Fig. 1 an Engraving by François Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville, in the Beginning of the 19Th Century Sl

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Fig. 1 An engraving by François Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville, in the beginning of the 19th century Sl. 1. François Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville, gravura, poèetak 19. st. PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 28[2020] 2[60] 361

Ceren Katipoğlu Özmen1, Selahaddin Sezer2

1 Cankaya University 1 Sveuèilište Cankaya Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet, Odsjek za arhitekturu Turkey - Ankara Turska - Ankara 2 Yozgat Bozok University 2 Sveuèilište Yozgat Bozok Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Architecture Fakultet tehnièkih znanosti i arhitekture, Odsjek za arhitekturu Turkey - Yozgat Turska - Yozgat [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Subject Scientific Review Pregledni znanstveni èlanak https://doi.org/10.31522/p.28.2(60).11 https://doi.org/10.31522/p.28.2(60).11 UDC 72.035:725.6 (560 Istanbul) ”18” UDK 72.035:725.6 (560 Istanbul) ”18” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.04. - History and Theory of Architecture 2.01.04. - Povijest i teorija arhitekture and Preservation of the Built Heritage i zaštita graditeljskog naslijeða Article Received / Accepted: 17. 8. 2020. / 16. 12. 2020. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 17. 8. 2020. / 16. 12. 2020.

Making the Unwanted Visible: A Narrative on Abdülhamid Ii’s Ambitious Project for Yedikule Central Prison in Istanbul Uèiniti neželjeno vidljivim: narativ o ambicioznom projektu Abdülhamida Iija za centralni zatvor u èetvrti Yedikule u Istanbulu

19th century 19. stoljeæe Architect Kemaleddin arhitekt Kemaleddin August Jasmund August Jasmund Ottoman Architecture osmanska arhitektura Ottoman Prisons osmanski zatvori Yedikule, Istanbul Yedikule, Istanbul

This study aims to investigate three architectural projects proposed for con- Cilj ove studije istražiti je tri predložena arhitektonska projekta za izgradnju structing a central prison inside the Yedikule Fortress in Istanbul during the centralnog zatvora unutar tvrðave Yedikule u Istanbulu krajem 19. stoljeæa. end of the 19th c. Ottoman State assigned the famous architects of the era for Osmanska je država povjerila taj zadatak slavnim arhitektima onoga vremena: this mission such as August Jasmund, Alexandre Vallaury, and Kemaleddin. Augustu Jasmundu, Alexandreu Vallauryu i Kemaleddinu. Analiza tih projekata The narration on the projects shows that there was a strong intention for con- pokazuje da je postojala èvrsta namjera da se izgradi centralni zatvor u glav- structing a central prison in the capital of Ottoman Empire as a sign of success nom gradu Osmanskog Carstva kao znak uspjeha cjelokupne reforme zatvor- for the overall penalty and prison reform that was one of the main goals for skog sustava i naèina kažnjavanja što je bio jedan od ciljeva osmanskog Sulta- Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876-1909). The interpretation of these dis- na Abdülhamida II (r. 1876.-1909.). Interpretacija tih projekata je važna buduæi tinctive projects is significant since this interpretation helps us both to under- da nam pomaže shvatiti transformaciju kaznenog pravosuða u Osmanskom stand the transformation of the criminal justice spaces of the Ottoman Empire Carstvu te pruža novu perspektivu interpretacije osmanske arhitekture 19. and to provide a new perspective for reading 19th c. Ottoman architecture. stoljeæa. PROSTOR 362 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

INTRODUCTION1 and architectural history studies carried out in this field. The studies of historians such as UVOD Gültekin Yıldız and Ufuk Adak are important since they shed light on the reforms carried out in the Ottoman criminal system during the 19th century and its spatial reflection from historians’ point of view.5 On the other hand, architectural research regarding prison spaces is important, not only in terms of examining the transformation of the criminal justice spaces of the Ottoman Empire, but also in terms of providing a new perspective for reading 19th century Ottoman architecture independent of westernization and decline paradigms. This is only reflected to a limited extent in architectural history concerning this newly dis- covered area in 19th century Ottoman history. Virtually nothing has been published on Ottoman period prison architecture except for a very few studies6 focusing on individual prison buildings. However, 115 projects, begun or planned in many provinces of Ana- tolia, obtained from the Directorate of State Ottoman Archive (hereinafter DABOA) for the dissertation completed by Sezer, illustrate that the construction of prisons was perceived and implemented as a major transformation project.7

