NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 2087-3948 Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 275-281 E-ISSN: 2087-3956 August 2017 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n090306

Evaluation of orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes for yield and yield contributing parameters in two environments

WIWIT RAHAJENG♥, ST. A. RAHAYUNINGSIH Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute. Jl. Raya Kendalpayak Km 8, Po Box 66, 65101, East , . Tel.: +62-341-801468, Fax.: +62-341-801496, ♥email: [email protected]

Manuscript received: 6 November 2016. Revision accepted: 19 June 2017.

Abstract. Rahajeng W, Rahayuningsih SA. 2017. Evaluation for yield and yield contributing parameters of orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes in two environments. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 275-281. Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoe (OFSP) is one of the most important sources of betacaroten and carbohydrates. OFSP showed varying responses to different environments, depending on the adaptability of the genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between yield and yield component of OFSP genotypes at two different agroclimatological environments ( and ) from May to September 2013. Twenty four OFSP genotypes (twenty two clones and two varieties as the check) were used in this study and arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that responses of OFSP genotypes to the environments varied and genotypes had highly significantly affected all parameters. Based on the criteria of high yield, amylum content, and dry matter production four clones were selected (MSU 09008-54, MSU 07009-113, MSU 07025-45, and MSU 09025-71) from Blitar and two clones (MSU 07009-113 and MSU 070-64) from Mojokerto. Clone MSU 07009-113 showed good performance in both environments for yield, amylum content, and dry matter production parameters. The result of the correlation analysis reveals that root yield is highly significant and positively correlated with dry matter production, number of roots, diameter of root, and harvest index in two locations (Blitar and Mojokerto). Based on the correlation and path analysis, dry matter production, root diameter, and harvest index can be used as an effective indicators selection for high yield OFSP genotypes.

Keywords: Environment, correlation, orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes, path analysis, yield

INTRODUCTION the shortage of vitamin A because it is cheap and easily cultivated. According to Sindi and Low (2016) 125 grams Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the crops that of most OFSP varieties can supply the recommended daily is potentially good enough to be developed in Indonesia for allowance of vitamin A for children and non-lactating a food security program. Sweetpotato roots have a fairly women. high carbohydrate content so it can be used as food, The OFSP varieties option in Indonesia is still limited. industrial, and bioethanol. Globally sweetpotato is an So far, there are only three OFSP varieties with high beta- important food crop in the world after wheat, rice, maize, carotene levels that have been released; Beta1, Beta 2, and potatoes, barley, and cassava (FAOSTAT 2012; Teshome- Beta 3. To fulfill the need of food and industry, the breeding Abdissa and Nigussie-Dechassa 2012; Wera et al. 2014). of OFSP varieties which have high beta-carotene levels and Ambarsari et al. (2009), state that in Indonesia sweetpotato high yield is still necessary to be conducted. Root yield is a ranks fourth after rice, maize, and cassava. Besides carbo- very complex character which associating with many hydrates, sweetpotatoes are also rich in fiber, minerals, interconnected components. Therefore, the breeding vitamins, and antioxidants (Kure et al. 2012; Mbah and program to gain high yield potency varieties should be Eke-Okoro 2015; Rodriguez-Bonilla et al. 2014). Orange- supported by information about the relationship between fleshed sweetpotatoes (OFSP) is one of the most important the yield and the parameters contributing to the yield to sources of carbohydrates and vitamins (beta carotene). determine the selection criteria (Tsegaye et al. 2006). The OFSP varieties contain beta-carotene which is The information required to determine the selection useful for the body to produce vitamin A (Agili et al. 2012; criteria is the correlation coefficient and path analysis Burri 2011; Wariboko and Ogidi 2014). Vitamin A is an between yield and yield components. According to essential nutrient, which has many roles in the regulation of Mohanty et al. (2016), correlation analysis provides genetic, visual cycle, normal growth, and development, as information about the relationship between the important well as for immune function. According to Kapil and characters and as a useful index to predict the yield potency Sachdev (2013), vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness based on the value change of certain characters. The and reduced immune system so that it can easily get relationship between yield and yield components in infections causing death. Children are easier to suffer from correlation analysis still shows a very complex chain. Vitamin A deficiency than adults. The need of vitamin A in Therefore, path analysis is done to explain the direct and children is high because of their physical growth and low indirect associations and to identify the most prominent food intake. Therefore, OFSP has the potency to overcome character which contributes to the increasing yield. 276 NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE 9 (4): 275-281, August 2017

