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2013-05 Ali Gazibo ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCE POLITIQUE DE PARIS UNIVERSITÉ PARIS1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE La régionalisation de la paix et de la sécurité internationales post-guerre froide dans le cadre de la CEDEAO : la construction d’un ordre sécuritaire régional, entre autonomie et interdépendance. Thèse pour le doctorat en science politique GAZIBO Kadidiatou Sous la direction de Monsieur Yves VILTARD Membres du Jury : M. Viltard Yves. Directeur de Recherches, Maitre de conférences, Université Paris1. M. Lindemann Thomas. Professeur des Universités, Université d’Artois. Rapporteur. M. Tidjani Alou Mahaman. Doyen de la Faculté de Droit et des Sciences économiques, Université Abdou Moumouni du Niger, Rapporteur. Mme Siméant Johanna. Professeure des Universités, Université Paris1. 22 mai 2013 1 Remerciements Aux termes de ces années de recherche, mes pensées vont d’abord naturellement vers feu le professeur François Gresle, qui avait bien voulu accepter de diriger en premier cette thèse mais que des circonstances douloureuses n’ont pas permis de voir la fin. Je lui témoigne ici toute ma reconnaissance. Ensuite, je remercie particulièrement Monsieur Yves Viltard qui, en dépit de ses nombreuses occupations, a bien voulu accepter de pendre part à mi-parcours à cette aventure, en dirigeant et s’intéressant à cette étude. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. Enfin, je tiens également à remercier mon oncle que j’aime, le professeur Mamoudou Gazibo pour sa patience et ses conseils sur le plan de la méthodologie et ses remarques fructueuses et sans lequel cette thèse n’aurait pas vu le jour . Il en va de même pour mon père Gazibo Ali, mon frère Gazibo Moussa, mes sœurs Gazibo Fatoumata et Gazibo Rakiatou et la grande famille Gazibo qui ont été là pour me soutenir, qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de mon profond amour. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi aux fonctionnaires des affaires étrangères et les diasporas du Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, aux agents et autorités de la CEDEAO à Abuja qui ont bien voulu se prêter à nos questions. Aux militaires, notamment les généraux Mai Manga Oumara et Boulama Manga, qui m’ont donné grâce aux conversations que nous avons eues, un autre aspect de leurs fonctions. Qu’Abad Emmanuel, Amadou Idrissa, Kae Amo, Sophie Hoffmann, Mariama Gatti, les familles Ascione (Gilles, Pascale, Gabrielle, Jean-Baptiste, Thomas, Sarah), D’Andrimont Jourdaa Amiel (Frédérique, Gabrielle, Madeleine), Baronnet-Fugès Pierre, Hernandez (Manou et Papy) trouvent ici l’expression de ma gratitude. 2 Dédicace Je dédie ce travail à : - Ma mère, feue Mariama Gazibo, toi qui nous as appris qu’en persévérant, on arrive toujours au bout de ses peines. Tu nous as quittés trop tôt le 22 février 1998 mais ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans toi, ton amour et ta bénédiction. Que dieu t’accueille dans son paradis. - Mes grands parents, feus Maman Béro et Baba qui nous ont balisé le chemin. - Mon oncle Boureima Gazibo, récemment décédé, poète dans l’âme et qui aurait lu avec plaisir cette thèse. - Feus Gazibo Halidou, Issa, Kadidja, Yahaya, Adama et Djibril. Nous continuerons de vous pleurer et de prier dieu pour qu’il vous accueille dans son vaste paradis. 3 Listes des principales abréviations Abréviations Nom ACOTA African Contingency Operations and Training Assistance ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative AFDI : Annuaire Français de Droit International AFRI : Annuaire Français de Relations Internationales AIDI : Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International AJIL: American Journal of International Law AMIS: African Union Mission in Sudan AMISEC : Mission africaine pour la sécurisation des élections aux Comores AMISOM : Mission d'observation militaire de l'Union africaine en Somalie AOF Afrique Occidentale Française AREP African Regional Education Program ASEAN : Association des nations du Sud-est asiatique ASIL: American Society of International Law BANUL Bureau des Nations Unies pour le Liberia CDAA : Communauté de Développement de l'Afrique Australe CEAO Communauté des Etats de l’Afrique de L’Ouest CEDEAO : Communauté Economique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest CEDH : Cour européenne des droits de l'homme CEEAC : Communauté Economique des États de l'Afrique Centrale CEI : Communauté des États indépendants CIJ : Cour internationale de justice CJCE : Cour de justice des Communautés européennes CPI : Cour pénale internationale DOMP : Département des opérations de maintien de la paix 4 ECOMIL ECOWAS Mission in Liberia ECOMOG : ECOWAS Cease Fire Monotoring Group/ Groupe de Cessez-le-feu de la CEDEAO ECOWAS: Economic Community of West-African States