risons in their institutional form as we would P 1 The archival documents presented in this study are recognize them today did not exist until 300 obtained from the unpublished thesis, entitled Ottoman years ago, however, the concept of imprison- Prison Architecture after Tanzimat Era: Examples of Radial Plan Typologies submitted to Çankaya University, in 7 Fe- ment is almost as old as human civilization. bruary 2020 under the supervision of Assist. Prof. Dr. Ce- The idea of punishment by imprisonment is a ren Katipoğlu Özmen. byproduct of the emergence of complex hier- 2 For further information on the conceptual discussions archical socio-economic orders. Despite pris- of the penal system and the functions of prisons, see: Fou- ons being as old as civilization, the majority cault, 1975. In his ground-breaking book, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Michel Foucault draw an of academic literature concerning prison outline on the history of prisons, penal structure and their buildings is focused on the period after the role in the social system and reveals the cultural shifts led 18th century because discussions regarding to the control of prison through the body and power. the concept of imprisonment and penal sys- 3 Bozkaya, 2014; Şen, 2007 th tems were beginning to take place in this pe- 4 Like other structures designed in the 19 century, the Ottoman prisons of the era of Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid riod, and this in turn triggered the architec- II (r. 1876-1909) stand out as an area that has only recently tural debate about the kinds of spaces re- begun to be studied and discussed. Since the historical quired to imprison the human body.2 narration on 19th century Ottoman architecture has been constructed on a very well established, traditional scho- The academic literature respecting Ottoman larship which is based on the paradigm of westernization prisons concentrates on the time period be- and decline, it is believed that the decline of the empire was reflected in the quality of the buildings. In this con- ginning with Tanzimat Era (1839-1876) be- text, the architecture of the era of Abdülhamid II has also cause the aforementioned 18th century west- been discussed as part of a cultural environment that was ern discussions and reforms on penal sys- regarded as degenerated. It is possible to say that asses- tems only reached the Ottoman Empire at the sments of the architectural products of this period, of pa- th laces, mosques and administrative structures, are tainted beginning of the 19 century. Until this peri- by the same paradigms. However, in the last two decades, od, the architectural spaces of imprisonment architectural historians have begun to deal with this histo- in the Empire were often in temporary loca- riographical problem without the shadow of the decline tions called mahbes or zindan. These tempo- paradigm and they have started to challenge the generic and accepted notions in 19th century Ottoman historio- rary places were mostly situated in basement graphy, specifically the era of Abdülhamid II. Nowadays, floors of fortresses, basements of khans, architectural history studies focusing on the era of Ab- shipyards, administrative buildings, or resi- dülhamid II aim to provide a new framework for the period. dences of leading people in the cities.3 A For the new challenging researches in architectural histo- 4 riography can be counted as one of these works: Akyürek, common feature in current history surveys 2011; Çelik, 2008; Erkmen, 2011; Ersoy, 2000 and on prisons of this period is that they all draw Katipoğlu Özmen, 2018. attention to the lack of previous historical 5 Yıldız, 2012; Adak, 2015, 2017 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 363

This study focuses on three unrealized projects for a Central Prison, the construction of which was planned inside the Istanbul Yedi- kule Fortress, since the need for a modern prison had become a significant political problem during the reign of Abdülhamid II. The selection of Yedikule Fortress, the notorious prison and execution place of many notable historical figures, as the location for a modern prison adhering to western standards is especially significant. Among the proposed central prison projects, the first one is a campus, designed by architect Au- gust Carl Friedrich Jasmund.8 The second one is Ferik Blunt Pasha’s9 one-page prison plan presented as an addition to his report. While Blunt Pasha’s project was previously assumed not to be in the archive, and therefore was never published before, it was discov- ered by the authors and is published for the first in this article. The third project is an example of a radially planned project that is assumed to have been done by Architect Kemaleddin Bey10 and was published by Yıldırım Yavuz, but must be reinterpreted in the light of the two other projects previously designated for this area.11 It is believed that, those three proposals for Yedikule Central Prison can be evaluated as evidence for a