A previous study of the correlation and path analysis showed that stem diameter, root number and weight of big and medium roots are the indicators for the selection of high-yield potency (Wang et al. 2012). The research of

Sasmal et al. (2015) reported that fresh root weight, root (mm/month) number plot-1, root diameter, length of vines, and leaf size were correlated with the root yield. Meanwhile, the research of Egbe et al. (2012) and Tsegaye et al. (2006) Rainfall showed that the characters of root weight per plant and harvest index were appropriate characters used as selection criteria to obtain high yield potency. Month Besides information on the correlation and path analysis, evaluation of the interaction of genotype and Figure 1. Graphic rainfall in Blitar and Mojokerto, , Indonesia from January to December 2013 environment also needs to be done, due to the unstable response of sweetpotato genotypes in many environments and also the environmental differences which greatly affect yield and yield-related trait. Therefore, the objectives of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION this study were to evaluate the root yield potency and the correlation between yield and yield component of OFSP Analysis of variance and average of genotype genotypes in two different environments (Mojokerto and performance in two locations Blitar). The combined analysis of variance in two locations (Blitar and Mojokerto) showed the result of interaction between genotype and an environment that was highly significant for all the observed characters (Table 1). It MATERIALS AND METHODS means that the 24 tested genotypes give different responses in the different growing environment so that the selection Study area and procedures can be done in each environment. The tested genotypes This study was conducted at Pacet (Mojokerto) and also showed significantly different in all the observed Srengat (Blitar), from May to September 2013. The characters. Moussa et al. (2011); Kathabwalika et al. experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block (2013) and Rahajeng et al. (2014) reported that they gained design with three replications. A total 24 OFSP genotypes almost the same results on the conducted research. It which consisted of twenty two OFSP selected clones and indicates that each tested genotype showed and had a two released OFSP varieties (Beta-1 dan Beta-2) as the different genetical character, it also had a significant check varieties. Each genotype was planted on a 3 m wide impact, especially for the yield and yield components x 5 m long plot (3 rows) with the spacing between rows character. At the analysis of variance for location, almost and plants was 100 cm x 25 cm. 2/3 dose of fertilizer all characters showed significantly different results, except (300kg/ha NPK Phonska) was applied at planting, and the in the root diameter. The growth and the yield of crops are remaining was applied 5 weeks after planting. Weeding affected by characteristics of the two different was done at 4, 7, and 10 weeks after planting. Earthing environments (Blitar and Mojokerto). According to down was done at 4 weeks after planting, earthing up was Pimsaen et al. (2010), the environment has a considerable done at 7 or 8 weeks after planting. Irrigation, pest, and contribution to the diversity of production factors such as disease control was applied as needed. Harvesting was the weight and the size of the root. done at 4.5 months. Rainfall data is presented in Figure 1. Based on the character of the root yield, dry matter The graph showed that the rainfall in Mojokerto was higher production, root length and root diameter, sweetpotato than the rainfall in Blitar, especially during the study period genotypes in Mojokerto had a higher average than the (May to September 2013). average in Blitar. On the characters of amylum content, dry matter content, number of roots plot-1, and harvest index, Data analysis sweetpotato genotypes in Blitar showed higher average The observations were recorded for number of root plot- 1 than in Blitar (Figure 2, Table 2 and 3). High root yield did , root length and diameter, dry matter content, harvest not always show high yield components as well, especially index, root yield, dry matter production, and amylum for the characters of amylum content and dry matter content. Data were processed by combined analysis of content. It was indicated from almost all the sweetpotato variance procedures for two environments to determine the genotype in Mojokerto having higher result than those in interaction of genotype and environment by using Blitar. In the other hand, they were lower for the amylum MINITAB 14 program. Least significant differences (LSD) content and dry matter contents. It confirms the results of at 5% level of probability were used to detect differences correlation analysis which showed that the character of between treatment means. Analyzes of correlation were starch content and the root yield did not correlate (r = - conducted to determine the relationship among yield and 0.252ns) while the root dry matter content and the root yield yield components. Direct and indirect contributions of was negatively correlated (r = -0.609**) (Table 4). Based various characters to yield were calculated through path on the correlation value, the root yield is more determined coefficient analysis according to Singh and Chaudary (1985). by the root size, especially the root diameter.

