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THE RAMAPO MOUNTAIN PEOPLE DAVID STEVEN COHEN Photographs by Robert Goldstein

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THE RAMAPO MOUNTAIN PEOPLE DAVID STEVEN COHEN Photographs by Robert Goldstein Fourth PTinting THE RAMAPO MOUNTAIN PEOPLE DAVID STEVEN COHEN Photographs by Robert Goldstein Northwest of Manhattan where the New York-New Jersey boundary crosses the tree- covered ridges and hollows of the Ramapo Mountains there is a group of about 1,500 racially mixed people who have long been referred to by journalists and historians as the "Jackson Whites." In a study combining the disciplines of an- thropology, sociology, folklore, and history, David Cohen found that the old stories about these people were legends, not history. He found no reliable evidence that their ancestors were Tuscarora Indians, Hessian deserters from the British army, escaped slaves, and British and West Indian prostitutes imported by a sea captain named Jackson for the pleasure of British soldiers occupying Manhattan during the War for Independence. David Cohen lived among the Ramapo Moun- tain People for a year, conducting genealogical research into church records, deeds, wills, and inventories in county courthouses and li- braries. He established that their ancestors included free black landowners in New York City and mulattoes with some Dutch ancestry who were among the first pioneers to settle in the Hackensack River Valley of New Jersey. In describing his findings and his experi- ences, Professor Cohen shows how their ra- cially mixed ancestry, their special family and kinship system, and their intergroup attitudes and folkways distinguish and socially isolate these people as a separate racial group today, despite modern communications and trans- portation and their proximity to New York City. Jacket dt. " Goldstein/Broughem Associates RINGWOOD PUBLIC LIBRARY, NJ 3 6047 09044947 0 \k:H 0 6 1991 THE RAMAPO MOUNTAIN PEOPLE The Ramapo Mountain People DAVID STEVEN COHEN Photographs by Robert Goldstein jyum£ T U5 SKYLANDS ROAD R1NGW00D. NEW JERSEY 07456 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS New Brunswick, New Jersey Fourth Printing Copyright © 1974 by Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cohen, David Steven, 1943— The Ramapo Mountain people. Bibliography: p. 1. Ramapo Mountain people. I. Title. E184.R3C64 917.47'28 74-9581 ISBN 0-8135-0768-5 To the memory of my grandfather William Gottlieb and to my parents Molly and Lew Cohen CONTENTS List of Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 The Origin of the Jackson Whites—History or Legend? 3 2 Colored Pioneers in New Amsterdam and the Hackensack River Valley 25 3 The Migration to the Ramapo Mountains 43 4 Mahwah 60 5 Ringwood 76 6 Hillburn 92 7 Race 110 8 Family and Kinship 119 9 Folklore as an Expression of the Culture 134 10 Religion, Folk Beliefs, and World View 161 Epilogue: The Aftermath—Initial Reaction to a New Image 197 Appendix A Motifs and Tale Types 203 Appendix B Herb Cures and Folk Remedies 206 Appendix C A Jersey Dutch Wordlist 212 Appendix D Population Dispersal of Ramapo Mountain People, 1911 216 Appendix E Scholarly Literature on Racially Mixed Groups in the Eastern United States 218 yiii CONTENTS Notes 227 Bibliography 241 Index 261 Illustrations Frontispiece Group I Following page 48 Group II Following page 62 Group III Following page 80 Group IV Following page 96 TABLES 1 The De Freese family 28 2 The Mann family 30 3 Shareholders of the Tappan Patent (1687) 34 4 The Van Dunk family 38 5 Income of Samuel De Groat at the Ringwood Furnace (1869) 54 6 Ramapo Mountain People on the Ringwood Furnace payroll (1869) 55 7 Yearly income of Ringwood A4ine Area families (1966-67) 81 8 Nonwhite occupational distribution for Hillburn, New York (1960) 95 9 White and nonwhite annual family income for Hillburn, New York (1959) 96 10 White and nonwhite population of Hillburn, New York (1875-1969) 102 11 Political party enrollment for Hillburn, New York (1914-69) 103 12 Endogamous and exogamous marriages by generation (1810— 1960) 124 13 Exogamous marriages to blacks, whites, and others by gener- ation (1840-1960) 125 PREFACE This book is about a group of people who have no name for themselves. They are known to many of their neighbors as the Jackson Whites, a name that is offensive to them. I call them the Ramapo Mountain People. They are found today principally in three communities where the Ramapos cross the border between southeastern New York and northern New Jersey. The region consists of tree-covered ridges and hollows with streams running down from mountain lakes. Hiking paths such as the Cannon Ball Trail criss-cross the mountains. The Ramapos are not especially high; their rounded peaks reach no more than 800 feet above the bordering valleys—the Wanaque River Valley on the northwest and the Ramapo River Valley on the southeast. The Ramapos are divided by the Ramapo Pass, through which run the New York State