FIRST MANAGEMENT PLAN OF ANAMUDI SHOLA NATIONAL PARK

2009 - 2018 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

1 INDEX Pages PART - I THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION 1-33 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA 1-4 1.1 Name, Location, constitution and extent 1 1.2 Approach and access 2 1.3 Statement of significance 3 1.4 Values of the Park 3 CHAPTER - 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES 5-18 2.1 Boundaries 5 2.2 Geology Rock and Soil 7 2.3 Terrain 7 2.4 Climate 8 2.5 Water sources 10 2.6 Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat 11 CHAPTER - 3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT AND PRESENT PRACTICES 19-31 3.1 General 19 3.2 Timber operation 20 3.3 Non Wood Forest Collection 20 3.4 Leases 20 3.5 Other programmes and activities 20 3.6 Forest protection 20 3.7 Visitor Management 27 3.8 Research monitoring and training 28 3.9 Wildlife conservation strategies & evaluation 29 3.10 Administrative set up 29 3.11 Infrastructure facilities 29 3.12 Communication 30 3.13 Summary of threats to wildlife 30 CHAPTER - 4 THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE LAND USE 32-33 SITUATION 4.1 The existing situation in the zone of influence 32 4.2 The Development program and conservation issues 33 PART - II PROPOSED MANAGEMENT 34-75 CHAPTER - 5 PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS 35-41 5.1 Objectives 35 5.2 Problems in achieving objectives & strategies to overcome 35 the problems CHAPTER - 6 STRATEGIES-BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND 42-57 THEME PLANS 6.1 Boundaries 43 6.2 Zonation 45 6.3 Zone plans 45 6.3.1 Plan for core zone 45 6.3.2 Plan for restoration zone 47 6.3.3 Plan for buffer zone 49 6.4 Theme plans 50 6.4.1 Protection plan 50 6.4.2 Fire protection 55 6.4.3 Watershed and water resource management 57 CHAPTER - 7 TOURISM, INTERPRETATION AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION 58-59 7.1 Environmental conservation awareness 58 7.2 Nature-based regulated tourism 59 CHAPTER - 8 ECODEVELOPMENT 60-63 CHAPTER - 9 RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING 64-65 9.1 Research 64 9.2 Monitoring 65 9.3 Training 65 CHAPTER -10 ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION 66-68 10.1 Structure 66 10.2 Responsibilities 66 CHAPTER -11 THE BUDGET 69-75 PART-III APPENDICES 76-118 Annexure -1 Notification No. 12875/F2/2003/F&WLD dated 14.12. 2003 76 Annexure -2 Trees, Shrubs, Herbs of Anamudi Shola National Park 77 Annexure -3 List of birds recorded from Anamudi Shola NP 83 Annexure -4 Butterflies of Anamudi Shola NP 86 Annexure -5 List of moths recorded from Anamudi Shola NP 89 Annexure -6 RET species of Pteridophytes from Anamudi Shola NP 93 Annexure -7 RET species of Angiosperms from Anamudi Shola NP 94 Annexure -8 Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest 97 vide letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 Annexure -9 Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06- 99 93 Anneuxre-10 GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007 101 Annexure-11 List of Control forms 107 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA

1.1. Name, location, constitution and extent

Anamudi Shola National Park (ASNP) was declared as National Park in December 2003 as per Notification No. 12876/F2 2003/F & WLD dated 14.12.2003 of the Kerala Government (Annexure 1). It is located on the north-eastern part of the High Ranges of southern Western Ghats. The ASNP consists of three Reserve Forests namely Mannavan Shola Reserve No. 58, Pullaradi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Idivara Shola Reserve No. 56 which were notified on 22nd October 1901 under Section 18 of regulation II of 1068. Together they occupy an area of 33.45 sq. km (as per SOI topo sheets) where as the notified extent is only 7.50 km2. The Park is located within 10° 09¢ 58.48¢¢ to 10° 14¢ 52.37¢¢ N latitude and 77° 09¢ 23.47¢¢ to 77° 14¢ 42.11¢¢ E longitude and falls in the Kanthallur and Vattavada Panchayats of Devikulam Taluk of Idukki District (Fig.1). The Park includes three distinct but typical sholas of which Mannavan shola is the largest in South India.

In Muvattupuzha part of Malayattoor Working Plan for the period 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan, for Mannavan shola, Idivara Shola and Pullaradi Shola, it is stated that (1) Mannavan Shola - though the area as per notification is 2 sq. miles (1280 acres) the area indicated on the concerned map exceeds 3100 acres and that maintained on the ground roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the map (page 101). (2) Idivila Shola - though the area as per notification is 150 acres the area indicated on the concerned map exceeds 3000 acres and that maintained on the gound roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the map (page 99) and (3) Pullaradi Shola - though the area as per notification is 400 acres, the area indicated on the concerned map exceeds 3000 acres and that maintained on the gound roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the map (page 105). It was prescribed in page 72 of working plan to take early steps to survey and notify the Shola Reserves. The extent within the notified boundaries has also been checked and calculated by the GIS unit working under the Chief Conservator of Forests (FMIS). As per the findings of GIS unit extent comes to 32.85 km2.

1 1.2. Approach and access

The townships of Munnar and Marayur are situated at distances of 35 kms and 20 kms respectively from the National Park. Munnar is accessible from Kochi (120 kms) and Coimbatore (150 kms) airports along main roads. The nearest railway station in Kerala is Aluva (120 km from Munnar) and in Tamil Nadu, Pollachi (100 km). A road connecting Kanthallur - Sethuparvathipuram (S.P.Puram) traverses through Mannavan shola for a distance of about 6 kms. Two coupe roads namely, Methappu–Valsapattykudy (9 km) and Koodallarkudy-Kovilur (1.5 km) provide access to the tribal hamlets inside.

Fig. 1: Location map of ASNP

2 1.3. Statement of Significance

The ASNP represents a large number of plants and animals unique to the high altitude shola- grassland vegetation. The Mannavan Shola is the largest shola forest patch in South India. The giant fern, Cyathia crinita reaching to upto 6m height is a unique character of Mannavan Shola. Out of 543 species of pteridophytes and angiosperms recorded in Mannavanshola, nearly 20% (109 species) are ‘endemic’ and 25% (128 species) classified as ‘rare’ and another 26 species are considered to be in a ‘threatened state’. Two rare Pteridophytes namely, Elaphoglossum stelligerum Sledge and Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) that have been collected by Kaulf from Mannavanshola are new records to Kerala (Kumar, 1997). About 11 species of fungi are recorded from this Shola of which Collectotrichum acutatum is a new record to Kerala. The endemic and elusive Nigiri marten (Martes gwatkinsii) is found in the Park. Out of the 16 endemic birds of Western Ghats, 9 are reported from the Park.

The Park provides the only source of water not only for the tribal hamlets within, but also for the inhabitants of Kanthallur, Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam and Silandiyar. The Park also has unique features and provides ample academic opportunities for studying the biodiversity of montane vegetation and the ecological roles associated with the ecosystem. It can also serve as a field laboratory for activities like conservation education, research and monitoring and participatory management.

1.4. Values of the Park

1.4.1. Value related to flora.

§ Well-protected representative example of shola eco system in Western Ghats. § Exceptional species diversity § Significant population of locally endemic species § Ideal place for “in-situ” germ plasm conservation of rare and threatened species like tree ferns. § National Park harbours a large number of Medicinal Plants. 1.4.2. Values related to fauna.

§ Exceptional species diversity of birds.

3 § Significant population of insects especially butterflies. § Provides vital connectivity for animal movements. 1.4.3. Values related to watershed

§ Conservational value associated with watershed for drinking and irrigation. 1.4.4. Values related to education and research

§ Research and monitoring values associated with endemism, biodiversity, human-wildlife interaction etc. § Educational value associated with nature education, nature exploration and adventure. 1.4.5. Aesthetic values

§ Potential areas for bird watching, trekking etc. § Potential areas for nature interpretation 1.4.6. Socio-Economic value

§ Livelihood to resource dependent communities through ecotourism. 1.4.7. Cultural Value

§ Ethnic tribal heritage of Muthuvan community.

4 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES

2.1. Boundaries

2.1.1. Legal Boundaries

The boundary description as per the notification is as follows:

North: - Starting from Ottakombumala (hill point 2164) on the south western corner of Tirthalar proposed reserve forests, thence along the southern boundary of the said reserve till it reaches the northeastern corner of Mannavan shola reserve thence along the northeastern boundary of the said reserve up to Madavarimala, thence northeast along the southern boundary of Idivara Shola reserve passing along hill points 2153,2104, 2199, 2132, 2127 (Velligirimala)

East: - Starting from hill point at 2127 (Velligirimala) runs along the eastern boundary of Idivara Shola Reserved Forests and Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forest till it reaches the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forests adjoining the boundary of Kannan Devan Hills village concession lands.

South: - Starting from the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola reserved Forests runs more or less south along the southern boundary of Pullaradi Shola Reserved forests, Idivara Shola Reserved Forest and Mannavan Shola reserved Forests adjoining to the Northern Boundary of Kannan Devan Hills Village Concession lands till it reaches Tirthamala.

West: - Starting from Tirthamala runs along eastern boundary of Mannavan Shola Reserved Forests till it reaches hill point 2164, Ottakombumala.

The legal boundaries of ASNP is already been surveyed up to 75% and marketed with permanent cairns and the remaining area needs to be demarcated with cairns.

The Park has an area of 32.85 km2 (as per the GIS cell at Forest Headquarters) where as the notified extent is only 7.50 km2. Some discrepancies have been noticed with regard to the area of the three Reserve Forests. For instance, there is a vast difference in the area of the Shola Reserves as notified in 1901 under section 18 of regulation II of 1068 and the areas indicated on

5 the map. This has been specially noted in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha part of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan. According to the Working Plan, the area of three Shola Reserves (Mannavan, Pullaradi and Idivara Sholas) is 9100 acres (36.82 km2) where as the notified area is only 7.50 km2.

As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI, the extent of the Park is 43.35 km2. Park authority has also carried out GPS survey along the forest boundary presently maintained by them which indicates an extent of 39.02 km2. The differences in area of the Park in the above documents are shown in Table 1.

Table.1: Comparative statement on the extent of ASNP

Area (km2) notified Area as per Area as per GPS survey GPS Name of as per notification reserve Working by KFRI survey by reserve (No.50/03/F&WLD notification Plan (km2) (report Park Aut. dt. 10.10.2003 Acres (km2) Acres (km2) No.15) (km2) Pullaradi 7.5 39.02 400 (1.62) 3000 (12.14) shola 20.85 Idivara Shola 150 (0.61) 3000 (12.14) Mannavan 1280 (5.18) 3100 (12.54) 22.50 shola Total 7.5 1830 (7.41) 9100 (36.82) 43.35 39.02

2.1.2. Ecological Boundaries

On the northern side, the Park is bordered by the forests of Marayoor Sandal Division and a part of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. The eastern side is bordered partly by the Kurinjimala Sanctuary. On the southern and western side are the forests of Kannan Devan Hills and the tea estates. The Park provides ecological connectivity between the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, proposed Palni Hills National Park and the forests of Kannan Devan Hills.

The shola forests adjoining the western boundary of Idivara Shola Reserve Forest of the Park though falling in the jurisdiction of Marayur Division have not yet been declared as RF and are are categorized as revenue lands. The lower portion of this land has recently been identified and surveyed for distribution. Similiarly, the forests of KDH adjoining the southern and western flanks of the Park, though proposed for notification as RF still remain as revenue lands.

6 2.1.3. Internal Boundaries

The plantations are not clearly demarcated on the map. The rights of the Muduvan tribes have also not been settled yet. At present, the area is managed as a single unit.

2.2. Geology, rock and soil

The underlying rock formation consists principally of gneiss of a granitic nature, very often foliated and composed of quartz, feldspar and biotite. The soil is deep in general, but shallow along the ridges and hilltops. Soils in lower slopes and valleys are considerably deeper and finer.

Soil sampling and analysis of Pullaradi shola and Mannavan shola carried out by KFRI shows gravel contents in the samples. The soil physical and chemical properties are shown in Table 2.

Table.2: Characteristics of soils from Anamudi shola forests

Organic Av. Sand Silt Clay Soil Av. N Av. P Av. K Av. Mg Location carbon, Ca % % % pH % ppm % % % % Mannavan 69 11 20 4.4 2.46 0.018 8 0.197 0.034 0.0095 shola Pullaradi 64 14 22 4.1 5.05 0.042 15 0.310 0.040 0.0096 shola Source: KFRI Extension Project Report No. 15

The soil of Mannavan Shola is dark brown, granular, porous and friable, low in gravel content, rich in organic matter and all nutrients, faunal voids including termite nests, extremely acid and loam. In Pullaradi shola, the soil is dark brown, porous, medium in organic matter and all nutrients, disintegrating organic debris, extremely acid and loam with very low gravel content.

2.3. Terrain

The terrain is undulating with hillocks of varying heights. The altitude ranges between 1600m- 2400m. The forest is seen as a continuous patch from 1600m to 2000m, above which are small shola patches dispersed among the grasslands that are planted up with wattle. The area is

7 traversed by small streams which drain into the Pambar River and Thalanchiyar to reach Amaravathi Reservoir in Tamil Nadu.

2.3.1. Contour

The contour maps of the ASNP were prepared by KFRI using 1:50,000 SOI toposheets (Fig.2). The digital output was generated using Map Info software.

2.4. Climate

The ASNP lies towards the north eastern side of the Kanan Devan Hills of the High Ranges. As the rain clouds travel further east, they undergo the influence of desiccation and hence rainfall during south west monsoon is less. But due to its aspect, heavy rains occur during the north east monsoon. The average annual rainfall ranges between 2000-3000mm. The mean annual temperature is about 20oC. The coldest months are December and January when the minimum temperature inside forests goes down to 5˚C to 6˚C even at lower elevations. The average minimum temperature of the coldest month (January) is 9˚C. December to April are the drier months. The minimum temperature in the shola forests may go down to 3˚C, but never reaches 0˚C inside the sholas.

Fig.2: Contour map of Mannavanshola, Pullardishola and Pambadumshola (based on 1:50,000 SOI toposheets)

8 2.4.1. Rainfall pattern and distribution

The area receives both the southwest and the northeast monsoons. The average annual rainfall ranges between 2000-3000 mm. During 1988, the area received a total rainfall of 2118 mm. A decade’s weather data maintained by the P.R. Division of Chundavurrai Tea Estate lying adjacent to this National Park also indicate that the maximum annual rainfall obtained was 4849.36 mm during 2005, while the minimum value obtained was 2830 mm during 2003. The rainfall data from 1999 to 2008 is given in Table 3. Table.3: Rainfall data

Year Rain fall (inches ) 1998-99 107.51 99-2000 115.69 2000-01 108.40 2001-02 98.83 2002-03 65.95 2003-04 95.28 2004-05 99.11 2005-06 127.25 2006-07 99.99 2007-08 125.40 2008-09 92.712

Source: Mattupetty Tea Estate (KDHP)

2.4.2. Temperature, a summary of year round pattern

The maximum temperature ranges from 20˚C to 30˚C and the minimum temperature rages from 7.5˚C to 13˚C. The maximum and minimum temperature from 1995 to 2008 is furnished in Table 4.

Table.4: Temperature data

Year Maxi ˚C Mini ˚C 1995 22.20 8.33 1996 21.11 10.55 1997 24.40 7.77 1998 23.33 10.00 1999 20.33 13.30

9 2000 22.20 11.00 2001 24.40 10.00 2002 20.00 8.33 2003 23.00 11.00 2004 24.00 12.00 2005 22.00 11.00 2006 22.72 12.48 2007 23.07 12.40 2008 22.63 11.87 Source: United Plantation Association of South India- Munnar

2.4.3. Humidity

During Oct-Dec the average humidity of the area is maximum and varies from 80% - 90%. From June to September, during the period of the south-west monsoons, the humidity varies from 60% -80%. During the rest of the year, the average humidity varies from 57% -70%

2.4.4. Wind speeds

Upper elevation of the park experiences heavy winds. No authenticated records are available.

2.5. Water sources

Many streams originate from this Shola. All of them flow eastwards and ultimately joins the Amaravathy Reservoir along the Pambar River and Thalinji Ar. Most of the streams are perennial in nature.

The National park is having 12 nos. of Check Dams. The name and location of check dams are as follows:

1. Perumala 7. Thamburankavala 2. Hanumanthotti 8. Gudallar 3. Vettukadu 9. Swamiyarala 4. Puthoor 10. Irikkumedu 5. 3rd Mile 11. Thulukkampetti 6. Onnam Kurukku 12. Memmattitheri

Drainage

The drainage map of the ASNP (Fig.3) was generated digitally using SOI toposheets and watershed atlas maps of Kerala State Land Use Board.

10 Fig.3: Drainage map of MannavanShola, Pullaradi Shola and Pambadum Shola (based on 1 : 50,000 SOI toposheets)

No proper water resource map is generated for the above mentioned sholas in the National Park by the authorities

2.6. Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat

The National Park offers a wide range of habitat types to the flora and fauna. There are 62 species of trees, 174 species of herbs and shrubs, 39 species of climbers (Annexure 2), 9 species of mammals, 76 species of birds (Annexure 3), 100 species of butterflies (Annexure 4) and 232 species of moths (Annexure 5) have been recorded from the sholas of the National Park. Rainfall and terrain are the important factors that influence animal movements. The 3 settlements inside the National Park have significant impact on the range of wildlife and habitat. Tiger and elephant use the Park as part of their home range. The range quality of grasslands has been severely damaged due to wattle and plantations. A. mearnsii is extremely invasive, establishing itself a dense thickets suppressing indigenous species and its elimination takes longer time.

11 2.6.1. Vegetation

Vegetation

The vegetation comprises mostly of Southern Sub-tropical Hill Forests, which gradually transform to the southern montane wet temperate Forests (Champion and Seth, 1968) towards the top (Idlimottai region). At the lower altitude (1600 m) the average height of the forest is 20- 25 m, with species of Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Gordonia obtuse, Persea macrantha etc., while the maximum height of 28-31m. Is observed at 1800-1900 m altitude contributed by species of Syzygium (S. densiflorum, S. gardneri, S. caryophyllatum, S. cumini), Elaeocarpus glanduloses, etc. At Idlimotta sholas (higher reaches of Mannavan Shola at an altitude of 2100-2400 m), the vegetation comprises of stunted patchy shola forests (Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forests of Champion and Seth, 1968), with an average height of less than 15 m. Most of the grasslands in this region were converted to Eucalyptus and Wattle plantations (Kishore Kumar, 2004).

Regeneration

Sholas were found to regenerate even in regions where massive afforestation activities had been carried out, provided biotic pressures are prevented. Patches of Pteridium aquilinum, Gaultheria fragrantissima, etc. found in grasslands were found to be active centers of initial colonization mostly by temperate species such as Rhododendron arboreum, Vaccinium leschnaultii, Eurya nitida, Microtropis ramiflora, Pittosporum tetraspermum, Symplocos cochinchinensis, Robus sp., etc., provided moisture conditions are also promoting. Scrubland regions, which are dominated by Strobilanthes kunthianus, Hypericum mysorense, Osbeckia spp., etc., were also found to be active centers of colonization.

Vegetation mapping

As part of the preliminary survey of the area, vegetation mapping was done by KFRI using satellite imageries of IRS 1B LISS II of March 1996. The standard visual interpretation techniques were adopted using photo elements for the preparation of classification keys. The vegetation maps prepared by the Forest Survey of India (FSI maps, 1988) were also used for cross- reference. Survey of India Toposheets in 1:50,000 scale were used for forest boundary

12 delimitation. The vegetation maps were prepared for Mathikettan Shola, Mannavan Shola, Pullaradi Shola and Pambadum Shola in 1:50,000 scale. The digital map (Fig.4) was generated using ‘MapInfo’ software from the hard copy output of 1:50,000 scale.

Fig.4: Vegetation Map of Mannavan Shola Pullaradi Shola and Pambadum Shola area (based on IRS1C satellite imagery of 1996)

2.6.2. Flora

During the survey conducted by KFRI, a list of plants of the National Park is prepared. Since this was a rapid survey, the list is not exhaustive and contains mostly perennial species. 62 species of trees, 174 species of herbs and shrubs and 39 species of climbers were recorded during the survey. For a complete list of plants occurring in the Park, a detailed inventory study covering different seasons is necessary. The list of trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers reported from the Park are given in Annexure 2.

As per the study conducted in the Sholas of Idukki District by K. Swarupanandan et al of KFRI, 543 species of pteridophytes and angiosperms were recorded in Mannavanshola and

13 Eravikulam. Nearly 20% (109 species) of the taxa are ‘endemic’ and 25% (128 species are classified as ‘rare’ and another 26 species are considered to be in a ‘threatened state’. Two rare pteridophytes namely, Elaphoglossum stelligerum Sledge and Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulf collected from Mannavanshola are new records to Kerala (Kumar, 1997). The list of endemic, rare and threatened species of pteridophytes and angiosperms are given in Annexures 6 and 7.