RAHAJENG & RAHAYUNINGSIH – Evaluation of orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes in two environment 277

Blitar Mojokerto 108.79

87.71 77.92

64.05 Mean 36.62 28.11 25.98 26.09 14.93 17.17 12.14 12.75 3.35 4.31 5.53 5.74

Amylum Root yield Dry matter Dry matter Number of Root length Root diameter Harvest index (%) (t ha-1) production content root plot-1 (cm) (cm) (%) (t ha-1) (%)

Figure 2. Comparison of the average values of the quantitative characters in Blitar and Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia

Tabel 1. Analysis of variance and coefficient of variance of sweetpotato genotypes. Mojokerto and Blitar, East Java, Indonesia in 2013.

Mean Characters CV (%) Location (L) Genotype (G) G x L Amylum content 6,925.43** 6.47** 36.56** 0.42 Root yield 910.83** 230.25** 72.39** 20.34 Dry matter production 33.30* 13.17** 5.51** 20.85 Dry matter content 163.39** 50.91** 24.75** 2.83 Harvest index 3,988.03** 856.84** 202.90** 15.34 Number of rootplot-1 16,000.14* 5,107.61** 2,489.46** 19.51 Root length 172.11** 43.91** 11.15** 10.91 Root diameter 1.71ns 9.04** 2.65** 11.79 Note: ** significant at p< 0.01, * significant at p< 0.05, ns= non significant

Tabel 2. Number of root plot-1, root length, and root diameter of 24 OFSP genotypes in two environment (Blitar and Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia), 2013

Number of root plot-1 Root length Root diameter Genotypes Blitar Mojokerto Blitar Mojokerto Blitar Mojokerto MSU 09008-54 137.67 100.00 17.11 20.07 4.89 5.40 MSU 09008-92 93.67 170.00 9.22 16.00 6.66 7.77 MSU 09013-10 90.33 63.00 14.22 17.53 5.63 5.53 MSU 09013-48 78.67 69.67 9.44 14.53 6.11 5.57 MSU 09016-80 123.33 29.33 13.33 12.13 4.60 2.20 MSU 09016-87 73.67 78.33 15.11 17.10 5.00 5.37 MSU 09017-11 100.33 86.33 13.89 16.00 5.32 6.07 MSU 09017-32 95.00 65.67 13.55 18.00 4.33 5.57 MSU 09018-27 92.67 31.67 14.56 11.07 4.47 2.33 MSU 07023-27 106.00 101.67 9.11 12.03 7.33 7.77 MSU 07025-05 93.00 83.33 9.34 15.10 6.61 7.53 MSU 070-64 115.67 121.33 17.45 17.83 3.56 5.70 MSU 07009-149 106.33 19.70 8.99 8.33 5.49 2.67 MSU 07024-82 120.67 52.67 8.67 8.43 5.67 3.77 MSU 07024-43 104.00 82.33 10.78 11.33 5.53 6.30 MSU 07021-56 48.67 49.67 13.67 16.97 4.94 5.50 MSU 07009-112 130.00 64.00 15.22 14.33 3.95 5.93 MSU 07009-123 123.33 105.00 17.56 18.27 3.83 5.87 MSU 07009-113 176.67 145.67 13.44 16.57 5.83 6.33 MSU 07024-36 161.33 122.33 11.45 14.70 6.00 6.17 MSU 07025-45 131.00 96.00 10.67 13.77 7.10 7.90 MSU 09025-71 110.67 84.00 11.33 14.07 6.95 7.10 Beta 1 77.00 90.67 17.33 16.10 5.43 5.63 Beta 2 121.33 192.67 10.45 18.10 7.39 7.90

