii Management Plan Foreword Canada’s national parks, national historic sites and national marine conservation areas belong to all Canadians and offer truly Canadian experiences. These special places make up one of the finest and most extensive systems of protected natural and cultural heritage areas in the world. The Government is committed to preserving our natural and cultural heritage, expanding the system of protected places and contributing to the recovery of species-at- risk. At the same time, we must continue to offer new and innovative visitor and outreach programs and activities so that more Canadians can experience Parks Canada places and learn about our environment, history and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Portage As a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at "The Great Carrying Place"
    Grand Portage as a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at “the Great Carrying Place” By Bruce M. White Turnstone Historical Research St. Paul, Minnesota Grand Portage National Monument National Park Service Grand Marais, Minnesota September 2005 On the cover: a page from an agreement signed between the North West Company and the Grand Portage area Ojibwe band leaders in 1798. This agreement is the first known documentary source in which multiple Grand Portage band leaders are identified. It is the earliest known documentation that they agreed to anything with a non-Native entity. Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 Trade Patterns .....................................................................................................................5 The Invention of the Great Lakes Fur Trade ....................................................................13 Ceremonies of Trade, Trade of Ceremonies .....................................................................19 The Wintering Trade .........................................................................................................27
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Parks
    Eastern Parks Atikaki Provincial Park Introduction In 1985 the Bloodvein-Pigeon rivers region east of Lake Winnipeg was designated as Manitoba’s first wilderness park. Its 3,981 km2 is characterised by a landscape of rock outcrops and granite cliffs interspersed with a complex of bogs, fens, marshes, rivers and riverbottom forest. The park features three river corridors and associated shorelines, including the Manitoba portion of the Bloodvein Canadian Heritage River. Classified as a Wilderness Park, its purpose is to preserve physical features and biological communities representative portion of the Lac Seul Upland portion of the Precambrian Boreal Forest Natural Region or “Shield Country.” The park contains physical features and biological communities within its approximate 4,000 square kilometre boundary, which is about the combined size of Whiteshell and Nopiming provincial parks.The park will: provide opportunities for a range of outdoor recreational experiences from canoeing and whitewater rafting, that depend on a pristine environment, to lodges and outcamps promote public appreciation and understanding of the park’s natural features and cultural heritage. The jewel in Atikaki’s crown is the Bloodvein River that starts near Red Lake in Ontario, flows through the park, and drains into Lake Winnipeg. Both the Manitoba and Ontario portions of the river have the distinction of being designated a Canadian Heritage River. In order to receive this designation a river must have outstanding significance in terms of human heritage, natural heritage, or recreational values. The Bloodvein is significant, to varying degrees, in all of these categories. Gammon River Natural History Located in a part of the Precambrian Shield known as the Superior Province, Atikaki is on some of Canada’s oldest rock, formed about three billion years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Hayes River in Manitoba
    Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Management plan for the Hayes River in Manitoba. Cover title. At head of title: Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7711-1534-2. 1. Hayes River (Man.). 2. Rivers – Manitoba – Management. 3. Rivers – Recreational use – Manitoba. 4. Wild and scenic rivers – Manitoba. 5. Stream conservation – Canada. 6. Watershed management – Canada. 7. Canadian Heritage Rivers System. I. Manitoba. Parks and Natural Areas Branch. II. Canadian Heritage Rivers System. III. Ti.: Canadian Heritage Rivers System : a management plan for the Hayes River in Manitoba. GB1230./H39M36 2005 333.78’45’0971271 C2005-962000-5 The historic Hayes River fur trade route from York Factory to Norway House, comprised of the Hayes, Echimamish and Nelson Rivers, is an outstanding treasure for Manitoba and for Canada. The Aboriginal, fur trade and more recent history, the unspoiled nature, and the recreational potential of this route easily make it worthy of designation as a Canadian Heritage River. This management plan for the Hayes River in Manitoba is the designation document submitted to the Canadian Heritage Rivers Board to fulfil the requirements for designation as a Canadian Heritage River. Preparation of this plan has involved the combined efforts of staff of Manitoba Conservation, staff and Councils of Norway House, Bunibonibee, Shamattawa and York Factory First Nations, and the many Manitobans who participated in the consultation process. Their interest and participation is the testimony and commitment that will ensure the Hayes is forever cared for in a way that befits its designation as a Canadian Heritage River.
