DOCSLIB.ORG

S4 ,945 100.0 100 .0 577 9.7 10.2 548

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

S4 ,945 100.0 100 .0 577 9 .7 10.2 548 12. 1 10 .2 200 3 .7 4.6 114 4. 5 2.5 44 1 11.7 9 .7 145 3.0 3.2 314 6 .5 6.9 2,412 48. 7 .')2 . 9 b COMPILED BY THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Vice President for Public Affairs • Carlyle H. Jones Editor • Gerald J. McAllister Senior Statistician • Teressa Smith Consultant • Rudolf Modley Art Director • James J. Fisher PUBLISHED BY Aviation Week &Space Technology A MCGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION 330 West 42nd Street New York, N. Y. 10036 FOREWORD The landing of men on the moon and their return to earth was by far the major aerospace event during 1969, both from an historical and tech­ nological perspective. This evidence of man's ability to travel to another celestial body, accomplish useful tasks and then return to his home planet is the culmination of the most intensive, sustain ed technological eff ort in which man has ever been engaged. While the industry was attaining new technological peaks, it was showin g declines in several key economic areas: • Sales dropped 10.8 percent from a record $29.8 billion in 1968 to $26.9 billion in 1969. • Average e mp!~ m e nt in I 969 was 1,354,000 workers compared with 1,418,000 in 19 ~. E mployment contiued to decline during the early months of 1970. • Net profit after taxes as a percentage of sales dropped to 3.0 percent in 1969 from 3.2 percent in 1968, according to reports from the Securities & Exchange Commission and the Federal Trade Commission. This com- 2 pares with a profit percentage of 4.8 for all manufacturing corporations. • Industry backlog was approximately $28.3 billion at year's end, divided almost equally between U. S. government and other orders. Back­ log at the end of 1968 was $30.7 billion. • Aerospace exports, a major contributor to the nation's balance of trade, increased in 1969 to nearly $3.2 billion from about $3 billion in 1968. Civil aerospace exports accounted for nearly $2 billion of the total. Details on these economic measurements and other areas of aerospace activity are co~ltained in this eighteenth annual edition of Aerospace Facts and Figures. The book provides a standard reference work on the industry for the use of managers and administrators in government and industry, editors and writers, industry analysts, educators and students. KARL G. HARR, JR. President Aerospace Industries Association 3 CONTENTS PACE 5 AEROSPACE SUMMARY 21 AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION 40 MISSILE PROGRAMS 48 SPACE PROGRAMS 61 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 68 FOREIGN TRADE 82 MANPOWER 94 FINANCE 106 AIR TRANSPORTATION 126 PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICIALS 139 INDEX 4 Aerospace industry sales in 1969 declined to about $26.9 billion, a I 0.8 percent drop from the record sales of $29.8 billion reported in 1968. By major group, aerospace sales in 1969 were: aircraft, $14.8 billion ; missiles, $5 billion; space vehicles, $4.3 billion; and non-aerospace, $2.7 billion. (The method of com pu.ting total sales is described in a footnote to the table, Aerospace Sales and the National Economy, on page 6). Aerospace sales accounted for 2.9 percent of the total Gross National Product of $932.1 billi on. Net profit as a percentage of sales declined in 1969 to 3.0 percent fr om 3.2 percent in 1968, according to reports from the Securities & Ex­ change Commission and the Federal Trade Commission. This profit percentage compares with 4.8 for all manufacturing corpo- 5 AEROSPACE FACTS AND FIGURES, 1970 AEROSPACE SALES AND THE NATIONAL EcoxoMY Calendar Years 1960 to Date (Dollar Figures in Billions) AEROSPACE SALES AS SALES OF PERCENT OF Year Total Ending Gross Manu- Decem- National Manufac- Durable Aero- factur- Dur- her 31 Product turing Goods space GNP ing In- able Industries Industry Industry dustries Goods 1960 $503.7 $368.7 $189.5 $17.3 3.4 4.7 9.1 1961 520.1 370.7 186.5 18.0 3.5 4.9 9.7 1962 560.3 397.4 205.2 19.2 3.4 4.8 9.4 1963 590.5 420.4 219.0 20.1 3.4 4.8 9.2 1964 632.4 448.0 235.6 20.6 3.3 4.6 8.7 [1965 684.9 492.0 266.6 20.7 3.0 4.2 7.8 l1966 747.6 538.5 295.6 24.6 3.3 4.6 8.3 1967 793.5r 548.5 299.7 27.3 3.4 5.0 9.1 1968 865.7r 603.7 331.0 29.8r 3.4 4.9 9.0 !1969 