The fungi species of Mannavanshola were also studied by the Plant Pathology division of KFRI. About 11 species of fungi are recorded from this Shola of which Collectotrichum acutatum is a new record to Kerala. The soil microflora of the shola forests of Eravikulam and Munnar were also studied by various research organisations.

2.6.3. Animals

The sholas have been referred to as living fossils because of their inability to expand, due to the typical climatic and edaphic conditions. Prevalence of frost and extreme hot conditions prevents regeneration of plants in the grassland. However, the temperature in the sholas remains remarkably constant. The ground is usually covered with leaf litter, which helps in maintaining a high level of soil moisture. As a result, there is good regeneration of tree seedlings and herbaceous flora producing very characteristic microclimatic conditions supporting a rich fauna.

Mammals

The Park does not hold a resident population of Asiatic elephant (elephas maximus), but it serves as a migratory route for elephants from Anamalais to Cardamom Hills. Tiger also utilise the Park as part of its home range. Leopard, Asiatic Wild Dog, Sambar, Barking Deer, Gaur, Wild Boar, Nilgiri Martent, Nilgiri Langur, Malabar Giant Squirrel etc are seen in the Park (Table 5).

Avifauna

About 76 species of birds (Annexure 3) belonging to 12 orders and 30 families have been recorded from Mannavanshola (P.O. Nameer, Kerala Agricultural University). This includes 32 species of resident birds, out of which 9 are endemic to Western Ghats and 15 species are long

14 distance migrants. The most abundant species were Grey-breasted Laughingthrush, Grey headed flycatcher, Greenish leaf warbler, White eye, Velvet fronted nuthatch, Black and orange flycatcher, Brown-cheeked Fulvetaa (Quaker babbler), Nilgiri flycatcher, Malabar whistling Thrush and Yellow-browed bulbul. The endemic species of birds recorded from Mannavan Shola are Nilgiri Wood Pigeon, Malabar Parakeet (Blue-winged Parakeet), White-cheeked Barbet (Small Green Barbet), (White-breasted Laughingthrush), Black-and-Orange Flycatcher, White-bellied Blue Flycatcher, Nilgiri Flycatcher, Nilgiri Pipit and Small Sunbird. To have a complete picture of the avifauna of the Park, detailed surveys are required as proposed during the Plan period.

Table.5: Mammal species in ASNP

No. Species Common Name Status Vulnerable 1. Ratufa indica Indian giant squirrel 2. Rattus rattus House rat Least Concern Nilgiri langur Vulnerable Semnopithecus johnii 3. Endemic to WG 4. Cuon alpinus Asiatic wild dog Near threatened

5. Panthera tigiris Tiger Endangered 6. Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable 7. Cervus unicolor Sambar Least concern 8. Bos gaurus Gaur Vulnerable 9. Elephas maximus Asian elephant Vulnerable 10 Sus scrofa Wild boar 11 Martes gwatskii Nilgiri marten 12 Muntiacus muntjac Barking deer 13 Ratufa indica Malabar giant squirrel

Insects of Mannavan shola and Pullaradi shola

Mathew and Mohanadas (2001) made a study of insect diversity of Mannavan Shola reporting three hundred and forty four species belonging to 10 orders. Species diversity and richness showed a decreasing trend with increasing altitude. The faunal elements ranged from moist deciduous and evergreen forms to temperate forms in accordance with vegetation and altitude.

15 The faunal composition was interesting as it contained several endemic and protected species. Among butterflies, of the 11 species of endemic butterflies recorded, five species were having protected status in both the areas. Similarly, several butterflies like Vanessa indica, V. cardui (Nymphalidae); Mycalesis oculus (Satyridae); Artogeia canidia (Pieridae) and Telicota acigias (Hesperiidae) are restricted in their distribution. The extent of endemism present in other groups of insects was also high.

Brijesh (2004) in a detailed study on the Lepidoptera of four important shola patches in Munnar viz., Mannavan shola, Pullardi shola, Mantha shola and Pampadum shola, recorded 321 Lepidoptera species under 26 families, of which 89 species (5 families) belonged to the sub order Rhopalocera (butterflies) and the rest belonged to Heterocera (moths). A list of identified species (100 of butterflies, 110 of moths and 23 species belonging to the other groups of insects) are given in Annexures 4 and 5 respectively.

Some of the endemic species of butterflies including Colias nilagiriensis (Pieridae), Mycalesis oculus, Aeromachus pygmaeus (Hesperiidae), Ypthima ceylonica, Ypthima chenui, Ypthima ypthimoides, Cirrochroa thais, Zipoetis satis, Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae); Udara singalensis, Udara akasa, Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae) were adapted to cool climatic conditions and were shared only by some similar forests like the hills of Nilgiris. The sholas seem to be an ideal habitat for the species Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae) that is restricted to some of the hills of south India and has been listed as threatened species by IUCN.

Papilio clytia (Papilionidae), Neptis jumbah (Nymphalidae), Castalius rosimon (Lycaenidae) [Schedule I, Part IV]; Appias indira (Pieridae), Athyma ranga, Eriboea athamas, Hypolimnas missipus, Libythea lepita, Zipoetis saitis (Nymphalidae) [Schedule II, Part II]; Euploea core, Euthalia lubentina (Nymphalidae), Appias libythea (Pieridae) [Schedule IV] (Plate II) were some of the protected species under various schedules of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act.

Species diversity

The lepidopteran diversity in sholas of Munnar was greater or at least in par with some of the well-known diversity hotspots of Kerala part of Western Ghats. About one third of all the

16 rhopaloceran species recorded from whole of Western Ghats (89 of 330 species) were recorded from an area as small as 5.18 km2.

With regard to soil insects, a comparison of the faunal distribution patterns at three altitudinal ranges and also within and between the litter zones at each elevation shows that the low altitude litter habitat harbors large populations as against the high altitude and litter habitats at 2220 m asl. Detailed study on other groups of insects is required to take stock of the faunal assemblages of shola forests of Munnar.

Diversity patterns in natural forests:

The diversity attributes computed for the different patches revealed that all pairs of sholas were significantly different (P<0.01) in both rhopaloceran and heteroceran diversities. All the diversity indices were highest for heteroceran assemblage of the largest patch except evenness, which was highest in Mantha shola. In the case of Rhopalocera, evenness was highest in Pampadum shola and Mantha shola. Mannavan shola, the largest of the four shola patches has highest diversity followed by Pampadum and Mantha shola. Pullaradi shola was the least diverse. However, in the case of Rhopalocera the larger patches had relatively lesser equitability in species abundance and higher dominance when compared to the smaller patches.

Diversity pattern of Mathikettan shola seems to be at par with Mannavan shola. Because of relatively inaccessible location, this area is likely to contain a higher proportion of rare and endemic species.

Diversity in altered habitats

There was relatively less change in the magnitude of the different diversity measures of Rhopalocera at varying grades of disturbances due to plantation activities when compared to Heterocera. This indicated that the heteroceran fauna of the sholas were more sensitive to alterations in habitats. Heteroceran diversity was least in the well-maintained plantations. Contrary to this, rhopaloceran diversity and evenness were fairly higher in this habitat although the species composition differed largely when compared to that of natural forests. Further, the rare species were disproportionately affected with alteration in the habitat.

17 Endemism

Some of the endemic species of butterflies including Colias nilagiriensis (Pieridae), Mycalesis oculus, Aeromachus pygmaeus (Hes periidae), Ypthima ceylonica, Ypthima chenui, Ypthima ypthimoides, Cirrochroa thais, Zipoetis satis, Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae); Udara singalensis, Udara akasa, Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae) are adapted to cool climatic conditions and are shared only by some similar forests like the hills of Nilgiris. The sholas seem to be an ideal habitat for the species Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae) that is restricted to some of the hills of south India and has been listed as threatened species by IUCN.

Papilio clytia (Papilionidae), Neptis jumbah (Nymphalidae), Castalius rosimon (Lycaenidae) [Schedule I, Part IV]; Appias indira (Pieridae), Athyma ranga, Eriboea athamas, Hypolimnas missipus, Libythea lepita, Zipoetis saitis (Nymphalidae) [Schedule II, Part II]; Euploea core, Euthalia lubentina (Nymphalidae), Appias libythea (Pieridae) [Schedule IV] (Plate II) are some of the protected species under various schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

The RET species of flora and fauna exists in the National Parjk needs to be further studied for their effective Management.

18 CHAPTER 3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENTS AND PRESENT PRACTICES

3.1. General

ASNP, consisting of Mannavan Shola Reserve Forests No.58, Pullaradi Shola Reserve Forest No.57 and Idivara Shola Reserve Forest No.56, was a part of erstwhile Marayoor Range of Munnar Division and the area was managed as per the working plans of Munnar Forest Division. During early period of their notification, these Reserve Forests were part of the Malayattor Forest Division. Being shola forests, these areas were managed under the protection-working circle. They were managed for the purpose of conservation of water sources. Subsequently, these sholas came under the jurisdiction of the Anjanad Range of the High Range Division for a brief period. In 1946 they were part of Muvatupuzha Division and in 1950 Muvattupuzha Division was amalgamated with Malayattor Division.

The importance of these shola forests and the relevance for its protection can be gathered from the Working Plan for the Muvattupuzha part of the Malayattur Forest Division prepared by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan for the period 1951 – 52 to 1966-67. It says “A study of the topography of the area, the nature of the slopes and the general lie of the cultivable portions in the low country will reveal the significance of the relation between forest lands and agriculture and it would readily be recognized that if the existing rainfall should be of any value to the agricultural fields down the slope it is imperative that the forest cover on the higher slopes should be preserved and maintained. It is also a fact that the local population depends on the streams that come down these slopes for irrigating their fields, and if these streams are to be kept going during the hotter part of the year when irrigation is a necessity when the “little waters” of the head-water supply area have to be protected by maintaining a perpetual forest cover. But when the mountain forests are cut down the sponge like properties of the forest floor are destroyed that it is unable to retain the rainwater. Consequently the proportion of run off to precipitation increases and with the rise in the run off erosion commences. The result will be that both the soil and the water that it should have retained come down the slopes. The general tendency of the common man is to ignore the effects of erosion until it becomes a life and death problem”

19 3.2. Timber operations

Since these areas are shola forests that were protected as water sources no timber operation of any sort has been carried out and the Working Plan prescriptions also stipulated this.

3.3. Non-wood Forest Produce Collection

There are 3 settlements inside and 3colonies adjoining to the boundary of this National Park. Out of this, 3 are Muthuvas settlements and the rest belongs to Tamil speaking people. The local residents of the various colonies are wholly dependent on this shola for firewood, and other minor forest products. The earlier Working Plans had admitted certain rights of collection. The tribals collect mainly the following NWFP from these shola forests:

1. Honey 2. Bhadraksham 3. Kattupadavalam 4. Tippali 5. Vines for construction of houses

The NWFP collection is without any regulatory mechanism and the rights to NWFP under the Forest Rights Act is yet to be settled.

3.4. Leases

No part of National Park is leased out to any organizations/ bodies except 191.351 ha of captive plantations maintained of HNL. The details of captive plantations are explained in para 3.6.1.1.

3.5. Other programmes and activities

Two ecodevelopment committees of Muduvan tribals are functioning. An EDC for guided trekking has also been formed. But the programmes have not yet been streamlined. Participatory fire management has been initiated.

3.6. Forest protection

The Muthuvan tribal settlements of Koodalar, Valsapatty and Samiyarala are situated inside the eastern wing the National Park. The colonies namely, Perumala, Puthur, Kanthallur and Kulachivayal inhabited mainly by Tamil speaking people are situated on the northern outskirts

20 of the Park. There are about 631 households in these seven settlements as per the Kanthallur Panchayat records. They graze their livestock around their hamlets. They are the main stakeholders being the direct beneficiaries of the water flowing out from the Park.

It is very important that the boundaries of the Park are properly demarcated and maintained as otherwise it would be extremely difficult to deal effectively with encroachments. It is also necessary that descriptions of boundaries shall be precise and that they agree with the demarcation on the ground. The extent of the Park as per the SOI topo sheet is 33.45 km2 whereas the notified extent is 7.50 km2. Some discrepancies have been noticed with regard to the area of the three Reserve Forests. For instance, there is a vast difference in the area of the Shola Reserves as notified in 1901 under section 18 of regulation II of 1068 and the areas indicated on the map. This has been specially noted in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha part of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan. According to the Working Plan, the area of three Shola Reserves is Pullaradi and Idivara Shola is 9100 acres (36.82 km2) where as the notified area is only 1830 acres (7.50 km2).

As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI shows that the extent of the Park within the notified boundaries is 43.35 km2. The differences in area of the Park in the above documents is shown in Table 6.

Table.6: Comparative statement on the extent of shlolas in ASNP

Area as per Area as per Working As per GPS survey Name of reserve notification Plan by KFRI (km2) Acres Acres/ (km2) Pullaradi shola 400 3000 / (12.14) 20.85 Idivara Shola 150 3000 / (12.14) Mannavan shola 1280 3100 / (12.54) 22.50

Earlier Working Plans had also pointed out this anomaly and had prescribed for its rectification, but till now this has not been carried out.

Presently the National Park is protected by one Forester and 2 Forest guards deployed from Kadavari Station. The National park at present dose not have a separate vehicle, arms, ammunitions, equipments and accommodation facilities related to protection of National Park.

21 3.6.1. Forest Plantations

The notified boundaries of the National Park also encompass plantations of the following categories.

Eucalyptus Plantation - 365.995 ha Wattle Plantation - 455.60 ha Pine Plantation - 23.83 ha Miscellaneous - 10.00 ha Total - 855.425 ha The details of the plantations are given in Table 7 and Fig.5.

Table.7: Details of plantations in ASNP Sl. Name of Extent (Ha) Location No Plantations KFD HNL 1 1976 Wattle Pazhathottam 40.00 0 2 1977 Wattle Pazhathottam 80.00 0 3 1998 Pine Pazhathottam 23.83 0 4 1993 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 120.80 0 5 1977 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 6.07 34.50 6 1982 Eucalyptus Valsapatty 0 70.00 7 1978 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 3.67 6.33 8 1975 Wattle Pazhathottam 33.45 0 9 1976 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 5.599 34.526 10 1991 Wattle Valsapatty 33.61 0 11 1973 Wattle Iddalimutta 38.85 0 12 1960 Wattle Koodallar, Mannavan 32.386 0 Shola 13 1981 Eucalyptus Santhankadu 0.865 19.135 Noolimala 3.14 26.86 14 1964 Wattle Pullaradishola 57.00 0 15 1962 Wattle PR Division. Pullaradishola 40.00 0 16 1993 Eucalyptus Iddalimutta, 30.00 0 Mannavanshola 17 1978 Eucalyptus Iddalimutta 4.50 0 Augmentation 18 1998 Wattle Valsapetti 50.00 0 19 1987 Miscellenous Kudallar 10.00 0 20 1984 Wattle Pazhathottam I & II and 50.30 0 Mannavanshola Total (855.425) 664.070 191.355

22 Fig.5: Plantations in ASNP

3.6.1.1. HNL captive plantation

The notified boundary of National Park encompass 191.355 ha Eucalyptus captive plantation of HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 is approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 8). The captive plantation by HNL were raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 (Annexure 9). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007 with HNL for making available raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 metric ton

23 of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species 75,000 metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo (Annexure 10).

The extraction of eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme Court Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in Civil Writ Petition No. 202/95 which prohibit the removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from PAs. In IA No. 1220(interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition No. 202/1995 the Supreme Court has issued orders on 25th November 2005 and 14th Sept. 2007 wherein certain activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and eucalyptus plantation in National Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The Wildlife Warden has not moved any proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus for improving the habitat.

Most of the original grasslands have been transformed as plantations. The existence of above plantations of alien species inside the National Park is a mater of grave concern. These plantations need to be removed to restore the originality of the Shola-Grassland ecosystem.

3.6.1. Legal Status

Anamudi Shola was declared as National Park in December 2003 as per notification No. 12876/F2 2003/F & WLD dated 14.12.2003 of the Kerala Government under section 35(1) of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The final notification is pending. The ASNP consists of three Reserve Forests namely Mannavan Shola Reserve No. 58, Pullaradi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Idivara Shola Reserve No. 56 which were notified on 22nd October 1901 under Section 18 of regulation II of 1068.

The public right admitted in Mannavan Shola Reserve is the right of way to Devikulam, right of water and the right of cutting small timber for agricultural purposes. No private right is admitted in this Reserve. In the Pullaradi Shola Reserve, public right admitted is the right of way, and the right of collecting small wood for agricultural purposes. No private right is admitted in this Reserve also. In Idivara Shola Reserve no public or private right is admitted.

The right of way in Manavan Shola Reserve was originally for a foot path, but over the years the path morphed into a road. This 6 km. stretch through the heart of Mannavan Shola became a

24 bone of contention when the state PWD tried to widen this stretch and convert it into a highway. But as a result of the stiff resistance put up by conservationists and NGOs, the Central Empowered Committee issued a stop order to the road development work initiated by the PWD authorities.

3.6.2. Illegal activities

3.6.2.1. Hunting

There is no history of game hunting in any of these Shola Reserves.

3.6.2.2. Poaching

No poaching cases have been reported in the National Park.

3.6.2.3. Illegal cutting of trees

There is no valuable species in the sholas and most of the cases of illegal cutting involve removal of planted species (Table 8).

Table.8: Details of illegal cutting of trees for the last 10 years

value of Sl. No Date of offence No. of accused Loss(Rs.) seizures(Rs.) 1 27.05.1995 2 300 500 2 16.03.1997 3 200 5000 3 31.03.2002 2 1000 4 04.04.2003 16 25000 5 14.11.2003 3 250 2000 6 13.01.2007 1 3300 1000

3.6.2.4. Illegal removal of NWFP

The details of illegal removal of NWFP is shown in Table 9.

Table.9: Details of illegal removal of NWFP for the last 10 years

value of Sl.No Date of offence No. of accused Loss(Rs.) seizures(Rs.) 1 02.02.2004 2 4000 500

25 3.6.2.5. Ganja cultivation

There have been instances of Ganja cultivation in the past as some of the remote areas are vulnerable to ganja cultivation that calls for constant vigil on the part of Park management

3.6.2.6. Encroachment

The boundary is vague in some areas like Samiyaralakudy and the settlements are not yet demarcated. The land rights and resource rights under the Tribal Rights Act are pending settlement.

3.6.2.7. Live stock grazing

In grasslands that are proximate to tribal colonies moderate grazing occurs. It may become a source of communicable disease, foot and mouth etc. The tribals also use mules belonging to outsiders for transportation of goods and agricultural products.

3.6.3. Wild fires

The plantations of Wattle and Eucalyptus inside the National Park are subjected to frequent fires. No reliable records of fire occurrence are available.

3.6.4. Insect attacks and pathological problems

Insect attacks and pathological problems are not reported

3.6.5. Wildlife Health

The presence of cattle on the fringes poses the threat of outbreak of foot and mouth disease and other communicable diseases. The surrounding villages have large number of cattle and all this could be a potential threat to the National Park. The mules used for transportation of goods may also cause communicable diseases to wildlife.

3.6.6. Inter agency Programs and Problems:

In the notification issued for declaring Anamudi National Park, certain Eucalyptus and wattle plantations were included. The following plantations that are captive plantations of HNL were also included in the notified area (Table 10).

26 Table.10: Details of plantations with HNL

Extent Sl.No Name of Plantations Location (ha) 1 1977 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 34.5 2 1982 Eucalyptus Valsapatty 70 3 1978 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 6.33 4 1976 Eucalyptus Pazhathottam 34.526 5 1981 Eucalyptus Santhankadu 19.135 Noolimala 26.86 191.36

The total area of the above plantations comes to 191.36 ha, the extraction of raw material by HNL has been stopped after declaration of the National Park.

The activities of other departments and development agencies like Panchayats in the tribal hamlets within the Park often end up in conflict with the Park management primarily because of the incompatability between the objective of conservation and the unsustainable nature of the activities. Social service organizations also come up with various welfare programs. At present, there is no system of integrating and dovetailing the activities of different agencies. Because of the haphazard ways in which different agencies operate, the ongoing ecodevelopment programme keeps losing its focus and the tribals often confuse it as negative programme that thwarts other developmental opportunities.

3.7. Ecotourism

ASNP is within easy reach of the tourism hotspot of Munnar. This National Park has fascinating features like the largest shola forest in South India namely the Mannavan Shola, the presence of the unique giant fern Cyathia crinita and great landscapes. Before declaration as National Park private tour operators used to take tourists through Mannvan Shola on jeep safaris. The attempt to convert this forest road into a highway was motivated by the prospects of promoting mass tourism.

An ecodevelopment committee of trekkers has also been formed for promoting genuine ecotourism, but the programme is still in its initial stages. The available infrastructure facilities

27 include log houses at Methapu, Jandamala and Thamburankavala and a watch tower at Methapu.

3.7.1. Visitor Management

The number of visitors visiting this Park is very low. The Park has a small information centre at Methap, the entrance to the Park.

