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52 5/1 (2005) 52 - 58 Vol52 5/1 (2005) 52 - 58 JOURNAL OF NATURAL REMEDIES Folk herbal practices among Toda tribe of the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu, India. S. Rajan1*, M. Jayendran2, M. Sethuraman2 1. Survey of Medicinal Plants and Collection Unit, 112, Government Arts College Campus, Ooty- 643 002, TN. 2. Division of Medical Anthropology, Tribal Research Center, Tamil University, Thanjavur- 613 005. TN, India. Abstract: Objectives: To examine ethno-medicobotany of Toda tribe in the Nilgiri hills of South India. Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical field survey and personal discussion methods have been made use of in the collection of data. Results and discussion: A list of 32 botanicals (30 dicots and 2 monocots) plants belonging to 31 genera, 29 families and 32 species are employed for therapeutic purposes by the Toda tribe of Nilgiri hills, South India. The Parmelia caperata a type of moss paste is applied to wounds caused by animal bites for healing. In analyzing ethno-medicobotanical information, we present here data on various ethnomedicinal claims and method of applications to treat a host of ailments are underlined here. A short description of plants, their habitat, family and local names are also summarized here. Key words: Ethno-medicobotany, Toda tribe, Nilgiri hills, South India. 1. Introduction The Nilgiri hills venerated as “THE BLUE They are Todas, Kotas, Kurumbas, Irulas, Paniyas MOUNTAINS” is a treasure-trove for medico- and Kattunayakas. The total tribal population of ethnobiological and anthropological studies. the district was 25,048 [1] of which Toda It has prismatic plans propagating both native population constitutes 1600 persons. It is and exotic flora of good medicinal value. The apparent in the earlier studies that these groups annual rain fall of the Nilgiri district ranges have lived in the western ghats from 700 BC [2] from 1600 - 1800 mm which gives support to and in the Nilgiris from 1200 BC. [3] the growth of evergreen rainforest. The rich In contemporary times, there is a resurgence diversity of medicinal herbs and other of interest in medico-ethnobotanical data in interesting floristic elements in this region is reference to non-literate primitive note-worthy. communities. A great deal of research activity The district comprises all in all six primitive dwells on ethnobotany of simple folk groups ethnic groups of pivotal anthropological interest. [4]. Many studies concerning the medico- * Corresponding author E.mail: [email protected] S. Rajan et al. / Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 5/1 (2005) 52 - 58 53 ethnobotany of Toda tribe in the Nilgiri hills In the enumeration, the correct name of the have been attempted in the past [5-10]. species is followed by its local name and family. A succinct description of the plants is also The purpose of this work is to top up useful furnished for easy reference. The tribal name data by providing additional information about is abridged as ‘T’. The voucher specimens of time-honored plant remedies which are still all plants have been deposited in the herbarium popular with them. Against this background, it at the Survey of Medicinal Plants and is felt necessary to undertake this study on the Collection Unit (SMPCU), Udhaga-mandalam, Toda tribe. for future reference. 2. Ethnography 4. List of phytoremedies Todas constitute one of the six primitive hill Achyranthes bidentata Blume T.: Kithoop tribes of the Nilgiri district. They are [AMARANTHACEAE] An erect herb or sub professional dairymen, pastoralists and lacto- shrub. Leaves opposite, decussate, vegetarians. The community has two sub- oblanceolate, sparsely hirsute along the divisions namely Tarthar and Teiveli and each nerves on both sides. Flowers pink. Fruit a division has ten and five clans respectively. They utricle; single seed. tenaciously maintain their rich folk cultural The leaf paste is applied to wounds for rapid heritage and religious identity. They worship healing. sacred buffaloes and dairymen. Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7537 dated: The main occupation of Toda men is to farm 14.7.2002. semi-wild buffaloes and women engage themselves as house-keepers and in needle Ageratum conyzoides Linn. T.: Kedsthoor work activities. Todas possess good knowledge [ASTERACEAE] An erect herb. Leaves of medicinal herbs and flowers. The interesting opposite, broadly ovate to obovate. Flowers and possibly significant aspect of Toda tribe is white. Fruit an achene’s sparsely scabrous. that sacred buffaloes play a symbolic role in The tender leaf juice is smeared on wounds all the phases of Toda life. They live in for healing. traditional houses called “Munds”. Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7536 dated: 3. Methodology 14.7.2002. The data have been collected on ethno-medico- Anaphalis wightiana DC. [ASTERACEAE]: An botany of Toda tribe living in the Nilgiri hills of erect herb. Leaves alternate, elliptic covered South India. In analyzing ethnobotanical data, with white wool, base obtuse. Flowers white we present here information about 32 plants tinged when fresh with pink or yellow. Fruit belonging to 31 genera, 29 families and 32 an achene’s with white hairy. species that are widely used by the Toda tribe The leaf paste is laid on the swollen parts to in their traditional system. The input furnished reduce edema. here is based on our field surveys carried out on them during the months of May – August, Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7794 dated: 2002. The settlements included in the present 2.8.2003. study are Garden mund, Bikahatty mund, Arisaema leschenaultii Blume T.: Puthuasak Muthanad mund, Neergassh mund, Pudu mund [ARACEAE] An erect, bulbous herb. Leaves and Taranad mund. single with long petiole, elliptic- oblong to 54 S. Rajan et al. / Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 5/1 (2005) 52 - 58 obovate – lanceolate. Flowers greenish with The whole plant extract is a refrigerant. It is white strips. Fruit a berry 2-3 seeded. also useful for treating reeling symptoms. The whole plant extract is a useful external Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7682 dated: application for antiseptic purposes in 29.12.2002. buffaloes. The fruits are toxic according to Ceropegia ciliata Wight T. : AFEHL their folk belief. [ASCLEPIADACEAE]. A small tuberous herb. Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7537 dated: Leaves linear – lanceolate or lanceolate, hairy 14.7.2002. on both the surfaces. Flowers pale purple. Asclepias curassavica Linn. T.: Thoor Fruit a follicle paired, cylindrical. [ASCLEPIADACEAE]. An erect, branched The juice of the whole plant is used for herb. Leaves opposite decussate, lanceolate. treating fever. Flowers red. Fruit a follicle, tapering at both Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7776 dated: the ends; seeds winged, coma silky. 29.7.2003. The leaf extract is employed as a remedy for Ceropegia pusilla Wight & Arn. T.: Kafehl would healing purposes. [ASCLEPIADACEAE]. An erect, small Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7795 dated: tuberous herb. Leaves crowded with small 2.8.2003. linear bracts at the base. Flowers dark purplish brown with dark purple, white Berberis tinctoria Leschen. T.: THIKMUI ciliate. Fruit a follicle, swollen in the middle. [BERBERIDACEAE]. A shrub or small tree. Leaves obovate, entire or with a spiny teeth, The leaf and flower extracts are mixed and glabrous, purplish when young. Flowers taken orally as a remedy for correcting yellow. Fruit a sausage-shaped berry, purple nervous weakness. when ripe. Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7677 dated: The leaf extracts of both B. tinctoria and 29.7.2003. Rubus elipticus (Rosaceae) are orally given Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. T.: Pthoori to relieve fever and gastric discomfort. [CHENOPODIACEAE]. An erect, strongly Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7793 dated: aromatic herb. Leaves alternate, oblong- 2.8.2003. lanceolate. Flowers greenish. Fruit small, globose, and green. Beta vulgaris Linn. T.: Beetroot [CHENOPODIACEAE]. An erect, annual or The root extract is useful for febrifugal biennial tuberous herb. Leaves ovate to purposes. oblong-ovate, bract linear. Flower many Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7779 dated: greenish. 29.7.2003. According to their folk medical system, the Commelina benghalensis Linn. T.: Kogul roots are useful for haematinic purposes. [COMMELINACEAE]. A prostrate herb. Specimen Examined: Cultivated. Leaves ovate or oblong – ovate, lower clustered or one, funnel-shaped. Flowers Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban T.: Kudivsvar blue. Fruit a capsule, ellipsoid. [APIACEAE]. A prostrate herb. Leaves simple in rosettes, orbicular-reniform. Flowers The flowers are useful for treating certain purplish. Fruit a mericarp laterally flattened. ailments in magico-religious ways. S. Rajan et al. / Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 5/1 (2005) 52 - 58 55 Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7780 dated: whorled above and linear to lanceolate. 29.7.2003. Flowers greenish. Fruit a capsule. Coronopus didymus (Linn.) Smith T.: Mers The latex is applied externally for healing [BRASSICACEAE]. A prostrate annual herb. sores. It is also believed to promote hair Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers minute, white or growth. The whole plant is a good insect greenish-white. Fruit small, reniform and repellent. ovoid. Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7665 dated: The paste of whole plant is applied on the 7.12.2002. forehead for headache. Galium asperifolium Wallich T.: Kurdithol Specimen Examined: Rajan, 7648 dated: [RUBIACEAE]. A climbing herb with 20.11.2002. quadrangular stem. Leaves whorled, oblong- linear, and sessile. Flowers white. Fruit a Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. T.: Neliche capsule. [HYPOXIDACEAE]. An erect, small, The juice of the whole plant is
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