Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions the Copyright Law Of
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Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions The Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If electronic transmission of reserve material is used for purposes in excess of what constitutes "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. Immanuel Kant Anthropology From a Pragmatic Point of View Translated by Victor Lyle Dowdell Revised and edited by Hans H. Rudnick With an Introduction by Frederick P. Van De Pitte SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS CARBONDALE AND EDWARDSVILLE FEFFER & SIMONS, INC. LONDON AND AMSTERDAM 2I2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION THE CHARACTER OF THE PERSON 213 mean just between the two might be the observation that even the forehead ofthe male ofour species is customar c. On Characteristics in Facial Expressions 52 ily flat, while that of the female is rather rounded. Whether a hump on the nose reveals a satirist; Expressions are facial features put into action, and whether the peculiarity of the shape of the Chinese face, this action is controlled more or less by strong emorio~, of which we say that the upper jawbone projects some the tendency to such emotion is a trait of the person s what beyond the lower, is an indication of their rigid character. minds; or whether the forehead of the American Indian, It is difficult to hide the impact of emotion from overgrown with hair on both sides, is a sign of an innate some facial expression; emotion53 betrays itself by the mental weakness, and so forth; all these are conjectures careful restraint from gesticulation, or in the tone itse~fi which permit only inconclusive interpretation. And he who is too weak to control his emotion, WI reveal his inner emotions through facial expression 49 b. On Characteristics in Facial Features (much against his will), even if he would rather like to hide and conceal them from the eyes of others. Onc.e It does no harm to a man, even in the judgment of they have been found out, those who have mastered th.IS the feminine sex, ifhis face has been disfigured and made art are not considered the best people to deal wirh ~n unlovely because of the coloring of his skin or pock confidence, particularly when they know how co fa e marks. Ifgood-natured ness shines in his eyes, and also if expressions which contradict their real actions. the expression ofdecency reveals itself on his face peace fully together with the consciousness of his power, then [301] The art of interpreting facial expressions which he can always be liked and be worthy of love; and this unintentionally reveal the interior, but which are used to should be universally so regarded. One jokes with such deceive, can offer occasion for many proper remarks? bur people and their amiability (perantiphrasin); [300] and a I wish to consider only one. When anybod y who or~lOarf woman can be proud of having such a husband. Such a ily is not cross-eyed tells a story and looks ar the potnt~ face is not a caricature, 50 since a caricature is an inten his nose and consequently looks cross-eyed, then t e tionally exaggerated sketch (a distortion) of a face in story he is telling is always a lie. But one must not co~nt excitement, devised for derision and belonging to 5 in this category anyone who squints because of defec~lve mimicry. Such a face I must rather be counted as a vari eyesight, because he can be entirely free from this VI~' ety inherent in nature, and must not be called agrotesque Moreover, there are gestures designed by nature, Y face (which would be terrifying). Without being beautiful which people of all races and from all climates un~er such a face can inspire love, and although it is not lovely, stand each other without prior agreement. Among t ese it is still not ugly.'*' replied, "Ier rhe woman wear my wig, and ler me wear her headd res s'"ot then of • Heidegger, a German musician in London, was fantasrically deformed, we shall see. " As rhis rook place, everybody fell ro laughing, ro the Ptrn an bur a clever and intelligent person wirh whom arisrocrars liked ro associare suffocarion, because rhe woman looked like a very presentable gent e on~ for rhe sake of conversarion. Once ir occurred ro him ar a drinking parry ro y and rhe fellow looked like a wirch. This shows rhar in order to call ar but claim ro a lord rhar he had rhe ugliesr face in London. The lord refJecred and beauriful, or ar leasr bearably prerry, one musr nor judge absolute Y'Ug1y rhen made a wager rhar he would present a face srill more ugly. He rhen sent always only relarively. Ir also shows rhar no one oughr ro call a fe~o:e face for a drunken woman, ar whose appearance rhe whole parry bursr into jusr because he is nor handsome. Only repulsive physical defecrs 0 t laughrer and shoms: "Heidegger, you have losr rhe wager!" "Nor so fasr," he can jusrify such a verdicr [A: such a claim-Ed.]. 214 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION THE CHARACTER OF THE PERSON 21 5 gestures are nodding the head (in affirmation), shaking nates, they felt unchallenged in their sphere of activity, the head (in negation), lifting up the head (in objection), so that their facial muscles did not develop the flexibility shaking the head (in wonder), turning up one's nose (in necessary for all situations involving the treatment of mockery), smiling ironically (in grinning), having one's superiors, inferiors, and equals. They would not have lost countenance fall (upon the refusal of a request), knitting their dignity if they had stooped to cultivate the play of the brows (in vexation), rapidly snapping and locking the facial expressions which is required in order to be well jaws (bah!), beckoning toward and away from oneself received in society. On the other hand, people accus with the hands, throwing up one's arms (in astonish tomed to urban manners and who are of the same rank ment), clenching the fist (in threatening), bowing, laying are well aware that they have an ad vantage in this respect a finger on the mouth (compescere labella)54 in order to over other people. When this consciousness of superior command silence, hissing, and so forth. ity becomes habitual by long practice, it is stamped upon their faces with lasting outlines. 55 Random Remarks Devotees of a predominant religion or cult, when disciplined for a long time in mechanical exercises of Often-repeated facial expressions, which involun devotion and, so to speak, petrified by them, attribute tarily accompany emotion, gradually become fixed fea characteristics to the people of an entire nation which tures which only disappear in death. Consequently, as became representative of that nation's physiognomy. Lavater noticed, the terrifying face that revealed the Herr Fr. Nicolai56 says this of the awkward, hypocriti scoundrel in life refines itself (negatively) in death. Be cally pious faces in Bavaria; whereas John Bull of old cause all muscles are relaxed in death, nothing remains England, wherever he may go, carries in his face the but the expression of repose, which is an innocent ex license to be impolite to strangers, be it either abroad or pression. Thus it may even happen that a person who has in his own country. There is, therefore, something like a not worn himself out during his youthful years, in later national physiognomy, but it should not necessarily be years, despite his good health, may take on a new face thought of as innate. There are characteristic marks in because of debauchery. From this, however, nothing groups ofpeople whom the law has brought together for should be concluded about his natural disposition. the purpose of punishment. About the prisoners in One also speaks ofa common face in contrast to one Amsterdam's Rasphuis, Paris' Bicetre, and London's that is aristocratic. The aristocratic signifies nothing Newgate, an able traveling German physician has re more than an arrogant importance combined with a marked that they were mostly skinny fellows who were courtly manner of ingratiation, as it prospers only in big conscious of their superiority. But there were none cities where people cause friction among each other and about whom it would be permissible to say with the actor wear off their crudeness. Therefore, when civil servants, Quin:57 "If this fellow is not a scoundrel, then the born and brought up in the country, are transferred with Creator does not write a legible hand." In order to pass their families to important municipal positions, (302] or such hard judgment, we would need to distinguish, more when they only qualify for such service in accordance clearly than any mortal can presume to claim, between with their rank, they show something common, not the purposes of the game that Nature plays with the merely in their manners, but also in their facial expres forms of its creation only to generate a variety oftemper sion. Having dealt almost entirely with their subordi- aments, and what this does or does not do for morality. 216 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION THE CHARACTER OF THE SEXES 21 7 Feminine traits60 are called weaknesses. People joke [303] B.