    [Show full text]
  • Grizzly Bears, Ursus Arctos, in Wapusk National Park, Northeastern Manitoba
    Grizzly Bears, Ursus arctos, in Wapusk National Park, Northeastern Manitoba ROBERT ROCKWELL 1,3 , L INDA GORMEZANO 1, and DARYLL HEDMAN 2 1Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA 2Manitoba Conservation, Thompson, Manitoba R8N 1X4 Canada 3Corresponding author: Robert Rockwell e-mail: [email protected] Rockwell, Robert, Linda Gormezano, and Daryll Hedman. 2008. Grizzly Bears, Ursus arctos, in Wapusk National Park, northeastern Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 122(4): 323-326. We report on nine sightings of Grizzly Bears ( Ursus arctos ) in northeastern Manitoba in what is now Wapusk National Park. Although biological research in the region has been conducted regularly since 1965, all sightings have been made since 1996. The Grizzly Bears were seen either along rivers known to harbor fish or in an area known for berries . Key Words: Grizzly Bear, Ursus arctos , Wapusk National Park, Manitoba, Canada. Grizzly Bears ( Ursus arctos ) are reported to have been absent from Manitoba historically at least through 1989 (Banfield 1959, 1974; Harington et al. 1962; Banci 1991, McLellan And Bianci 1999). Some recent accounts and range maps have included Manitoba in the Grizzly Bear’s regular range (e.g., Schwartz et al. 2003), while others indicate that the regular range ends north of the Manitoba border but list rare, extra-limital observations for at least two sites along the Hudson Bay coast of Manitoba (e.g., Ross 2002*). Increased encounters with Grizzly Bears in northern Manitoba could be the result of increased observational effort or the expansion of the species’ range.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 CLOUD WOLVES of the KASKA Coast November 16 - 24 Nanuk Polar Bear Lodge
    2021 CLOUD WOLVES OF THE KASKA COAST November 16 - 24 Nanuk Polar Bear Lodge ANSWER THE CALL OF THE WILD WOLVES on our newest program and discover the thrill of tracking, watching, photographing and studying these enigmatic creatures. WHETHER YOU ARE A WOLF LOVER dreaming of seeing and hearing them in the wild, a photographer chasing National Geographic-worthy images, or a naturalist craving field experience—or all three!—our nine-day CLOUD WOLVES EXPEDITION will take you on an unforgettable journey. Our base is the beautiful Nanuk Polar Bear Lodge in the heart of the Kaska Coast, an uninhabited wilderness ten times the size of Yellowstone National Park. Far from civilization and never hunted, the resident packs of cloud wolves (Canis lupus nubilus) have no fear of humans, making for encounters and photography unrivalled anywhere else in the world. Together with our naturalist guides and National Geographic photographer Jad Davenport, we will venture on foot and by snow machine and komatiq (Inuit sled) through spruce forests and over tundra and sea ice on our quest to find and follow the wolves. White and black and every shade in between, these wolves are among the largest on Earth and the only ones known to hunt polar bears. But cloud wolves aren’t the only creatures out here. Depending on ice conditions, polar bears are sometimes seen; more regular visitors include moose, red and silver fox, ptarmigan and snowy owls. ITINERARY DAY 1 - GET SETTLED, GEARED UP AND MEET YOUR TEAM Arrive in Winnipeg where you will enjoy a relaxing stay at our choice hotel, The Grand by Lakeview at the Winnipeg Airport.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Exploration And
    THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Earla Elizabeth Croll In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies May 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH By Earla Elizabeth Croll The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Mark Harvey Chair Dr. Gerritdina Justitz Dr. Larry Peterson Dr. Holly Bastow-Shoop Approved: 7/21/2014 Dr. John K. Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH As beaver became scarcer in the east, the quest for Castor Canadensis sent traders into the northern plains. Reluctant explorers, traders looked for easier access and cheaper means of transport. Initially content to wait on the shores of the Bay, HBC was forced to meet their competitors in the natives’ homelands. The Red River Valley was easily accessed from Hudson’s Bay, becoming the center of the fur trade in the northern plains. HBC helped colonize the first permanent settlement west of the Great Lakes in the Red River Valley.
    [Show full text]