932.1 655.6 363.7 26.9 2.9 4.1 7.4 r Revised NoTE: The AlA estimate of Aerospace Industry sales is arrived at by adding 1. DoD expenditures for "procurement" of aircraft and missiles, 2. DoD expenditur<'s for research, de,·elopment, test and e\'alua­ tion for aircraft, missiles, and astronautics, 3. NASA expenditures for research and development, 4. AEC expenditures for space propulsion systems and spac<' electric power development, 5. Net sales to customers other than U.S. Government by approximately 60 areospace companies (adjusted to <'liminate duplica­ tion by subcontracting) and 6. Non-aerospace sales reported by the approximately 60 aerospace com­ panies reporting to the Bureau of the Censu •. Source: Manufacturing and Durable Goods Industries; Department. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders, Series M-3," (Monthly). Gross National Product; Department of Commerce, "Survey of Current Businfll's," (Monthly), Aerospace; Aerospace Industri~s Association estimates, based on latest a'·ailable information. r:.ttions, 5 percent for non-durable goods and 4.6 percent for durable goods. Backlog of the industry declined at almost the same ratio as sales. At the end of 1969, the backlog was about $28.3 billion compared with ap­ proximately $30.7 billion at the close of 1968. The backlog was divided almost equally between government and other business. U.S. government orders amounted to $14.3 billion and other customers accounted for the balance of about $14 billion. For the fifth consecutive year aerospace exports increased, accounting for 8.4 percent of total U.S. exports of merchandise. Aerospace exports reached nearly $3.2 billion with civil aerospace products amounting to nearly $2 billion of the total. Average aerospace employment in 1969 declined to 1,354,000 work- 6 AEROSPACE SUMMARY ers from the average of 1,418,000 in 1968. However, the total aerospace payroll increased to approximately $ 14.2 billion with salaried workers ac­ counting for about $8.2 bi ll ion and production workers for $6 bill ion . •- \J·:noSPACJ·: Co:-.:THIBUTIO:'-i TO Gno::;::; KATJO :\AL I'IWDUCT Calendar Years 1960 to Datf' (Doll ar Figure" in Billion,-) Co ntribution to GNP by Aerospace Contribution as Percent of T otal Gross ---- Year I National :\Ianufac- Aerospace i\Ianufac- Prod 11 Ct turing lndu:; try GNP turing I ndustri cs Industries --- - - 1960 S503. 7 Sl44.4 s 8 .Ll-r 1.7 5.9 1061 520.1 144.2 8 .8' 1 . 7 6 . I 1962 560. 3 158 .8 10 .0' 1. 8 6.3 1963 590.5 167.0 10. 6' 1.8 6.3 1964 632 .4 180 .3 10 .7 1.7 5.0 1965 tiR..J .9 198 .5' II .2' I .6 5.6 1966 7-1 9 .9' 218 .0' 13 .5 I -~ 6.2 1967 79 3 .5r 224 .or 15 .5 ' I .0 6.9 -, 196S Sti5 .I 2-16.4' 17 .2 ' 2 .0' 7 .0' 19fiO I·: 032. 265.0 \;) . 7 I . 7 5 9 ---- r He,·ised. N o T!~ : 'T he contribut ion of a n intlus tr_y to Gross Nationa l Produc t i:s composed o f the Yalue added by manufacturing with adjustment s fo r tuxes and sen·ic:cs . Source : U. S . D e partm ent of Comm erce, "S uiTC.Y of C urre nt Bu~inc ss " ( ::'\ l o nt h ly ), .\crospace I ndus trics Association estimates, based o n latest a\·a il nble in furmat.io n. 7 AEROSPACE FACTS AND FIGURES, 1970 ESTIMATED SALES OF THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY, BY PRODUCT GROUP Calendar Years 1948 to Date (Millions of Dollars) Year I Product Group Ending TOTAL December SALES 31 Space Non- Aircraft Missiles Vehicles aerospace 1948 $ 1,493 $ 1,359 - - $ 134 1949 2,232 2,032 - - 200 1950 3,116 2,731 $ 105 - 280 1951 6,264 5,067 633 I - 564 L952 10,130 8,442 776 - 912 1953 12,459 ' 10,420 918 - 1,121 1954 12,807 10,460 1,194 - 1,153 1955 12,411 9,781 1,513 - 1,117 1956 13,946 10,485 2,206 - 1,255 1957 15,858 11,398 3,033 - 1,427 1958 16,065 10,582 4,036 $ 1 1,446 1959 16,640 9,714 5,042 386 1,498 1960 17,326 9,126 5,762 878 1,559 1961 17,997 8,847 6,266 1,264 1,620 1962 19,162 8,944 6,311 2,182 1,725 1963 20,134 8,527 6,003 3,774 1,830 1964 20,594 8,911 5,242 4,720 1,721 1965 20,670 9,747 3,626 5,329 1,968 1966 24,610 11,951 4,053 5,969 2,637 1967 27,267 14,981 4,417 5,290 2,579 1968r 29,805 17,424 4,719 5,113 2,549 1969 26,882 14,816 5,053 4,308 2,705 r Revised NOTE: For explanation of "Aerospace Sales" se<' "Note" on page 6.
Recommended publications
  • ORION ORION a to Z APOGEE to Break the Frangible Joints and Separate the Fairings, Three Parachutes

