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Home , Disjunctive pronoun, Hispanidad, Middle French, Romance languages, Spanish nouns, Standard French

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The Romance

Martin Harris, Nigel Vincent

Spanish

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 John N. Published online on: 28 Jan 1988

How to cite :- John N. Green. 28 Jan 1988, Spanish from: The Routledge Accessed on: 28 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203426531.ch3

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 unquestionably world. the now in conurbation has speaking 1873) n Academy own its to establish attaching formerly prestige e th America, Lati n In influences. outside been long has norm the practice in but Burgos, with disrupts identified rarely ditionally onl y d an great ver y not is variation o f range the below), origin whose pronunciatio n f o modes of speakers, younger among spread, of most in — imitated necessaril y t no though — valued highly be to Canary the f o the and southern in n since World, New the an d e Europ betwee n d locate neatl y be can boundary geographical to open more been consistently has which , f o usag e educated tra- the is Castilian of form 'purest' the Spain , n I 5 and comprehensibility. 2 mutual s section i n (discussed vocabulary and pronunciation of gences diver- d well-publicise som e e despit but pressures, normativ e conflicting — to e rol international its in — also and variation sociolinguistic and regional s (Detail French. by enjoye d lon positio n preeminent the on encroaching fast is diplomacy and commerce for vehicle international n a as and guages, Andalusian. unmistakably is the been has however, Spain, in development recent ironical American. An America. Lati n of continue s norm features Castilian the distinguishing populations, in the discrepancy vast the of Despite many share Islands Spanish - populous most th e far y b City, to northwards moved to ex-colony t firs the wa s a Colombi because (perhaps Spanis Colombian its as ' 'Castilian and diasystem a as 'Spanish' between drawn be can found e b will statistics speaker with togethe r distribution geographica l its of for still, and language pronunciation. standard for e th model the speakers, o f many basis e th , i n form prestige term s the regions Spanish-speaking most In ) I. Ma p also See 1. Chapter in lan- Romance moder n the of n spoke widely most the far by is Spanish 1 Introduction distinction useful a but interchangeably , d use are espanol and castellano 3 Spanish their tha t mean however, not, does 'norms ' two the of modern The to s i Spanish languages, diffuse d spatially all with common In John N.Green 79 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 be ca n 3.1, Tabl e n i given Castilian, of system consonan t segmental The the of merger a for argues and s stop ora l between opposition in established securel y means o n by i s that/dz/ i n r diffe they categories, n point-of-articulatio in an y irregularities of g interestin absence e th some instance, disguises fo r While, this distribution. bu t aperture, of degrees its d an recen t comparatively s i o f /z/, an as probably Spanish fiv e and positions articulatory four h wit symmetrical , neatly as presented marked less a with produced are Spanish of varieties many regional since e b setting, may articulatory other be factors must these cause all principa l the Thoug h contributory, positions. unstressed and stressed both neces- would incorporation its , distinct two of d Ol exponent the i n as present was which [dz], of reintroduction e Th freely . do stops the which clusters, -initial into enters palatal neither and system, the Castilian. f o features structura l other the sharing despite quality resonant the to structure, rhythmic y variousl the t o setting, articulatory been unusual has an This to speech. ascribed everyda y their to impar t speakers Consonants in sounds of stability e th t o d an , ope n low, of predominance northern and s Castilian tha t y qualit resonant the on comment also writers Most modulation. tonal fro m or 'dynamic' free its noticeably i s s i Castilian which of accent, feature intensity prominent A boundaries. clause littl e o t confined is register everyda y whose Castilian, . fifteen to s tend which , for implications has naturally, pattern, rhythmic occurs it 84), . (p se e shall we as Since, doubtful. remain s status phonemic Western characteristi the and questions, yes-no most for rise sustained o t ten of unit s melodic accommodate s y readil an d changes abrupt avoid alway s t no does regular, perceptually though , delivery th e since timed' a with language, syllable-timed a of exampl e textboo a as quoted been a declaratives, e simpl for rise-fall basi c a has octave, an than more Th e intervals. isochronous or syllabification isochronous t 'segmen produce as described accurately more pro- be newer would A Spanish . gun machine suggests recalcitrant posal a t o likened sometimes often delivery has Spanish impression. auditory general d an characteristics sodic sentence-medial d an enumerations mar k to tone rising or level Romance o f varieties other that imply to taken be however, not, should economy o f s interest th e in d adopte material of arrangement An status. linguistic pro- about little a say should we units, segmental the considering Before Auditory Impression Castilian. of , s dialect yet nor from, deviations are Spanish socio- and articulations variant to e appropriat as reference making norm, Castilian the on concentrate shall we Spanish f o sketch this In Phonology 2 SPANISH 80 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 intervocalic to give n often articulation lax very the is e On Spanish . in come 'crumb' MĪCAM [vi]; Fr. ['bida], Sp. > 'life ' VĪTAM compare 39), p. (see of e stag third a undergone often French in have derive them of many which like word a i n glide /w/; labio-velar the by followe d when especiall y /-g-/ merger syllabic consequen t a d an loss complete their in resulting m fro voiceless intervocalic Latin The implies. frequenc y present show t o seems children Mexican among acquisition language on research process historical a as atteste d well is environments e comparabl in Vibrants Fricatives Affricates stops Oral out- simila r a to s pointer o f r numbe a e ar There [mi]. Fr. ['miya], Sp. > dominant. n remai an d first acquired are spirants the that recent d an position , post-nasal to or group-initia l n i plosives spirants of strengthening of weakening the since pairs , these of members sub- ordinate th e are spirants th e t tha assumed been traditionall y has It completely. r no /b/ neither word s indigenous in , Moreover [la'βoka]. group: laboca stops Nasal Table 3.1:ThCastilianConsonantSystem system. the of realignment a provoke sarily a as analysis o t amenable equally is distinctio n the But Romance. in d of , donde ['kaβo] set t cabo'end' bu ['boka ] correspondin g 'mouth' elsewhere: boca spirants a the and nasals, with after mediall y and word-initially distribution occurring plosives the spirants, complementary in is Laterals an d velar frictionles s a than more rarely i s theg 'water' agua - breath a withi n intervocalic when spiran t g correspondin th e by ment [+tense] [—voice] [—tense] [—voice] [+voice] los t or [d] to weakened is orthographic-d and word-finally, occurs /g/ butmagro ['grande ] 'big' ['nudo],grande 'knot' bu t nudo ['donde] 'where' [+voice] [—voice] - replace to liabl e also is however, , word-initial A ['mayro]. 