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Ann Aibor, MI 48106 "ORDO ET LIBERTAS;" CHURCH DISCIPLINE AND THE MAKERS OF CHURCH ORDER IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY NORTH GERMANY DISSERTATION Presented in Psürtial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey P. Jaynes, B.A., M.Div. *********** Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee Approved by James Kittelson Joseph Lynch Adviser John Rule Dflpeurtment of History Copyright by Jeffrey Jaynes 1993 To Cathy, Timothy, and Andrew and our families 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a lifetime of experience cind several years of research. I am extremely grateful for the consistent guidance and prodding of my advisor. Dr. James Kittelson. Without his invaluable insights, lunch conversations, and contacts on two sides of the Atlantic, this project would have never taken shape. Furthermore, I am grateful for the assistance of Dr. Joseph Lynch and Dr. John Rule in providing a broader historical context for this work. The staff of the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbuttel, Germany, made my research an enjoyable experience while I was far from home. Finally, without the continual affirmation and understanding of my wife, Cathy, and the encouragement of my sons, Timothy and Andrew, I would have retreated long ago. Thanks to you all. I l l VITA June 25, 1954 .................... Born, Walnut Creek, CA. 1976 .............................. B.A., California State University, Fresno 1980 .............................. M. Div. , Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA 1980-87 .......................... Associate Pastor, First Presbyterian Church, Sanger, CA 1988-92 .......................... Graduate Associate, Department of History, Ohio State University 1992-present ..................... Visiting Instructor in Church History, Methodist Theological School, Delaware, OH FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Studies in Early Modern Europe ... Dr. James Kittelson Dr. John Rule Studies in Medieval Europe ........ Dr. Joseph Lynch Studies in Colonial America ..... Dr. Carla Pestana IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................ iii VITA ......................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................... vi ABBREVIATIONS ................................ VÜ INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. THE INCEPTION OF THE C H U R C H ..... 8 ORDER PROCESS II. CHURCH ORDERS IN AN AGE OF ..... 83 EXPANSION III. THE CHURCH ORDERS IN THE ...... 148 CONFESSIONAL AGE IV. DISCIPLINE AND THE CHURCH ........ 215 ORDERS V. VERFASSER DER KIRCHENORDNÜNGENz .. 303 THE MAKERS OF CHURCH ORDER CONCLUSION .................................. 339 APPENDIX .................................. 345 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................ 373 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Birth Dates: Church Order Authors ..... 308 2. Universities A t t e n d e d .................. 321 3. Highest University Degree Attained 323 and Institution 4. Church Order Authors and Religious 327 Orders 5. Superintendents and Other Church ...... 330 Positions VI ABBSEVX&TXONS ADB Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, Leipzig, 1890-1924 CR Corpus Reformatoren, Edited by Carl Bretscheider and H. Birdseil. 99 vols. Halle, 1834-60 K m m w i e d e Hans-Walter Krumwiede. "Kirchengeschiclite. " In Geschichte Niedersachsens, 3: 2. Edited b y Hems Petze. Hildesheim, 1983 NDB Neue Deutsche Biographie. Berlin, 1953-. RE Realezizyklopadie fiir protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Leipzig, 1899-1915. Richter A. L. Richter, ed. Die evangelische Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts. Nieuwkoop, 1967. Sehling, EKO E. Sehling, et. a l . , eds. Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des XVI. Jahrhundeirts. Leipzig and Tubingen, 1902— . TRE Theologische Realenzyklopadie. Berlin, 1977-. WA D. Martin Luthers Werke^ Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Weimar, 1883-. W A B r D. Martin Luthers Werke, Briefwechsel. Weimar, 1930-. V I 1 INTRODUCTION In 1977 the eminent German historian and Reformation scholcur, Gerhcird Müller, presented a paper at the Coburg in Bavciria during one of several events commemorating the 450th cumiverscory of the signing of the Lutheran Formula of Concord. The title of his presentation, in translation, reveals the truly mixed configuration of sixteenth century European society: "Alliance and Confession: the Theological- Historical Development and Ecclesiastical-Political Significance of Reformation Confessions.Any student of early modern European history can appreciate the complexities of a society that so thoroughly blended confessional matters with almost every other facet of life. In a very admirable fashion, Müller points out in this essay that confessional roots were both theological and historical, and that theological formulations influenced both the political and religious spheres of life. The same case that Müller meikes for the influence of "Reformation confessions" could be directly applied to another type of document that resulted from the Reformation: the evangelical or Lutheran church orders. These church orders or 2 constitutions not only gave institutional shape to the Lutheran movement, but also addressed a range of social and religious questions. In several instances these documents stood as the most significant policy statements of their respective cities or territories. As official statements, the evangelical church orders clearly represented the first attempts to give form and substance to the new institutions of the Lutheran church. Thus the orders reflected a type of establishment religion that valued principles of order: social, religious, and political. However, the church orders were also the product of a break-away movement that had championed notions of personal and religious liberty. Furthermore, Luther and other reformers seemed almost too willing to discard the time—honored institutions of the church. A fundamental tension between order and freedom, ordo et libertés, therefore, characterized the emergence of the entire protestant reformation, and this applied above all to the task of composing church orders: the documents that established new ecclesiastical institutions. Understanding how Lutheran authors of church orders attempted to balance their commitments to order and liberty, and somehow retain both of these elements in the documents they wrote and the institutions they established is the goal of this dissertation. 3 Alttiough, evangelical church orders were written for all parts of the Holy Roman empire during the sixteenth century^ this study will concentrate on the orders written for northern Germany between the years 1520 and 1580. North Germany is a somewhat arbitrary, but customairy and useful designation for those German territories and cities which lay north of the Main River, and were bounded by the Rhine River in the west and the Oder River in the east- Focusing on this region will limit the scope of this study and provide the opportunity to investigate a group of reformers whose careers centered in North Germany. Furthermore, this region has not received the same kind of scholarly attention that has been given to the German Southwest. Thus, these reformers and their works are less recognized. The chronological limits of the study, i.e. approximately 1520 until 1580, reflect an interest in observing the contributions of North German church order authors over the course of two generations. Both the individuals who initiated the task of composing the church orders and those who built upon these early efforts will be investigated. Three fundamental considerations will guide the substance of this investigation into the North German church orders and their authors; the process of composing