6 These studies can be listed as follows: Aydın, 2018, 2019a, 2019b, 2020; Kuruyazıcı, 2001; Şenyurt, 2003, 2010. Also in her article, Esma İgüs mentions a prison project designed by architect William James Smith (1807- 1884) as a part of British Seaman’s Hospital in Galata, Ku- ledibi, yet the drawings of the related project is not pre- genuinely Ottoman solution for ‘moderniz- Fig. 2 Yedikule Fortress and its relation sented [İgüs, 2015: 80]. ing’ the Empire by creating their own archi- with Istanbul city walls 7 Sezer, 2020 Sl. 2. Tvrðava Yedikule i povezanost s gradskim tectural solutions. zidinama Istanbula 8 Prussian August Carl Friedrich Jasmund (1859-1911) was served as an architect for 20 years to Ottoman Empire between 1888 and 1908. He was entitled as “Ottoman Go- YEDIKULE DUNGEONS: A PLACE OF DREAD vernment Consultant Architect” during Abdülhamid II’s IN THE OTTOMAN HISTORY era. He was the architect of one of the well-known 19th century buildings such as Sirkeci Railway Station in Fatih, AMNICE U TVRÐAVI EDIKULE Sirkeci-Sarayburnu warehouses, Rumeli Han in Beyoğlu. T Y : He also assigned as a professor to the Imperial School of MJESTO STRAVE U OSMANSKOJ POVIJESTI Fine Arts, the first educational institution in architecture and fine arts in Ottoman Empire. For further information Yedikule Dungeons, the name of which is as- see: Yavuz, 2008. sociated with past events of dread and hor- 9 British Ferik Blunt Pasha was a Lieutenant General ror, is a seven-towered pentagon-shaped who worked in the Ottoman Gendarmerie Department during Abdülhamid II’s era. He had been appointed the aide- structure located at the junction between the de-camp of the sultan in 1890 and had extensive knowled- land and Marmara Sea walls of the Ottoman ge on prison architecture and management. capital, İstanbul (Figs. 1-2). During the Byzan- 10 Architect Kemaleddin (1870-1927), also known as Ke- tine Era, the structure consisted of fortifica- maleddin Bey, or Mimar Kemaleddin, was a well-known tions connecting five towers and a single gate Turkish architect, who served for both Ottoman Empire and the newly established Turkish Republic. He was gra- for Byzantine armies returning from war. The duated from Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi (School of Civil seven-towered fortress, as it exists today, Engineering) as an engineer in 1891. He went to Berlin with was built by Mehmed II (r. 1444-1446, 1451- a state scholarship in 1895, where he was educated in ar- 1481) in 1457 on the inside of the land walls of chitecture at the Technische-Hochschule Charlottenburg, for two years. In 1900, he returned to Istanbul and he was Istanbul after the capture of the city. The appointed head of architecture at the Imperial Ministry of structure contains three roughly circular Foundations. Tayyare Apartments, Istanbul 4th Waqf Han, major towers, as well as several minor ones, Bebek Mosuqe, Restoration work of Al-Aqsa Mosque, An- kara Palace and Gazi Institute of Education can be counted in addition to the rectangular prismatic tow- as the most important works. For further information see: ers to the left and right of the main gate. Yavuz, 2009. These towers neighboring the entrance were 11 Yavuz, 2009 the ones mainly used as a prison and were PROSTOR 364 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