'lean' r thei tha n e secur less however, is, spirants medial the o f future The series voiced The plosives. unaspirated are stops voiceless Castilian The P Bilabial b m f t s θ Dento-alveolar d r n 1 r tf Palatal η λ (dz) X k Velar g SPANISH 81 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 something eliminated e hav therefore, may, regions settlement. Seseante phonetic in neutralised s alway i s which level underlying at opposition sima : 'abyss ' i n cima as and /θima/ /s/, between ' 'summit /θ/ opposition - some and American aspiration Moreover, 85). p. e (se th e /-s/ by syllable-final of loss example, complete times for reduced, further is frequency, bu t ['dez e] thusdesde ' 'from/since intervocalically , not but obstruents, n i wa s which opposition an o f o f way a distinctiveness as is : auditory explanation plausible the mos t increasing The Castilian? the n How i n sound. arise [θ] it the did specifically not but century, sixteenth of the phase since early th e post-dated significantly which innovation Castilian a was [8] n articulatio fricativ e interdental the t tha certain is no w almost it but colonists, first the of Spanis h the in opposition present was s phonological t fron a tw o between t no o r whether established conclusively be not can- it evidenc e documentary available the From . complex more certainly therefore and / /s Castilian. of and m conservatis th e to relation in tendencies /θ/ innovatory represent between opposition earlier an lost territories Andalusia. in locations scattered to confined is as ceceo, known duly and d voice before /s / of varieties, allophone an as Romance infrequently other occurs [z] t mos and below), voiced from phonemic apart of Spanish absence set s e Th explained . now wholly not l stil is demise like s hypercorrection amusing t o turn in rise giving disapproval, an maintain s l stil Spanis h n America tha t suggested n bee indee d has (It [θ ] only using converse, The calledseseo. popularl y feature a — found is Castilian distinctive th e k lac Andalusian of varieties most and Spanish clearly still i s s context these in /-d-/ of loss e Th . standard (see of / /λ realisation alternative s a a n speakers some by is used [z] though whose series phonemic voiced a including set, larger much a Spanish is The below.) 101 p. on discussed further idea an — representation [s ] only Andalusia , of t mos in and America South Throughout /as/. 'ace' th e affects it , past the (in factors l morphologica on dependent normative intense of subject the been has speakers, younger among plete com- y virtuall i s now which change, s Thi i n -ado/-ido. past from :as /aθ/ 'bundle' /kasa/, haz 'house' :casa /kaθa/ /sima/, caza 'hunt' of levantad+ coalescence the where imperative, reflexive th e in unnoticed masculin e corresponding e th tha n y frequentl less for m -ada feminine . Fr and ['spc:za] their It. r o sibilants, of y inventor , ['ƒpoza] the varieties , n non-Castilia many Port. In [e'puz]. compare — [εs'posa] 'wife' esposa /-d-/ of disappearance th e is sign Anothe r altogether. lost sometimes is process. the by accepte d even is plural) (familiar up' 'stand asilevantaos! os gon e s ha chang e same e th Curiously , 'cod'. forbacalao [baka'lado] SPANISH 82 phonological general more a of stage first the signal ma y it but -ado), majorit y seseante the t tha mad e widely quite been has assumption The Old in was what of remainder the ar e sibilants Castilian thre e The Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 1 pair minimal Castilian the : ambiguity avoi d to order in substitutions lexical to led have to seems it cases other in But persisted . have which [inθεrto], [imfe'liθ],incierto 'uncertain ' 'unhappy' —infeliz opposition cook'. 'to of som e , created naturally date, exact s it whatever varieties, inseseante S and S , of r merge The phonetics! its in innovatory still bu t opposition) three-way a maintaine d (having phonolog y its con- is in servative Castilian s wherea two), to sibilants six reduced eventually (having in found now ones the to similar y ver are value s These . [x] dorsal back in development s simila r (For vowel. precedin g the f o nasalisatio n ciable pre- pronunciation , variant A occurs. onl y / /-n where , position final word th e neutralising e therefor an d consonant following from heterosyllabic e th wit h form s borrowing homorganic always detected, to be can variants and phonetic obstruents mor e r o seven with terms whic h in clusters, freely affective combin e Nasals few possible. a to confined rare, very s pair minimal of permutations numerou s e ar ther e where intervocalically, the s i /kosinar/ butcocinar maintained, is wherecoser America, Spanish medieval late to relation n i innovatory that seseante ar e say s dialect S. and S, former the of that echoes bution even realise d n ofte betwee n is difference the maximise to probably [χ] , r uvula a /x / a s back the further that except Castilian, modern the be would development natural a circumstances the In small. very six the reduced had voicing distinctive of loss e Th coalescing. of danger appre- wit h , [-η] word- vela r as i s d realise marked: / /-n sociolinguistically syllable-final sometime s remains and final t i though Spain , n i spread - now is rapidly America, ing Latin o f parts and Andalusia in common viously :lana 'clamp' /lana/ 'wool' : lana /lama/ 'slime' triads:lama few a and distri- whose a laminal /s/ s ha d forwar a sibilant, other Spanis h only the with coalescing Mexican contrast, By palatality. o f impression auditory been have would sounds — both three distance the The — between /ƒ/. auditory palatal and a articulatory s wa S that and /s/; apico-alveolar medieval a fro m d simplifie bee n had , S tha t now Suppose S. and are /n-/ an d /m-/ only items, Latinate among languages; Amerindian of danger no in is h whic /x/, velar of articulation forward noticeably S S, the m l cal us let century; fifteenth the by three to sibilants medieval is /η-/ Word-initially, incomplete. is oppositio n the Elsewhere, /laηa/. in problem n o poses /koθer/ ' cook 't o :cocer /koser/ ' sew coser 'to slight a gives articulation apico-alveolar unusua l e whos /s/, and /x/ l fina of articulatio n weak the that argued been s ha It 282.) p. see Italian, and ] [s apical mid [θ] , apical fron t : into positions tongue f o out' 'splaying commo n less a S represented that laminal /s/; or dorso-alveolar a to /ts/ in neutralised s i also so . on opposition [iηka'paθ], Th e and 'unable' incapaz 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 to have shall w e correct, is outlined just have e w reconstruction the If contrast nasals three The sonorants . Castilian the to turn no w us Let 83 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 only that s i interim, the in draw properly can we generalisation The betwee n be could drawn parallel via o f tenseness. second A a evolved stage an suggest s 138) p. Portuguese, Brazilian in observed (also development full- should mention e b Particular of exponents. a phonetic range wide with a ver y /-r-l l al in dialects, but and maintained i s flap opposition The trill. a /r:r/ aveolar y usuall i s bodied /-r-/ : length tha n rather tenseness of the e elsewher are sounds two in /karo/; comple- 'cart ' :carw sive' /karo/ — caro is intervocalic only opposition but the 'expen- of articulation, point