    ORION ORION a to Z APOGEE to Break the Frangible Joints and Separate the Fairings, Three Parachutes

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration ORION www.nasa.gov ORION A to Z APOGEE to break the frangible joints and separate the fairings, three parachutes. The next two parachutes will then VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELTS The term apogee refers to the point in an elliptical exposing the spacecraft to space. LAS - LAUNCH ABORT SYSTEM deploy and open. Once the spacecraft slows to around The Van Allen Belts are belts of plasma trapped by orbit when a spacecraft is farthest from the Earth. Orion’s Launch Abort System (LAS) is designed to 100 mph, the three main parachutes will then deploy the Earth’s magnetic field that shield the surface of During Exploration Flight Test-1, Orion’s flight path will GUPPY propel the crew module away from an emergency on using three pilot parachutes and slow the spacecraft the Earth from much of the radiation in space. During take it to an apogee of 3,600 miles. Just how high is The Super Guppy is a special airplane capable of the launch pad or during initial takeoff, moving the to around 20 mph for splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. Exploration Flight Test-1, Orion will pass within the Van that? A commercial airliner flies about 8 miles above transporting up to 26 tons in its cargo compartment crew away from danger. Orion’s LAS has three new When fully deployed, the canopies of three main Allen Radiation Belts and will spend more time in the the Earth’s surface, so Orion’s flight is 450 times farther measuring 25 feet tall, 25 feet wide, and 111 feet long.
  • The Orbital-Hub: Low Cost Platform for Human Spaceflight After ISS

    The Orbital-Hub: Low Cost Platform for Human Spaceflight After ISS

    67th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright ©2016 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. IAC-16, B3,1,9,x32622 The Orbital-Hub: Low Cost Platform for Human Spaceflight after ISS O. Romberga, D. Quantiusa, C. Philpota, S. Jahnkea, W. Seboldta, H. Dittusb, S. Baerwaldeb, H. Schlegelc, M. Goldd, G. Zamkad, R. da Costae, I. Retate, R. Wohlgemuthe, M. Langee a German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Space Systems, Bremen, Germany, [email protected] b German Aerospace Center (DLR), Executive Board, Space Research and Technology, Cologne, Germany, c European Space Agency (ESA) Contractor, Johnson Space Center, Houston, USA, d Bigelow Aerospace, Las Vegas / Washington, USA, e Airbus DS, Bremen, Germany Abstract The International Space Station ISS demonstrates long-term international cooperation between many partner governments as well as significant engineering and programmatic achievement mostly as a compromise of budget, politics, administration and technological feasibility. A paradigm shift to use the ISS more as an Earth observation platform and to more innovation and risk acceptance can be observed in the development of new markets by shifting responsibilities to private entities and broadening research disciplines, demanding faster access by users and including new launcher and experiment facilitator companies. A review of worldwide activities shows that all spacefaring nations are developing their individual programmes for the time after ISS. All partners are basically still interested in LEO and human spaceflight as discussed by the ISECG. ISS follow-on activities should comprise clear scientific and technological objectives combined with the long term view on space exploration.
  • Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler

    Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler

    Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler Soyuz A Universal Spacecraft ruuiiMicPublishedu 11in1 aaaundiiuiassociationi witwimh ^^ • Springer Praxis Publishing PRHB Chichester, UK "^UF Table of contents Foreword xvii Authors' preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of illustrations and tables xxiii Prologue xxix ORIGINS 1 Soviet manned spaceflight after Vostok 1 Design requirements 1 Sever and the 1L: the genesis of Soyuz 3 The Vostok 7/1L Soyuz Complex 4 The mission sequence of the early Soyuz Complex 6 The Soyuz 7K complex 7 Soyuz 7K (Soyuz A) design features 8 The American General Electric concept 10 Soyuz 9K and Soyuz 1 IK 11 The Soyuz Complex mission profile 12 Contracts, funding and schedules 13 Soyuz to the Moon 14 A redirection for Soyuz 14 The N1/L3 lunar landing mission profile 15 Exploring the potential of Soyuz 16 Soyuz 7K-P: a piloted anti-satellite interceptor 16 Soyuz 7K-R: a piloted reconnaissance space station 17 Soyuz VI: the military research spacecraft Zvezda 18 Adapting Soyuz for lunar missions 20 Spacecraft design changes 21 Crewing for circumlunar missions 22 The Zond missions 23 The end of the Soviet lunar programme 33 The lunar orbit module (7K-LOK) 33 viii Table of contents A change of direction 35 References 35 MISSION HARDWARE AND SUPPORT 39 Hardware and systems 39 Crew positions 40 The spacecraft 41 The Propulsion Module (PM) 41 The Descent Module (DM) 41 The Orbital Module (OM) 44 Pyrotechnic devices 45 Spacecraft sub-systems 46 Rendezvous, docking and transfer 47 Electrical power 53 Thermal control 54 Life support 54
  • Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight

    Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight

    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 6-2020 Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K. Levasseur Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES PURDUE STUDIES IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS James R. Hansen, Series Editor Purdue Studies in Aeronautics and Astronautics builds on Purdue’s leadership in aeronautic and astronautic engineering, as well as the historic accomplishments of many of its luminary alums. Works in the series will explore cutting-edge topics in aeronautics and astronautics enterprises, tell unique stories from the history of flight and space travel, and contemplate the future of human space exploration and colonization. RECENT BOOKS IN THE SERIES British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars by Alex M Spencer A Reluctant Icon: Letters to Neil Armstrong by James R. Hansen John Houbolt: The Unsung Hero of the Apollo Moon Landings by William F. Causey Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind by James R. Hansen Piercing the Horizon: The Story of Visionary NASA Chief Tom Paine by Sunny Tsiao Calculated Risk: The Supersonic Life and Times of Gus Grissom by George Leopold Spacewalker: My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer by Jerry L. Ross THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K.
  • Space Rescue Ensuring the Safety of Manned Space¯Ight David J

    Space Rescue Ensuring the Safety of Manned Space¯Ight David J

    Space Rescue Ensuring the Safety of Manned Space¯ight David J. Shayler Space Rescue Ensuring the Safety of Manned Spaceflight Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK David J. Shayler Astronautical Historian Astro Info Service Halesowen West Midlands UK Front cover illustrations: (Main image) Early artist's impression of the land recovery of the Crew Exploration Vehicle. (Inset) Artist's impression of a launch abort test for the CEV under the Constellation Program. Back cover illustrations: (Left) Airborne drop test of a Crew Rescue Vehicle proposed for ISS. (Center) Water egress training for Shuttle astronauts. (Right) Beach abort test of a Launch Escape System. SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 978-0-387-69905-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934752 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2009 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
  • Celebrate Apollo

    Celebrate Apollo

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Celebrate Apollo Exploring The Moon, Discovering Earth “…We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share. … I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish …” President John F. Kennedy May 25, 1961 Celebrate Apollo Exploring The Moon, Discovering Earth Less than five months into his new administration, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy, announced the dramatic and ambitious goal of sending an American safely to the moon before the end of the decade. Coming just three weeks after Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space, Kennedy’s bold challenge that historic spring day set the nation on a journey unparalleled in human history. Just eight years later, on July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module, taking “one small step” in the Sea of Tranquility, thus achieving “one giant leap for mankind,” and demonstrating to the world that the collective will of the nation was strong enough to overcome any obstacle. It was an achievement that would be repeated five other times between 1969 and 1972. By the time the Apollo 17 mission ended, 12 astronauts had explored the surface of the moon, and the collective contributions of hundreds of thousands of engineers, scientists, astronauts and employees of NASA served to inspire our nation and the world.
  • The New American Space Age: a Progress Report on Human Spaceflight the New American Space Age: a Progress Report on Human Spaceflight the International Space

