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Ethnobotany of the Todas of South India

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Ethnobotany of the Todas of South India Ethnobotany of the Todas of South India Ben Ramage School for International Training College Semester Abroad Independent Study Project Fall 1998 i. PLEASE READ PLEASE READ Disclaimer and Warning While the botanical names and descriptions given in the following work most certainly correspond, it is possible in some cases that the photographs, samples, and Toda names and usages may not match precisely the scientific names and descriptions given. Because I am an amateur botanist and because the professionals I called upon only had access to photographs and minimal samples (as opposed to the entire rooted plant), accuracy cannot be assured. For this reason, this project should not be used as an identification guide, and under no circumstance is to be used as a guide to edibility or medicinal value—doing so could prove fatal. PLEASE READ Important Environmental Note If this project should be used in conjunction with other resources, or if the reader is to gather wild plants for any other reason, I plead with him or her to take this important ecological precaution. All too many times in the past, when knowledge of wild plant usage has spread beyond the original holders of this information, overharvesting has been a serious problem and has even led to the extinction of certain species. Therefore, I request that the reader follow this simple rule: never collect any plant or any part of a plant unless there are 10 more within a 10 meter radius. For example, if you are taking leaves, make sure there are at least 10 times as many leaves in the near vicinity (even on the same plant is fine). Likewise, if you are collecting whole plants, insure that there are 10 times as many healthy plants in the given area. Thank you for preserving biodiversity. ii. Dedication The following work is dedicated to the entire Toda population, with the hope that it will help preserve some of the ancient knowledge being forgotten today. Pic i: Vasamalli (left) and Pothili (right) Acknowledgement I would like to use this space to thank a number of people for offering their time and effort and helping me considerably throughout the course of my project. First I would like to thank Jakka Parthasarthy for supervising my work and providing guidance, along with the rest of the Tribal Research Center (at M. Palada) for allowing me to use its resources. Secondly, I would like to thank Suresh Baburaj, S. Rajan, L. Bheeman, N. Arjunan, and S. Yobu of the Survey of Medicinal Plants and Collection Unit (Ooty) for helping with the difficult task of identifying, botanically, the plants in this report. And last but certainly not least, I give my deepest thanks to Todas Vasamalli and Pothili, who truly deserve the credit for the success of this project. Together they have sacrificed a great deal of time; taking me to remote corners of the Nilgiris, translating, patiently explaining the uses of plants, providing good company, housing and feeding me, and most of all making me feel so at home in this foreign place. Additionally, I would like to thank the many Todas who have offered their ancient knowledge of plants through the translations of Pothili and Vasamalli, and assisted me in other ways as well. To all who have been involved—thank you. iii. Table of Contents i. PLEASE READ: Disclaimer and Warning & Important Environmental Note ii. Dedication & Acknowledgement iii. Table of Contents iv. Preface v. Introduction x. Index of Wild Plants According to Usage & Glossary of Toda Terms xi. Index of Toda and Botanical Names 1. WILD PLANTS (see pages x and xi for contents) xii. Collection Information xiii. List of Citations xiv. Bibliography iv. Preface Following the brief introductory section of this paper is a compendium of over 40 wild plants found in the vicinity of Ooty, the vast majority of which are used for specific purposes by the native Toda inhabitants. Toda names and estimated spelling, found directly above the explanations of usage, have in all cases come from the mouths of Pothili or Vasamalli—either from their own knowledge or translated from another Toda. Most of the information regarding usage has likewise been collected in the same way. If anything written has come from another source, or if there has been a disagreement between Vasamalli and Pothili, it will be noted. All except for a few of the plants included have been identified and matched with their botanical names. This has been accomplished with reference to a number of books (see bibliography) and with the help of the Survey of Medicinal Plants and Collection Unit, Ooty. Descriptions of plants have been copied directly from botanical works in order to assure their validity. I have personally collected all samples and taken all photographs (except for the photo below, taken by Deborah Adams). Me on Toda land v. INTRODUCTION Pic ii: View of the Nilgiris from the Mysore plain Until approximately two hundred years ago, the tribal peoples inhabiting the Nilgiris (or ‘blue mountains’), a South Indian offshoot of the Western Ghats, remained almost entirely secluded from the larger population of the plains below. Pic iii: Bandipur National Park--nearly identical to much of the forest that once encircled the Nilgiris Once surrounded on all sides by thick forest housing an abundance of dangerous animals (including tiger, wild elephant, wild boar, and bison), and supporting large populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes, the Nilgiris were well protected from the peoples of the plains. vi. Pic iv: Shola forest and grassland (with planted eucalyptus in the upper right corner) Having a very different climate than that of the blistering lowlands, these cool mountains exhibited plant and animal life quite distinct from the surrounding area. Home to only a handful of tribal societies who had found a harmony with each other and with the natural environment, the ecology of the region remained quite stable. A mixture of ‘shola’ (meaning ‘natural’ or ‘native’) forest and grassland, kept as such by the buffalo grazing of the Toda tribal population, the cool and picturesque Nilgiris were irresistible to British colonists in the early nineteenth century. Longing to escape the heat of the plains, and feeling at home in the mild mountain climate, they penetrated the dangerous forests and established a hill station—Ooty. With them came European plant and animal life, non-tribal Indian workers from the lowlands, and a road into the Nilgiris. Pic v: Toda buffalo grazing vii. Pic vi: Agricultural fields on Toda land Nearly two hundred years later the Nilgiris are every bit as developed as the plains below, with roads, commerce, and modern agriculture reaching into all but the most secluded areas. The Todas and other tribals have taken up modern agriculture on a relatively large scale, and are beginning to become involved in many other aspects of modern life as well (see pic vii below). As a result, a great deal of land is now cultivated and planted with cash crops, and much of the traditional knowledge of the natural environment is not being absorbed by the disinterested younger generations. Pic vii: Sattelite dish at a Toda mund (or village) viii. Pic ix: Eucalyptus Pic viii: Pine In addition, massive plantings of pine and eucalyptus by the Indian government (for use as construction materials and medicinal oil, respectively) has put an incredible strain on the native plant life of the region. Almost nothing can survive on the dark floor of the pine forest, or in the dry soil beneath eucalyptus trees, which take up massive quantities of water. ix. Pic x: Dark floor of pine forest Today the amount of ‘shola’ (or wilderness) remaining in the Nilgiris is greatly reduced, and the native plants (and animals who depend upon them) are faced with a plethora of challenges: large areas where the sun hardly shines and/or the soil is too dry, the growing use of herbicides, the rapid spread of European invasives, and of course continued development and habitat loss. As a result, the Nilgiris have been declared a ‘biodiversity hotspot’—meaning that an especially high concentration of species are present, and that this diversity is in great danger. By demonstrating some of the many uses of wild plants, it is my hope that this project will remind the reader of the worth of the wild, and preserve knowledge that may otherwise be lost. x. Wild Plants Used by the Todas *The following section has been ordered loosely according to usages of the plants. However, because most plants have more than one use, it was impossible to accomplish this in a simple and exclusive manner. To aid the reader, below is an index of the plants based on their functions: Ceremonial or Holy 20. Vallarakerei 35. Kaitthor (=Genus) 1. Kers 21. Takmul 36. Kaitthor (=Genus) 2. Puris 22. Omening 41. Systamp 3. Kappuri 23. Tori 4. ? 24. Aishkoihthor Buffalo-related 5. Kaj 25. Surmanthor 29. Pashyarthor 6. Thevarai 29. Pashyarthor 34. Kaitthor (=Genus) 7. Theymelgu 35. Kaitthor (=Genus) 8. Pallkurdy Poison or Intoxicant 36. Kaitthor (=Genus) 9. Kokkuitars 26. Yemuth 37. ? 10. Melli 38. Thelks 11. Pusmull Tool 39. Thaff 1. Kers 40. Tib or Theb Food 3. Kappurt 1. Kers 5. Kaj No Known Use 6. Thevarai 8. Pallkurdy (included because of relative 7. Theymelgu 9. Kokkuitars abundance in the Nilgiris) 10. Melli 10. Melli 41. Systamp 11. Pusmull 11. Pusmull 42. ? 12. Naye 12. Naye 43. ? 13. Purspum 15. Pothanthor 14. Harsitthor 17. Thavit 15. Pothanthor 19. Pulis 16. ? 27. Mothinthor 17. Thavit 28. Polik Glossary of Toda Terms 18. Mulkaric 29. Pashyarthor 19. Pulis 30. ? Thor = plant 20.
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