the of . sonorants clas s from them remove to likely seems evolution have to appear and geminates intervocalic Latin from principally derive three all since and the palatals /λ/, /η/ with parallel historica l intriguing other e som i n n realisatio its with togethe r Spanish, t coas n and one be to seems the difference Castilian standard n I distribution. mentary strengthening. to input is possible its a source, whatever [], syllable-initial yo‘I’ of personal the than pronunciation rather [dzo] as being the , independent seems apparently to however, to and attach earlier, stigma, an Rico n Puerto i [R] [x] uvula r or velar to of /r/ of the fricativisation made t no will coalescence of be complete a ther e good, s hold a s as long this For example prominent a [dz], o t sounds [j] initial certai n of strengthening Less vulgar . s a stigmatise d usually s i ['kadze ] n realisatio affricate the and n i [dz], but even or [z ] to /λ/ from derived ] [j the strengthens of yeismo marked) sociolinguistically (and l stil recent most their that in /r/ and /λ/ r latte This [r]. friction palatal h wit trill weak a as varieties American uneducated as regarded often is ['kaze] varian t e fricativ the standard, ally — homophones new of set a consequently d an /j/, glide the with overlap now character- is [λ] pronunciation the speaker s y for an d variation, /λ/. and /j n i wherea s is virtu- now marked: ['kaje] as lik e calle 'street' f o words sociolinguistically the pronunciatio n Madrid remain stage s r furthe these Spain rich t developmen secondary affording — A hypercorrection. an d 'bench' confusion for possibilities andpoyo 'chicken' h polio bot for ['pojo] like t o /λ/ of The delivery. delateralisation carefu l or formal very of only istic allophoni c an created has Spain, in rapidly spreading w no and yeismo, : 'parrot’ as low s pair suc h n i maintained y regularl is the opposition load, functiona l high a carry no t does it Though /λ/. palatal and a alveolar /l/ are changes by clear. of no mean s serie s s thi o f effects The [jo]. m long-ter so resisted . has far Spanish ment name the under America Latin n i familia r long (p . 212), French in as [j] vowel , a develop- the of n nasalisatio e b may the phonemic to [-η] prelude to wide i s t subjec however, of , /λ/ realisation phonetic lloro . weep' Th e 'I SPANISH 84 at the same to contrast and sonorants e ar the only /r / vibrants The /r/ dento- a phonemes, two lateral between opposition an 3.1 shows Table Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 4 h h Vowels run- in occurrence of frequency Their Spanish triangle. symmetrical modern classic o f a s vowel form simple five the 3.2, Table from apparent is As Table 3.2:VowelsandSemi-vocalicGlide we As position. word-final in rare are /u/ and though /i/ and syllables, repre - closed open in both unstressed, and /a/ stresse d and both occur / /e All with homophones. words, senting independen t e, s a o , i, occu r /u, five order ascending All in a/). e (henc frequent bac k more than so are more s vowel front low high, pattern: than regula r a follows als o prose ning s it from apart in clearly Spanish centralisation sets or which weakenin g e featur to a tendency syllables, little unstressed is there above, noted forward displaced be y ma articulation, low central a has citation in which variants r laxe by represented e ar vowel s all however, stress , f o absence or presence the of Regardless Catalan . and Portugues e neighbours peninsular /pres'te / ' consonant:preste 'I adjacent the on depending backward or /a/ , and slightly lowered are series mid and high the syllables; close d in In a vowels. th e f o statu s phonemic the affect not does salient, phonetically w j o u e i Low Mid High f o conse- majority great The marking. plural far-reachin g for have and m syste vowe l may the for which quences varieties America n n Lati some and [la Now alternation . l vowe the fo r r facto conditionin g e th it with and gether s i alto- lost aspiratio n the however, Andalusian, of 'advanced' more so los [-h], aspirate an to weakens often /-s/ syllable-final Andalusian, In [εr'manaes] = + [εr'mana]/s/ /ermana/ 'sister(s)' hermana(s) [εr'marics] — + ] [εr'mano / /s /ermano / 'brother(s)' hermano(s) ['χawlaes]. [kor'to] , jaulas /'xawlas / 'cages' /kor'to/ ' cut 'it [prεs'te], corto e (se p . Italia n of alternations vocalic e th fro m removed far too not marking res] ['ma — re] + /s/ ['ma mother(s)' /madre/ madre(s) e th produces an d syllable th e the but closes /-e/, r o /-s/ marker /-o/ /-a/, plural open the in of end addition singular the in Spanish e th on disputed: ar e y inventor phonological plural the o f for implications The 289). system new a i n rε] 'ma [lae wit h functionally s contrast re] 'ma though substitution, s Thi on . so and εr'manc] [lo becomes hermanos vowel: the i n variation allophonic regular Andalusian in change a for way the paved has laxing unexceptional This Vowels Glides a SPANISH 85 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 run(s)' girl(s ) 'the singulars:la(s)chica(s)corre(n) vocalic corresponding fact the accommodate to designed s i respectively , n perso thir d and are or -n than-s other consonant a i n ending words follows: as defined The rare . y ver are tw o last the which of waw/ , jaw wej, /waj, - off glides and on- both wit h four further a d an oj, ew , , ej ow/, aw, /aj, off-glide thei r f o includin g , syllable penultimat e the pattern tha n earlier stressed for m any stres s exception the maintain invariably almost plurals that penulti- the on s majority) fo r markers plural as grea t serv e -n, h whic (the and o f -s mate. exemption others The syllable, final the on stressed - phono simples t The structure. phonetic surface from predictable longer wholly no s i placement stres s that so , environments conditionin g previous Stress Assignment com- other numerous — ' 'in o f vowels of boundaries, existence d wor across and the within bot h by binations, complicated is task analyst's distin - be ca n s combination monosyllabic Eightee n linguistics. Spanish of generalisations. of significant denies property approach inherent an a s s stres marking entails thus treatment logical th e of e som remov e to been has e chang phoneti c of t effec cumulative the e hav which of all almost syllable, antepenultimate the on words stressed Latin by regularly provided is example good A Latin . in remained did it as word has whole stres s Spanish, of the Throughou t 31). p. (see . assignment stress into foray brief a make must e w controversy, the explain To delivery. informal or rapid in monosyllables an with x si wi , je, we, /ja, wo/, wa, jo, ju, onset glide a h wit eight guished, l historica wit h /-s/. contact in one the merely not word, the in vowels all affects which g laxin o f prosody by a marked w no are plurals Andalusian three f o recognition th e for argue contrast s l functiona ne w the hand one metric s Spanish in (known proparoxytone s f o number insignificant no t the an as defin e automatically rules orthographic 'kore(n)/. 