FMI Fonds Monétaire International EJIL: European Journal of International Law IFOR : Force de mise en œuvre de l'OTAN en Bosnie- Herzégovine IGAD Accord Intergouvernemental pour le Développement en Afrique de l’Est IFRI : Institut français des relations internationales IRRC: International Review of the Red-Cross JDI : Journal du droit international KFOR : Force pour le Kosovo de l'OTAN MICOPAX : Mission de consolidation de la Paix en République Centrafricaine MINUAR : Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda MINUK : Mission d'administration intérimaire des Nations Unies au Kosovo MODEL Movement for Democracy in Liberia MONUC : Mission des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo MONUL Mission d’Observation des Nations Unies au Liberia (UNOMIL) MONUSIL Mission d’Observation des Nations Unies en Sierra Leone NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia OCDE : Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OEA : Organisation des Etats américains OIF Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie OMC : Organisation Mondiale du Commerce 5 OMP : Opération de maintien de la paix ONG : Organisation non gouvernementale ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies ONUCI Mission d’Observation des Nations Unies en Côte d’Ivoire OSCE : Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe OTAN : Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord OUA : Organisation de l'Unité africaine PAMD Protocole d’Assistance Mutuelle de défense PCASED Programme de Coopération et d’Assistance pour la Sécurité et le Développement PESC : Politique étrangère et de sécurité commune PNA Protocole de Non Agression PNUD Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement RBDI : Revue belge de droit international RECAMP Renforcement des Capacités Africaines de maintien de Paix RDC : République démocratique du Congo RDP : Revue de droit public RGDIP : Revue générale de droit international public RIDC Revue internationale de droit comparé RUF Revolutionnary United Front SADC Southern African Development Countries SDN Sociétés Des Nations UA : Union africaine UE : Union européenne ULIMO United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy YJIL: Yale Journal of International Law 6 Sommaire : Listes des principales abréviations ............................................................................................. 3 Sommaire : ................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 10 Le contexte international post-guerre froide et l’idée de régionalisation de la paix et de la sécurité internationales. ............................................................................................................ 11 Bref retour sur les nouveaux conflits en Afrique subsaharienne ............................................. 16 L’organisation des Nations Unies et l’obsolescence des solutions traditionnelles aux conflits .................................................................................................................................................. 19 Première Partie : Construction d’un modèle régional de sécurité : la CEDEAO entre défis sécuritaires et contraintes internationales ................................................................................. 41 Chapitre1 : Champs international et régional et construction d’un modèle de sécurité collective en Afrique de l’Ouest. .............................................................................................. 44 Section 1 : La CEDEAO, une région en quête de redéfinition des priorités sécuritaires. ........ 47 I: Mise en contexte : conflits internes et crises politiques, les nouveaux champs de l’activité sous-régionale. ...................................................................................................................... 51 II : La multiplicité des théories appliquées à la sécurisation et à la gestion des conflits et des crises politiques. ................................................................................................................... 66 Section2 : Les limites originelles des organisations internationales de sécurité face à la nouvelle configuration des conflits et des crises. ..................................................................... 79 I : Décomposition et insécurité en Afrique CEDEAO : retrait de l’ONU et inaction de l’UA des processus de sécurisation. .............................................................................................. 82 II : Les mécanismes de paix et de sécurité de la CEDEAO durant la période bipolaire: une problématisation sécuritaire incomplète. .............................................................................. 96 Chapitre 2 : Les tentatives d’autonomisation par le haut : le déploiement d’un ordre sécuritaire régional, entre
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