Average 108.79 87.7112.75 14.93 5.53 5.75 CV (%) 19.51 10.91 11.79 LSD 5% Environment 15.91 1.20 0.31 Genotypes 21.98 1.73 0.76

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Tabel 3. Root yield, amylum content, dry matter production, dry matter content, and harvest index of 24 OFSP genotypes in two environment (Blitar and Mojokerto), 2013

Dry matter Root yield Amylum content Dry matter production Harvest index Genotypes (t ha -1) (%) content (%) (t ha -1) Blitar Mojokerto Blitar Mojokerto Blitar Mojokerto Blitar Mojokerto Blitar Mojokerto MSU 09008-54 15.11 24.05 78.43 61.09 4.32 5.50 28.60 22.90 48.61 32.95 MSU 09008-92 12.55 31.48 79.24 61.13 3.70 8.79 29.51 27.91 48.14 47.28 MSU 09013-10 11.75 14.95 78.28 61.98 3.28 3.67 27.91 24.53 35.54 20.20 MSU 09013-48 7.08 11.19 76.52 65.51 2.59 2.90 36.54 25.93 30.06 17.92 MSU 09016-80 11.09 2.07 76.44 66.52 3.58 0.62 32.05 29.90 31.62 3.01 MSU 09016-87 7.76 15.58 75.90 68.10 2.66 4.50 34.27 28.89 23.17 20.73 MSU 09017-11 14.76 22.19 77.02 65.44 3.80 5.86 25.89 26.39 36.85 19.40 MSU 09017-32 7.61 11.06 75.67 67.44 1.98 3.13 26.05 28.30 24.67 13.14 MSU 09018-27 7.31 2.36 76.90 67.94 1.98 0.88 27.06 37.28 23.46 3.28 MSU 07023-27 14.06 16.54 75.81 68.56 3.38 3.95 24.06 23.88 43.04 26.60 MSU 07025-05 9.27 25.48 77.56 65.15 2.47 6.39 26.61 25.08 37.17 35.50 MSU 070-64 10.03 23.36 76.85 66.16 2.48 5.62 24.75 24.00 31.24 38.56 MSU 07009-149 7.41 2.65 78.83 62.85 2.27 0.68 30.39 25.76 23.37 3.71 MSU 07024-82 9.65 3.57 79.42 61.36 3.04 0.84 31.56 23.76 30.09 8.10 MSU 07024-43 13.00 17.49 79.69 61.25 3.64 4.53 28.03 25.88 45.72 43.43 MSU 07021-56 4.20 11.20 77.84 65.40 1.35 3.43 31.90 30.58 19.41 14.02 MSU 07009-112 9.02 13.43 77.44 66.37 2.28 3.89 26.14 28.94 29.12 19.04 MSU 07009-123 11.04 21.21 76.19 67.56 2.66 4.72 24.07 22.23 32.08 50.17 MSU 07009-113 21.57 30.92 78.26 64.90 5.50 5.96 25.50 19.28 53.02 49.11 MSU 07024-36 17.64 17.96 77.29 66.03 4.90 4.87 27.70 27.11 47.00 37.40 MSU 07025-45 18.82 22.77 80.44 58.33 4.88 4.67 25.89 20.49 57.37 25.53 MSU 09025-71 17.01 19.40 80.99 56.16 4.73 5.00 27.88 25.74 45.64 22.84 Beta 1 14.66 18.12 80.12 57.81 3.55 3.85 24.23 21.06 33.27 20.91 Beta 2 18.96 33.07 79.04 64.20 5.33 9.20 28.13 27.81 49.20 53.43

Average 12.14 17.17 77.92 64.05 3.35 4.31 28.11 25.98 36.62 26.09 CV (%) 20.34 0.42 20.85 2.83 15.34 LSD 5% Environment 2.56 0.04 0.70 0.53 1.48 Genotypes 3.42 0.34 0.92 0.88 5.52