'tƒika(s) e Th /la(s) root-and-branc h position, expected th e from deviates stress when s thi only accent written a uses feel nevertheless linguist s Most items. lexical but items, of lexical Like differentiate pattern t o stress use not does /'sawθe/. >sauce majority h Spanis moder n Latin, the /'sa-li-ke/'willow' to CEM SAL conform stress: no w penultimate and vowel intertonic their lost of result a s a the to relation same the bear though longer o n may syllable syllable, that evolution phonetic etymological its to faithful extraordinarily structure syllable from predictable and non-phonemic was Lati n in Stress o int coalescin g y readil but speech, careful in syllables tw o as pronounced areas controversial most but the among bee n common , always s ha are statu s phonemic elements their vowel-like and vowels o f combinations level, tha t claim the y b countered been has this bu t phonemes, vowel new SPANISH 86 phonetic the On triphthongs. or no show s above 3.2 Table which orthography, standard the by supported are they belief this In Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 fácilmente 'easily'(thoughsucadverbshaveasecondarystresinth captured are:thatthepreferrestresspositioniSpanishpenultimate; quoted thattheseeminglycapriciousstress-assigningpropertieof-n,-r wise antepenultimatstressinotphonologicallypredictabl(thopen that stresscanmovefurtherbackthantepenultimatsyllablonlyif graphic conventions.Theproperlyphonologicalgeneralisationsthu practice, theorthographicconventionsworkreasonablywellbutthedo as esdrùjulas)reintroducedintothelanguagbylexicalborrowing.In The statusofthsemi-vocalicglideiproblematibecause,although[jw] far envisagedwillnecessarilybecomplicatewhenwturtoverba on thiscorrelation,thefairlystraightforwardaccountfstreswhav stem, orrepresentsuffixalmorphemes.Whateveinterpretationisplaced Semi-vocalic Glides course, rulethisoutbyaxiom. able mustmakreferencomorphologicalinformation.Somtheories,f and -5,infactdepenowhetherthesesegmentsformparfthlexical penultimate syllablcommontoallsuchformsbeinganecessary,buno expected position);thatpluralsmaintainthepatterofsingularevewhe the wordisclearlycomposite,likentregdndomelo'handingtome'r stressed inthe‘wrong’place:àrbol‘tree’,cdrcel‘prison’,césped‘turflapiz leave aresiduofquitcommonnounsandadjectivewhichappeartb continuo [kon-'ti-nwo]:continú[kon-ti-'nu-o6[kDn-ti-‘nwo ] and adjacentosomeothervowel.Thneatesanalysi s ofallwouldthu appear tobeincomplementarydistributiowiththvowel s /i,u/respect­ take'. Itfollowsthaananalysiwishingoviewstresgenerallypredict­ cante! 'sing!':'Isang',tomara‘(s)hewouldtake’tomard'(s)hwill identical formsofthesamlexem—hablo‘Ispeak’:'(s)hspoke', . Here,stressoperatefunctionallytodifferentiateotherwis sufficient, condition).Evensoitshouldbeclearfromthexamplesalready this entailcreatingproparoxytonelikejdvenes'youths';andthatother­ might beexpected,andthconversappliesin:holgazán‘lazy’pais able. Canitbedone?Considerthesexamples: ively, thiseconomicalanalysirequirepriorknowledg e ofstressposition: '', preguntón'inquisitive'andsoon. 'pencil', mdrtir'martyr'útil'useful'alhavepenultimatstresswherfina Here, theoccurrencof fullvoweorglideispredictable,oncstres 'ample' ‘Ibroaden'(s)hebroadened amplio [‘am-pljo]:amplí[am-'pli-o[am-'pljo need toshowthaglideformationanstressassignmen t arebothpredict­ /i/ isrealiseda[j](orbecome[-syllabic])fanonl y iftsunstressed ‘continuous' ‘Icontinue(s)hecontinued ’ i Some allegedlyphonologicalanalysesclearlderivfromthesortho­ 87 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 , tained aphonemiccontrastbetweenthepairsofmivowel/e:/an/oo/. vowel systeminheritedbymostWesRomancedialects(p.33)main­ far morethanonwouldnormallywishtodescribas'irregular'.Ian verb stemalternationstraditionallycalled'radicalchanges'.Thetwomost doubt, butisbynomean s clearthatSpanishlanguagelearnercould from aninfinitive,whetherverbwilleradicachangin g ornot:thestem radical changingpatternisitselfpredictable.ItusedobeTheseven-term frequent onesinvolveglideandstresassignment.Thverbpoder'to the historicalchange.Ththeoreticaelegancofthis treatmentisnon a regularproductiverule,havpostulatedunderlyin g vowels/ε,o/for competing analyses. vowel ofpodar'tprune'isidenticatthapoder butdoesnodiph­ phonemic oppositionbetweethemidvowelsifavou r ofanallophonic stress inturbeingpositionedaccordintothenumberfsyllable stem vowelwereregularlysubjectodiphthongisationunderstress,tha types ofsyllable(innortherFrench,thsamvoweldiphthongisedonly a regularphonologicalchange,affectingalwordclassesequallyan In northerSpain,/ε/and/odiphthongisewhestressed.Thiswa event, theobservablchangesarperfectlyregularoncstresassign­ alongside helamos/elamos/.Som400verbsfollowthestwopatterns, 1 pi.podemos.Similarly,helar'tofreeze'hasthestressedstemhielo/jelo/ paradigm, verystrikinginthepresentindicativewith1sg.puedoalongsid able' hastwostems:/pod-/whenthefollowingvowelistressedan radical changingverbsandthuclaimthesynchronicproces s iidenticalto indistinguishable fromthatofhelar.Thesfactsarsusceptibl e ofvarious thongise; neitherdoestheofpelar'tpeel',althoug h itsphonetically variation predictablefromsyllablstructure.Itisolonge r possibletotell, inflection. in opesyllables;seep.211)So,Spanishverbswit/ε/or/oathei ment isknown.Butheinterestingquestionwhethermembershipof An allieddebatehasragearounthpredictabilityorotherwisf Systematic Alternations dicted onphonologicalcriteriaalone. ferently inthemiddlformofseries:cambiar‘tchange’andmenguar /pwed-/ whenthestemitselfisstressed.Thiresultaheterogeneou uncomfortable: neitherglideformationnostressassignmentcabpre­ including generalmorphologicaconditions,sinceotherverbsbehavdif­ known. Buttheconversisnotrue:strescannobpredictedusingonly ‘to lessen’conjugaterespectivelyas['kam-bjo]and['merj-gwono the phonologicalinformationgivehere.Norcaitbmadpredictably 8 SPANISH *[kam-'bi-o] or*[mεη-gu-o].Foreductionists,theconsequencesar Some linguists,arguingthatsocommonaalternatio mustresulfrom What haschangedbetweenearlyanmoderSpanishithelosof Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 e Th 85). p. (see syllables close d affecting routinely process laxing the of both thoug h n eve not , does which and cortar , cut' o 't diphthongises, which fails, proposal The to *licocer. revert no t does source, historica l different no t withjugar alternate s plays' '(s)he : juega exceptions o f handful a be resul t a as level phonetic the at present apparently — is — neutralis e reconstruct later and to nee d y the opposition task, the Their harder: even representation. be would phoneti c indeed, n i oppo- neutralised underlying alway s s i an which s alternation sition synchroni c from reconstruct under- are processes derivational Other o r buenisimo. either bonisimo be ma y The superlative its but replaced, it. duly the and fina l stressed within is syllable e th whic h than n i nounbondad syste m associated verb an ha s th e - alter 'good' outside bueno the regular because s les is much This is information. nation l stil morphological — supersede to to access s aim i t require s analysi abstract the like — would proposal i n its has lives ' e '(s)h which whyvive explain to in impossible becomes change radica l n commo :pide, request ' les s in pedir'to as /i/, stressed with a alternate s /e/ unstressed accommodate to however, a m fro diphthon g whose derives like licuece liquifies', b ver t 'i a and *jogar, auto- 'revert' to made be n ca diphthon g the the n infinitive, traditional the than rather basic, be to taken or puede as hiela are suc h forms If direction. e opposit the in synchronicall y works but real, is n alternatio th e that argued i n infinitive! the [D] have phonetic twist', between torcer'to h distinguis to need also - pro they actually [o] ; ar e with both nounced when notpodar t bu i n poder underlying/o/ late from mueble. 