3.7.2. Conservation Education

The Park lacks basic infrastructure facilities for conservation education. Even without the basic infrastructure facilities conservation education among the hamlets surrounding the Park has been attempted and ecodevelopment committees (EDC) have been formed in the tribal settlements.

3.8. Research, monitoring and training 3.8.1. Research & monitoring Being the last remnant of the unique shola system and ecological riddles associated with it, the National Park provides excellent opportunities for research and monitoring. There were many studies in the past conducted by different research institutions. Some of the notable studies were Nameer (2001) on avifauna of this shola, Brijesh C M (2004) on the diversity of Lepidoptera (Insecta) in Shola Forest, Mathew and Mohandas (2001) on Insects, and Kishore Kumar K(2004) on the taxonomy and ecology of shola forests. All these studies emphasis the need for continuous monitoring of fauna and flora. Long-term studies are needed to understand the status of the animal and avifaunal populations, which will be incorporated in the prescriptions of this plan. Data on animal fauna is essential for planning the management strategies for the National Park.

3.8.2. Training

Except for study tours for ecodevelopment and brief training courses, the staff is under trained. They have not undergone any form of wildlife training or training in the maintenance and use of firearms, wireless, etc. Absence of any specialized training for the front line staff deters their

28 efficiency. Inadequacy of staff and the large array of activities make it difficult for them from undergoing any training program seriously.

3.8.3. Census

No census has been done in the Park other than the All India Elephant census (2007) and the Tiger census (2006).

3.9. Wildlife conservation strategies & evaluation

The National Park prior to its notification consisted of three Shola Reserve Forests in the erstwhile Maryoor Range of Munnar Forest Division. These small shola forests were protected as reserve forests and neither hunting nor any wildlife management practices were in existence. Initially the sholas were included in the protection working circle of the Working Plans. Later during 80s and 90s, prescriptions were made for planting up the grasslands with species like wattle and eucalyptus. Only fire protection was carried out in the sholas.

3.10. Administrative set up

Anamudi Shola NP is one of the administration units of Munnar wild life Division under the jurisdiction of Wildlife Warden, Munnar. The Head Quarters of the Division is at Munnar, 40 KM away from the National park. There are no posts earmarked for the administration of the National Park. At present the Assistant Wild life Warden Shola National Parks, whose office is situated 18 KM away from the Park is in charge of this National Park in addition to the two other National Parks namely Pambadum shola and Mathikettan and also the Kurijimala Sanctuary. One forester and three guards are in charge of the National Park. They are deputed from Kadavari forest station under the Shola National Park Range and are stationed at Kanthallur. For protection and day to day activities, they are supported by 6 protection mazdoors who are enlisted on NMR.

3.11. Infrastructure facilities

Infrastructure consist of one check post at Methap, 3 anti poaching sheds/log houses (at Methap, Jandamala and Thamburankavala), one watch tower and information center at Methapu, 3 watcher sheds (at Methap, Perumala and Thampurankavala) and section office at

29 Kanthalloor. There is one walkie talkie and one 315 rifle with 5 rounds. There are 68.30km of trek paths as given Table 11.

Table.11: Trek paths in ASNP

Sl. Distance Name No. (Km.) 1 Nattakamkadu to Noolimala 3.00 2 Antrikkadu to Iddalimotta 6.00 3 Pulivizhunthanpara to Iddalimotta 5.00 4 Santhankodu to Mattushola 5.00 5 Padikkettu to Pullaradi 5.00 6 Thamburankavala to Koodallar 1.50 7 Bhagavathikovil to Idivarachola 4.00 8 Padikkettu to Idivarachola 6.00 9 Mammattychola to Koodallar 1.50 10 Kulachivayal to Theerthamala 5.00 11 Irikkamedu to Santhankadu 1.50 12 Santhankadu to Valsappetty 5.00 13 Valsapetty to Mattuchola 4.80 14 Puthoor to Koodallar 4.00 15 Cholathadam to PR 6.00 16 3rd Mile to Anivara 5.00 Total 68.30

3.12. Communication

Being a new National Park no basic communication facilities like telephone, wireless etc. are available. The Wildlife Warden’s office at Munnar has telephone and E-mail facilities as well as mobile phone. They are as follows:

POSTEL ADDRESS Wildlife Warden Assistant Wild life warden Munnar - 685612 Shola National Parks Telephone No. 04865 231587 Vattavada Email address: [email protected] Yellapatty P.O., Top Station. Mobile phone No.9447979093

3.13. Summary of threats to wildlife

Old plantations of wattle and eucalyptus present in the Park and the extension of area under wattle by subsequent natural regeneration has caused shrinkage of natural grasslands.

30 Illicit firewood collection is a major problem within the National Park. The practice is widespread due to the existence of tribal settlements within the National Park and a large number of local people in the fringe area. Most of the families are depending up on firewood for domestic use.

The boundaries of the National Park are not permanently demarcated. Hence detection of old encroachments is difficult and there are chances of marginal encroachments.

The ASNP is rich in Non Timber Forest Produce. People of tribal settlements and locals are regularly engaged in collection of Non Timber Forest Produce. People are using Non Timber Forest Produce mainly for self-use and sale. The unscientific collection practices of Non Timber Forest Produce causes severe damage to the ecosystem. Moreover the illegal practice is leading to the extinction of many locally endemic plants within the Protected Area.

The population in human inhabitations within and adjacent to the National Park is estimated to be more than 2000. Majority people are engaged in agricultural practices. Since agricultural crops raised by the people attract wildlife animals, human –animal conflicts take place. Moreover people have to go deep forest areas to collect fodder grasses, firewood, Non Timber Forest Produces, poles, etc.

Cattle grazing is another problem for management. There are also problems of soil erosion in the Park mainly due to over grazing, deforestation, faulty cultivation by tribals etc.

The most serious threat to wildlife is the possibility of further fragmentation of the available habitat due to the possible shrinkage of the adjoining revenue forests.

The developmental impacts mainly due to networking of roads and resultant fragmentation of the landscape also pose a serious threat for the Park.

31 CHAPTER 4

THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE AND LAND USE SITUATION

4.1. The existing situation in the zone of influence

There are 3 Muthuva settlements; Koodallarkudy, Valsapetty Kudy and Samiyarala Kudy inside the Park located on the northeastern side and another Muthuva settlement (Kulachuvayal Kudy) adjoining to the boundary of this National Park. The Valsapetty Kudy is formed by 4 small settlements namely Mel-valsapetty, Eda-valsapetty, Kizh-valsapetty and Vayiltharakudy. The settlements adjoining to the boundary are Samyarlakudy on the north- eastern side and Kulachuvayalkudy on northwestern side. 3 colonies of Tamil speaking and local people namely 1. Perumala 2 Puthur and 3 Kanthalloor are situated outside the park on the northern side and one labour colony of Chittuvarai division of KDHP (Pvt) Ltd company is also situated southwestern side of the park. Muthuvas by and large daily waged laborers in the agricultural and plantation fields of Chilanthyer, Pazhathottam and Koviloor. The details of settlements within and on the fringe of ASNP are given in Table 12.

Table.12: Details of settlements

Approximate Name of settlement Family Population Remarks extent (km2) Koodallarkudy 86 343 0.95 Within PA Valsapetty Kudy 65 283 1.51 Within PA Samiyarala Kudy 72 377 0.21 Within PA Kulachivayalkudy 70 258 - Fringe

Muthuvas were involved as labourers in the Gunja cultivation raised earlier in Kambakallu and Kadarvary areas. Badraksham and Honey are collected and marketted now. They are also cultivating vegetables like carett, cabage, beens, potato, garlics, and lemongrass for marketing. Panjapullu is cultivated for their lively hood. Thatching grass is collected for construction of house. Small poles are collected for fencing and stands for agricultural crop.

32 4.1.1. PA People Mutual impact

Being inside and adjoining the forest, the 4 settlements and the 3 colonies have significant impact on the park and vice-versa. All the settlements are non-demarcated and no serious restraint on the activities of the people in terms of meeting their necessities like firewood collection cattle grazing NWFP collection etc. There is intense grazing pressure on the forests around the settlements and colonies leading to degradation of forest and soil.

All the settlements suffer badly from crop depredation by wild animals especially wild boar, elepant, Sambar deer etc. Apart from the inability to shift their settlement, wild life damage appears to be the most oppressive aspect of the PA. Mules are used for transporting their agricultural products. These domestic animals may cause spreading of epidemic decease like foot and mouth, Anthrax etc. to the wild animals

4.2. The development programmes and conservation issues

4.2.1. An evaluation of Government and nongovernmental agencies

The different Government and non-government agencies operates in all the settlements inside and adjoining the park. All of them do so, without intimating the management of the P A. These leads to the paradoxical situation like proliferation of cattle inside the P A legally and ecologically and unimplemented developmental schemes prepared by the local bodies etc.

4.2.2. The interplay of market forces and their impact

For the people inside the P A, Kanthalloor and Kovilloor control their economic life as they sell their products and buy necessities from these areas. The long existing exploitative relationship of the debt trap system still continues unabated

4.2.2.1. Ecodevelopment initiatives

Ecodevelopment activities are at their initial stage. In all the settlements Participatory Rural Appraisal has been conducted and detailed microplan for each settlement has to be prepared. The Park does not have trained manpower for microplanning.

33 Vision “Conservation of fragile shola grassland ecosystem for biological diversity, ecological services and water security”.

34 CHAPTER 5

PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS

5.1. Objectives of Management

1) To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola grassland ecosystem

2) To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and landscape.

3) To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park

4) To promote environmental conservation awareness

5) To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism

6) To strengthen People-PA interface

Objective 1. To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola grassland ecosystem Constraints Strategies Possible negative impact of exotic • Conduct study on impact of exotic and invasive and invasive species on native and species on native and endemics & develop endemics guidelines for phased removal. • Phased removal based on guidelines. • Monitoring of regeneration of natural species. Lack of data on extent of vegetation • Mapping of vegetation types. types Lack of clarity on the boundary & • Survey and demarcation of boundaries. extent Presence of 3 tribal (Muduvan) • Identify and phase out the ecologically settlements inside the park and incompatible activities of line departments. ecologically incompatible activities of • Pending settlement of land rights and resource line departments (supplied about rights under ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act’ 350 goats by Tribal Dept.) may be completed. • Initiate ecodevelopment activities. Fire • Collect details of fire prone zones (Pazhathottam, Kanthalur, Tirthamalakudi, Iddlymotta regions), impact due to fire, cause of fire, etc • Prepare fire management plan (possible

35 activities: firelines/fire breaks, timely engagement of fire mazdoors, construction of fire watch towers, procuring modern equipments, creation of awareness, training to staff and EDC members, controlled pre-burning, etc) • Participatory fire management Grazing • Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing • Propose for pasture land, if needed • Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding • Vaccination of cattle – twice an year • Form an user-group EDC Presence of mules for transportation • Vaccination and health care of the existing ones – of goods to settlements and vice twice an year versa • Monitoring by the staff –about animal health and vaccination certificate • Explore the possibilities for developing an alternate arrangement with minimum impact in consultation with people. Lack of wildlife health monitoring • Impart training to staff & EDC members on mechanism wildlife health monitoring • Strengthen veterinary support for effective monitoring ensuring institutional collaboration • Implement regular wildlife health monitoring • Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting agency Firewood collection for self-use & • Study the extent and impact of firewood lemon grass oil distillation collection & lemon grass oil distillation • Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood and for oil distillation • Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part of phased removal of exotics • Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required • Provide energy-saving devices • Form an user-group EDC Lack of information on the status of • Conduct studies to document the flora and fauna flora and fauna including RET and of the PA including RET and endemics endemics • Document traditional knowledge of indigenous communities • Conduct population monitoring of selected species of flora and fauna

36 Lack of infrastructure including • Create infrastructure requirement for effective communication, arms, vehicles, management of PA equipments & accommodation NWFP collection • Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattu padavalam, tippili, vines for constructing houses, etc) • Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods • Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition • Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection • Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection • Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book Lack of separate staff for the Park • Propose for separate staff for the Park for effective management of PA & checkposts • Create posts of Muduvan watchers Lack of welfare amenities for staff • Identify required welfare amenities for staff and propose to implement Presence of road through Mannavan • Control the movement of vehicles of outsiders Shola Potential ganja cultivation • Strengthen protection with improved amenities and ensure support of local people for preventing all illegal activities. • Prepare protection plan, divide the area into smaller field formation (patrolling units) for effective protection. Presence of invasive species • Study and identify invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem • Control/removal/prevent growth of invasive species with appropriate method. • Explore possibilities of using invasive species for income generating activities • Monitoring of intrusion and regeneration of invasive species Poaching & Illicit felling • Prepare protection plan, divide the area into smaller field formation (patrolling units) for effective protection. • Strengthen Intelligence gathering • Capacity building for staff in intelligence gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and

37 rules, etc. • Incentives to informants • Anti-poaching camp sheds in crucial points. • Strengthen communication facilities, arms and mobility of staff Lack of information on judicious • Study and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of water sources for distribution of water sources in view of animal’s wildlife requirement • Ensure judicious distribution of water sources throughout the park Absence of zonation • Propose zones (core, restoration/multi-purpose)

Objective 2: To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and landscape. Constraints Strategies Lack of information on extent of • Collate information on the plantations from exotics plantation journals and other documents and ground truthing Lack of information on mechanism of • Roadside restoration of sholas as this is the best restoration fire break • Assisted regeneration of indigenous species • Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion • Establishment of a permanent plot for monitoring succession and ecorestoration Lack of rules for removal of • Warden may move a proposal for removal of plantations from PA plantations from the Park Fire • Collect details of fire prone zones (Pazhathottam, Kanthalur, Tirthamalakudi, Iddlymotta regions), impact due to fire, cause of fire, etc • Prepare fire management plan (possible activities: firelines/fire breaks, timely engagement of fire mazdoors, construction of fire watch towers, procuring modern equipments, creation of awareness, training to staff and EDC members, controlled pre-burning, etc) • Participatory fire management Grazing • Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing • Propose for pasture land, if needed • Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding • Vaccination of cattle – twice an year • Form an user-group EDC

38 NWFP collection • Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattu padavalam, tippili, vines for constructing houses, etc) • Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods • Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition • Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection • Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection • Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book Firewood collection • Study the extent and impact of firewood collection & lemon grass oil distillation • Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood and for oil distillation • Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part of phased removal of exotics • Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required • Provide energy-saving devices • Form an user-group EDC No legal protection for adjoining • Declare the adjoining revenue forests in Marayur Revenue forests Dn. And KDH as EFL/ RF

Objectvie 3: To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park Constraints Strategies Lack of data on hydrology of the PA • Mapping of water sources • Prepare drainage map • Install metereological stations for regular monitoring Lack of water retaining mechanisms • Conduct feasibility study to retain water in crucial within (Koodalar, Valsapetty) and locations. outside PA (Thalachor kadavu) for 12 • Implement feasible suggestions of the study. wards Presence of exotics like eucalyptus and • Phased removal and eco-restoration wattle plantations

39 Objective 4: To promote environmental conservation awareness Constraints Strategies Lack of infrastructure • Explore feasibility for developing a centralized interpretation centre/Information centre in collaboration with DTPC/local bodies/Tourism Department/ NGO at appropriate location preferably on the land near KSRTC Bus stand in Munnar. Lack of resource persons • Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division level. Inadequate education materials for • Develop education materials for various target different target groups groups, brochures, posters, movies, etc

Insufficient awareness campaigns • Conduct nature awareness camps for various target groups including people within PA and on the fringe. • Creation of a website Lack of signage • Develop appropriate signages.

Objectives 5: To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism Constraints Strategies Lack of trained human-resource • Engage trained resource persons by Anamudi FDA

Lack of training to local people and • Capacity building & training to guides and staff staff Lack of equipments like binoculars, • Procure adequate equipments to be given to leech-proof socks, etc tourists on rent Lack of ban on waste accumulation • Legal Enforcement with fine including plastics • Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part of mutual commitment. • Ensure support of local bodies • Create awareness among local communities / visitors to park Lack of dissemination of nature-based • Develop dissemination mechanisms regulated tourism potentials Lack of specified nature-based • Develop appropriate nature based tourism plan regulated tourism activities considering protection of PA and ensuring livelihood security of dependant community and PA management Lack of benefit sharing mechanism • Identify and initiate dialogues with tour operators from tour operators for the benefit of and formulate benefit sharing mechanisms the local people/forest dependent communities

40 Lack of recycling of entry fee for the • Move proposal for recycling entry fee benefit of park & the local people Lack of impact monitoring mechanism

Objective 6: To strengthen People-PA interface Constraints Strategies Human-Wildlife Conflict at Koodalar • Addition of Iddalymotta area of Munnar Division (elephant problem), Kanthalur, to Anamudi NP & eco-restoration of the area Perumala, Puthur, Kolachuvayal, • Declare the adjoining area as Eco-Sensitive Areas Theerthamala, Guhanathapuram, to regulate land use in tune with the Pazhathottam, Swamyaralakudy, management objectives Valsapattykudy • Develop appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife entering the farmlands • Timely payment of compensation • Institution of crop insurance • Appropriate habitat improvement programmes within the Park Lack of information on the extent of • Study the extent of the problem and wildlife and conflict crops involved Lack of ecodevelopment programmes • Constitute EDCs and design appropriate ecodevelopment programmes Lack of funds for implementing • Seek funds from various sources (Local bodies / ecodevelopment programme other line departments/ Govt of India) through FDA Inadequate supporting team for • Deploy adequate trained support team including implementing ecodevelopment social workers /voluntary services programmes Absence of information on needs and • Identify the needs /aspirations and natural and natural and cultural resources of local cultural resources of local community and ethnic communities (muthuvans) • Identify the potentials to be utilised for the livelihood security of local people Lack of training to staff • Impart training to staff Lack of drinking water facility in the • Conduct feasibility study to retain water in crucial human habitations locations inside and outside PA Lack of fuel wood plantations for • The exotics removed in phased manner from bonafide use plantations may be used for the purpose • Planting miscellaneous species of fuel wood in community lands • Make use of solar water heaters for firewood dependent communities funded by line departments / tourism industry Difficlty for access to hospitals and • Study and develop infrastructure with minimum markets impact on shola systems

41 THE STRATEGIES

42 CHAPTER 6 STRATEGIES BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND THEME PLANS

6.1. Boundaries

6.1.1. Legal Boundary

North: Starting from Ottakombumala (hill point 2164) on the south western corner of Tirthalar proposed reserve forests, thence along the southern boundary of the said reserve till it reaches the north eastern corner of Mannavan shola reserve thence along the north eastern boundary of the said reserve up to Madavarimala, thence north east along the southern boundary of Idivara Shola reserve passing along hill points 2153, 2104, 2199, 2132, 2127 (Velligirimala)

East: Starting from hill point at 2127 (Velligirimala) runs along the eastern boundary of Idivara Shola Reserved Forests and Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forest till it the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forests adjoining the boundary of Kannan Devan Hills village concession lands.

South: Starting from the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola reserved Forests runs more or less south along the southern boundary of Pullaradi Shola Reserved forests, Idivara Shola Reserved Forest and Mannavan Shola reserved Forests adjoining to the Northern Boundary of Kannan Devan Hills Village Concession Lands till it reaches Tirthamala.

West: Starting from Tirthamala runs along eastern boundary of Mannavan Shola Reserved Forests till it reaches hill point 2164, Ottakombumala

Remarks: The proposed National Park includes all the areas notified as Reserved Forest under Idivara Shola reserve No.56, Pullardi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Mannavan Shola Reserve No. 58

Within the legal boundaries notified, there is a difference in extent of area notified than the actual. The area as per SOI topo sheets is 33.45 sq. km where as the notified extent is only 7.50 km2. As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI, the extent of the Park within the notified boundaries is 43.45 km2. The area mentioned in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha part of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan is 36.82

43 km2. The Wildlife Warden may survey the area and take action to notify the actual in the ground within the notified boundaries. The Widlife Warden may also take action for final notification of the National Park.

The legal boundaries of ASNP are already been surveyed up to 75% and marketed with permanent cairns and the remaining area needs to be demarcated with cairns.

6.1.2. Ecological Boundaries

On the northern side, the Park is bordered by the forests of Marayoor Sandal Division. The eastern side is bordered partly by the Kurinjimala Sanctuary and the Kottakombur and Vattavada revenue villages. On the southern and western side are the Kannan Devan Hills area and the tea estates. The area has continuity with Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park and Munnar and Mankulam Forest Divisions (Fig. 6).

Fig.6: Park and its adjancent landscape

Internal Boundaries

The Park is divided into two sections – Mannavan Shola Section and Idivara-Pullaradi Shola Section. There are 365.995 ha Eucalyptus plantations, 455.60 ha Wattle plantations, 23.83 ha

44 Pine plantations and 10 ha of miscellaneous plantations within the Park. The Wildlife Warden will submit proposals for notification of sections to the Field Director.

The Wildlife Warden shall take immediate action to make proposals for notifying the adjoining Revenue forests lying within the ecological boundaries of the Park as EFL or RF.