    The New American Space Age: a Progress Report on Human Spaceflight the New American Space Age: a Progress Report on Human Spaceflight the International Space

    The New American Space Age: A PROGRESS REPORT ON HUMAN SpaCEFLIGHT The New American Space Age: A Progress Report on Human Spaceflight The International Space Station: the largest international scientific and engineering achievement in human history. The New American Space Age: A Progress Report on Human Spaceflight Lately, it seems the public cannot get enough of space! The recent hit movie “Gravity” not only won 7 Academy Awards – it was a runaway box office success, no doubt inspiring young future scientists, engineers and mathematicians just as “2001: A Space Odyssey” did more than 40 years ago. “Cosmos,” a PBS series on the origins of the universe from the 1980s, has been updated to include the latest discoveries – and funded by a major television network in primetime. And let’s not forget the terrific online videos of science experiments from former International Space Station Commander Chris Hadfield that were viewed by millions of people online. Clearly, the American public is eager to carry the torch of space exploration again. Thankfully, NASA and the space industry are building a host of new vehicles that will do just that. American industry is hard at work developing new commercial transportation services to suborbital altitudes and even low Earth orbit. NASA and the space industry are also building vehicles to take astronauts beyond low Earth orbit for the first time since the Apollo program. Meanwhile, in the U.S. National Lab on the space station, unprecedented research in zero-g is paving the way for Earth breakthroughs in genetics, gerontology, new vaccines and much more.
  • America's Greatest Projects and Their Engineers - VII

    America's Greatest Projects and Their Engineers - VII

    America's Greatest Projects and Their Engineers - VII Course No: B05-005 Credit: 5 PDH Dominic Perrotta, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 076 77 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] America’s Greatest Projects & Their Engineers-Vol. VII The Apollo Project-Part 1 Preparing for Space Travel to the Moon Table of Contents I. Tragedy and Death Before the First Apollo Flight A. The Three Lives that Were Lost B. Investigation, Findings & Recommendations II. Beginning of the Man on the Moon Concept A. Plans to Land on the Moon B. Design Considerations and Decisions 1. Rockets – Launch Vehicles 2. Command/Service Module 3. Lunar Module III. NASA’s Objectives A. Unmanned Missions B. Manned Missions IV. Early Missions V. Apollo 7 Ready – First Manned Apollo Mission VI. Apollo 8 - Orbiting the Moon 1 I. Tragedy and Death Before the First Apollo Flight Everything seemed to be going well for the Apollo Project, the third in a series of space projects by the United States intended to place an American astronaut on the Moon before the end of the 1960’s decade. Apollo 1, known at that time as AS (Apollo Saturn)-204 would be the first manned spaceflight of the Apollo program, and would launch a few months after the flight of Gemini 12, which had occurred on 11 November 1966. Although Gemini 12 was a short duration flight, Pilot Buzz Aldrin had performed three extensive EVA’s (Extra Vehicular Activities), proving that Astronauts could work for long periods of time outside the spacecraft.
  • Apollo Space Suit

    Apollo Space Suit

    APOLLO SPACE S UIT 1962–1974 Frederica, Delaware A HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK SEPTEMBER 20, 2013 DelMarVa Subsection Histor y of the Apollo Space Suit This model would be used on Apollo 7 through Apollo 14 including the first lunar mission of Neil Armstrong and Buzz International Latex Corporation (ILC) was founded in Aldrin on Apollo 11. Further design improvements were made to Dover, Delaware in 1937 by Abram Nathanial Spanel. Mr. Spanel improve mobility for astronauts on Apollo 15 through 17 who was an inventor who became proficient at dipping latex material needed to sit in the lunar rovers and perform more advanced to form bathing caps and other commercial products. He became mobility exercises on the lunar surface. This suit was known as famous for ladies apparel made under the brand name of Playtex the model A7LB. A slightly modified ILC Apollo suit would also go that today is known worldwide. Throughout WWII, Spanel drove on to support the Skylab program and finally the American-Soyuz the development and manufacture of military rubberized products Test Program (ASTP) which concluded in 1975. During the entire to help our troops. In 1947, Spanel used the small group known time the Apollo suit was produced, manufacturing was performed as the Metals Division to develop military products including at both the ILC plant on Pear Street in Dover, Delaware, as well as several popular pressure helmets for the U.S. Air Force. the ILC facility in Frederica, Delaware. In 1975, the Dover facility Based upon the success of the pressure helmets, the Metals was closed and all operations were moved to the Frederica plant.
  • CSM15 Launch Escape System