'furnished' or amueblado from hueco, out' the in irregula r is noun the in stress unde r occurs regularly which thong would ther e though well, works proposa l this adduced, far so data the For syllable. another to d displace stress i whenever vowel simple a to matically postu- to have learners d o only Not confusing . t mos thus is input phonetic y notabl substandard , as d stigmatise varieties some of speakers observatio n the that by inherent supported as i s view them This learn word. individual t mus th e of an d features all, at alternations these predict cannot hollow ar e ahuecar o 't examples l Paralle unstressed. i s it where infinitive, diph - the but noun hueso, e th from coined verb a is bones/pits' remove 'to diphthongisation: deshuesar of regularity phonological earlier the mining has Spanish American standar d of s speaker with experimen t recent A ber'. paradigm a throughout stem diphthongised the keep regularly Chicano, connected o f t se a given were Informant s corroboration. furthe r provided standar d despert- for sayin g despiertamos , placement stres s of regardless it basic, as taken ar e e her alternants e th I f /i / :mide. measure' medir 'to and recuerdamos for standar d recordamosremem- 'we up' wak e amos 'we the overcome, be could difficultie s these if Even than *vevir. rather vivir have analyses, abstract such to principle in opposed linguists, Other s speaker Spanish that believes opinion of body thir d a surprisingly, Not 89 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 of b:.Sinceandcorrespontonlyonphonemarnointh duces asomewhatspuriouparallelinverbwhich,thoug h morphologically , butbeforenon-fron t vowelsirepresentthesequenc/gw/, but preservingthisrelationshipinthemoderlanguag e resultsinasym­ same distributionasittwoallophone—beber'tdrink'=/beber/ the velarconsonants,alternationofc:zandgjdistributio The informantsprovedmostreluctano‘create’diphthongrotheirre­ a genuinedigraph,whilguisbivalent:ngui,gue/gi,ge / itactsa changes, hence:indicar'toindicate'becomesindiquei n thesubjunctivand the usofdigraphqutrepresen/k/beforfron t vowels.Thispro­ metries. Forinstance,thereluctanctoemploykinnativ e wordsrequire biunique. Obviousdifficultiefortranscriptionare:theinvariablymuth, but moresurprisingly,manyalsoresistedreplacingagivendiphthonbits regular, requireamodificationispellingwhethvowe l oftheending g recapitulatethphoneticenvironmentforearlyRomanc e palatalisation, 'no parking'andCotopribadoecaza[=privado]'privat e hunting'. recently observedinSegoviaprovincereaSprohiveaparcar[=prohibe] containing theselettersaroftenmisspelled,eveopublicnotices;tw scribing fromspeechisaltogethertrickier,aattestedbythedifficult spondence ofletterstsoundiskewedbythpreservation,anoccasion­ Orthography expense ofphonologicalregularity. in linguisticchange,thiswillpreserveanalogicarelationshipatth corresponding simplevowelinunstressedpositions. gularities evenithenoncverbveryreminiscentoffrequen'real'verbs; tences whichrequireddifferentgrammaticalformofthemade-upverbs. lation, onlysixletter-soundcorrespondencescanbeconsiderestrictl orthography isalsobiasedtowardtheCastiliannorm,makingitacqui­ mastered, itsrelativelyeasoreadalouthewrittenlanguage;butran­ ally restoration,ofetymologicalspellings.Oncethconventionshavbeen ,thougpopularlyreputedtobe'phonetic'(bwhic now givingwaytolexicalmarkinnindividuawords.Asoftehappen regular haspassedthroughastageofmorphologicalconditioningani sentences containingnonceverbformandasketocompletothersen­ logical oppositionbetwee/s/and/θ(seep.82) sition moredifficultforthgreamajorityofspeakerswhhavphono­ Spanish schoolchildrenexperiencewitdictatioexercises.Standard is meant'phonemic')nfacquitehighlyconventionalised.Thcorre­ otorgar 'togrant'becomesotorgue.Butqu,whichoccur s onlybeforei, [be'βεr],vivir'to lie'=/bibir/[bi'βir]—itshardlysurprisingthaword 90 SPANISH Among thevelars,orthographiccontextsfortw o valuesfcand All told,itlooksathoughproceswhicfirswaphonoiogically As canbeseefromFigur3.1,whichassumeaconservativarticu­ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 Figure 3.1:ThPrincipalLetter-SoundCorrespondencesofCastilian (h)o v (h)i w (h)u (h)e 1 (h)a h Letter/digraph f v b p n n r 1 ch m r J consonant. any consonant; voiced vowel; C any consonant; N — y nasa anl = C — any s V ; by followe d = + boundary; word = # or ; = environment;, the in — / Key: z d t k qu c g gu Orthographic context _+i,e - -+a,o,u,C +v,f +s- +i,e- +i,e — +a,o,u,C — +i,c #y#' 0 ~k -J \P •tf -k+s i. m i o w e u a s I b n f r f P Phoneme Sound 8 t d X -p -3 - z lohn Phonological Allophone 3 elsewhere elsewhere /# elsewhere mnte.rt /# ,/N_ / # elsewhere elsewhere / c _v _c,# V 91 SPANISH N N_ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 morphological entir e the (notabl y inflection Latin of areas whole away Analytic Tendencies swept accordingly has and expression, of forms analytica l more towards mis- is This language . simple morphologically a is i t that given sometimes synthesis fro m away drift Romance general e th share d has Spanish Because f o discussio n derivational an d pro- postponing but n mai phology), the bee n have which of all no t parataxis, and inflection between shifts historical r thei languages , Romance al l overnight. r disappea would m fro relatedness visual eliminated were relics etymological s i impression the system), declensio n substantival the o f most and passive respectively. 5 and 4 sections to cesses mor - of verb presentatio n unified of a interest s the (in o f address forms and between distinction principled a draw to languages many i n difficult is It 3 near-phonemic its i n sightDjudeo-espanyol, first at : speaking the on tenses concentrat e periphrastic including shall Spanish, we moder n f o sectio n morphology s thi inflectional In below). (see by exacerbated unidirectional s i difficult y e th Spanish i n and , and morphology if that e not als o should We language. differen t a is orthography , Israeli Spanish- all by shared not underestimate one particularly , reform no t spellin g a f o should impact the One unavoidable. is departure s principle some phonemic Spanish, of from uniformity visual world-wide the preserve to is ai m prime e th If desiderata. of o t according matter vary answers a th e since remains debate, language spoke n the of representation efficient most 121), . p (see FABULARE in alhondiga Arabi c /{/ and /al+hinnaa?