6.2. Zonation

The park management zoning scheme has been developed to:

· Provide a geographical framework in which to manage the Park

· Indicate which management directions have priority in different parts of the Park

· Indicate the types and levels of use appropriate throughout the Park

· Assist in minimizing existing and potential conflicts between uses and activities, or between these and the protection of park values

· Provide a basis for assessing the suitability of future activities and development proposals

6.3. Zone plans

In order to achieve the objective the park is divided into the following zones.

1. Core zone

2. Restoration zone

3. Buffer zone or multiple use area

6.3.1. Plan for Core zone

The core zone is the fully protected zone where human interference is strictly prohibited. Except for the plantations (855.425 ha) rest of the Park will be treated as Core. The core area is having an extent of 24.3km2 (Fig.7) (the total area for the Park is calculated as 32.85km2 as estimated by GIS Cell at Forest Headquarters). The focus of management will be total protection of natural resources. The following activities subject to specific proposals in respective chapters of this management plan will be allowed to be implemented.

45 Fig.7: Management Zones of ASNP · Anti poaching initiatives

o Construction, maintenance and improvement of small anti-poaching camps/chowkies, patrolling camps, check posts, barriers, boundary walls, constructions of small staff quarters for the frontline staff, etc.

· Communication and protection measures

o Construction of wireless towers, improvement and maintenance of fair weather forest roads not exceeding three meters in width, small bridges, culverts, fences, etc.

46 · Fire protection measures

o Clearance and maintenance of fire lines as prescribed in the Management Plan by undertaking controlled cool or early burning and construction of watch towers

o No fireline should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.

o Scraping of grass around the shola patches as fire preventive measure should be avoided. The system followed in Eravikulam NP by Mudhuvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may be followed.

· Habitat improvement activities

o Weed eradication, maintenance and development of meadows/grassland required for wild herbivores which are prey base for the carnivores, digging and maintenance of small water holes and small anicuts, earthen tanks, impoundment of rain water

· Management of grassland habitats

o Early or cool controlled winter burning of grassland habitats to facilitate growth of fresh grass

· Studies/data collection

o The studies like mapping of vegetation, wildlife health monitoring, documentation of flora and fauna including RET and endemic, population monitoring of selected flora and fauna, habitat utilization and movement pattern of elephants, invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem, spatial and temporal distribution of water sources, mapping of water sources, drainage map, etc.

6.3.2. Plan for Restoration zone

The areas planted with eucalyptus (365.995 ha), wattle (Acacia mearnsii) (455.60 ha), pine (23.83 ha) and miscellaneous plantations (10ha) are taken into Restoration zone. The total extent of the restoration zone is 8.55 km2 (Fig. 7). This includes 1.91km2 of captive plantations raised by HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10

47 is approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c)A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 8). The captive plantation by HNL were raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 (Annexure 9). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007 with HNL for making available raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 metric ton of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species, 75,000 metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo (Annexure 10).

The extraction of eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme Court Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in civil Writ petition No. 202/95 which prohibit the removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from PAs. In IA No. 1220(interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition No. 202/1995 the Supreme Court has issued orders on 25th November 2005 and 14th Sept. 2007 wherein certain activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and Eucalyptus plantation in National Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The Wildlife Warden has not moved any proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus for improving the habitat.

The restoration zone after removal of the planted species will be included in the core zone.

For restoration and maintenance of the originality of the shola grassland ecosystem and landscape, the following strategies and activities are proposed.

§ Warden may move a proposal for removal of plantations from the Park to improve the habitat and restore the original vegetation.

§ Fine tune techniques of restoration by studying ecorestoration works in similar habitats elsewhere especially in the neighbouring Kodaikanal Division and Valparai in Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The accepted method of removing A. mearnsii is cutting at the base for older plants (it doesn’t coppice) while younger plants need to be carefully uprooted over a 3-5 years period. Uprooting has to be done by pulling by the roots and pressing the soil back to avoid erosion. The soil seed bank might contain A. mearnsii seeds which are usually stimulated by fire. Therefore, controlled burning can be carried out in such

48 sites after the initial removal to stimulate germination of all the seeds in the soil seed bank, which can then be removed as and when they germinate. This process is to be continuous over a 3-5 years period, using volunteers and paid labour.

§ Assisted regeneration of indigenous species like Acronychia pedunculata, Actinodaphne bourdilloni, Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, Beilschmiedia wightii, Canthium dicoccum, Chionanthus ramiflorus, Cinnamomum sulphuratum, Cryptocarya bourdillonii, Cyathia nilgiriensis, Daphniphyllum neilgherrense etc.

§ The species (listed in Table 13) recommended by Sri. U.M. Chandrasekharan, Sri. P.K. Muraleedharan and Sri. V. Sibichan suitable for shola forest may be tried for assisted regeneration on trial basis.

Table.13: List of species for assisted regeneration

Mannavan shola Pullaradi shola Mathan shola Acronychia pedunculata Elaeocarpus serratus Neolitsea scrobiculata Actinodaphne bourdillonii Elaeocarpus munronii Presea macrantha Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Elaeocarpus recurvatus Rhododendron nilgiricum Beilschmiedia wightii Glochidion neilgherrense Schefflera racemosa Canthium dicoccum Gomphandra coriacea Symplocos cochinchinensis Chionanthus ramiflorus Hydnocarpus alpina Syzygium cumini Cinnamomum sulphuratum Litsea floribunda Syzygium densiflorum Cinnamomum sp. Litsea wightiana Syzygium gardneri Cryptocarya bourdillonii Mastuxua arborea Turpinia nepalensis Cyathea nilgiriensis Meliosma pinnata Vaccinium leschenaultia Daphniphyllum Microtopis raniflora Viburnum coriaceum neilgherrense Neolitsea cassia Source: Chandrasekharan et. al. 2000 in Shola forests of Kerala, Environment and biodiversity.

§ Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion § Establishment of a permanent plot for monitoring succession and ecorestoration The activities prescribed for core zone are applicable to restoration zone also.

6.3.3. Plan for Buffer zone or multiple use area

The areas of the settlements such as Valsapattykudy, Kudallarkudy and Swamyaralakudy on the eastern part of National Park is included in the buffer zone. (Fig. 7).

49 The buffer zone will perform the functions of

1. Promoting environmental conservation awareness

2. Nature based regulated tourism

3. Strengthen People-PA interface

The core and restoration zone activities are applicable to buffer zone also. The activities to be carried out in buffer zone are covered in respective theme plans.

Grazing and collection of natural resources for commercial purposes are prohibited in the National Park. At the same time the Tribal Rights Act permit traditional rights of people. Wildlife Warden may review the Management Plan on settlement of rights under Tribal Right Act and declaration of Critical Wildlife Habitat.

6.4. Theme Plans

The ASNP will be managed under the following theme plan

1. Theme plan for Protection

2. Theme plan for Fire protection

3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management

6.4.1. Theme plan for Protection

The ASNP is having total extent of 7.50 km2 (as per notification) and 43.45 km2 as per GPS survey conducted by KFRI. The park is having threats like cultivation of ganja, illicit distillation, poaching, smuggling of timber, etc. The park is also having pressures on natural resources like grazing, firewood collection, NWFP collection, etc. Although the park was notified in 2003, there are many gaps in protecting the natural resources of the park. In order to protect the natural resources of the park the following strategies and activities are proposed.

6.4.1.1. Administration of the Park

The Wildlife Warden is based at Munnar which is 30 km away from the park and the office of the Assistant Wildlife Warden of the park is at Top Station which is 18 km away from the park. The Assistant Wildlife Warden is having administrative control over Pambadum shola NP,

50 Mathikettan Shola NP, Anamudi Shola NP and Kurinjimala Sanctuary. Presently the area is functioning as one section manned by one Forester and two Forest Guards deployed from Kadavari station for the protection of the park.

The extent of the Park is 33.45 km2 (as per SOI toposheet) having difficult and hostile terrain. It is proposed to manage the area under two sections, namely, Mannavan Shola Section and Idivara-Pullaradi Shola Section having an extent of 13.03 km2 and 20.42 respectively with headquarter at Perumala and Thamburankavala respectively. The Wildlife Warden will move a proposal for declaration of sections as per the providsions in the Forest Code.

It is also prescribed that the adjoining forested areas of Idlimotta in KDH and Manthan shola areas above Kanthalloor are declared as EFL/RF and added to the Park.

It is proposed to redeploy one Deputy Ranger, two Foresters and seven Forest Guards from Kadavari /Kambakkallu Station to the ASNP. The Deputy Ranger will look after the overall management of the Park and report to Assistant Wildlife Warden. Each Section will be managed by one Forester and three Forest Guards. One Guard will be placed on Checkpost duty at Methapu.

6.4.1.2. Infrastructure

Administrative building

Mannavanshola Section – Headquarters at Perumala

At present the Forester does not have office cum accommodation facilities and hence construction of a Forester quarters is proposed at Perumala. The two Forest Guards at Perumala are also not having accommodation facilities. A duplex quarter for the Forest Guards is proposed during the plan period. The Wildlife Warden may take action to provide required facilities like cots, table, chairs, almirah etc at section headquarters.

Idivara-Pullaradi Shola Section – Headquarters at Thamburankavala

At present the Forester does not have office cum accommodation facilities and hence construction of a Forester quarters is proposed at Thamburankavala. The existing camp shed at Thamburankavala may be provided with toilet facilities for the stay of two Forest Guards. The

51 Wildlife Warden may take action to provide required facilities like cots, table, chairs, almirah etc at section headquarters.

6.4.1.3. Perambulation procedure

The Wildlife Warden will divide the park into patrolling units and communicate to the staff. The perambulation schedule will be communicated to the staff on monthly basis for implementation. The Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden will also join for patrolling and make frequent surprise checks. The staff will maintain the movement register and wildlife monitoring register which will be subject to frequent inspection by Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden.

Frequent special ganja raids may also be arranged by the Wildlife Warden / Asst. Wildlife Warden.

6.4.1.4. Staff welfare activities

The Wildlife Warden will have meetings with the staff and include the staff amenities items in the APO funded by Government of India. At present the Govt. of India is providing staff welfare inputs like residential accommodation for the childrens of frontline staff in nearby town/villages, supply of kerosene, medicine, field kit, mosquito net, torch, etc.

6.4.1.5. Infrastructure related to protection

(a) Arms and ammunitions

At present the staff is having 1 Rifle (315) and ammunition (5 nos). It is proposed to provide one gun and minimum 50 nos of ammunitions in each section.

(b) Communication facilities

At present there is only one walkie talkie. It is proposed that each section should have one main station and two walkie talkies.

(c) Anti poaching shed

At present, the vulnerable areas do not have any antipoaching campsheds except the one at Jandamala. It is proposed to construct antipoaching camp sheds at Pazhathottam and

52 Iddalimutta. The Wildlife Warden will take action to man the camp sheds through Muduvan Watchers.

(d) Vehicle

At present the Assistant Wildlife Warden with head quarter at Top Station has a vehicle and the same is used for the protection of Anaimudy shola NP, Pambadam shola NP, Mathikettan shola NP and Kurinjimala WLS. It is proposed that a vehicle with wireless sets may be procured for Anamudi Shola NP. Wildlife Warden may also take steps to procure two motor bikes for the Section Foresters.

(e) Roads and Trekpath

Road

The following roads are passing through the park.

S.P. Puram – Kanthallur road - 6km

Methapu to Valsapetty - 9 km

Koodallarkudy to Kovilur - 1.5 km

All these roads are fair weather roads. Future maintenance of these roads may be decided in consultation with the Field Director (PT). No new road is proposed during the plan period.

Trekpath

The total length of trek paths in the Park is 68.30 km. The details of trek paths are given in Table 14.

Table.14: List of trek paths in ASNP

Sl. Distance Name No. (Km.) 1 Nattakamkadu to Noolimala 3.00 2 Antrikkadu to Iddalimotta 6.00 3 Pulivizhunthanpara to Iddalimotta 5.00 4 Santhankodu to Mattushola 5.00 5 Padikkettu to Pullaradi 5.00 6 Thamburankavala to Koodallar 1.50

53 7 Bhagavathikovil to Idivarachola 4.00 8 Padikkettu to Idivarachola 6.00 9 Mammattychola to Koodallar 1.50 10 Kulachivayal to Theerthamala 5.00 11 Irikkamedu to Santhankadu 1.50 12 Santhankadu to Valsappetty 5.00 13 Valsapetty to Mattuchola 4.80 14 Puthoor to Koodallar 4.00 15 Cholathadam to PR 6.00 16 3rd Mile to Anivara 5.00

The Wildlife Warden may review and study the necessity of maintaining important trek paths in the checklist mentioned above. As far as possible, the trekpaths through the sholas may not be maintained.

(f) Check post and chain gate

The people settled at Koodallarkudy, Valsapettykudy and Samiyaralakudy are having the right of way through the following routes.

Methapu to Valsapetty - 9 km Koodallarkudy to Kovilur - 1.5 km Puthur – Koodallar - 4 km. (This route is used for transportation of goods using mules.) The S.P. Puram – Kanthallur road is already manned by a checkpost and the Methapu to Valsapetty road is provided with a chain gate. It is proposed to put chain gates on the Koodallarkudy to Kovilur route.

(g) Uniforms and Field Equipments

It is proposed to procure field equipments such as Tents, Compass, GPS, Binoculars, Range finder, Digital camera, Rain Gauge, Thermometer, Hygrometer, Camera trap, field kits, etc.

6.4.1.6. Strengthening intelligence

The Wildlife Warden, Assistant Wildlife warden and staff will develop liaison with NGOs, peoples’ representatives, EDC members Tribal Heads, interstate officers, Crime Control bureau officials, in sharing information. The informants may be paid suitably. The Wildlife Warden

54 may move proposal for fixing the rewards to the informants depending on the type of crime and information. The legal support if any required may also be availed by the Wildlife Warden in special / serious cases.

The wildlife Warden may review and monitor the implementation of the protection plan.

6.4.2. Theme plan for Fire protection

Forest fire is the basic threat to the forest, which cause considerable damage to the flora and fauna in the area. The existing road, trekpaths, rivers, etc. may be considered while preparing fire plan. In order to protect the natural resources of the Park from fires, the following strategies and activities are proposed.

6.4.2.1. Fire lines

The Wildlife Warden will maintain the following fire lines in the fire prone areas.

1. Pazhathottam - Swamiyaralakudi - 12.00 km 2. Idivara - Kudallar - 9.00 km 3. Santhankadu - Thamburankavala - 4.00 km 4. Santhankadu – HNL Plantation - 5.00 km 5. Methappu - Kudallar - 6.00 km 6. Padikkettu - P.R. division - 3.00 km 7. Pattivirippan - Theertham - 3.00 km 8. Erikkamedu - 3rd mile - 4.00 km 9. Noolimala - 3rd Mile - 6.00 km 10. Jandamala - Padikettu - 5.00 km 11. Onnamkurukku - 3rd Mile - 3.00 km 12. Noolimala - HNL Plantation - 5.00 km 13. Pulivizhunthanpara - Varayadi - 2.00 km 14. Attala - Idivara - 3.00 km 15. Jandamala - Kudallar - 6.00 km 16. Pazhathottam - Jandamala - 4.00 km 17. P.R. Division - Theerthamala - 13.00 km 18. Mattuchola - Theerthamala - 14.00 km 19. Mattuchola - P.R. Division - 18.00 km Total 125.00 km While taking the fire lines, the following precautions will be taken:

• No fire line should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.

55 • Scrapping of grass as fire break around sholas should be avoided. The system followed in Eravikulam NP by Muduvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may be followed.

6.4.2.2. Fire Watchers Camps

The fire watchers camps will be established at following vulnerable locations.

1. Santhankadu

2. Pulivizhunthanpara

The Wildlife Warden may ensure the engagement of fire watchers from the fringe area people, priority may be given to provide livelihood and employment to resource dependent communities.

6.4.2.3. Participatory Fire Management

The fringe area people from Kulachivayalkudy may be involved in Participatory Fire Management. A microplan may be prepared for each settlement detailing the extent of area, people involved, benefit sharing, etc.

6.4.2.4. Awareness and Training

Wildlife Warden will arrange awareness and training for the staff and EDC members before the fire season every year. Awareness campaigns may be arranged for fringe area people on the impact of fires on forests. This may be done by mass involvement of people in procession, talks in nearby schools, display boards, street play, etc.

6.4.2.5. Construction of fire watchtowers and communication network

The fire watch towers may be erected at Idalimotta and Pazhathottam. Any fire incident should be communicated to the headquarter for mobilizing the additional force for fire prevention.

6.4.2.6. Equipments to extinguish fire

The equipments like gum boots, fire resistant suit, etc may be procured and made available to the fire camps.

56 The Wildlife Warden may review the fire plan every year after the fire season. The gap in fire protection may be identified and suitable proposals may be made in the ensuing year to make Mathikettan Shola National Park total fire free.

6.4.3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management

The utilization of habitat by the wild animals depends on the availability of water resources within their reach. The people within the settlements and local people of Kathallur, Kizhanthur, Silandiyar, Perumala and Puthur also depend on the water discharged from the National Park for drinking and irrigation purposes. To provide judicious distribution of water sources for wildlife and to fulfill the water needs of the local people, following strategies and activities are proposed.

• Mapping of water sources – water holes, checkdams, streams and other natural sources with seasonality.

• Preparation of drainage map.

• Installation of meteorological stations for regular recording of weather data.

• Initiation of dialogue with local bodies and beneficiaries for water sharing and watershed conservation.

• Conduct feasibility study to retain water in crucial locations inside and outside PA.

• Implementation of suitable measures for maintaining and improving watersheds – revegetation of habitats especially in restoration zone, soil and moisture conservation measures etc.

• Enhancement of water discharge capacity through habitat improvement activities.

Wildlife Warden may prepare a Status Paper on water resources and seasonality and propose future development of water holes and checkdams /anicut accordingly.

57 CHAPTER 7 Tourism, Interpretation and Conservation Education

The main goal is to strengthen the cause of conservation in general and of the management of the PA concerned in particular through conservation oriented tourism. This can be achieved through (i) providing informed wilderness experience to visitors (ii) enabling the visitors to view a cross section of PA values.

The Tourism, Interpretation and Conservation Education zone will be overlapping with the restoration zone and buffer zone. The existing facilities related to environmental conservation awareness and nature based tourism are only the following.

1. Information Centre at Methapu.

2. Watch Tower at Methapu.

3. Log house at Methapu, Jandamala, Thamburankavala.

4. Present section headquarter at Kanthallur.

Strategies and Activities

7.1. Environmental conservation awareness

· Develop an interpretation centre/Information centre in collaboration with DTPC/ Tourism Department/local bodies / NGOs etc at appropriate location preferably on the land near KSRTC Bus Stand in Munnar.

· Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division level.

· Develop education materials for various target groups - leaflets, brochures, pamphlets, posters, movies, etc

· Conduct nature awareness camps for various target groups including people within and on the fringe.

· Procure equipments such as computer, LCD projector etc for conducting nature education camps effectively.

58 · Create a website

· Develop appropriate hoarding and signages and display at strategic locations.

7.2. Facilitating nature-based regulated tourism

· Engage trained resource persons through Anamudi FDA

· Capacity building & training to guides and staff on human behaviour, identification of flora and fauna (butterflies, birds, animal evidences etc)

· Procure adequate equipments to be given to tourists on rent (binoculars, leech proof socks, tents, sleeping bags, solar lights, torches etc.)

· Create awareness among local communities / visitors to park

· Legal Enforcement with fine to control littering of National Park.

· Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part of mutual commitment.

· Develop dissemination mechanisms on tourism packages available through website

· Develop appropriate nature based tourism packages considering protection of PA and ensuring livelihood security of dependant community and PA management

· Identify and initiate dialogues with tour operators and formulate benefit sharing mechanisms

· Move proposal for recycling entry fee

· Prepare site specific microplan for each package with baseline information and conduct annual impact assessment through participatory process.

The Wildlife Warden will conduct annual review of environmental conservation awareness programmes and nature-based regulated tourism activities.

59 CHAPTER 8 ECODEVELOPMENT

The problems related to people-PA interface are human-Wildlife (elephant, boar) Conflict at Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam, Koodalarkudy, Samiyaralakudy, Kulachuvayalkduy, Silandiar, Valsapattykudy, etc. Lack of information on the extent of conflict, lack of ecodevelopment programmes, lack of funds for implementing ecodevelopment programme, inadequate support team for implementing ecodevelopment programmes, absence of information on needs and natural and cultural resources of local and ethnic communities (muthuvans) and lack of training to staff.

The ecodevelopment zone will be overlapping with the buffer zone and restoration zone.

8.1. To strengthen the People-PA interface, the following strategies and activities are proposed.

· Addition of Iddalimutta area of Munnar Divisin to Anamudi NP and eco restoration of the area for water conservation.

· Declare the adjoining areas as Eco-Sensitive Areas to regulate landuse in tune with the management objectives.

· Development of appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife entering the farmlands (elephant proof trench, solar power fence etc) at Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam, Koodalarkudy, Samiyaralakudy, Kulachuvayalkduy, Silandiar, Valsapattykudy, etc. Wildlife Warden may involve the people in the future management of solar power fence.