    CSM15 Launch Escape System

    LAUNCH ESCAPE PITCH CONTROL MOTO TOWER JETTISON MOTOR LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTO CANARD LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR ACTUATOR THRUST ALIGNMENT FITIING STU OS & POWER SYSTEMS & INSTRUMENTATION WIRE HARNESS FRANGIBLE LAUNCH ESCAPE TOWER ELECTRICAL DISCONNECT FITIINGS P-186 BOOST PROTECTIVE COVER (APEX SECTION) Launch escape subsystem The launch escape subsystem will take the com­ nozzles and at the bottom to the command module mand module containing the astronauts away from by means of an explosive connection. the launch vehicle in case of an emergency on the pad or shortly after launch. The subsystem carries A boost protective cover is attached to the tower the CM to a sufficient height and to the side, away and completely covers the command module. This from the launch vehicle, so that the earth landing cover protects the command module from the subsystem can operate. rocket exhaust and also from the heating generated by launch vehicle boost through the atmosphere. It The subsystem looks like a large rocket con­ remains attached to the tower and is carried away nected to the command module by a lattice-work when the launch escape assembly is jettisoned. tower. It is 33 feet long and weighs about 8,000 pounds. The maximum diameter of the launch The subsystem is activated automatically by the escape assembly is four feet. emergency detection system in the first 100 seconds or manually by the astronauts at any time The forward or rocket section of the subsystem from the pad to jettison altitude. With the Saturn is cylindrical and houses three solid-propellant V, the subsystem is jettisoned at about 295,000 rocket motors and a ballast compartment topped by feet, or about 30 seconds after ignition of the a nose cone containing instruments.
  • The Orion Spacecraft As a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway

    The Orion Spacecraft As a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway

    The Orion Spacecraft as a Key Element in a Deep Space Gateway A Technical Paper Presented by: Timothy Cichan Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Kerry Timmons Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Kathleen Coderre Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Willian D. Pratt Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] July 2017 © 2014 Lockheed Martin Corporation Abstract With the Orion exploration vehicle and Space Launch System (SLS) approaching operational status, NASA and the international community are developing the next generation of habitats to serve as a deep space platform that will be the first of its kind, a cislunar Deep Space Gateway (DSG). The DSG is evolvable, flexible, and modular. It would be positioned in the vicinity of the Moon and allow astronauts to demonstrate they can operate for months at a time well beyond Low Earth Orbit. Orion is the next generation human exploration spacecraft being developed by NASA. It is designed to perform deep space exploration missions, and is capable of carrying a crew of 4 astronauts on independent free-flight missions up to 21 days, limited only by consumables. Because Orion meets the strict requirements for deep space flight environments (reentry conditions, deep-space communications, safety, radiation, and life support for example) it is a key element in a DSG and is more than just a transportation system. Orion has the capability to act as the command deck of any deep space piloted vehicle. To increase affordability and reduce the complexity and number of subsystem functions the early DSG must be responsible for, the DSG can leverage these unique deep space qualifications of Orion.
  • PDF Document Download

    PDF Document Download

    “We choose to go to the moon ...” President John F. Kennedy’s commitment to landing an astronaut “on the Moon and returning him back safely to the Earth” was particularly audacious considering when he fi rst voiced the challenge, only one American had been in space for a grand total of 15 minutes and 28 seconds. Here is a look back at some of the milestones NASA and its astronauts reached on their way to the Moon. Learn more by visiting the John F. Kennedy Presidential 2 Library & Museum at www.jfklibrary.org 3 Only in the Sixties The Sixties could be described in words Charles To put President Kennedy’s proclamation in pers- Sadly, Gordon Cooper’s Faith 7 mission was the last Dickens had written just over a century before the pective, it is useful to remember that he made the of NASA’s manned space fl ights to take place in decade began: “It was the best of times, it was the speech only 16 months after America’s fi rst manned President Kennedy’s lifetime. worst of times ... “ space flight and seven months after John Glenn became the fi rst American to orbit the Earth. NASA’s While John F. Kennedy would not live to see his It was a time of stark contrasts. On one hand, it was four manned fl ights had each lasted less than fi ve dream realized, his challenge stimulated the imagi- an era of enormous political and social unrest. On the hours. In fact, NASA had only been established four nations of people from every nation and motivated other, it offered unparalleled scientifi c advancement years earlier.