/, < < Arabic in alhena 'henna' /h/ speak' 'to Latin /in hablar , Spanish) Old in the i s orthography Spanish current Whether /al+funduq/. < 'granary' spelle d omne/omrelombre (variously HOMINE < 'man' in hombre Latin h represents , instance for preserved: h, is 'layer' etymologica l one than more Sometimes, system. the in e elsewher relationship etymological an maintain f *dege. o alternativ e available e th spurning its j(deje), retains in whic h scatter' 'to lik e esparcir s verb counterbalance to perhaps {alce), a a s system verb the i n arises asymmetry further asguigiie.A while /x/: of representation s as / d an forg goo d hold t no does the But parallel usingz(esparza). to alternativ e no e hav form s corresponding the d an aszinc such words foreign few a to restricted i s environment z which in vowels, front before c as representing /6/ fo r preference the of result subjunctive with c e th like alzar spelled in verbs are raise' 'to Hence, zebra. a with spelled be to /gwi , gwe/ sequences the requires turn in which leave' subjunctive (acoja),dejar 'to the /"in e us must welcome' 'to acoger SPANISH 92 t t o wish e th o f consequences t indirec the are anomalie s r othe and These Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 prefix(es)) l (derivationa is: substantives Spanish of structure canonical The fossilised n -pro(-vech)- divisio historica l further a with provech-a-mient-o, betwee n falls now words) f o number the by text running in morphemes of the with compariso n n i True, morph. on e only of consist words few language: g isolatin very an being from far s i consequently, Spanish, derivation. of proportion large a on marked overtl y is verbs. from derived numbe r the dividing b y (calculated Spanish of index' 'synthesis The parts. s phrase nou n Spanish most that means definit e instance, of for development articles, indefinite Th e and increased. even or maintained been has appre- continuou s text in is g survivin paradigms th e of inflecte d frequency the of but smaller, inventory ciably the Latin, of registers formal out?', son- o g you 'will , isaldrds? raining' is 'it form:llueve verb single h muc periphery the affecte d t frequen g havin most analysi s its s toward in tren d the inflected paradigms, highl y s remain syste m verb e th and gender, and gende r l natura to correspond no t s doe I t functions. syntactic important lik e crisis s noun of handful tiny a Only all. almost on number substantive s (gender and nouns, n i + occu r (es)) y onl (derivational vowel s Theme + marker). vowel ) (number (theme + + marker) t roo lexical -I- counter- n Lati thei r n tha more marker gende r one d an number one have and inflection both to immune are ) of subset a an d prepositions a using made be can utterances complete Numerous . core the than more likedesaprovechamiento nominal abstract An simple. as described be whose form s numerous creating o f t effec of the d metho with vigorous , and the favoured enriching a been always s ha Derivation leading. borrowings. ar e do which those plurality; Substantives in Number and Gender , forms the periphrasti c inflected. words, highly man y the remains s a auxiliary into in 'unpacked' be Even n ca voice and . inflection aspect tense, t o where d owe largely is concision This another'. on e to write o t used 'they : seescribian and verb a only d an number fo r inflected be to continue also s substantive Mos t root. the in hardly can , transparent reasonably while , structure morphological overall — respected normall y is being s of animate sex ) 2'. Th e and like 1 , specific classes less 'noun somethin g y b 'gender ' and ' 'feminine traditional th e 'masculine', replacing for terms case good a e b indeed, would, inanimate (There for nouns. unmotivated semantically and inheren t as regarded be must for uninfecte d remain d an morph unanalysable single, a of consist 'crisis' morphemes,des-a- c synchroni si x of consists probably 'negligence' using expressed be can ideas complex Quit e smiling'. e wer 'we reiamos register. the of complexity the on dependin g 2.2 and 1.9 i s 'victim' but victima — vixen' : 'fox : zorra aunt', zorro : e 'uncl : tia tio with category grammatical two-ter m a is Spanis h modern in Gender (conjunctions, functors and s only language, modern the In 93 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 'motor - 'photograph', lamoto likelafoto form s clipped (Modern gender. support.) its of reliability The t o rallying now and laradio e ar 'radio ' cycle' less o f s name the an d referent, e th of sex the of regardless feminine , Germanic fro m as elguia 'guide' h suc borrowings , are others all nearly but o f favour in usually substantives, fro m period Spanish Old the before whichlo in inno- nominalisation eliminate d s wa whic h Spanish neuter gender, Latin o f the a continuation syntactic a not represents vation, it of Historically, kind marker. ] [-count a a as as functions regarded best is — in loalto as — adjective an article lo h wit com- 'neuter' d so-calle The the of bination . neuter are none but 'customer', likeel/lacliente bivalent, are a to refer to that s o invariable, n ofte are insects and animals birds, common deriva- and etymologica l o t reference by improved greatly be n ca it though to referring when ending their-a retain but or la, eitherel with Spanish has however, exceptions, of sourc e recent A Greek. from others several etymological its to faithful remains h whic 'hand', feminine: lamano with correlation of degree h hig a show and -a markers-o The marking. morphological an d gender grammatical betwee n mismatch a by Spanish in p. (see system pronoun the in 95). persist it f o traces faint though masculine, doubted. be must however, learners, language to available systematically n a signals it if feminine — ladelgadez e adjectiv 'slimness', lapalidez an from cent derive d noun abstract r pe 10 0 s i t -ez bu feminine; are cent per 80 ove r , -ez in ending word s 200-odd the of example, Fo r information. tional lower, much is endings other most from gender o f y predictabilit The men. i n used be ca n , bivalent obviousl y e ar which 'parachutist', and paracaidista 'cyclist' like ciclista nouns suffix-ista: e agentiv th e f o popularity the been is i n -o noun native e on Only respectively. feminin e and masculine part' sa d 'the , lotriste matter' th e of worst point', lopeor 'the highest 'the and respectively águilamacho say must one beetle' 'female or eagle* 'male an d substantives plural all Castilian, In nouns . as well as kinds, o s quit e t no is singulars fro m s plural of derivatio n the though in /-s/, end SPANISH 94 arch', elalferez 'window 'chess', elajimez — elajedrez from ings syllable full the minorit y s add sizable a since implies, this as straightforward all of and pronoun s , determiners, on marked i s information h suc Whether harness' . '(ornate) 'sub-lieutenant', eljaez in masculine borrow- cent r pe 10 0 and 'pallor', lasensatez , sense' 'commo n and 'poet' andelpoeta French, a vi probably Arabic from 'sofa' el sofa of number small nouns A not *dguilo r *escarabaja. o escarabajo hembra, analysi s an epenthetic, be to considered y generall no w is plurals syllabic the singular a as /-e/ to applie d — consensually less though — sometimes -a as e feminin marker a is almost as good; eldia ' 'day i s a latinate , exception of /-e-/ (The . unchanged remai n /-s/ n i ending alread y few a and /-es/ compounde d is gender grammatical and natural between mismatch The overtly par t t mos the for are numbe r d an gender o f categories The Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 thus,el spelledha-); (sometimes /a-/ stressed with begins noun singular e ar article s definite the 53), (p. Romanc e of varieties wester n most in As feminine a when occurs which noun an d e articl of mismatch apparent of marking morphological the render s e presenc thei r that argued be could it categories, these for the exponents unambiguous have y usuall and noun head an d E ILL the o f s reflexe attenuated semantically Latin th e from deriving :esoaquello, form,esto further a have each . gender for unmarked both with el/un, contrasting singulars , feminine marked as trea t la/una to is analysis chronic masculine the of homonyms l accidenta therefore are and environment, articles: the e ar commo n most the which o f gender, d an number for the i n factor complicating minor a is e ther But redundant. noun the r thei from gender and number acquire automaticall y determiners Since pronominally). use d is n whe a s uno masculine