· Timely assessment of wildlife damages and payment of compensation

· Institution of crop insurance

· Undertaking appropriate habitat improvement programmes within the Park for improving the availability of forage and water.

· Studying the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops involved

60 · Constitution of EDCs and designing appropriate site-specific ecodevelopment programmes

· Seeking funds from various sources (Local bodies / other line departments/ Govt of India) through FDA.

· Identify and phase out the ecologically incompatible activities (especially the supply of goats) of line departments.

· Settlement of land rights and resource rights under ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act’ may be completed.

· Deployment of adequate trained support team including social workers /voluntary services for microplanning and collating data on socio-economic status of people.

· Identification of the needs /aspirations and natural and cultural resources of local community during microplanning.

· Identification of the potentials to be utilised for ensuring the livelihood security of local people – nature based tourism packages. The nature-based tourism packages may be designed to peovide livelihood security and protection of National Park.

· Imparting training to staff on microplanning, ecodevelopment concept, ecotourism including visit to other areas in the State and outside.

8.2. For regulating and control over grazing, firewood and NWFP collection and transporation of goods through mules, the following strategies are proposed.

8.2.1. Grazing

o Study and monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing

o Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding

o Ensure vaccination of cattle – twice a year

o Form an user-group EDC with access rules.

o Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting agency.

61 8.2.2. Firewood collection

§ Study the extent and impact of firewood collection & lemon grass oil distillation

§ Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood and for oil distillation

§ Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part of phased removal of exotics

§ Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required within community land/ ecodevelopment zone.

§ Provide energy-saving devices

§ Form an user-group EDC

8.2.3. NWFP collection

o Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattupadavalam, tippali, vines for constructing houses etc)

o Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods

o Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition

o Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection

o Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection

o Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book

o Promote planting of selected endemic NWFP species in the homesteads.

8.2.4. Presence of mules for transportation of goods to settlements and vice versa

• Vaccination and health care of the existing ones – twice an year

• Monitoring by the staff –about animal health and vaccination certificate

62 • Explore the possibilities for developing an alternate arrangement with minimum impact in consultation with people. Study the option of an alternate route for accessing markets and hospitals with minimum impact on shola system.

Grazing and collection of natural resources for commercial purposes are prohibited in the National Park. At the same time the Tribal Rights Act permit traditional rights of people. Wildlife Warden may review the Management Plan on settlement of rights under Tribal Right Act and declaration of Critical Wildlife Habitat.

63 CHAPTER 9 RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING

Research, monitoring and training are among the weakest areas in wildlife management. The need is acknowledged but there is very little progress. Research has mainly suffered due to lack of policy, clarity of objectives, priorities and therefore inadequate funding support; lack of adequate employment opportunities inclusive of reasonable career advancement prospects and therefore want of suitable personnel.

The Park was declared during 2003 and not explored much from the biodiversity point of view. In order to accomplish the plan objectives, the following research, monitoring and training are proposed.

9.1. Research

1. Mapping of the extent of wattle, eucalyptus and pine plantations to restore the areas.

2. Mapping of vegetation types

3. Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing

4. Conduct studies to document the flora and fauna of the PA including RET and endemics

5. Study and document traditional knowledge of indigenous communities

6. Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattupadavalam, tippali, vines for constructing houses etc)

7. Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods for NWFP management.

8. Study and identify invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem and evolove techniques for ecorestoration.

9. Study and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of water sources and generate maps.

10. Studying the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops involved.

64 11. Study the extent and impact of firewood collection and lemon grass oil distillation.

9.2. Monitoring

1. Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion

2. Regular wildlife health monitoring

3. Population monitoring of selected species of flora and fauna and annual census of wildlife

4. Monitoring of intrusion and regeneration of invasive species

5. Monitoring of regeneration of natural species in the restoration zone.

6. Identify and monitor the special habitats/micro-habitats sch as talush, cliff, dens, caves, snags, old growth forests and riparian forests for future habitat management.

9.3. Training

1. Impart training to staff & EDC members on wildlife health monitoring

2. Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition

3. Capacity building for staff in intelligence gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and rules, etc.

4. Capacity building & training to guides and staff on ecotourism

5. Impart training to staff on wildlife census techniques

6. Training on wildlife evidences, collection of biological materials and their interpretation.

7. Training in weapon handling and maintenance.

8. Training on modern fire fighting.

65 CHAPTER 10 ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION

10.1. Structure The organizational structure of the Park is as shown below

Field Director

Wildlife Warden Munnar

Assistant Wildlife Warden, Shola NP Range

Deputy Ranger, Anamudi Shola NP

Forester, Forester, Mannavan Idivara-Pullaradi Shola Section Shola Section

Forest Guards Forest Guards Idivara-Pullaradi Mannavan Shola Shola Section Section

10.2. Responsibilities 10.2.1. The ASNP will be headed by the Wildlife Warden who will have overall responsibility for the implementation of the Management Plan. The Wildife Warden will develop a pocket field guide with schedule of operations for the implementation of management plan and supply it to Assistant Wildlife Warden, Deputy Ranger and Section Foresters.

66 10.2.2. The Wildlife Warden will make arrangements to supply the below mentioned control forms (Annexure 11) to the Assistant Wildlife Warden, Deputy Ranger and Section Foresters and compile the information about the Park. FORM - 1 Creation of new artificial waterholes FORM - 2 Maintenance of waterholes : Natural FORM - 3 Maintenance of waterholes : Artificial FORM - 4 Restoration of habitat : weed control FORM - 5 Restoration of habitat : Prescribed burning FORM - 6 Restoration of habitat : Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and subsequent maintenance FORM - 7 Restoration of habitat FORM - 8 Animals : Measuring trends in populations FORM - 9 Animals : New records FORM - 10 Animals : Mortality other than that attributable to an offence FORM - 11 Animals : Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism FORM - 12 Animals : Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores FORM - 13 Animals : Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused FORM - 14 Animals : Wildlife damage to private or public property FORM - 15 Plants : New records FORM - 16 NWFP collection : Plants and other produce FORM - 17 Grazing of domestic livestock FORM - 18 Inter-agency programmes : Agencies and schemes (Government) FORM - 19 Programmes of NGOs FORM - 20 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : Roads and Bridges (*existing/new) FORM - 21 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : buildings (*existing/new) FORM - 22 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : communication (*existing/new) FORM - 23 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : vehicles (*existing/new) FORM - 24 Developing infrastructure : construction of boundaries Fences, EPTs, (*existing/new) FORM - 25 Developing infrastructure : firelines (*existing/new) FORM - 26 Tourism FORM - 27 Outbreak of fires FORM - 28 Offence cases detected FORM - 29 Incentives and awards FORM - 30 Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or without collaboration with other agencies FORM - 31 Survey and inventories FORM - 32 The Monitoring Programme FORM - 33 Ecodevelopment

67 10.2.3. The Wildlife Warden, Munnar shall prepare Annual Plan of Operations and Schedule of Operations every year in the first week of April.

10.2.4. The Wildlife Warden shall not deviate from the Management Plan prescriptions without the prior permission in writing of the Chief Wildlife Warden.

10.2.5. The Wildlife Warden shall also take action for reviewing the Management Plan after five years.

68 BUDGET FOR ANAMUDI SHOLA NATIONAL PARK

Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Survey of boundaries and 1 6.1.1 2.25 2.25 2.00 6.50 construction of cairns GPS survey for delineation 2 6.1.1 of plantations & preparing 2.00 1.50 3.50 maps Removal of plantations of exotic species for 3 6.3.2 improvement of habitat 3.00 3.60 3.60 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.00 3.00 3.00 32.40 and restoration of original vegetation Assisting regeneration of 10.0 4 6.3.2 3.00 4.50 6.50 7.50 31.50 indegenous species 0 Establishment of permanent plots and 5 6.3.2 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 11.00 monitoring succession & eco-restoration Salary of 1 Dy Ranger, 2 16.0 17.5 162.5 6 6.4.1.1 Foresters & 7 Forest 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.50 17.00 18.00 18.50 0 0 0 Guards Construction & furnishing of office cum 7 6.4.1.2 accommodation facility 10.00 10.00 20.00 for Forester at Perumala & Thamburankavala Construction & furnishing 6.4.1.3 10.00 10.00 of duplex quarters for

69 Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Guards at Perumala Maintenance of existing 9 6.4.1.2 patrol camp sheds and 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 watch tower 13 6.4.1.3 Ganja raids 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 9.50 House rent for residential 14 6.4.1.4 accomodation for 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 4.00 childrens of frontline staff Supply of kerosene, field 15 6.4.1.4 kit, mosquito net, torches 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.00 to staff Purchase of arms and 16 6.4.1.5 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.50 ammunition Purchase & Maintenance 17 6.4.1.5 of wireless set and 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 6.50 walkie-talkie Construction of antipoaching camp sheds 6.4.1.5 at Pazhathottam and 4.20 4.20 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.70 10.70 Iddalimutta and maintenance Engaging mazdoors for 6.4.1.5 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00 antipoaching activities Purchase of 1 Jeep & 2 19 6.4.1.5 1.00 1.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 8.50 Bikes and maintenance 20 6.4.1.5 Maintenance of roads 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 30.00 21 6.4.1.5 Maintenace of trek paths 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00 22 6.4.1.5 Erection of Chaingatesand 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.80

70 Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year maintenance Purchase of equipments - Tents, Compass, GPS, 23 6.4.1.5 Binoculars, Range Finder, 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.00 Digital Camera, Camera Trap, Field Kit etc Intelligence gathering and 25 6.4.1.6 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 3.00 rewards to informers Legal support in special 26 6.4.1.6 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 cases. 27 6.4.2.1 Creation of firelines. 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00 Engaging fire watchers 28 6.4.2.2 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 30.00 during fire season Participatory Fire 29 6.4.2.3 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.00 Management Awareness to Staff & EDC 30 6.4.2.4 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 during fire season. Fire Watch Towers (2 nos) 31 6.4.2.5 1.00 1.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 2.80 and maintenance Purchase of fire fighting 32 6.4.2.6 equipments (gum boots, 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 fire resistant suit etc.) Maintenance & creation 33 6.4.3 of water holes / check 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 24.00 dams. Mapping of water 34 6.4.3 resources and preparation 0.50 0.50 of drainage map.

71 Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Installation of 35 6.4.3 0.50 0.50 meteogological station Soil & moisture 36 6.4.3 conservation measures 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 (Gully Plugging, Bunds) Construction of 37 7.1 Information Centre at 25.00 25.00 Munnar Education & awareness 39 7.1 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 materials. 40 7.1 Awareness camps 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 Procurement of LCD, 41 7.1 Computer for awareness 1.00 1.50 2.50 campaigns 42 7.1 Creation of websites. 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.00 Erection of signages at 43 7.1 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 strategic location Engaging a resource person for awareness and 44 7.2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00 nature based tourism through Anaimudi FDA Training to staff and 45 7.2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 guides on Tourism Purchase of solar lights, 46 7.2 torches, sleeping bags, 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 tents, binoculars etc. Preparation of microplans 47 7.2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 for tourism packages

72 Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Construction of elephant proof trenches / solar fences at Puthur, Perumala, Pazhathottam, 48 8.1 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00 Koodalarkudy, Samiyaralakudy, Valsapettykudy, Kulachuvayalkudy etc Constitution of EDCs and 49 8.1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 preparation of microplans Ecodevelopment activities 50 8.1 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 (as per microplan) Training to staff on ecodevelopment, 51 8.1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 microplanning and visits to other sites. Study the impacts of 52 8.2.1 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.80 grazing 53 8.2.1 Vaccination of cattle 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 Study the extent and 54 8.2.2 impact of firewood 0.25 0.25 0.50 collection Study the extent and 55 8.2.3 0.25 0.25 0.50 impact of NWFP collection Training on scientific 56 8.2.3 collection of NWFP & 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.90 value addition 57 8.2.3 Regeneration of NWFP & 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00

73 Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year medicinal plants in RED Data Book Planting of NWFP species 58 8.2.3 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4.50 in Homesteads Vaccination and health care of mules used for 59 8.2.4 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.00 transportation of goods from settlements Mapping vegetation type 60 9.1 2.00 2.00 in the National Park Document flora & fauna 61 9.1 2.00 2.00 including RET & Endemics Study & document on 62 9.1 traditional knowledge of 0.50 0.50 indigenous communites Study and identify invasive species that have 63 9.1 0.50 0.50 1.00 negative impacts on ecosystem Monitoring regeneration 64 9.2.1 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50 status and soil erosion 65 9.2.2 Wildlife health monitoring 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 66 9.2.3 Wildlife census 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 Identify and monitoring 67 9.2.4 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 special habitat Training to staff on 68 9.3 weapon handling, fire 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 fighting, census tecnique

74 Para of Financial Requirement Sl. Manage- Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total No. ment Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year etc. Chapter 6 69 Building maintenance 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 & 7 Overhead and office 70 Chapter 6 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 expenses 104.8 122.5 84.5 73.9 851.0 TOTAL 88.45 79.05 72.25 75.55 75.25 74.55 5 5 5 5 0

Note: Wildlife Warden may sought funds from other sources (State Budget Head at present in operation)

75 Annexure 1

Notification of ASNP

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Forest and Wildlife (F) Department NOTIFICATION No. 12876/F2 2003/F & WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 14th December 2003

WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala consider that the area, the situation and limits of which are defined in the Schedule below is of great ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological and zoological significance; AND WHEREAS, it appears to the Government of Kerala that the said area is needed to be constituted as a National Park for ensuring long-term protection for this majestic vegetal stretch, which contains many botanical rarities and novelties to Science; NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 35 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Central Act 53 of 1972), the Government of Kerala hereby declare their intention to constitute the said area as a National Park to be known as “ASNP”. SCHEDULE District Idukki Taluk Devikulam Village Marayoor Extent 750 ha (approximate) Situation and limits of the said area North: - Starting from Ottakombumala (hill point 2164) on the south western corner of Tirthalar proposed reserve forests, thence along the southern boundary of the said reserve till it reaches the northeastern corner of Mannavan shola reserve thence along the northeastern boundary of the said reserve up to Madavarimala, thence northeast along the southern boundary of Idivara Shola reserve passing along hill points 2153,2104, 2199, 2132, 2127 (Velligirimala)

East: - Starting from hill point at 2127 (Velligirimala) runs along the eastern boundary of Idivara Shola Reserved Forests and Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forest till it reaches the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola Reserved Forests adjoining the boundary of Kannan Devan Hills village concession lands.

South: - Starting from the south eastern corner of Pullaradi Shola reserved Forests runs more or less south along the southern boundary of Pullaradi Shola Reserved forests, Idivara Shola Reserved Forest and Mannavan Shola reserved Forests adjoining to the Northern Boundary of Kannan Devan Hills Village Concession lands till it reaches Tirthamala.

West: - Starting from Tirthamala runs along eastern boundary of Mannavan Shola Reserved Forests till it reaches hill point 2164, Ottakombumala

Remarks:- The proposed National Park includes all the areas notified as Reserved Forest under Idivara Shola Reserve No.56, Pullaradi Shola Reserve No. 57 and Mannavan Shola Reserve No.58.

By Order of the Governor, LIZZIE JACOB Principal Secretary to Government

76 Annexure 2 List of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers 1. Acacia dealbata Link. 2. Acacia mearnsii de Wilde. 3. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. 4. Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. 5. Actinodaphne malabarica Balakr. 6. Aglaia apiocarpa (Thw.) Hiern 7. Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Miq. ex Muell.-Arg. 8. Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f. 9. Bhesa indica (Bedd.) Ding Hou 10. Bischofia javanica Blume 11. Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn. var. umbellatum (Wight) Sant.& Merch. 12. Celtis tetrandra Roxb. 13. Chionanthus linocieroides (Wight) Bennet & Raizada 14. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. var. peninsularis, Ravikumar & Lakshmanan 15. Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. 16. Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook. f. 17. Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) Blume 18. Cinnamomum wightii Meisner 19. Cocculus laurifolius DC. 20. Cryptocarya bourdillonii Gamble 21. Daphniphyllum neilgherrense (Wight) K. Rosenth. 22. Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. 23. Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner 24. Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. 25. Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maid. 26. Eurya nitida Korth. 27. Ficus laevis Blume var. macrocarpa (Miq.) Corner 28. Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg 29. Gomphandra coriacea Wight 30. Gordonia obtusa Wall. ex Wight & Arn. 31. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. 32. Hydnocarpus alpina Wight 33. Litsea coriacea (Heyne ex Meisner) Hook. f. 34. Litsea glabrata (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f. 35. Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. var. wightiana 36. Macaranga indica Wight 37. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. 38. Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz. 39. Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd. 40. Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. barbulata (Cufod.) Beus. 41. Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. simplicifolia 42. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. 43. Neolitsea fischeri Gamble 44. Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. 45. Phoebe wightii Meisner 46. Photinia integrifolia Lindl. var. sublanceolata Miq.

77 47. Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. 48. Rhododendron arboreum Smith ssp. nilagiricum (Zenk.) Tagg. 49. Scolopia crenata (Wight) Clos 50. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore 51. Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC. ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb. 52. Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston 53. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 54. Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. 55. Syzygium gardneri Thw. 56. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume 57. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. 58. Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. 59. Vaccinium leschenaultii Wight 60. Vaccinium neilgherrense Wight 61. Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. 62. Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Raf. var. elengioides (A. DC.) Vajr.

Herbs and shrubs 1. Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 2. Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera 3. Achyranthes aspera L. var. pubescens (Miq.) Townsend 4. Acmella calva (DC.) R. K. Jansen 5. Aerides ringens (Lindl.) Fischer 6. Aeschynanthus perrottetii A. DC. 7. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins. 8. Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 9. Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight 10. Amaranthus viridis L. 11. Anaphalis aristata DC. 12. Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Ktze. 13. Asystasia crispata Benth. 14. Begonia malabarica Lam. 15. Bidens pilosa L. 16. Calceolaria gracilis Kunth. 17. Cardamine africana L. 18. Carex baccans Nees ex Wight 19. Carex brunnea Thunb. 20. Carex filicina Nees 21. Cassia mimosoides L. var. leschenaultiana (DC.) Ohashi 22. Celosia pulchella Moq. 23. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 24. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 25. Chrysopogon nodulibarbis (Steud.) Henrard 26. Clinopodium umbrosoum (M. Bieb.) K. Koch 27. Conyza stricta Willd. 28. Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith 29. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. 30. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats.

78 31. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm 32. Cyperus compressus L. 33. Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandr. 34. Desmodium microphyllum (Thunb.) DC. 35. Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC. 36. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 37. Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl. 38. Drosera peltata Sm. 39. Elatostema lineolatum Wight var. falcigera Thw. 40. Elatostema sessile J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. 41. Emilia scabra DC. 42. Eria dalzellii Lindl. 43. Eria pauciflora Wight 44. Erigeron karvinskianus DC. 45. Eulalia phaeothrix (Hack.) O. Ktze. 46. Fimbristylis kingii Gamble ex Boeck. 47. Fimbristylis uliginosa Hochst. ex Steud. 48. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. 49. Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Rosc. 50. Hedyotis anamalayana (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri 51. Hedyotis articularis R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. ssp.santapaui (Shetty & Vivek.) Deb. & Dutta 52. Hedyotis leschenaultiana DC. 53. Helichrysum buddleioides DC. 54. Heracleum ceylanicum Gardn. ex. Clarke 55. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. 56. Juncus leschenaultii Gay 57. Justicia japonica Thunb. 58. Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. var. hookeriana Bhattacharjee & Deb. 59. Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) Engl. 60. Leucas chinensis (Retz.) R. Br. 61. Leucas suffruticosa Benth. 62. Lilium neilgherrense Wight 63. Lobelia heyneana Roem. & Schult. 64. Lobelia leschenaultiana (Presl.) Skottsb. 65. Lobelia nicotianiifolia Roth ex Schult. 66. Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten 67. Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) Balakr. 68. Myriactis wightii DC. 69. Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Lackey 70. Oberonia chandrasekharanii Nair et al. 71. Oberonia thwaitesii Hook. f. 72. Oberonia verticillata Wight 73. Oberonia wightiana Lindl. 74. Oldenlandia corymbosa L. 75. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don 76. Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight & Arn. 77. Oxalis corniculata L. 78. Oxalis latifolia Kunth

79 79. Parthenium hysterophorus L. 80. Peliosanthes courtallensis Wight 81. Peperomia portulacoides (Lam.) Dietr. 82. Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.) Hook. & Arn. 83. Physalis peruviana L. 84. Pilea kingii Fischer 85. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd. 86. Plantago erosa Wall. 87. Portulaca oleracea L. 88. Rhynchosia rothii Benth. ex Aitch. 89. Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne 90. Rungia laeta Clarke 91. Satyrium nepalense D. Don 92. Sida rhombifolia L. 93. Sigesbeckia orientalis L. 94. Spergula arvensis L. 95. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f. 96. Themeda triandra Forssk. 97. Triumfetta pilosa Roth 98. Viola betonicifolia Smith ssp. nepalensis (Ging.) Becker 99. Viola pilosa Blume 100. Xyris capensis Thunb. var. schoenoides (Mart.) Nilsson 101. Alstonia venenata R. Br. 102. Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen 103. Ardisia rhomboidea Wight 104. Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. 105. Atalantia wightii Tanaka 106. Barleria involucrata Nees 107. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston 108. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw. var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb & Krishna 109. Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. 110. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon 111. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. 112. Crotalaria pallida Dryand. 113. Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. 114. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd. 115. Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. 116. Eurya japonica Thunb. 117. Fagraea ceylanica Thunb. 118. Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn. 119. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. 120. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. 121. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis 122. Glochidion ellipticum Wight 123. Helixanthera obtusata (Schult.) Danser 124. Hypericum mysurense Heyne ex Wight & Arn. 125. Indigofera cassioides Rottl. ex. DC. 126. Indigofera spicata Forssk.

