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Masteroppgave I Historie Fra Ticinus til Zama Scipio Africanus i den 2. puniske krig Vegard Johnsen Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2010 Forord Jeg vil rette en stor takk til min veileder Knut Ødegård for all hjelp og tilbakemeldinger under arbeidet. Videre vil jeg takke mine medstudenter for et fabelaktig samhold, både på og utenfor Blindern. Takk også til alle venner utenfor Blindern. Stor takk til Ragnar Holst Larsen for hjelp med redigering. Sist, men ikke minst, en stor takk til mamma og pappa for all hjelp og støtte opp gjennom årene. Vegard Johnsen 5. mai, 2010 i ii Innholdsfortegnelse Forord.........................................................................................................................................i Innholdsfortegnelse .................................................................................................................iii Illustrasjoner............................................................................................................................. v Kilder og oversettelser ...........................................................................................................vii 1. Innledning. Presentasjon og problemstillinger.................................................................. 1 Struktur og metode ................................................................................................................. 2 Kilder...................................................................................................................................... 2 Polybios: bakgrunn og kilder ................................................................................................. 2 Historikeren Polybios............................................................................................................. 3 Polybios og Scipio.................................................................................................................. 5 Livius: bakgrunn og kilder ..................................................................................................... 6 Historikeren Livius................................................................................................................. 7 Livius og Scipio ..................................................................................................................... 8 Den politiske kultur i den romerske republikk....................................................................... 9 Factiones, patroner og klienter ............................................................................................. 10 Kritikk og nye teorier ........................................................................................................... 11 2. Tidlige år ............................................................................................................................. 14 Fra Ticinus til Cannae .......................................................................................................... 14 Valget til edil........................................................................................................................ 17 Utnevnelsen til kommandoen i Spania................................................................................. 19 3. Krigen i Spania................................................................................................................... 26 Erobringen av Ny-Kartago, 209 f.Kr. .................................................................................. 26 Etter erobringen.................................................................................................................... 38 Slaget ved Baecula, 208 f.Kr................................................................................................ 41 Slaget ved Ilipa, 206 f.Kr. .................................................................................................... 45 4. Opprydningsarbeid, konsulvalg og krigsforberedelser .................................................. 50 Allianser ............................................................................................................................... 50 Mytteri.................................................................................................................................. 52 Konsulvalg ........................................................................................................................... 58 Locri-affæren........................................................................................................................ 65 5. Krigen i Afrika ................................................................................................................... 71 Det første året ....................................................................................................................... 71 Nedbrenningen av militærleirene, 203 f.Kr. ........................................................................ 75 Slaget på Campi Magni, 203 f.Kr. ....................................................................................... 78 Hannibal returnerer .............................................................................................................. 80 Det avgjørende slaget: Zama, 202 f.Kr. ............................................................................... 87 6. Personen Scipio. Oppsummering og konklusjon............................................................. 92 Generalen ............................................................................................................................. 92 Pragmatikeren....................................................................................................................... 93 Den selvsikre Scipio............................................................................................................. 95 Avsluttende bemerkninger ................................................................................................... 97 Litteraturliste.......................................................................................................................... 99 iii iv Illustrasjoner Side 28: Ny-Kartago (Fra H. H. Scullard: Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War ) Side 41: Spania (Fra H. H. Scullard: Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War ) Side 48: Slaget ved Ilipa (Fra H. H. Scullard: Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War ) Side 56: Slaget ved Ebro (Fra H. H. Scullard: Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War ) Side 71: Nord-Afrika (Fra H. H. Scullard: Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War ) Side 89: Slaget ved Zama (Fra Richard A. Gabriel: Scipio Africanus: Rome’s Greatest General ) v vi Kilder og oversettelser Med mindre annet er påpekt har jeg benyttet W. R. Patons oversettelse av Polybios: Polybius: The Histories: in six volumes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1922-1927). For Livius’ historie om den 2. puniske krig har jeg, med mindre annet er påpekt, brukt Aubrey de Sélincourts oversettelse: Livy: The War with Hannibal (Penguin Books, 1965. Opptrykk 1972). For de øvrige antikke kildene har jeg kun benyttet Loeb-utgivelsene. Oversettelsene til norsk er mine egne, og er gjort fra engelsk, ikke gresk eller latin. vii viii 1. Innledning. Presentasjon og problemstillinger Tema for min masteroppgave er den romerske hærføreren Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (235-183 f.Kr.) og hans karriere under den 2. puniske krig (218-201 f.Kr.). Scipio spilte en helt sentral rolle i denne krigen, som preget livet hans fra han som tenåring deltok i trefningen ved Ticinus til han seksten år senere beseiret Hannibal i slaget ved Zama. I løpet av disse årene opplevde Scipio både tragedier og triumfer. Han deltok i slaget ved Cannae, det største militære nederlag i den romerske republikks historie, og han mistet sin far og onkel i krigen i Spania. Tragediene til tross, Scipios liv under krigen ble først og fremst preget av en rekke triumfer. I en alder av 24 år overtok han kommandoen i Spania; fem år senere hadde punerne blitt fordrevet fra halvøya. I 204 krysset han over til Afrika og påførte fienden flere nederlag, før han beseiret den store generalen Hannibal og dermed kronet Romas lange og blodige kamp mot Kartago med seier. Som øverstkommanderende opplevde han ikke et eneste militært nederlag. Kildene forteller ikke bare om en stor general. Scipio var også en ekstraordinær personlighet. En indikasjon på dette er at en legende vokste frem om ham. Den greske historikeren Polybios (ca. 200-118 f.Kr.) skriver at det var en utbredt oppfatning at Scipio sto i kontakt med gudene, og at disse veiledet ham (Pol. X. 2. 5-9). 150 år senere gjenfortalte romeren Titus Livius (59 f.Kr.-17 e.Kr.) dette, og la til at folk også trodde at en stor slange hadde unnfanget Scipio, akkurat slik en slange hadde unnfanget Alexander den store (Liv. XXVI. 19). Verken Polybios eller Livius festet noen tiltro til legenden. Polybios hevdet at Scipio kun utnyttet folks overtro (Pol. X. 2. 10-12). Livius skriver også dette, men åpner samtidig for at Scipio selv var overtroisk (Liv. XXVI. 19). Polybios og Livius så altså på Scipio som høyst menneskelig, men med eksepsjonelle kvaliteter. Foruten hans militære evner trekker de frem hans medmenneskelighet, selvbeherskelse, mot og intelligens, for bare å nevne noen av superlativene han overøses med. Scipio var kort og godt den perfekte romer. I min masteroppgave ønsker jeg å studere Scipios karriere under den 2. puniske krig, og forsøke å gi et mer korrekt bilde av
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