appears t bu Spanish substantives (the before truncated 'one' UNU numerical the from derive indefinites ; propositions or sentences complete for anaphors s a use d e ar Thes e neuter. and masculine the in accent orthographic an take latter (the and :aquel yours)' (of 'that :ese mine)' (of 'this person: este grammatical with syn- correc t the perhaps not, If doubtful. y ver seems syncretism , the g underlyin surface patter n this perceive w no speakers Spanis h phonetic Whether specific forms. this n i UNA and ILLA from regularly develope d have to thos e in marking l plura on effect drastic the seen already have We ending.) - specif longer no functions. adnominal but no hav e they gender , since in 'neuter' ically neutral d considere be therefore can they . (p forerunner Latin its to identica l essentially is system th e and feminine) seem determiners these Historically, forth. so an d t *lahacha, no axe' 'the inflected determine r a b y preceded e ar discourse connected in nouns Most Determiners alternation. an b y m mechanis additive an replaces merely it marking: plural demonstratives the pronouns, As exponents. different with though 53), adjectives for p u doubles forms of set One his/hers/theirs)'. (o f 'yonder noted , be of character should inflectional It the affect . above) not does 85 developmen t s thi that p. however, (see / /-s final lost have which dialects not *una dguila,elhacha eagle' n 'a no t *laagua,undguila ' water 'th e agua unas una unos un las la los el Plural: Singular: s correlate whic h system three-term a form s demonstrative Spanish The Indefinite Definite m. f. 9 5 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 The Figure Spanish, stratives) distance, chosen, the ment subservience. speaker social status as consent with ject Singular: remained Singular: described Plural: the in neutralised is gender , Here 3.2. Figure i n d presente pronouns ject first Plural: the Singular: Plural: Singular: arguably 'masculine' is, In refer that way same the much (i n 'masculine' n tha 'gender-neutral' as described Plural: Subject substantives). r fo gender unmarked the as described better bette r is therefore 'masculine' e ar /-os / in e thos an d sets, female exclusively to refer o t used are forms /-as/ the plural, the In singular. persons second and first There functions) . case n Lati of continuation a s a no t (though case arguably and perso n s encode system pronoun the determiners, d an substantives the sub - the from seen b e can as asymmetry, and m syncretis bot h however, is, in found gender and number of categories grammatical the to addition In 96 subject PronounsandFormofAddres SPANISH 96 an addition however, substantives physical first pronouns and third SPANISH of to instantly relationship accorded 3.2: or Pronouns and the but encodes second exclusively and case the stable came as respectful person to is The Castilian semantic both 'gender-neutral' distance addressee third 'polite' Unnegotiated (though better presented the recognisable in persons and by to Castilian syncretism a grammatical verb most can and Forms and person the be female relationship determiners, formality described address is nosotros nosotros ~ category not encoded be exploited speaker sharply inflections of connotes singular. in conveyed subject as Subject Spain Polite Polite address asymmetrical First First person Figure sets, signal a and than forms ustcdes ustedes of if continuation us usted as of categories distinguished yo yo in person address ted to I us for • asymmetry, Address and In of pronouns the social the addressee. metaphorically 'masculine' of Pronoun ted 3.2. in the the the at by ustedlustedes nosotras nosotras social contempt pronoun order those is unmarked least this addressee. person Here, plural, preferred. equality, usage of of system. are two inequality, System in to number from as In (in gender Latin system the can l-os/ category emphasise common or can centuries, the vosotros vosotros gender el ellos ellos 61 ~ much I (see as plus aggression. most /-as/ Quite Asymmetrical therefore Symmetrical case be late and a are is encodes Second Second person p. seen familiarity even the others Third marker neutralised Third person forms for functions). medieval to (and subtle gender 119) therefore but the same all from tu substantives). be person dominance/ person has The varieties in in person differential are colligating employed shades of usage usage found its way the demon­ recently period, if vosotras used vosotras system There in social better treat­ tu sub­ that and elias ellas the ella ella by by of of to in is I Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 from e deriv which inflections with colligated French vous), modern a s just t wes in resolved s i clas h s Thi morphology. person third and semantics grammatical In varieties. othe r and Castilian between usage in crepancy wards. t no are aspects l morphologica The change . significant undergoing been singular, polit e a as used been d ha Spai n medieval in (which singular vos person second secon d between with colligating ustedes by h clas dialects Islan d Canary a and Andalusian on s rest system Castilian the terms, deriving group, The-ar and -ir. in-ar,-er with conjugations, Verbal Inflection educated in established well was t i that revealed has research a archival not is f o stablevoseo The blends. and r singula eve n bot h sometimes historically plural, are which inflections with pronouns gating European their o t Between identical walk'. longe r 'you put' , vosandds no u 'yo hencevospones are counterparts, but plural person second the - dis gross ar e as Spain there in addressed be Unless now will stranger a deference. , status and age of for crepancies d marke positively now become ha s it intimate, or familia r be to d judge specifically not contexts all in d employe form, unmarked th e previously was whereasusted but affected, o t singular Standard the n i diversity . speak ' more u 'yo opposing tuhablas is uses tu Spanish there Mexican singular , the In plural. European generalised a as the lack region s all Almost complicated. the more America, Latin is In position are'. 'you inustedessois a s morphology, person land 'to (comparealunizar coinings ne w all almost accommodates which - south filtered they as th e resistance with less contacts or better more throug h meetin g diffused and Viceroyalty, changes, Castilian in later found of now lay over- pattern historica l the s represent probabl y The the f o America. most an d not Mexico Lati n f i principal , throughout the model been fifteenth- have of uniform, originally s essential may th e preserves usage, peninsular and century Argentina, a s well as America an d period, colonial the in sought e b must root s its phenomenon; recent inflections, perso n third with used , is Instead,ustedes disputed). is it, had never r o form, the eliminated hav e they r (whethe plura l vosotros 'familiar' on e e th an d largest the far y b i s , -ARE i n conjugation first Latin the from the In verb. the of tense-forms simple th e f o discussion a t o now turn We sug- This century. nineteenth the of beginnin g the y b usage Aire s Buenos the -er between distinction The 223). p. Frenc h alunir, with moon' the on thre e of on e o t belong to d sai traditionally are verbs language standard of Centra l t mos and Paraguay Uruguay, in found is which that , gests colli- possible, is permutations of array wide a Argentinian, and Mexican