named as Kitabeler Kulesi (Tower of Inscrip- the victim whom despotism had condemned tions) due to the existence of several inscrip- to death. The melancholy glare of a torch tions carved on the walls by foreign prison- scarcely casts a dying light, so entirely is the ers.12 During the reign of Mehmed II, the for- air inclosed in this abyss deprived of its vivi- tress housed the Ottoman Treasury, however fying particles assisted by its reflection, how- it lost this function when Selim II (r. 1566- ever, one may read some inscriptions en- 1574) and Murad III (r. 1574-1595) relocated graved on the marble: but it is impossible for the treasury to Topkapı Palace. Until the the eye to reach the summit of the vault; it is reign of Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839), Yedikule lost in a gloom perfectly impenetrable. In the fortress was used as a state prison to impris- midst of this sarcophagus is a well, the mouth on ambassadors of countries that the Otto- of which is level with the ground, and half mans were at war with, as well as Ottoman closed by two flag stones: to this is given the statesmen who were opponents of the impe- name of The well of blood, because the heads rial court. The first prisoners of the fortress of those who are executed in the dungeon are were Mehmed II’s grand vizier Çandarlı Halil thrown into it.”13 Pasha and his sons who were put there nine The practice of imprisoning the ambassadors days after the Ottoman capture of the city. of states with which Ottomans went to war With the subsequent imprisonment and exe- with in Yedikule Dungeons was abandoned cution of many prominent people throughout by the reformist sultans of 19th century. Selim the centuries, the name of the fortress be- III (r. 1789-1807) refused to imprison Russian came associated with dread and fear until the ambassador Andrey Italinsky during the Rus- th beginning of the 19 century. Notable among so-Ottoman War of 1806.14 His successor these were the last Emperor of Trebizond Da- Mahmud II similarly refused to imprison the vid Megas Komnenos and his sons in 1463, ambassador Grigory Strogonov and abol- Gregorian of Kartli, Simon I in 1611, Prince of ished the practice for good. The practice of Wallachia, Constantin Brâncoveanu and his imprisoning ambassadors was considered as family in 1714, a number of leading Ottoman “oriental insolence” and a “barbarous prac- pashas’ executions, the imprisonments of tice” in Europe, where debates about judi- Russian ambassador Aleksei Mikhailovich ciary practices had already been ongoing Obreskov and French ambassador Pierre Jean since the 18th century.15 In his travel book, Marie Ruffin. The most notorious act of vio- Walsh praises Selim III for his courage to op- lence committed within the walls of the for- pose this insolent practice and Mahmud II for tress was the strangling of Ottoman Sultan its final abolishment.16 Osman II (r. 1618-1622) by his own Janissar- ies, during a riot in 1622. PRISON REFORM AND ABDÜLHAMID II’S A first-hand account of the dreadful events ‘AMBITIOUS’ PROJECTS FOR YEDIKULE that were commonplace within the walls of CENTRAL PRISON Yedikule Dungeons comes from French di- plomat and historian, François Pouqueville REFORMA ZATVORSKOG SUSTAVA (1770-1838) who was kept as a prisoner in I ‘AMBICIOZNI’ PROJEKTI ZA CENTRALNI the fortress between 1799 and 1801. Pou- ZATVOR U YEDIKULEU queville names the second marble tower with its terrifying dungeons as the most frightful In the era following the declaration of the section of the fortress. He describes the bad Tanzimat Edict (1839), many decrees regard- conditions of Yedikule Dungeons in his travel ing the inadequacy and deficiencies of prison book as follows: conditions were published as part of the Westernization and reform movements.17 The “This tower is not like the first; within it are first of these were the new criminal codes en- cold and horrible dungeons, which have re- sounded with the sighs of hundreds of vic- 12 Yılmaz, 1993 tims devoted to death. The principal of them 13 Pouqueville, 1806: 254-255 has the name of The cave of blood : the first 14 Yıldız, 2012 door by which it is entered is of wood ; this 15 Walsh, 1836: 295-296 opens into a corridor twelve feet long by four 16 Walsh, 1836 wide, having at the end two steps that as- 17 Yıldız, 2012; Eren, 2014 cend to an iron door, and this leads into a 18 Avcı, 2002; Eren, 2014; Şen, 2007 semi- circular gallery : at its furthest extremi- 19 Memalik-i Mahrusa-i Şahane can be translated in En- ty is a second iron door, which completes the glish as ‘Sultan’s Protected Lands’, which refers the whole gallery, and tea feet further an immense mas- lands of Ottoman Empire. sive door inclosing the dungeon, it is impos- 20 Yıldız, 2012: 475-489 sible to enter it without shuddering : never 21 Öten, 2018; Eren, 2012; Yıldız, 2012; Yıldıztaş, 1997 did the light of heaven penetrate into this 22 Yıldız, 2012 abode of tears and groans ; never did it echo 23 Yıldız, 2012 with the voice of a friend come to console 24 Yıldız 2012: 424-430 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 365

acted in 1838, followed by others in 1840, 1851 and 1858.18 The 97-item decree issued in 1880 under the title “Regulation on the Inter- nal Affairs of the Prisons in Memalik-i Mahru- sa-i Şahane”19, was the most comprehensive regulation regarding prisons. With this decree, prisons were separated into three groups: “detention centers, prisons, and central prisons”. The construction of a detention center and a prison for each township, shire and province, as well as of central prisons in appropriate locations for prisoners sentenced to more than five years, were similarly stipulated. The decree not only prescribed certain standards for prisoners, but also made for new arrangements such as the separation of prisoners according to their crimes, and the creation of areas for study (workshops), of special wards for juvenile and fe- male prisoners, and of separate areas for worship and for the treatment of patients.20

