ECOWAS a Jeho Role Při Managementu Konfliktů V Západní Africe

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ECOWAS a Jeho Role Při Managementu Konfliktů V Západní Africe MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sociálních studií Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Mezinárodní vztahy ECOWAS a jeho role při managementu konfliktů v západní Africe Bakalářská práce Adéla Zmeškalová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Tomáš Černohous UČO: 402559 Obor: MV-EVS Imatrikulační ročník: 2011 Brno, 2015 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem bakalářskou práci na téma ECOWAS a jeho role při managementu konfliktů v západní Africe vypracovala samostatně s vyuţitím pouze uvedených zdrojů. V Brně dne 7. 5. 2015 Adéla Zmeškalová 1 Poděkování Ráda bych na tomto místě poděkovala vedoucímu své bakalářské práce PhDr. Tomáši Černohousovi za její odborné vedení, cenné rady a připomínky. Také bych chtěla poděkovat Ivetě Vojáčkové, jelikoţ většina textu vznikla s vyuţitím jejího notebooku. 2 Obsah Seznam zkratek ............................................................................................................ 6 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................... 8 2. Metodologie ...................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Konflikt, ozbrojený konflikt a management konfliktů .............................. 11 2.2. Výbĕr případů ............................................................................................ 12 2.3. Limity práce ............................................................................................... 13 3. ECOWAS .......................................................................................................... 14 3.1. Historie a vývoj v oblasti bezpečnosti ....................................................... 14 3.2. Organizační struktura ................................................................................. 17 3.2.1. Úřad hlav států a vlád ............................................................................ 17 3.2.2. Komise ................................................................................................... 18 3.2.3. Parlament společenství .......................................................................... 19 3.2.4. Orgány mechanismu pro řešení konfliktů ............................................. 19 3.3. ECOWAS jako součást Africké struktury pro mír a bezpečnost ............... 20 4. Nástroje pouţitelné při managementu konfliktů ............................................... 22 4.1. Prevence ..................................................................................................... 22 4.1.1. Systém včasného varování .................................................................... 22 4.1.2. Preventivní diplomacie a vyjednávání .................................................. 23 4.2. Sankce ........................................................................................................ 24 4.2.1. Podle Protokolu o demokracii ............................................................... 24 4.2.2. Podle revidované Smlouvy .................................................................... 24 4.3. Pohotovostní síly ECOWAS ...................................................................... 25 4.4. Nástroje v humanitární oblasti ................................................................... 26 5. Jednotlivé konflikty a reakce ECOWAS na ně ................................................. 28 5.1. Pobřeţí slonoviny (2002 - 2007)................................................................ 28 5.1.1. Okolnosti konfliktu ................................................................................ 28 3 5.1.2. Reakce ECOWAS ................................................................................. 28 5.1.3. Zhodnocení role ECOWAS ................................................................... 30 5.2. Pobřeţí slonoviny (2010 - 2011)................................................................ 31 5.2.1. Okolnosti konfliktu ................................................................................ 31 5.2.2. Reakce ECOWAS ................................................................................. 32 5.2.3. Zhodnocení role ECOWAS ................................................................... 33 5.3. Guinea-Bissau (2012 - 2013) ..................................................................... 35 5.3.1. Okolnosti konfliktu ................................................................................ 35 5.3.2. Reakce ECOWAS ................................................................................. 36 5.3.3. Zhodnocení role ECOWAS ................................................................... 37 5.4. Mali (2012-2015) ....................................................................................... 