generalised it s as uses Argentinian Standard plural. e th in ustedes hablan til. dis- earlier the widening f o effect the has t developmen recent This 97 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 The SimplTense-formsofRegularVerbs,ShowingthStresandaPossibl Morphological Analysis (a) Present (b)Imperfect verbs) (all indicative (d)Future ) only (indicative past simple or Preterit (c) tense-forms. simpl e f o char t e th in out shall We instances. four but all i n l identica ar e endings their stem) infinitive their as the take the y since diverge necessarily (which paradigms ditional t se as verbs, regular for conjugations c basi two only distinguish therefore con- and future the from aside real : than apparent more i s and -ir patterns (most plural and singular both in persons grammatica l three senting al l , general I n forms). five only have seen, e hav w e as varieties, American SPANISH 98 Indicative Indicative tom-Ø-o take' 'to tomar I: Conjugation tom-á-ba-is tom-á-ba-Ø tom-á-ba-s tóm-á-n tóm-á-is tóm-a-Ø tóm-a-s (?e tom-Ø-6 tom-á-ba-n tom-á-ba-mos tom-á-ba-Ø tóm-á-mos tom-á-ro-n ste-i s tom-á tom-6-mos tom-a-r-á tom-a-r-é (?6 tom-Ø-6 á-ste tom tom-a-r-éis tom-a-r-ás tom-a-r-án tom-a-r-emos repre- forms six f o consist s m paradig each Latin, i n as Castilian, In a>i) = á+u) = Subjunctive Subjunctive or (1) tóm-é-n tóm-e-Ø tom-e-Ø -á-se-is -a-se-s tóm-é-is tóm-é-mos tóm-e-s -á-se-n -á-se-mos -á-se-Ø -á-se-Ø (2) -á-ra -á-ra -á-ra -á-ra -á-ra -á-ra -n -is -mos -Ø -s -Ø Indicative Indicative ) i+i - (?f com-Ø-i com-i-a-is cóm-é-n cóm-e-Ø com-Ø-o o ‘t come r eat' II: Conjugation com-i-a-n com-i-a-Ø com-i-a-s com-i-a-Ø cóm-é-is cóm-é-mos cóm-e-s com-e-r-ia com-e-r-ia com-ié-ro-n com-i-ste-is com-i-mos com-i-6 com-i-ste com-i-a-mos com-e-r-ian com-e-r-iais com-e-r-ias Conditional I com-e-r-iamos verbs) (all Subjunctive or (1) cóm-a-n com-a-Ø Subjunctive cóm-á-mos cóm-a-Ø cóm-a-s -ié-se-mos -ié-se-Ø -ié-se-Ø cóm-á-is -ié-se-n -ié-se-is -ié-se-s (2) -ie'-ra-mos -ie-ra-n -ie-ra-is -ie-ra-Ø -ié-ra-Ø -ie-ra-s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 disconcertingfigure This 90). p. o n discussed alternations , orthographic 'radical e ar total the half r Ove predictability . of m alternations, ste to degrees subjec t varying e ar others with th e All verbs). irregular of chart verbs (seeth other three only and in doy‘I give' appears which morph -y empty th e e instanc for endings, their in anomalie s h wit few very a includes th e -ra and subjunctive, pluperfect Latin the fro m derives series The -se I t . distribution phonologica l complicated rather a in or /-i-/, second /-e-/ underg o merely which thos e g (excludin tense-form s simple the of more factors. the n i interchangeable : quite not are forms two the Spanish, standard imperfect. conjugatio n d secon the of those phonetic considerable despite an d , have' 'to auxiliaryhaber the of (se e fect Spanish of imper- or history present the either h wit infinitive the th e f o combination s during from below) evolved have bot h problem: different rather a pose conditional and future The system. the n i els e nowhere occurs sometimes is vowe l theme the sinc e , analyse t o paradigm difficult most and indicative present the vowel. theme between of the reversal distinction a n o rests the subjunctive that seen b e then can per- third d an firs t n i syncretism som e s i ther e though distinct, are forms six or on e n i irregular are verb s Spanish 900 almos t criteria, strictest the By distribution their elsewhere and counterparts, the-se b y replaced be not and dialects northwestern In 46). p . (see paradigm. indicativ e l origina pluperfect the the of from reflex a is h whic of neither subjunctive, past with endings conditional the f o identity th e explains derivation secondary whic h l plura residue awkward person an leaves third -n/ , /-is, and , way regula r second the in the markers segmenting and indistinguishable, empty an including the is preterit e cours e Th possible. (sometimes always th e not is segmentation in neat a an d of history d fuse marker hav e however, forms, tense Some marker. + person -f morph) l vowe them e -f stem the fo r d an conjugation first the fo r /-a-/ stem, lexical e th after vowel' y alread As /-s/. final lost have which dialect s in more and singular, sons Limits ofRegularity sociolinguistic by or symmetry of considerations by determined be may In pluperfect. a as found occasionall y still is America,-ra Latin of parts This . stem ' s this of traces n contai still 'endings' the reduction e shap morphologica l the is subjects (nieva animate accept not do which that verbs of handful th e singular, by assumed third the person the otherwise and unmarked indicative differentiate t presen the to i s paradigm functionally unmarked The operates forms. stress identical 87), p. (see noted can- ought' really 'I an d debiera ' like should i sense quisiera 'attenuating' 'theme a distinguish to useful is It happened'). 'it snowing', acontecio is 'it lexical + prefix(es)) l (derivationa fixed : is morphemes of order The e th for forms alternative having of position unusual the in is Spanish 9 SPANISH Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 subjunctive non-present e th have chart, the from an d seen be can as , verbs these preterit others; all wit h paradigms the contrastin g productive, indicative (a) Present or predictable longer no is which alternation stem Latin a retain minority like others, som e 88); (p. earlier discusse d types three the of changing', stem same regular, (endings e indicativ (c) Imperfect stem same regular, (endings subjunctive (b)Present t significan A conditions. predictable under glide a inser t flee', 'to huir indicative (d)Future , irregular slightl y s (ending indicativ e Preterit (f) SPANISH 100 stem infinitiva l , regular (endings (e) Conditional preteri t , regular (endings subjunctiv e (g)Imperfect (2)fuera (l)fuese soy be' 'to ser eran erais eramos era sean seais seamos sea seas sois somos es eres eras era sea son sere fuiste serìa fueron fuimos fue fui fuisteis throughout) stem infinitival regular, (endings estábamos estemos estamos estoy estaban estabais estaba estabas estaba esten esteis este estes estan estais esta estas ' be 'to estar este estaria estuvieron estuviste estare estuvimos estuvo estuve estuvisteis estuviera estuviese ha habìamos habìa haydis haya hem os has habìan habìais habìas habìa hayan hayamos hayas haya han he have 'to haber habeis habre hubo hubiste habrìa hubieron hubimos hube hubisteis hubiera hubiese ) throughout stem preterit throughout) througho u stem i throughout) throughout) have 'to tener ' tiene tengo tengan tenemos tienes tenìan tenia teng£is tengamos tenga tengas tenga tienen tenuis tenìais tenìamos tenìa tenias tendre tuviste tendrìa tuvimos tuvo tuvieron tuvisteis tuve tuviera tuviese go' 'to ir ' t) va vas vaya vamos voy vayan vayals vayamos vaya vayas vais ìbamos ibas iba iban ibais iba fuimos fue ire fueron fuisteis fuiste fui irìa fuera fuese Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 05:27 28 Sep 2021; For: 9780203426531, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203426531.ch3 finite formofthlexicalverb(aninfinitivrparticiple) , butmorecomplex opposition, thealternationisunpredictable:speakercannotknowfrom that unlikely seems it t Bu sibilant. front precedin g a the e befor to palatalised assimilated regularl y and vowel r vela whos e , 223) p. see French, (for in saldre