Although the laws enacted between 1838 and a prison until 1939, when it was demolished Fig. 3 Sultanahmet Central Prison before it was 1858 were important for the institutionaliza- due to the rearrangements made in Sultanah- demolished in 1939 21 Sl. 3. Sultanahmet, centralni zatvor prije rušenja tion of Ottoman prisons, no example of a met Square. 1939. prison that actually met these regulations By the end of the 19th century, the number of could be found until the construction of the inspections and reports on the status of pub- Sultanahmet Central Prison (Fig. 3) in Istan- lic prisons and detention centers in the capi- bul in 1871 during the reign of Abdülaziz (r. tal was increasing. As a result, decrees for 1861-1876). The reorganization of the Baba Cafer, Yedikule, Tersane, Anemas and Ağa- the improvement of prison conditions were kapısı dungeons, which had been already published and the prison issue remained to be a major spatial problem on the agenda of used as prisons in the Ottoman capital, 22 İstanbul, before Tanzimat period in accor- the Sublime Porte. Although the Sultanah- dance with the new laws, would of course met Central Prison had been constructed ac- have been the first choice for the government cording to the new regulations and was em- in dire economic straits. But it quickly be- phatically claimed to be “orderly and excel- came clear that the old dungeons could not lent”, its spatial and physical inadequacies made the construction of a new public prison provide the spatial features required by the 23 new law, such as separate cells for each pris- in the capital necessary. oner, and the provision of study halls. The With the special decree of 2 March 1893, Ab- Sultanahmet Central Prison was the first dülhamid II ordered the construction of a new modern prison planned as required by the prison building in Istanbul, “orderly and ex- new laws. It was divided into two sections, cellent, like the prisons in Europe”.24 It was one for long-term prisoners and one for pris- mentioned in a document25, dated 28 Sep- oners sentenced to less than three years, and tember 1893, issued by the Sublime Porte contained many wards, hospital section, that a new site for a central prison in the inner workshops, baths, mosques and churches. courtyard of the Yedikule Fortress, was pro- The Sultanahmet Central Prison was used as posed both due to the inadequacy of the existing prison in satisfying the stated spatial 25 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number needs and that the fortress was ideally locat- BEO.000283.021173.001.002. ed in a central location in the city. It is under- 26 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number stood from this document that because this BEO.000292.021842.001.002. new site, measuring 22.500 square meters 27 Alexandre Vallaury (1850-1921), an Ottoman-Levanti- (30.000 arşın), was out of the city but com- ne, born in Istanbul, was one of the important architects of the late 19th century Ottoman architecture. He was comple- pletely surrounded by the city walls it was ted his education in École des Beaux Arts, Paris, between deemed suitable for an ‘excellent’ central 1868-1879. He designed significant number of projects in prison. This site corresponds to the inner Istanbul such as the Imperial School of Fine Arts, in the gar- courtyard of the seven towered, pentagon den of the Topkapı Palace; the Headquarters of Administra- tion of Public Debts, at Cağalo ğlu; Pera Palas Hotel, Cercle shaped Yedikule Fortress. In another docu- d’Orient Social Club and the Headquarters of Ottoman ment26, dated 12 September 1893 by the Sub- Bank and Tobacco Ré gie in Pera/Beyoğlu. Besides his car- lime Porte it is mentioned that architects Au- rier as a practitioner, he had been among the founder pro- gust Jasmund and Alexandre Vallaury27 were fessors of Imperial School of Fine Arts, the first educational institution in architecture and fine arts in Ottoman Empire. chosen to design this ‘modern’ prison, how- For further information see: Kula Say, 2014. ever, since the only signature on the projects PROSTOR 366 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Fig. 4 Yedikule Central Prison Project, signed by later obtained from the archives belonged to building, it can be assumed to be a proposal Architect A. Jasmund, in İstanbul, 3 December 1893, Jasmund, it is assumed that Vallaury did not made for this area, considering that it is an Architectural Survey