80 127. Isonandra lanceolata Wight 128. Isonandra perrottetiana A. DC. 129. Lantana camara L. 130. Lantana indica Roxb. 131. Lasianthus acuminatus Wight 132. Lasianthus venulosus (Wight & Arn.) Wight 133. Ligustrum perrottetii DC. 134. Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume walkeri (Decne.) Green 135. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. 136. Mahonia leschenaultii (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Takeda ex Gamble 137. Microtropis ramiflora Wight 138. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. 139. Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble 140. Myrsine wightiana Wall. ex DC. 141. Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grah.) Mabber. 142. Osbeckia aspera (L.) Blume var. aspera 143. Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC. 144. Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. 145. Osbeckia reticulata Bedd. 146. Persicaria chinensis (L.) Gross 147. Phytolacca octandra L. 148. Pittosporum neilgherrense Wight & Arn. 149. Plectranthus barbatus Andr. 150. Plectranthus coleoides Benth. 151. Plectranthus mollis (Ait.) Spreng. 152. Pogostemon pubescens Benth. 153. Pogostemon wightii Benth. 154. Polyscias acuminata (Wight) Seem. 155. Psychotria nilgiriensis Deb & M.G. Gangop. var. nilgiriensis 156. Rauvolfia densiflora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook. f. 157. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. 158. Ricinus communis L. 159. Saprosma foetens (Wight) K. Schum. 160. Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. 161. Schefflera racemosa (Wight) Harms 162. Solanum anguivi Lam. var. multiflora (Roth. ex Roem. & Schult.) Chitra 163. Solanum nigrum L. 164. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi 165. Strobilanthes foliosus (Wight) T. Anders. 166. Strobilanthes gracilis Bedd. 167. Strobilanthes kunthianus (Nees) T. Anders. ex. Benth. 168. Strobilanthes luridus Wight 169. Taxillus cuneatus (Heyne ex Roth) Danser 170. Taxillus tomentosus (Heyne ex Roth) Tieghem 171. Urena lobata L. 172. Viburnum coriaceum Blume 173. Viburnum punctatum Buch.- Ham ex D. Don 174. Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roemer & Schult.) Steud.

81 Climbers 1. Allophylus concanicus Radlk. 2. Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn. 3. Calamus gamblei Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. 4. Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep. 5. Cissampelopsis corymbosa (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen 6. Cissampelopsis walkeri (Arn.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen 7. Clematis munroiana Wight 8. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. 9. Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker 10. Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey 11. Dumasia villosa DC. 12. Elaeagnus kologa Schlecht. 13. Embelia ribes Burm. f. 14. Gardneria ovata Wall. 15. Grewia umbellifera Bedd. 16. Jasminum brevilobum. A.DC. 17. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. 18. Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch. 19. Passiflora edulis Sims 20. Passiflora leschenaultii DC. 21. Piper hymenophyllum Mqi. 22. Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 23. Piper nigrum L. 24. Piper schmidtii Hook.f. 25. Piper wightii Miq. 26. Rosa leschenaultiana Red. & Thory ex Wight & Arn. 27. Rubus ellipticus Smith 28. Rubus fairholmianus Gard. 29. Rubus niveus Thunb. 30. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 31. Shuteria vestita Wight & Arn. 32. Smilax aspera L. 33. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 34. Tetrastigma nilagiricum (Miq.) B. V. Shetty 35. Thunbergia tomentosa Wall. ex Nees 36. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. 37. Tylophora mollissima Wight & Arn. 38. Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond. 39. Zizyphus rugosa Lam.

82 Annexure 3 Birds of Mannavan Shola and immediate surroundings SN Common Name Scientific Name Status* ICICONIIFORMES 1) Ardeidae 1 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R 2 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R II. FALCONIFORMES 2) Accipitridae 3 Sparrowhawk sp. Accipiter sp. M 4 Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Crested Hawk-Eagle) Spizatus cirrhatus R 5 Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis R III. GALLIFORMES 3) Phasianidae 6 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii R IV. CHARADRIFORMES 4) Charadriidae Charadriinae 7 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R 8 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos M V. COLUMBIFORMES 5) Columbidae 9 Pompadour Green-Pigeon (Grey-fronted Green-Pigeon) Trenon pompadora R 10 Mountain Imperial-Pigeon (Jerdon’s Imperial Pigeon) Ducula badia R 11 Nilgiri Wood Pigeon Columba elphinstonii EN 12 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R 13 Emerald Dove (Bronze-winged Dove) Chalcophaps indica R VI. PSITTACIFORMES 6) Psittacidae 14 Malabar Parakeet (Blue-winged Parakeet) Psittacula columboides EN 15 Vernal Hanging-Parrot (Malabar Lorikeet) Loriculus vernalis R VII. CUCULIFORMES 7) Cuculidae 16 Greater Coucal (Crow-Pheasant) Centropus sinensis R VIII. APODIFORMES 8) Apodidae Apodinae 17 Indian Swiftlet (Edible-nest Swiftlet) Collacalia unicolor R IX.TROGONIFORMES 9) Troginidae 18 Malabar Trogon Harpactes fasciatus R X. CORACIIFORMES 10) Alcedinidae 19 White-throated Kingfisher (White-breasted Kingfisher) Halcyon smyrnensis R 11) Meropidae 20 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaultia R

83 SN Common Name Scientific Name Status* XI. Order PICIFORMES 12) Family Capitonidae 21 White-cheeked Barbet (Small Green Barbet) Megalaima viridis R/EN 22 Crimson-fronted Barbet (Crimson-throated Barbet) Megalaima rubricapilla R 13) Family Picidae 23 Black-rumped Flamebacked Woodpecker (Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker) Dinopium benghalense R 24 Brown-capped Pigmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus R 25 Great Flamebacked Woodpecker (Larger Golden-backed woodpecker) Chrysocolaptes lucidus R XII. Order PASSERIFORMES 14) Family Hirundinidae 26 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica R 15) Family Laniidae 27 Long-tailed Shrike (Rufous-backed Shrike) Lanius schach R 16) Family Oriolidae 28 Eurasian Golden Oriole (Golden Oriole) Oriolus oriolus M 17) Family Dicruridae 29 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus M 30 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus R 18) Family Sturnidae 31 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus R 32 Hill Myna (Grackle) Gracula religiosa R 19) Family Corvidae 33 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos R 20) Family Campephagidae 34 Barwinged Flycatcher-Shrike (Pied Flycatcher-Shrike) Hemipus picatus R 35 Large Woodshrike (Lalabar Wood-Shrike) Tephrodornis gularis R 36 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus R 21) Family Irenidae 37 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia R 38 Gold-fronted Leabird (Gold-fronted Chloropsis) Chloropsis aurifrons R 22) Family Pycnonotidae 39 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R 40 Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica R 41 Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus R 23) Family Muscicapidae Subfamily Timaliinae 42 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldit R 43 Dark-fronted Babbler (Black-headed Babbler) Rhopocichla atriceps R 44 Grey-breasted Laughingthrush (White-breasted Laughingthrush) Garrulax jerdoni EN 45 Brown-cheeked Fulvetta (Quaker Babbler) Alcippe poioicephala R Subfamily Muscicapinae 46 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa daurica R/M

84 SN Common Name Scientific Name Status* 47 Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui M 48 Black-and-Orange Flycatcher Ficedula nigrorufa EN 49 White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes EN 50 Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae R 51 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina M 52 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias ablicaudata EN 53 Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis R Subfamily Sylviinae 54 Grey-breasted Prinia (Franklin’s Wren-Warbler) Prinia hodgsonii R 55 Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum M 56 Tickell’s Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus affinis M 57 Larg-billed Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris M 58 Greenish Warbler (Greenish Leaf Warbler) Phylloscopus trochiloides M 59 Western Crowned Warbler (Large Crowned Leaf Warbler) Phylloscopus occipitalis M Subfamily Turdinae 60 Indian Blue Robin (Blue Chat) Luscinia brunnea M 61 Oriental Magpie-Robin (Magpie-Robin) Copsychus saularis R 62 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R 63 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R 64 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myiophonus horsfieldii R 65 Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula R 24) Family Paridae Subfamily Parinae 66 Great Tit (Grey Tit) Parus major R 67 Black-Iored Yellow Tit (Yellow-cheeked Tit) Parus xanthogenys R 25) Family Sittidae Subfamily Sittinae 68 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis R 26) Family Motacillidae 69 Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis EN 70 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea M 27) Family Dicaeidae 71 Tickell’s Flowerpecker Dicaem erythrorhynchos R 72 Plain Flowerpecker (Nilgiri Flowerpecker) Dicaem concolor R 28) Family Nectariniidae 73 Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima EN 74 Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostris R 29) Family Zosteropidae 75 Nilgiri White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa R 30) Family Fringillidae Subfamily Carduelinae 76 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus M

85 Annexure 4 List of butterflies recorded from Mannavan Shola in Munnar Order/Family/Species Remarks

LEPIDOPTERA Nymphalidae Euploea core core Cramer Schedule IV Parantica nilgiriensis Moore Threatened IUCN Tirumala limniace Cram. Tirumala septentrionis Butler Libythea celtis leptoides Moore Libythea lepita (Moore) Schedule II, Part II Libythea myrrha Godart Lethe nilgiriensis Guerin Lethe rohria Frus. Lethe drypetis Moore† Melanitis leda Lin. Mycalesis oculus Mar.‡ Zipoetis saitis Hewit.‡ Ypthima philomela (Linnaeus) Ypthima ypthimoides Moore‡ Ypthima ceylonica Hewit.† Ypthima chenui (Guérin-Méneville)‡ Ypthima avanta Moore Neptis jumbah Moore Schedule I, Part IV Athyma nefte Doubleday Ariadne merione (Cram.) Eriboea athamas Moore Schedule II, Part II Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus) Elymnias caudata Butler Danaus chrysipus Lin. Junonia lemonias Frust. Moduza procris Cram. Danaus genuita genuita Cram. Argynnis hyperbius Johannsen Euthalia lubentina Cram. Schedule IV Athyma nefte Doubleday Cirrochroa thais Fb.† Cupha erymanthis Drury Cyrestis thyodamas Kollar Hypolimnas bolina Lin. Hypolimnas missipus Lin.† Schedule II, Part II Junonia almana Lin. Junonia lemonias vaisya Fruhstorfer Junonia stygia Junonia heirta Fb.

86 Junonia iphita Cram. Kaniska canace Moore Neptis hylas Moore Athyma perius Lin. Athyma ranga Moore Schedule II, Part II Phalanta phalantha Drury Rohana parisatis Cram. Vanessa indica (Herbst) Cynthia cardui Lin. Papilionidae Graphium sarpedon teredon Feld. Papilio demoleus Lin. Papilio polytes Lin. Papilio helenus Lin. Papilio paris tamilana Moore Papilio polymnestor parinda Moore† Papilio clytia Linnaeus Schedule I, Part IV Papilio polytes Linnaeus Troides minos Cramer Pieridae Catopsilia florella Fb. Anaphaeis aurota Fb. Appias indra shiva Moore Schedule II, Appias libythea Fb. Schedule IV Appias indira Moore Schedule II, Part II Catopsilia pomona Fb. Catopsilia pyranthe (Lin.) Colotis fausta Oliv. Delias eucharis Drury† Artogeia canidia Sparrman Eurema laeta Boisduval Eurema hecabe Lin. Eurema brigitta Stoll Eurema blanda Boisd. Colias nilagiriensis‡ Colias erate (Esper) Lycaenidae Hyolycaena nilgirica† Catachrysops strabo (Fb.) Celastrina lavendularis Moore Udara akasa Horsfield† Udara singalensis Horsfield † Jamides bochus Cram. Prosotas nora Felder Abisara echerius Stoll Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield)

87 Zizula hylax Fb. Zizeeria karsandra Moore Jamides alecto (Cram.) Jamides celeno (Cram.) Castalius rosimon (Fb.) Schedule I, Part IV Curetis thetis Drury† Hesperiidae Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville) Coladenia indrani (Moore) Udaspus folus Cram. Gangara thyrsis Moore Potanthus pava Evans Potanthus palnia (Evans) Halpe porus (Mabille) Aeromachus pygmaeus‡ Celaenorrhinus leucocera Fb. Telicota acigias Lin. Telicota ancilla Lin. ‘‡’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats and ‘†’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats shared only by Sri Lanka

88 Annexure 5 List of moths recorded from Mannavan Shola in Munnar Pyralidae Sylepta sp. Chilo sp.1 Chilo sp.2 Dichocrocis surusalis Wlk. Endotrichia sp. Bradina sp. Euclasta sp. Corgatha semiparata Wlk. Patissa sp. Pycnarmon caberalis Guen. Asura nebulosa Moore Maruca testulalis Geyer Nymphula depunctalis Snel. Nymphula fluctuosalis Zell. Syngamia abruptalis Wlk. Syngamia abruptalis Wlk. Glyphodes laticostalis Guen. Glyphodes caesalis Wlk. Pyrausta sp.1 Diasemia sp. Bocchoris onychinalis Guen. Endotrichia sp. Nephopterix sp. Talanga sexpunctalis Moore Aulacodes sp. Aulacodes peribocalis Wlk. Psara sp.1 Psara sp.2 Myelopsis sp. Phlyctaenodes nudalis Hubn. Symitha sp. Pterophoridae Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Wlk. Geometridae Hypomecis sp. Semiothisa epicharis Wehrli Semiothisa emersaria Wlk. Eclitoptera subapicalis Hamp. Timandra responsaria Moore

89 Chionaema peregrina Wlk. Hypochrosis abstractaria Wlk. Scopula sp.5 Scopula sp.2 Ourapteryx marginata Hamp. Clorea ?alienaria Wlk. Scopula opicata Fb. Clorea sp. Craspedia intensata Moore ?Cusiala raptaria Wlk. Sabaria rondelaria Fb. Sabaria costimaculata Moore Cidaria perficita Wlk. Larentia flavistrigata Warr. Dirades sp. Pingasa sp. Corymica arnearea Wlk. Semiothisa eleonora Stoll Abraxes ? latizonata Hamp. Mixochlora vittata Moore Hypomecis sp. Gnamptoloma aventiaria (Guen.) Buzura suppressaria Guen. Abraxes poliaria Swinhoe Polynesia sunandava Wlk. Comibaena integranota Hamp. Teldinia specca Wilk. Hypomecis pallida Hamp. Hypochrosis festivaria Fb. Racotis sp. Aplochlora vivilaca Wlk. Scopula sp. Abraxas etridoides Hamp. Hypomecis sp. Noctuidae Ophiusa dotata Wlk. Mocis undata Fb. Mocis frugalis Fb. Maliatha erecta Moore Hadena pannosa Moore Atacira caesia Roepke Atacira pala Holloway

90 Helicoverpa armigera Hubn. Condria sp. Lymantriidae Sangatissa subcurvifera Wlk. Eupterote hibisci Fb. Euproctis guttata Wlk. Eupterote mollis Moore Eupterote flavidomre Moore Eupterote sp.2 Euproctis sp.1 Rahica rosea Hamp. Euproctis diagramma Guer. Arctiidae Asura sp. Siccia taprobanis Wlk. Macotasa nubecula Moore Lemyra sp. Paraplastis hampsoni Swinhoe Cyme gratiosa Guerin-Meneville Spilosoma stigmata Moore Spilosoma bifasciatum Hamp. Paraplastis sp. Neochera dominio Cram. Spilosoma casignetum Kollar Micorolepidoptera Cossidae Cossus sp. Hepialidae Sahyadrases malabaricus Moore Bombycidae Unidentified sp. Syntomidae Ceryx sp. Limacodidae Thosea lutea Heylaerts Spatulifimbria castaneiceps Hamp. Notodontidae Eupydna testacea Swinhoe Saturnidae Actias luna Lin. Attacus atlas Lin. Zygaenidae

91 Histia nilgira Moore Chalcosia affinis Guer.

92 Annexure 6 RET species of Pteridophytes

Family Species Status Angiopteridaceae Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Roff. R Aspleniaceae Asplenium aethiopicum (Bunn. F.) Becherer R Aspleniaceae Asplenium auritum Swartz R Aspleniaceae Asplenium erectum Bory ex Willd. R Aspleniaceae Asplenium polyodon G. Forster R Aspleniaceae Asplenium tenuifolium D. Don R Athyriaceae Dryoathyrium boryanum (Willd.) Ching R Cyatheaceae Cyathea crinita (Hook.) Copel. R Cyatheaceae Cyathea nilgirensis Holttum var. lobatus E R Dryopteridaceae Arachnoides aristata (Forster f.) Tindale R T Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ. R Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis (Bunn.f.) Underwood E R T Grammitidaceae Citenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze R Grammitidaceae Grammitis attenuate Kunze R Hymenophyllaceae Trichomanes schmidianum Zenker ex Taschn. R Lomariopsidaceae Elaphoglossum stelligerum Sledge R Lycopodiaceae Huperzia ceylanica (Spring) Trey. R Lycopodiaceae Huperzia hamiltonii (Spring) Trey. R Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiumjaponicum Thunb R Ophioglossaceae Botrychium daucifolium Wal1. R T Ophioglossaceae Botrychiumlanuginosum R T Polypodiaceae Loxogramme chinensis ching R Polypodiaceae Loxogramme cuspidate (D.Don) C. Presl. R Polypodiaceae Lepisorus amaurolepidus (Sledge) Bir & Trikha R Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauy, R Pteridaceae Pteris argyraea T. Moore R Pteridaceae Pteris onfuse T.G. Walker R Pteridaceae Pteris cretica L. R Pteridaceae Pteris linearis Poir. R Selaginellaceae Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring. R T Sinopteridaceae Cheilanthesfarinosa (Forsk.) Kaulf. R T Thelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus ochthodes (Kurz) Holttum E R T Thelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus ochthodes (Kunze) Holttum E R T Total 4 33 8

93 Annexure 7 RET species of Angiosperms

Family Species Status Acanthaceae Andrographis neesiana Wight var. neesiana Clarke E R Acanthaceae Asystasia crispate Benth. E R Acanthaceae Barleria involucrata Nees var. elata (Dalz.) Clarke E R Acanthaceae Rungia laeta Clarke E R Acanthaceae Strobilanthes kunthianus (Nees) T. And. ex Benth. E R Acanthaceae Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd. E R Apiaceae Heracleum sprengelianum Wight & Arn. E R Apiaceae Pimpinella candolleana Wight & Arn. E R Apiaceae Pimpinella pulneyensis Gamble E R T Apiaceae Vanasushava pedata (Wight) Mukh. & Constance E R T Asclepiadaceae Tylophora mollissima Wight & Arn. R Asteraceae Anaphalis aristata DC. E R Asteraceae Anaphalis law ii (Hook.f.) Gamble E R Asteraceae Anaphalis meeboldii W.W. Smith E R Asteraceae Anaphalis travancorica W.W. Smith E R Asteraceae Emilia javanica (Burm.f.) C. Robinson R Asteraceae Gynura travancorica W.W. Smith E R Asteraceae Helichrysum perlanigerum Gamble E R T Asteraceae Lactuca hastate DC. R Asteraceae Notonia walkeri (Wight) Clarke R Asteraceae Phyllocephalum courtallense (Wight) Narayana R Asteraceae Senecio corymbosus Wall. ex DC. R Asteraceae Vernonia bourneana W.W. Smith E R T Asteraceae Vernonia conyzoides DC. E R Asteraceae Vernonia heynei Bedd. ex Gamble E R T Asteraceae Vernonia peninsularis (Clarke) Clarke ex Hook.f. E R T Asteraceae Vernonia saligna DC. Var. nilghirensis Hook.f. E R Balanophoraceae Balanophora dioica R.Br. R Balanophoraceae Balanophora sp. R Balsaminaceae Impatiens cordata Wight E R Balsaminaceae Impatiens elegans Bedd. E R T Balsaminaceae Impatiens goughii Wight E R T Balsaminaceae Impatiens herbicola Hook.f. E R Balsaminaceae Impatiens jerdoniae Wight E R Balsaminaceae Impatiens phoenicea Bedd. E R T Balsaminaceae Impatiens tangachee Bedd. E R Balsaminaceae Impatiens uncinata Wight E R Balsaminaceae Impatiens wightiana Bedd. E R T Berberidaceae Berberis tinctoria Lesch. R Berberidaceae Mahonia leschenaultia (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) E R Caprifoliaceae Viburnum coriaceum Blume E R