Thruway, State Highway Route 17, and the Erie Railroad on their way to upstate New York. The mountains mark the northwestern edge of the metropolitan New York City suburbs. The Ramapo Mountain People today are a relatively small group. They number only approximately 1,500 and live in Mahwah and Ring- wood, New Jersey, and Hillburn, New York. Yet they are distinct from the surrounding society. Their racially mixed ancestry socially isolates them as a separate racial group. Marriage within the group over many generations has resulted in their being a separate kinship group. A few surnames predominate, the oldest being De Freese, Van Dunk, De Groat, and Mann. I first became aware of the Ramapo Mountain People when I was a high school student in Westwood, New Jersey. John C. Storms, a newspaper editor in Park Ridge, New Jersey, who had written a book- let about these people, was invited by my sister Judy to lecture about Xii PREFACE them in a course she was taking at Fairleigh Dickinson University. Years later as a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania, I was reminded of Air. Storms's lecture. Rereading his booklet in light of graduate courses in folklore I had taken, I began to suspect that his account was more folklore than history. I decided to begin an inter- disciplinary study that would combine the concepts and methods of anthropology, sociology, folklore, and history. I moved to the Ramapos to live for a year among the .Mountain People and to study their culture at first hand. I did extensive genea- logical research. I began a study of the personal names in church records of marriages and baptisms, the names and properties described in deeds, wills, and inventories in county courthouses, the information contained in the manuscript federal and state censuses, and the col- lections of local libraries, historical societies, and the New York Public Library. I also consulted informants among the .Mountain People about their ancestors and relatives. In time I was able to construct family trees of the early ancestors of the Ramapo Mountain People. There are other racially mixed groups in the eastern United States: the Lumbees or Croatans in North Carolina, the Melungeons in eastern Tennessee, the Brass Ankles in South Carolina, the Redbones in western Louisiana, the Wesorts in Maryland, and the Moors and Nanticokes in Delaware. Because their histories were not recorded, many of these groups have legends about their origins. (See Appendix E for a survey of the scholarly literature about them.) The Ramapo Mountain People who reside in the section of the mountains southwest of the Ramapo Pass use the term colored to describe their race. By this they mean nonwhite. They are sometimes confused with white mountaineers also called Jackson Whites who made splint baskets and lived in the northeastern section of the Ramapos near Ladentown, New York. Among the latter were families named Hogenkamp, Pitt, and Conklin. They were descendants of white settlers who moved into what is today Rockland County, New York, in the eighteenth century. There is no evidence of their havino- any racially mixed ancestry. Most of them were moved out of the Ramapos to make way for Harriman State Park. The colored Ramapo Mountain People consider these white mountaineers a separate group; PREFACE Xlll and, notwithstanding one or two marriages between these groups, their separateness is substantiated by my genealogical research. In reflecting upon my experiences with the Ramapo Mountain People and the information I gathered about them, I found it necessary to decide which aspects of their culture should be included in this book. It is not a sociological study of poverty or housing conditions; not all the Mountain People live in poverty. It is not a study of genetics or health; that should be made by a scientist. Nor is it a study of the sexual behavior of the Mountain People; to be valid, such a study would have to be based on a statistical survey. I have concentrated on the three present-day settlements of the Mountain People. I have not included those Mountain People who have migrated from the Ramapo Mountains. I have emphasized those aspects of their culture that demonstrate the distinctive nature of their group (race and kinship), the relationship between their group and the surrounding society, and the relationship between their folklore and their history. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my gratitude to the Ramapo Mountain People, who allowed me to live among them and to study them. My thanks to Wallace and Vivian De Groat and their family, with whom I lived during part of the field work. Howard Morgan, a man of great warmth and character, spent many afternoons providing genealogical informa- tion from his remarkable memory. The family of John and Madge Morgan, especially their son Wallace, welcomed me into their house- hold and provided much information on the folklore of the Mountain People.
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