Based on the root yield character, nine clones (MSU 09008-54, 07009-113 MSU, MSU 07025-45, and MSU 09008-54, 09008-92 MSU, MSU 09017-11, 07023-27 09025-71) from Blitar and two clones (MSU 07009-113 MSU, MSU 07024-43, 07009-113 MSU, MSU 07024-36, and MSU 070-64) were selected from Mojokerto. Clone 07025-45 MSU and MSU 09025-71) gained in Blitar had a MSU 07009-113 showed good performance in both higher value than the average of yield roots, one clone environments for yield (21.57 and 30.92 t ha -1), amylum (MSU 07009-113) had higher root yield than check variety content (78.26 and 64.90%), and dry matter production (Beta 2). In Mojokerto, there were 11 clones (MSU 09008- (5.50 and 5.96). 54, MSU 09008-92, 09017-11 MSU, MSU 07025-05, MSU 070-64, MSU 07024-43, MSU 07009-123, 07009-113 Correlation and path analysis MSU, MSU 07024-36, 07025-45 MSU and MSU 09025- The result of the correlation analysis in Blitar and 71) having root yield higher than average, but there was no Mojokerto (Table 4) revealed that the root yield was highly clone having a value above of Beta 2 (check variety) (Table significant and positively correlated with the dry matter 3). The average of root yields in Blitar was lower than in production (r = 0.966** in Blitar and r = 0.962** in Mojokerto. It was likely due to the differences in Mojokerto), number of root (r = 0.685** in Blitar and r = environmental conditions at each study site. Based on 0.906** in Mojokerto), diameter of root (r = 0.524** in rainfall data during the study from May to September 2013 Blitar and r = 0.827**), and harvest index (r = 0.903** in (Figure 1), it can be seen that the condition in Blitar was Blitar and r = 0.886**). The root yield was also highly drier than Mojokerto, especially during planting and 2 significant and positively correlated with amylum content months after planting. Lack of water during this period led in Blitar, while in Mojokerto the root yield was also highly to a negative impact on growth and root yield because that significant and positively correlated with the root length. period was the early stage of the growth and the root This result means that the increase in the value of the formation stage. characters will increase the root yield. The previous studies Based on the criteria of high yield, starch content, and also showed similar results, where the root yield was dry matter production, four clones were selected (MSU positively correlated with the total number of roots (Afuape

RAHAJENG & RAHAYUNINGSIH – Evaluation of orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes in two environment 279 et al. 2011; Demelie and Aragaw 2015; Egbe et al. 2012; Mbah and Eke-Okoro (2015) got a positive and significant Mekonnen et al. 2015), root diameter (Gedamu et al. 2010; correlation between root yield and dry matter content of Jha 2012), harvest index (Jha 2012; Rahajeng and roots. Root yield was not correlated with root length (in Rahayuningsih 2015; Tirkey 2011; Tsegaye et al. 2006). Blitar) and amylum content (in Mojokerto). The research of According to Mekonnen et al. (2015), the significant and Mohanty et al. (2016) also showed a similar result, where the positive correlation indicates that characters the tuber yield was also not correlated with root length and significantly correlated with root yields can be used as an amylum content. indicator of the adaptability of sweetpotatoes in the study To study the direct and the indirect effect between the area to increase root yields (as indirect selection tool), so root yield and the yield components, the path analysis was that the sweetpotato breeding program with the purpose of conducted. Based on the direct and the indirect increasing root yields should use these characters as a relationships between the yield components and the root selection criteria. yield, dry matter production and root diameter in Blitar had On the other hand, the negative and significant a correlation coefficient of significant positive to the root correlation was shown between the root yield and the root yield, with a value of 0.966** and 0.524** (Table 4). The dry matter content in both locations (r = -0.446* in Blitar value of that correlation coefficient is equivalent to path and r = -0.470* in Mojokerto). Tsegaye et al. (2006) and coefficient of its direct effects, ie 0.868 and 0.098 (Table Gedamu et al. (2010) also got the root yield significantly 5). negatively correlating with dry matter content of roots. But,