38 5.4.1. Okolnosti konfliktu ................................................................................ 38 5.4.2. Reakce ECOWAS ................................................................................. 38 5.4.3. Zhodnocení role ECOWAS ................................................................... 41 6. ECOWAS a management konfliktů .................................................................. 43 6.1. Slabé stránky .............................................................................................. 43 6.1.1. Implementace ........................................................................................ 43 6.1.2. Absence jasného vymezení vztahu s AU .............................................. 44 6.1.3. Finanční nesoběstačnost ........................................................................ 44 6.1.4. Prevence ................................................................................................ 45 6.1.5. Tolerance převzetí vlády neústavní cestou ............................................ 46 6.1.6. Loajalita členských států ....................................................................... 47 6.2. Silné stránky .............................................................................................. 48 6.2.1. Diplomacie ............................................................................................ 48 6.2.2. Rychlé zaujetí postoje ........................................................................... 49 6.2.3. Sebereflexe ............................................................................................ 49 6.2.4. Zapojení občanské společnosti .............................................................. 50 4 7. Závěr ................................................................................................................. 51 8. Zdroje ................................................................................................................ 55 8.1. Primární zdroje........................................................................................... 55 8.2. Sekundární zdroje ...................................................................................... 61 5 Seznam zkratek AFISMA Afrikou vedená mezinárodní podpora do Mali AMU Unie arabského Maghrebu APSA Africká struktura pro mír a bezpečnost AU Africká unie CEWS Kontinentální systém včasného varování CNRDRE Národní komise pro nápravu demokracie a obnovení státu ECCAS Hospodářské společenství středoafrických států ECOMIB Mise ECOWAS v Guinee-Bissau ECOMICI Mise ECOWAS v Pobřeţí slonoviny ECOMIL Mise ECOWAS v Libérii ECOMOG Monitorovací skupina ECOWAS ECOWARN Struktury včasného varování a odpovědi ECOWAS Hospodářské společenství západoafrických států ECPF Struktura pro prevenci konfliktů ERT Tým krizové reakce ESF Pohotovostní síly ECOWAS FN Nové síly FPI Lidová fronta Pobřeţí slonoviny FRCI Republikánské síly Pobřeţí slonoviny GRN Vláda národního usmíření IGAD Mezivládní úřad pro rozvoj JAR Jihoafrická republika MF Hlavní síla Pohotovostních jednotek ECOWAS MICEMA Mise ECOWAS v Mali MINUCI Mise OSN v Pobřeţí slonoviny MINUSMA Multidimenzionální integrovaná stabilizační mise OSN v Mali MISSANG Angolská technická a vojenská asistenční mise v Guinee-Bissau MNLA Hnutí za národní osvobození Azawadu MSC Rada bezpečnosti a mediace OSN Organizace spojených národů 6 RDR Shromáţdĕní republikánů REC Regionální ekonomické společenství SADC Společenství pro rozboj jiţní Afriky SDR Zvláštní práva čerpání TF Bojová jednotka Pohotovostních jednotek ECOWAS UA Účetní jednotka USD Americký dolar UNAMSIL Mise OSN v Sierra Leone UNMIL Mise OSN v Libérii UNOCI Operace OSN v Pobřeţí slonoviny 7 1. Úvod Hospodářské společenství západoafrických států (dále jako ECOWAS nebo společenství) bylo zaloţeno v roce 1975 za účelem posílení ekonomického rozvoje svých členů. Postupně si však členské státy uvědomily, ţe ekonomický rozvoj jde ruku v ruce s bezpečnostními otázkami, a proto se členové ECOWAS rozhodli zaměřit svoji pozornost také na tuto oblast. Od vypuknutí občanské války v Libérii v roce 1989 si tato organizace postupně vyvinula řadu nástrojů pro management konfliktů, které aktivně vyuţívá dodnes. A právě těmto nástrojům, jejich vyuţití a roli ECOWAS v managementu konfliktů obecně se bude tato práce věnovat. Předkládaná bakalářská práce spadá do oblasti řešení konfliktů, a konkrétně se tedy zaměřuje na nástroje ECOWAS pouţitelné při managementu konfliktů v regionu západní Afriky, jejich vývoj, aplikaci a zhodnocení jejich vyuţívání. Dané téma jsem si vybrala zejména proto, ţe je aktuální, jelikoţ je předmětný region na konflikty relativně bohatou oblastí, na které společenství reaguje a své nástroje jim postupně přizpůsobuje. A vzhledem k novým hrozbám, které se poslední dobou v
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