94 Celastraceae Euonymus crenulatus Wall. E R T Cucurbitaceae Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn. E R Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. E R T Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner E R T Euphorbiaceae Glochidion neilgherrense Wight E R Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus macraei Muell.-Art. E R Fabaceae Crotalaria fysonii Dunn E R Fabaceae Crotalaria Ieschenaultii DC. E R Fabaceae Crotalaria ovalifolia Wall.ex Fyson E R Fabaceae Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn. E R Gentianaceae Exacum courtallense Arn. Var. laxiflorum E R Gentianaceae Exacum wightianum Arn. E R Gentianaceae Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) Wight ex Clarke E R Gentianaceae Aeschynanthus perrottetii A. DC. E R Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiate E. Meyer ex Arn. E R Lamiaceae Leucas hirta (Heyne ex Roth) Spreng. E R Lamiaceae Leucas lamifolia Desf. E R Lamiaceae Leucas lanceaefolia Desf. E R Lamiaceae Pogostermon wightii Benth. E R Lauraceae Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble E R Lauraceae Actinodaphne salicina Meissner E R Lauraceae Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Hook.f. E R Lauraceae Cinnamomum wightii Meissner E R Lauraceae Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook.f. E R Lauraceae Neolitsea fischeri Gamble E R Lauraceae Neolitsea scrobiculata (Meissner) Gamble E R Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe memecylifolia (Wight & Arn.) Danser E R Loranthaceae Helixanthera intermedia (Wight) Danser E R Loranthaceae Helixanthera obtusata (Schultes) Danser E R Melastomataceae Medinilla malabarica Bedd. E R Melastomataceae Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC. E R Melastomataceae Sonerila speciosa Zenk. E R Myrsinaceae Ardisia rhomboidea Wight E R Myrsinaceae Rapanea thwaitesii Mez. E R T Myrtaceae Syzygium densijlorum Wall. E R T Oleaceae Ligustrum perrottetii DC. E R T Onagraceae Circaea alpine L. ssp. Imaicola Asch. & Magn. R T Onagraceae Oenothera tetrapetala Cav. R T Orobanchaceae Campbellia cytinoides Wight E R Orobanchaceae Christisonia bicolor Grand R R Piperaceae Piper wightii Miq. E R Podostemaceae Zeylanidium olivaceu (Gard.) Engl. R Rosaceae Photinia serratifolia (Desf.) Kalkman R Rubiaceae Hedyotis buxifolia Bedd. E R Rubiaceae Hedyotis stylosa R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. E R Rubiaceae Hedyotis swertioides Hook.f. E R

95 Rubiaceae Ixora notoniana Wall. ex G.Don E R Rubiaceae Lasianthus acuminatus Wight E R Rubiaceae Neanotis monosperma (Wall. ex Wight. & Arn.) E R Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza grandijlora Wight E R Rubiaceae Pavetta brevijlora DC. E R Sapotaceae Isonandra candolleana Wight E R Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis perrottetii Benth E R Symplocaceae Symplocos anamalayana Bedd. E R T Symplocaceae Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC E R T Symplocaceae Symplocos pendula Wight R Ternstroemiaceae Gordonia obtuse Wall. E R Urticaceae Pouzolzia wightii Benn. E R Valerianaceae Valeriana beddomei Clarke E R T Valerianaceae Valeriana hookeriana Wight & Arn. E R Vitaceae Tetrastugna leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston E R Arecaceae Calamus gamblei Beccari ex Beccari & Hook.f. E R Araceae Arisaema attenuatum barnes & Fischer E R T Cyperaceae Fimbristylis kingii Clarke E R Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon pectinatum Ruhl. E R Liliaceae Lilium wallichianum Schultes & Schult. F. E R Orchidaceae Anoecochilus elatus Lindl. E R Orchidaceae Brachycorythis splendida Summerh. E R Orchidaceae Bulbophyllumfischeri Seidenfaden R Orchidaceae Cheirostylis flabellate Wight R Orchidaceae Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe E R Orchidaceae Dendrobium anamalayanum Chandrabose E R Orchidaceae Eria nana A. Rich. E R Orchidaceae Eria pseudoclavicaulis Blatter E R Orchidaceae Habenaria elliptica Wight E R Orchidaceae Habenaria heyneana Lindl. E R Orchidaceae Habenaria longicomiculata Graham E R Orchidaceae Habenaria perrottetiana A.Rich. R Orchidaceae Oberonia chandrasekharanii Nair et al. E R Orchidaceae Oberonia sebastiana Shetty & Viyek. E R Orchidaceae Seidenfadeniella chrysantha (Alston) Sathish R Poaceae Agrostis peninsularis Hook.f. E R Poaceae Arundinella vaginata Bor E R Poaceae Sinarundinaria densifolia (Munro) Chao & Reny. E R T Poaceae Sinarundinaria microphylla (Munro) Chao R Poaceae Tripogon ananthaswamianus Sreekumar et al. E R Poaceae Zenkeria elegans Trin. E R Smilacaceae Smilax wightii A.DC. E R T Total 109 128 26

96 Annexure 8 Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 To No. F(C)A/11.6/172/MISC/KER

The Principal Secretary to Dated: 02.05.2005 Government of Kerala Forest & Wildlife Department Secretariat Thiruvananthapuram.

Sub: Approval for the Management Plan for the Captive Plantation of M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 – reg

Ref: 1) State Govt.’s Letter No. 2893/B1/2005/F&WLD dated 14.03.2005 2) This office letter of even no. dated 20.04.2005 3) CCF(Planning), Kerala Letter No. Plg1-163/2005 dated 28.04.2005 ***** Sir, Kindly refer to the subject and references cited above. I am directed to inform you that the draft management plan for captive plantations of Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06 to 2009-10 furnished by State Government has been examined by this office and the State Govt. was requested by this office that a reconciliation of the area may be done and the statement indicating the actual extent and location of the leased area, status of land leased to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited may be furnished to this office. The CCF(P) vide letter at Sl.No. 3 above has furnished a statement showing reconciliation of area. The statement furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (P) above has been examined by this office and found to be adequate.

The Management Plan has been examined along with the area reconciliation details furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (P), with reference to the provisions of the F(C) Act, 1980 and National Forest Policy, 1988. After careful consideration, I am directed to convey in-principle approval of Central Government to the Management plan of M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06 to 2009-10 subject to the following conditions: i) The modified copy of the management plan incorporating the reconciliation of area figures as furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (Planning) vide letter as Sl. No. 3 above, shall be furnished to this office within a period of one month. The actual implementation of the prescriptions of management plan shall be undertaken only after the modified plan is forwarded to this office. ii) No clear felling should be carried out in hilly areas having slope more than 30 degrees. iii) The controlled burning of debris in plantations felled for regeneration will not be undertaken. iv) Fodder/fruit trees which attract birds and animals should be retained and nurtured.

97 v) The felling of trees in areas having slope more than 30 degree and along the bank of river/streams shall not be undertaken. vi) The felling of standing trees other than eucalyptus shall not be undertaken in pursuance of the directions of the Hon’ble High Court of Kerala vide order dated 05.03.1998 in W.P. No.314/1995. vii) No permanent building, road, bridges etc. should be constructed on the forest land. However, temporary operational facilities like nurseries, protection sheds, kutcha approach roads for plantation/extraction path can be prepared as per the standard practices without resorting to felling of trees. The temporary structures when not needed may be removed / demolished and the area should be reverted to its normal condition. viii) It may be ensured that non non-forestry activity is permitted/allowed in forest area in violation of the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. ix) The plantation areas harvested in a year shall be regenerated next year as per the prescriptions. However, if there is a shortfall in area regenerated in a year vis-à-vis the area harvested in previous year then report to that effect shall be made to this office and further clearance of plantation shall not be undertaken unless specifically permitted by this office. The detailed report indicating area harvested in a year and area to be regenerated shall be sent to this office by 30th June of each year. x) The maintenance of forest boundary and fire lines shall be taken up each year in accordance with the established practice and annual expenditure incurred thereon shall be reported to this office by 30th June of each year.

I am further directed to inform you that prior approval of Central Govt. shall be obtained if any deviation is to be made from the prescriptions of approved management plan. It may also be ensured that provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and guidelines issued there under are strictly followed while implementing the management plan prescriptions. The Central Govt. reserves the right to review, modify or withdraw this approval if any of the conditions of approval are not implemented or amendment to plan is necessitated keeping in view the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, guidelines issued there under or general instructions issued by Central Govt. for the scientific management of forests. This management plan will be due for revision in the year 2010-2011 and timely steps may please be initiated for revision of management plan. Yours faithfully -sd- (K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar) Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)

Copy to: 1) The Director General of Forests & Special Secretary to Govt. of India, Ministry of Env. & Forests, Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, New Delhi – 3. 2) The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, Govt. of Kerala, Forest Head Quarters, Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram. 3) The Managing Director, Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Newsprint Nagar, Kottayam, Kerala. (K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar), Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)

98 Annexure 9 Government of Kerala GO (Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Abstract Forest Department – Production of Eucalyptus for industrial use-Making forest area available to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. For captive Plantation – Orders issued. Forest & Wildlife © Department. ------G.O. (Ms) No. 42/93/F&WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 11-6-1993. ------Read:- Letter No. G3-21796/89 dated 5/11/1992 from the Chief Conservator of Forests.

O R D E R

There are a few major Wood-based industrial units in Kerala, which have been receiving substantial supplies of eucalyptus wood from the existing eucalyptus plantations of the Forest Department of the State. It has however been found from experiences that the annual eucalyptus crops harvested from the plantations of the Forest Department are not adequate to meet the actual requirements of the industries. The question as to how this problem of short supply of raw-material can be solved has been engaging the attention of the government for some time.

It has been suggested that the above problem can be solved to a considerable extent if the industrial units which utilize the eucalyptus as raw-material are themselves permitted to cultivate it on their own in the most scientific and efficient manner with the objective of achieving maximum productivity, to freely harvest their own product and to use it for their own purpose.

M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Vellur, Kottayam district is a public sector industrial unit belonging to the Government of India which is utilising about 1.5 lakhs tonnes of eucalyptus annually as raw-material for producing newsprint. They have come forward with a proposal to cultivate eucalyptus on their own in the forest land of Kerala for being used as raw-material in their factory. The Chief Conservator of Forests has also recommended this proposal.

After having examined the matter in all its aspects, the Government are [leased to order as follows:

(i) An area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus Grandis belonging to the Forest Department will be made available to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd., Vellur, for the present for the purpose of their own captive plantation to meet the raw-material requirement of their existing plant.

(ii) If M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. Vellur take over Punalur Paper Mill, which is now closest, and make it operational, the following additional areas will also be made available to them in future for captive plantation.

(a) An area of 4400 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest Department for the raw-material requirement of the major expansion project of Ms/ H.N.L. which is now under active consideration.

99 (b) An area of 1000 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest Department for the raw-material requirement of Punalur Paper Mill.

(iii) The Forest area (ie. Existing eucalyptus plantation) which is made available to M/s. HNL for captive plantation as mentioned above will continue to be Reserve Forest belonging to the State; its control protection and administration will remain with the State’s Forest Department; and the role of M/s. HNL will be confined to the cultivation and harvesting of the eucalyptus crop subject to the guidance and supervision of the Chief Conservator of Forests.

(iv) The price of the existing eucalyptus trees standing in the area, which is allotted to them, will be collected from M/s. HNL at the time of making the area available to the Company-for which the Chief Conservator of Forests will (in consultation with the Chief Executive of M/s. HNL) estimate the value of the standing trees and get it approved by the Government.

(v) As and when the eucalyptus planted by M/s. HNL is harvested in future, they will pay a royalty of Rs. 150/- (rupees. One hundred and fifty only) to the Forest Department of the State for every metric tonne of eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content.

(vi) The above arrangement will be valid for a period of twelve years from 1993-94 to 2005-2006 and will be reviewed thereafter.

(vii) The Chief Conservator of Forests will take immediate action to take immediate action to identify the area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus Grandis Plantation to be made available to m/s. HNL and make the area available to the Company for cultivation as early as possible.

(By Order of the Governor) -sd- R. RAMACHANDRAN NAIER, Commissioner & Secretary to Govt. To

The Chief Conservator of Forests (Protection) The Chief Conservator of Forests (Development) The Executive Director, HNL NewsPrint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district. The Executive Director, HNL, Newsprint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district. The Accountant General (this issues with the concurrence of the Finance Department) The Finance Department (Vide No. 2219/AWAI/93/Find) The Industries © Department. Copy to the Forest (B) Dept. For further necessary action. Copy to the Forest (D) Dept. For further necessary action. Forwarded/By Order

100 Annexure 10 GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007

THIS AGREEMENT is executed on this the 4th day of OCTOBER Two Thousand Seven BETWEEN the Governor of Kerala (hereinafter referred to as the Government” which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in office and assigns) of the ONE PART and the Hindustan Newsprint Limited, registered under Indian Companies Act, 1956 and having its Registered office at Newsprint Nagar, Velloor, Vaikom Taluk, Kottayam District; Kerala (hereinafter referred to as “Company” which expression shall, where the context so admits, include its successors and assigns) of the OTHER PART:

WHEREAS an agreement was entered into on the 7th day of October, 1974 between the parties hereto (hereinafter called “the Principal Agreement”) under which the company was permitted to establish a pulp/newsprint/paper mill and other allied Plants in Kottayam District of Kerala State, for the manufacture of pulp, newsprint, paper and other allied products of paper/boards and allied products of different qualities “(hereinafter referred to as “the products”) from Eucalyptus Grandis , Eucalyptus tereticornis and other pulp woods, reeds and other cellulosic material grown in the forests of Kerala) all of which are hereinafter collectively called “the raw materials”);

AND WHEREAS as per Clause 8 of the Principal Agreement it shall be in force for a period of 30 years starting from 07.10.1974 subject to renewal of further terms and conditions to be negotiated between the parties.

AND WHEREAS, Government of Kerala has issued necessary order for renewing the long term agreement for a further period of twenty years on expiry of the Principal Agreement on Octover6, 2004, as per GO(MS) NO. 20/2006/ID dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 21.02.2006;

AND WHEREAS, based on the Government Order referred above, Company has executed the Agreement with Government of Kerala on the 8th day of May Two Thousand Six for a period of 20 years starting from October 7, 2004, subject to renewal for further term on conditions to be mutually agreed between the parties;

AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(1) of the Principal Agreement has undertaken to make available annually to the Company 150000 tonnes (One Lakh and Fifty Thousand Tonnes) of Eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content consisting of not less than 100000 (One Lakh) tones of Eucalyptus Grandis variety at 50% moisture content from the State Plantations of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus tereticornis including the yield from the plantations reserved viz Pamba, Kottayam. Punalur, Thenmala and Thiruvananthapuram Forest Divisions, for the purpose and not permit harvesting Eucalyptus grandis therefrom by any party other than the Company;

AND WHEREAS, the Government as per Clause 4(i) of the renewed long term agreement, has undertaken to make available annually to the Company, 50000 MT of Eucalyptus wood (Grandis and hybrid) and 100000 MT of Acacia, Mangium and other pulpwood species at 50% M.C. from the State Forest Department’s plantations, 75000 MT of reeds at 50% moisture content and 75000 MT of bamboo in net weight from the forest as near to the mill as possible;

101 AND WHEREAS, the Company as per Clause 5 of the Principal Agreement agreed to pay to the Government of Kerala royalty for the raw materials supplied to the Company @Rs.11/- (Rupees Eleven) per tonne of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis (Both with 50% moisture) provided that the Government may at the end of every 5 years from the commencement of manufacture of products revise these rates in consultation with the Company and the Company shall be bound to pay at the rate so revised by the Government from time to time;

AND WHEREAS, the Company commenced commercial exploitation of Eucalyptus grandis from the reserved areas from 1982 and continues every year thereafter.

AND WHEREAS, the Government has revised the rates at the rate of Rs.335/- (Rupees Three Hundred and Thirty Five) per MT of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis with effect from 01.10.1991, subject to revision as and when found necessary by Government;

AND WHEREAS, it has become necessary for the Company to get assured regarding the sustained supply of Eucalyptus Grandis for production of Newsprint un interruptedly as per existing capacity, both the parties have agreed to go for Captive Plantations at the Company’s cost in the Forest lands permitted by the Government;

AND WHEREAS, the Government vide Order No. G.O. (MS) 42/93/F&WLD dated 11.06.1993 (hereinafter referred to as ‘said order’, which shall from part of this agreement as if incorporated herein) were pleased to order an area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus belonging to the Forest Department to be made available to Hindustan Newsprint Limited, for the purpose of raising Captive Plantations at the company’s cost for producing the raw materials requirement of their existing plant subject to the terms and conditions contained therein and hereinafter mentioned;

AND WHEREAS, the Chief Conservator of Forests has been instructed to take action to identify an area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus grandis plantations to be made available to Hindustan Newsprint Limited, and issue orders permitting cultivation of the area with pulpwood crop;

AND WHEREAS, as per Clause 4(v) of the renewed long term agreement for a period of 20 years, the Government of Kerala agreed to supply forest raw materials to the Company at such prices as may be recommended from time to time by the expert Committee constituted under section 4 of the Kerala Forest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act, 1978 provided that the price will be fixed after consultation with the Company;

AND WHEREAS, the Captive Plantation Agreement entered into between the Company and the Government of Kerala on the 26th day of April, 2000 for a period of 12 years from 1993-94 to 2005-06 expired in 2006;

AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(iv) of the renewed long term agreement for a period of 20 years, agreed to renew the existing Captive Plantation Agreement entered into between the Company and the Government of Kerala on its expiry in 2006 for a further period of 14 years or till such period as the Company continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking, whichever is earlier; AND WHEREAS, the parties hereto have therefore agreed to enter into the agreement (hereinafter referred to as second supplemental agreement) on terms and conditions herein contained.

102 NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS AND IT IS HEREBY MUTUALLY AGREED AS FOLLOWS 1. The Company hereby agrees that the land permitted for raising Pulpwood Plantations will not be utilized for any purpose other than permitted and the Company will have no claim from Government for the expense incurred for plantation activities undertaken. 2. The establishment of the Kerala Forest Department in the areas proposed for raising plantation will be continued for all works other than works taken up by the Company for raising the plantations. 3. The forest areas permitted for raising Captive Pulpwood Plantations will continue to be Reserve Forest belonging to the State, and its control, protection and administration will remain with the State Forest Department, and the role of the Company will be confined to the cultivation, maintenance and harvesting of the pulpwood crop subject to the guidance and supervision of the Chief Conservator of Forests governed by the terms and conditions hereinafter mentioned. 4. The Government will continue to have the ownership of the land where Captive plantations are raised by the company without any change in legal status. The Government agree that the produce available from the Captive Plantation will be permitted to be extracted only by the Company against the agreed quantity and it will not be allotted to any other party without the prior consent of the Company. 5 (a) The Company agrees that the area where Captive Plantation is found to be a failure shall be resumed to the Department and proportionate rent for such area till it is resumed shall be paid to the Government. (b) The Company agrees to pay lease rent fixed by Government fro time to time for areas, for which permission was given for raising plantations irrespective of whether the area is planted or not by the Company, except in the cases where the reasons for not raising the plantation are beyond the control of the Company. 6. The period of agreement shall be for 14 years from 01.04.2006 or till such period as the Company continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking which ever is earlier. The agreement can be renewed thereafter by mutual consent with appropriate changes. 7 (a) When cutting, converting and stacking of pulpable wood are completed n a strip, the Company shall furnish a list in duplicate to the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned showing the details of pulpable wood stacks. The same shall be verified by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned and necessary passes for the removal shall be issued by the Range Officer / Deputy Ranger Officer concerned. The extension of period of passes shall also be allowed by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned; For piece-meal transport of raw materials covered by the departmental passes, subsidiary pass books in Form No. IV of Kerala Forest Produce Transit Rules 1975 can be had on application from the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests concerned on payment of value and tax thereof. No subsidiary pass shall be issued for produce not covered by current departmental passes. A subsidiary pass for each lorry load shall be issued taking care that all columns therein are duly filled up by the nominee of the Company approved by the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests concerned. The counterfoils of the used up passes together with all unused shall be returned to the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests within thirty days from the date of expiry of the working season.

103 (b) The pulpwood on arrival at the premises of the Company at Velloor shall be weighed in the presence of the Forest officers stationed at the Mill Site and the Company shall maintain records thereof and copy of such records shall be sent to the concerned DFOs.