Tabel 4. Coefficient correlation between yield and yield component of OFSP genotypes in Blitar and Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia, 2013

RY AC DMP DMC RL RD Characters NRP (t ha-1) (%) (t ha-1) (%) (cm) (cm) Amylum Content (AC, %) 0.461* -0.212ns Dry matter production (DMP, t ha-1) 0.966** 0.488* 0.962** -0.150ns Dry matter content (DMC, %) -0.446* -0.072ns -0.214ns -0.470* 0.438* -0.268ns Number of root plot-1 (NRP) 0.685** 0.112ns 0.663** -0.360ns 0.906** -0.107ns 0.904** -0.357ns Root length (RL,cm) -0.063ns -0.260ns -0.164ns -0.330ns 0.009ns 0.631** 0.097ns 0.627** -0.189ns 0.521** Root diameter (RD, cm) 0.524** 0.475* 0.578** 0.057ns 0.053ns -0.749** 0.827** -0.231ns 0.829** -0.428* 0.741** 0.440* Harvest index (HI) 0.903** 0.498* 0.897** -0.340ns 0.611** -0.255ns 0.633** 0.886** -0.063ns 0.850** -0.340* 0.887** 0.508* 0.712** Note: Upper = Blitar, Lower = Mojokerto

Tabel 5. Path-coefficient of the direct and indirect effects of yield components characters on the yield of OFSP genotypes, Blitar and Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia, 2013

AC DMP DMC NRP RL RD HI Characters (%) (t ha-1) (%) (cm) (cm) Amylum Content (AC, %) -0.004 -0.002 0.000 -0.000 0.001 -0.002 -0.002 0.003 -0.000 0.001 -0.000 0.000 -0.001 -0.000 Dry matter production (DMP, t ha-1) 0.424 0.868 -0.186 0.576 -0.142 0.502 0.779 -0.125 0.834 -0.223 0.753 0.523 0.691 0.709 Dry matter content (DMC, %) 0.017 0.051 -0.240 0.086 0.079 -0.014 0.082 -0.096 0.059 -0.219 0.078 0.041 0.094 0.095 Number of root plot-1 (NRP) 0.003 0.019 -0.010 0.029 0.000 0.002 0.018 -0.002 0.018 -0.007 0.020 0.011 0.015 0.018 Root length (RL, cm) -0.017 -0.011 -0.022 0.001 0.067 -0.050 -0.017 0.003 0.023 -0.007 0.019 0.036 0.016 0.018 Root diameter (RD, cm) 0.047 0.057 0.006 0.005 -0.074 0.098 0.062 0.010 -0.034 0.018 -0.031 -0.018 -0.041 -0.029 Harvest index (HI) -0.009 -0.017 0.006 -0.005 0.012 -0.012 -0.019 -0.005 0.064 -0.033 0.067 0.038 0.054 0.075 Note: Residual effect (R)= 0.0736170 , Bold font denote direct effect, Upper = Blitar, Lower = Mojokerto

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While in Mojokerto, dry matter production and harvest sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. J Drylands 3 (2): 208- index had a correlation coefficient of significant value to 213. ** ** Jha G. 2012. Increasing productivity of sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) 0.962 and 0.886 (Table 4). The value of that correlation Lam through clonal selection of ideal genotypes from open pollinated coefficient is equivalent to path coefficient of its direct seedling population. Inter J Farm Sci 2: 17-27. effect, ie 0.834 and 0.075 (Table 5). Amylum content and Kapil U, Sachdev HPS. 2013. Massive dose vitamin A programme in harvest index had an indirect effect on root yield in Blitar, India-Need for a targeted approach. Ind J Med Res 138: 411-417. Kathabwalika DM, Chilembwe EHC, Mwale VM, Kambewa D, Njoloma while in Mojokerto root diameter had an indirect effect on JP. 2013. Plant growth and yield stability of orange fleshed root yield. 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