(c) The Company agrees that the Pulpwood extracted from the Captive Plantations shall not be sold or utilized for any purpose other than as raw material for their own use within the State except with specific permission of the Government. (d) The Company agrees that no burning other than that required Silviculturally, be done in the areas and that all natural tree growth and animals available in the area shall be retained as such. 8. The Government agree to permit the Company for insuring the entire plantations raised and maintained by them against untoward happenings like fire, theft etc. and further agree that the company can receive the insurance claim, if any, in full from the insurance Company for the claims put forth by the Company without any liability to the Government; 9. The Company shall pay the lease rent fro every hectare of area permitted to raise Captive Plantations. 10. Both the Government and the Company shall be responsible for the protection of the and against encroachment. The actual areas for Captive Plantations will be verified by a Joint Inspection by officers of the Government and of the Company and surveyed and demarcated. 11. The Company shall abide by Section 29 of Kerala Forest Act with reference to fire protection (for fire incidents and damages if any, that occur within the Captive Plantations, Company only shall be liable and responsible). 12. Company shall furnish a lost of Company’s staff, agents and Workmen to the concerned DFO and get his approval. The Government agree that the Company can engage these approved agents, staff and workmen for the purpose of the work and utilize the exiting roads, water source or any other natural resources available within the area permitted for the purpose of the plantation, free of charge. The Government also agree that the Company can improve existing roads and other facilities for extraction of the crop and also construct semi- permanent structures if required for facilitating effective supervision without damaging and detrimenting the natural growth, for the purpose of the cultivation and harvest of the pulpwood with the prior permission of the concerned DFO in writing. Any or all structures constructed in the work area shall be demolished / handed over to the Government at the expiry of the Agreement period. 13. The Government agree that the Company can resort to mechanization activities required for raising and harvesting the captive plantation, without damaging natural tree growth. 14 (a) The Company shall be responsible for the safety of forest wealth in the area permitted for raising captive plantation. If any forest tree is lost, rendered useless or otherwise destroyed during the agreement period, the Company shall be liable to pay the value of such wealth as assessed by the concerned Divisional Forest Officer at the scheduled rate, or the rate for standing timber notified from time to time by the Government under Section 3 of the Kerala Forest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act. 1978 whichever is higher. (b) Company shall ensure for the protection and conservation of biodiversity of the area adjoining to the captive plantation. (c) The Company agrees that violation of this agreement shall forfeit the right of the Company for raising the captive plantation in the area and the Government is at liberty to withdraw the permission given to the Company for raising the plantations in such areas and that such

104 areas shall be taken by the Government with all improvements made, without paying any compensation to the Company in respect thereof. 15. The existing check post if any in the area will continue to function under the control of the Forest Department. 16. In the case of any penalty imposed by Divisional Forest Officer for the infringement of Acts and Rules in force due to omissions and commissions by the Company, the staff, agents or workmen engaged by the company, the Company is at liberty to refer the matter to Conservator of forests whose decision therein shall be final. 17. The Government agree that the employees with valid identity cards of the Company and approved by the concerned DFO’s and vehicles owned and used by the company will be permitted to enter the plantation areas. The Company shall engage only the approved Agents, staff and workmen in the plantation and shall provide identify cards to all the persons showing the name, age and address. They shall produce the identity cars on demand by any forest officer. The Company will be held responsible for all acts and omissions of such agents, staff or workers causing damage to the areas. The Divisional Forest Officer is at liberty to direct the Company to withdraw any of their agents or workers and the Company shall abide by such directions. Any produce collected by persons who are not authorized shall be liable for confiscation and appropriation by the Divisional Forest Officer in such manner as he deems fit and such persons shall be dealtwith under the relevant Acts and Rules in force. Duly accredited representative of the Company shall be present in the area during the period of agreement.

18. The Government agree that the yield obtained at the time of every harvest from the captive plantation shall be accounted against the committed quantity of pulpwood to be supplied by government against that year.

19. All the Shola Forests in the area within or adjoining (within 2 chain belt around) the area allotted to the Company shall be protected by the Company. (a) Government reserves its right to take any part of the area for puclic purpose, without paying compensation.

20. The Company shall at all times comply with the provisions of the Kerala Forest Act and the Rules framed there under and such other laws and rules and regulations as are applicable from time to time.

21. The Company shall be liable and responsible for payments, if any, to the agents, staff and workers engaged/employed by the Company including all claims as per the Workmen Compensation Act and such claims/payments shall be settled by the Company. All payments due to Government from the company by virtue of the agreement, if not paid within the time allowed, shall be recovered from the company and their properties movable and immovable under the provisions of the Revenue Recovery Act for the time being in force as if they were arrears of land revenue and in such other manner as the Government may deem fit.

22. On expiry of the agreement period the Company shall vacate the areas after preparing a joint mahazar with the concerned Range Officers indicating liabilities, if any, on part of the company. A copy of the joint mahazar shall be furnished to the Company.

105 23. The Government agree that the barks, lops and tops obtainable from the captive plantations during extraction of the plantation shall be the property of the Company and the Company is free to use or dispose if of at their option. 24. The external boundaries of the Captive Plantations will be demarcated by granite Stones/ concrete blocks marked CP/HNL. 25. The value of pulpwood crop raised by Forest Department available in the area permitted for raising captive plantations shall be paid by the Company to the Government as per valuation approved by the Government. 26. No standing trees (except Eucalyptus trees and plants) shall be cut and removed by the Company without the permission for the Hon’ble High Court from the areas ear-marked for Captive Plantation by the Company as directed by the Hon’ble High Court in writ appeal No.314/95 filed by Kerala Forest Protective Staff Association represented by its Kottayam District Committee President. 27. Any dispute, doubt, difference or ambiguity which may at any time arise between the parties hereto, touching on or arising out of or in respect of this Agreement or the subject matters hereof, shall be referred to a committee consisting of the Principal Secretary/Secretary (F&WL), the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (General) and the Managing Director, HNL and their decision shall be final and binding on the parties. IN WITNESS WHEREOF

SHRI C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for and on behalf of the Governor of Kerala and Shri. N.P. PRAbhu MD.for and on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited have hereunto been affixed on the day, month and year first above written.

THE SCHEDULE OF PROTERTY ABOVE REFERRED TO signed by Shri. C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for on behalf of this Governor of Kerala Sd/- C.S. YALAKKI, IFS Chief Conservator of Forests In the presence of Witness: (Protection) Forest Headquarters Thiruvananthapuram. 1. S. SreeRekha, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/- 2. Suji Stantly, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/- Signed by Shri. N.P. PRABHU MD for on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited

Sd/- N.P. PRABHU In the presence of witnesses; Managing Director HINDUSTAN NEWSPRINT LTD., NEWSPRINT NAGAR – P.O., 1. P. Govindankutty Sd/- KOTTAYAM DIST. – KERALA – 686 610 Manager (Forestry & Liaison) HNL, Trivandrum 2. M.K. Sasindran Nair Sd/- Senior Inspector GOI, HNL, Thiruvananthapuram.

106 Annexure 11

List of Control forms ORM - 1 Creation of new artificial waterholes

Sl. No Category year Location Cost Performance 1 2 3 4 5 6

Note : Category : Masonry anicut, earthen bund, lined depression, borewell and pump, reservoir, spring fed, tanker fed, guzzler, aquifer; permanent or temporary Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any Performance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)

FORM - 2 Maintenance of waterholes: Natural

Sl. Perennial or Nature Category Location Year Cost Performance No seasonal of work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : Spring, seep, natural depression, a flowing stretch, reservoir Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any Nature of work: Desilting, provision of apron, any other category Performance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)

FORM - 3 Maintenance of waterholes: Artificial

Sl. Perennial or Nature Category Location Year Cost Performance No seasonal of work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : Masonry anicut, earthern bund, lined depression, borewell and pump, spring fed, guzzler, aquifer etc. Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any Year : Year of maintenance, with year of establishment in parenthesis. Nature of work: Desilting, grouting, repairing leaks, repair to mechanical parts, closing anicut openings, any other work Performance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)

107 FORM - 4 Restoration of habitat: weed control

Sl. Location & Extent of Species Opera- Total Cost Year Remarks No name of site area(ha) of weed tion cost per ha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment, site name or land feature Operation : Uprooting, cutting, burning, ploughing, manual or by using animals or machinery Remarks : Measure of success and or problem faced.

FORM - 5 Restoration of habitat: Prescribed burning

Sl. Location & Extent of Area Total Cost Year Period Remarks No name of site area(ha) treated(ha) cost per ha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment or name of site Period : Date of starting operation and completion Remarks : Mention resultant structure e.g. a mosaic, % burnt, % intact Problems encountered in conducting the operation – e.g. fire escape.

FORM - 6 Restoration of habitat : Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and subsequent maintenance

Sl. Location & Extent of Area Opera- Total Cost Year Remarks No name of site area(ha) treated(ha) tions cost per ha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment, name of site or landmarks Extent of area : Total area identified for such treatment. In case of streams or gullies, the length involved Area treated : If linear feature then quote length; otherwise area. Operation : Structures involved such as gully plugs, trench-cum-mound, terracing, spurs and bunds etc. quote quantity nos. and cmt. of earthwork. Remarks : Mention if initial work or maintenance.

108 FORM - 7 Restoration of habitat

Regulations or Sl. Extent of Description Location Year protection Response Remarks No area(ha) of site measures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Location : By compartment or landmarks Description : % tree, shrub, ground cover, main species, impact of factors causing perturbations. Regulations & protection measures : Social fencing, power or other kind of fencing, enforced protection by patrolling, fire protection etc. Response : To be recorded annually. Consider trend of regeneration, vegetation cover, change in structure and composition, wildlife use index. Remarks : Site problems or any other useful information, including alternatives if area being used by people for specific purposes.

FORM - 8 Animals: Measuring trends in populations

Population Adult Sub-adults Sl. Year- Re- Species estimation Mal Fe- Mal Fe- Fawns Cubs Total No. lings marks methodology e male e male 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Note : Population estimation : e.g. pugmark, line transect, scan, roadside counts etc., area covered, sampling intensity, data treatment, extrapolation where involved. In case of indices of density or dung count mention those figures under the remarks column; use details as pertinent. Describe age classes for each species. Remarks : Operational problems, protection problems, any other useful information. Indices of density or dung count details to be recorded here

FORM - 9 Animals: New records

Sl. How Details of Habitat Species Location Year Remarks No discovered number, age sex description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Animal will include vertebrates and invertebrates How discovered : Sighting, dead specimen, reliability of sighting, captured specimen, incontrovertible other evidence No., age, sex etc : As applicable to vertebrates

109 Habitat description : Broad habitat description such as vegetation, and elements such as water, large old trees, den trees, snags, down log material. Use microhabitat descriptors only if relevant Remarks : Any other useful information

FORM - 10 Animals: Mortality other than that attributable to an offence

Sl. Sex and How Cause of Species Location Year Number Remarks No age discovered mortality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment, landmark etc. Sex and age : As per parameters for age class. Sex, if possible to identify. How discovered : Carcass, complete or partial. Skull or any other recognizable remains collected where only some remains of an animal are found. Cause of mortality : If known e.g. territorial fight, accident, possible disease (following postmortem results),old age cause difficult to determine, predation etc. Remarks : Any other useful information

FORM - 11 Animals: Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism

Sl. No Species Location Cause of mortality, number, sex age class Remarks 1 2 3 4 5

Note : Location : By compartment or landmarks. Cause of mortality : Whether the animal was intact or remains found, article or trophy to be recorded. Cause if known eg. animal snared, shot or poisoned etc. Remarks : Any other useful information, especially matters of illegal trade.

FORM - 12 Animals: Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores

No. of Category Compen- Sl. Loca- Carnivore cases Re- Range Month of livestock Numbers sation No tion involved undec marks killed paid (Rs.) ided 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Note : Category of live- stock killed : Buffalo, cow, bullock (adult, sub-adult, calf), camel, horse, donkey, sheep, goat, poultry etc. Location : Comptt. no. or landmark where killed and the village of the owner Carnivore involved : Indicate species responsible for the kill if identity is confirmed No. of cases undecided : Either in progress or dropped.

110 Remarks : Record observations like - attended or unattended animal, killed in forest or waterhole or in the pen/shed, field and whether kill was in area closed to livestock trespass.

FORM - 13 Animals: Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused

No. of Location, No. of Location, Com- Sl. No. of people circum- people circum- pensa Range Month No incidents killed, age stances & injured, age stances & -tion & sex species & sex species (Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location, circumstances : Location by comptt no., the village to which the person belongs and a description of the site and and species activity such as – open grassy patch, cutting grass; or under a mahua tree collecting flowers ets. Mention species on proof.

FORM - 14 Animals: Wildlife damage to private or public property

Sl. The category Extent of Species involved Range Month Remarks No of property damage and number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Location : By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark. Category of property : eg. agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle. Extent of damage : Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss. Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of huts and belongings with estimated monetary loss Remarks : Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant was provoked by people.

FORM - 15 Plants: New records

Free of Agency involved Sl. Kind of Revenue Range Species Quantity change Local No produce realized (Rs.) Outsiders quantity people 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Kind of produce : Mention name, can be biological or geomorphic in origin Species : If applicable Quantity : Use the appropriate unit Local people : Applies to people within TUZ & ZI (buffer). This return normally applies to TUZ & buffer. If practice exists within the

111 PA, make a special mention.

FORM - 16 NWFP Collection: Plants and other produce Year:

Sl. The category Extent of Species involved Range Month Remarks No of property damage and number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Location : By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark. Category of property : eg. Agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle. Extent of damage : Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss. Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of huts and belongings with estimated monetary loss Remarks : Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant was provoked by people.

FORM - 17 Grazing of domestic livestock Year:

Village-wise Capacity of the Total cattle List of Sl. Grazing listed unit ( cattle unit grazed villages in Remarks No. unit No. population of units) an number the unit Legal Illegal cattle of cattle grazed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Remarks : (i) Mention number of cattle immunized against FMD, RP, anthrax as the case might be and the number of cattle without the prophylactic cover (ii) If grass is allowed to be cut for cattle being stall-fed, mention the village and number of such cattle.

FORM - 18 Inter-agency programmes: Agencies and schemes (Government) Year:

Number and Physical and Sl. Name of Central or Area and name of scheme financial targets Remarks No. Agency State location operated Given Achieved 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Name of the Scheme : To include all activities in the Govt. Sector, i.e. construction, use of resources, development processes etc. mention names of schemes, projects or normal operations. This will address all

112 departments in the management area and those activities outside but capable of influencing the management area. Remarks : Success, adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA management objectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in the PA book.

FORM - 19 Programmes of NGOs Year:

Nature of Physical and financial Sl. Name of HQ the scheme targets Area and location Remarks No. Agency location operated Given Achieved 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Remarks : Success or adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA management objectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in the PA Book. These programmes and activities could be within the management area or those that are outside the management area but are capable of influencing the state of the management area – either complementing efforts or adversely impacting.

FORM - 20 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: Roads and Bridges (*existing/new) Year:

Length Cross, drainage Sl. Name or Total cost and Category Range Surface covered (km) works, bridges No. number status with types 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category of road : National/State highway, district road etc. public road or open only to managers should be stated Surface type : Block topped, metal, earth etc. Applies to roads.. Name or number : As the case may be. Cross drainage type : eg. for culverts – box, hume pipe culverts etc. Bridge type : Wooden trestle, suspension, metal multi span, masonry arch etc. Status : Work completed or ongoing. State also the agency responsibility; state whether operational or non-operational * : Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for construction and for maintenance details.

113 FORM - 21 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: buildings (*existing/new) Year:

Sl. Name of the Type of Total Range Location Numbers Status No. building construction cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Nature of the building : eg. residential(Guard), office, store, chauki, watch tower, tourist facility, hide, barrier, patrolling camp (temporary or permanent) etc. Location : the By compartment or village or landmark as appropriate. Type of construction : Masonry (brick/stone), log or wooden, metal, local material etc. Status : Completed or ongoing. * : Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for construction and for maintenance details.

FORM - 22 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: communication (*existing/new) Year:

Sl. Name of Advantage Range Location Number Cost Remarks No. facility gained 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Type of facility : eg. telephone, wireless Location : Staff Hq location, village, landmark etc. Advantage gained : Area’s served, staff locations connected etc. Remarks : Record status – complete, ongoing, functional, non-functional.. * : Strike out that is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for new facility and maintenance.

FORM - 23 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: vehicles (*existing/new) Year:

Sl. No. Kind of vehicle Number HQ if any Intended use Cost Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Kind of vehicle : Jeep, trailer, tractor, truck, minibus, tanker, motorcycle, bicycle, boat (paddle or motor), launch, car, riding elephant, ponies, etc. Intended use : Management support, patrolling/antipoaching, tourism etc. Remarks : Any other useful information. Mention written off vehicles, retired or dead animals. * : Strike out the inapplicable. Use separate forms as required to indicate acquisition, maintenance.

114 FORM - 24 Developing infrastructure: construction of boundaries Fences, CPTs, EPTs, exclosures, enclosures (*existing/new) Year:

Sl. Category of Length Range Location Numbers Specifications Remarks No. construction (meters) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : Kind of boundary eg. comptt, block, zone etc. In case of fences: power fence, others Location : By compartment or suitable landmark. Numbers : In case of exclosures, enclosures, number of pillars etc. as applicable. Specifications : As applicable to the construction: dry rubble, chain link, local material, height, area, depth, width etc. Remarks : Any other relevant information. * : Strike out that is inapplicable. Use a form each for maintenance of existing features and for new features.

FORM - 25 Developing infrastructure: firelines (*existing/new) Year:

Sl. Fireline category Name of points Length Range Cost Remarks No. or width connected (meters) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Category : Main or subsidiary etc. Record width * : Strike out that is inapplicable. Use one form each for maintenance of existing fireline and creation of new

FORM - 26 Tourism Total number of visitors all categories : Year: Name of complex: Total revenue earned:

The category of visitors by month & numbers No staying Indian No. Sl. Adult overnight days No. Children Foreigners and Month Male Female Rural Urban Revenue visitors revenue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Note : Column 2 to 5 will be written in three successive lines for the month pertinent, one below the other. First line information pertains to foreign tourists. Put a tick(_/) in col. 6. Second and third line details rural and urban tourists respectively. Put a tick (_/) in Col. 7, Column 8 as applicable.

115 FORM - 27 Outbreak of fires Year:

Sl. Extent Dates Estimated Range Location Reasons Remarks No. (ha) Detected Controlled loss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Location : By compartments Reasons : Established or suspected Estimated loss : eg. number of trees damaged, stacked firewood/timber/bamboo destroyed/damaged by volume and cost, wild animals dead, particulars of sensitive sites affected, other property or life destroyed. Remarks : State particularly problems encountered in detection and suppression and any other useful information. State also whether the extent of fire has been mapped.

FORM - 28 Offence cases detected Year:

Number of cases Number of Number of Sl. Range category Numbers decided cases under cases Remarks No. Successful Failure process compounded 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : eg. illegal cutting of trees, illegal firewood, illegal NWFP, poaching, encroachment, illegal cattle grazing etc. category be codified by letters of alphabet. Remarks : Any other useful information. This should also include the number of cases pending decision with the Department. The cases under column 8 pertain to area of non PA status under management which do not involve an endangered species (Schedule-I).

FORM - 29 Incentives and awards Year:

Sl. Number of recipients of Amount Kind of Number of Range Remarks No. incentives for detecting offences paid (Rs.) award recipients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Kinds of award : eg. a medal like the Shaurya Chakra, any other such awards instituted by the State or Central Government, includes citations, extra increments etc. Remarks : Any other useful information. If an award carries cash, mention the amount.

116 FORM - 30 Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or without collaboration with other agencies Year:

Sl. Title Completed Ongoing New Status Financial Expenditure Remarks No. outlay(Rs.) incurred (Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Completed : State date of completion and the status of the project report Ongoing : State since when the project is under operation and expected period of completion New : State the date of commencement and duration. Status : State the progress towards achievement of objectives; or project which has been dropped or held in abeyance etc Remarks : Any other relevant information. If the project is in collaboration with any other agency or is an contractual arrangement, state the situation and the name of the collaborating agency. If animal/plant specimen are being collected, state authority and where the collections are being housed.

FORM - 31 Survey and inventories Year:

Title of survey, By Sl. No. Completed Ongoing New By other agency Remarks inventory activity PA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Completed : State date of completion of field work and the status of the report Ongoing : State since when is it under operation and when is it expected to be completed. New : State the date of commencement and duration. By PA personnel: Will include collaboration or contractual arrangement. State the case as relevant. Other agency : State the name of the agency. Remarks : If specimen of plants /animals are being collected, state where the collection is being housed and authority. Any other useful information.

117 FORM - 32 The Monitoring Programme Year:

Status of Sl. Title of the Date of Responsible Technique collaboration and Remarks No. programme initiation agency analysis of data 1 2 3 4 5 6 8

Note : Technique : PCQ, belt transect, line transect and plots, pugmarks etc. by the title of the technique. Status of collaboration : Write only if applicable.

FORM - 33 Ecodevelopment Programme: Targets and implementation Year:

Sector Nature of Village Sl. (Central / Target set Achievements the (Buffer / Remarks No. State) or NGO programme enclaved) sponsored Physical Financial Physical Financial

Note : Nature of the programme : eg. pasture development, fodder plantations, establishing biogas units, livestock improvement, establishment and development of sericulture, revival of local skills such as handicraft, water harvesting systems, adults education etc. Village : Site where programme is being implemented – whether buffer or inside PA Remarks : State problems, state failures and reasons thereof, reasons for not attaining targets, for non-implementation or deviation etc. State whether it is on the right tracks in context of achievement of objectives

118 PART - I THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION Anamudi Shola National Park - Location Map PART-II THE PROPOSED MANAGEMENT THE STRATEGIES PART-III APPENDICES CHAPTER 11

BUDGET