Plan Sl. 4. Projekt centralnog zatvora u èetvrti Yedikule, participate in the design of the prison. attachment to a report written to contribute potpisuje ga arhitekt A. Jasmund u Istanbulu, The first project to be scrutinized in this arti- to the Yedikule Central Prison project. This 3.12.1893, arhitektonski snimak cle, namely August Jasmund’s prison project project, like the one proposed by Jasmund, fell victim to the dire economic situation of Fig. 5 Yedikule Central Prison Project, signed by (Figs. 4-6), was a large-scale plan consisting Architect A. Jasmund, in İstanbul, 3 December 1893. of 450 cells, and included features like cen- the Empire, yet the need for prison spaces Ground Floor Plan: A - prison, B - hospital, tral heating and areas for prisoners to con- required by the penal reforms remained an C - administrative building, D - kitchen and laundry, urgent and unfulfilled obligation. E - military security building, F - bath, G - places duct agricultural activities. This modern pris- of worship on project was found in a separate file in the The third and last known attempt for a central Sl. 5. Yedikule, projekt centralnog zatvora koji State Archives [DABOA] under the classifica- prison in Yedikule, discussed by this article, potpisuje arhitekt A. Jasmund u Istanbulu, 3.12.1893. tion number PLK.p / 6738.28 According to this Tlocrt prizemlja: A - zatvor, B - bolnica, C - upravna begin with a decree dated 10 March 1898. zgrada, D - kuhinja i praonica, E - zgrada vojnog plan and cost-estimate report, the cost of the With this decree, orders were given to the osiguranja, F - kupaonica, G - mjesta za bogoslužje prison was determined to be 2,556,000 Ministry of Commerce and Public Works to re- kuruş, however, the project could not be im- examine the cost-estimate report for the Ye- plemented due to the economic problems dikule Central Prison project, for the improve- 29 facing the government during this period. ment of the prison and so a commission, of The second proposal offered by Ferik Blunt which Jasmund was a member, was set up in Pasha provided another project proposal for the Ministry of Commerce and Public Works.32 the central prison to be built in Yedikule. As In official correspondence dated 10 January aide-de-camp of the sultan, Ferik Blunt pre- 1899, it was stated that for the “central pris- pared a report and presented it to Abdülha- on in the new method” in Istanbul the intro- mid II when he heard of the need for a mod- duction of a “European architect” to the com- ern prison project Yıldız refers to Blunt Pa- mission was planned.33 Based on another sha’s report as an undated document and document34 prepared by Jasmund dated 22 explains that information was given about May 1898, the new project for Yedikule will the deficiencies after the prison law of 1880, have to be “an actual rehabilitation center and a map was presented in addition to the project” which will meet the needs that were report.30 However, Yıldız states that the map presented together with this report could not 28 Retrived from DABOA under the number PLK.p / be found in the relevant files in the Ottoman 6738. Even though, Afife Batur [1994: 317-318] drew attention to the existence of the prison project designed by Ja- archive, just like the drawings of Jasmund’s smund, she did not include the drawing or the details of project. A deeper search in the archives indi- the project in her article. This archival document was used cates that the project, found in the DABOA for the first time in the dissertation written by Selahaddin under the classification number PLK.p.05384 Sezer (2020), in Çankaya University, Architecture Gradua- te Program. (Fig. 7), which bears the seal of “gendarmerie 29 Yıldız, 2012 civil servant Ferik Blunt” is a prison complex 30 Yıldız, 2012 plan that includes several units as well as the 31 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number PLK. main prison building with a radial plan.31 Al- p.05384. though there is no note on the plan of the 32 Yıldız, 2012 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 367

not addressed in the past, like ventilation, ing, there would be rooms for the doctor, Fig. 6 Yedikule Central Prison Project, signed by electrical installation, work tools and equip- manager and imam, and a mosque in the Ot- Architect A. Jasmund, in İstanbul, 3 December 1893. Second Floor Plan: A - prison, B - hospital, ment, gardens for agricultural production, toman style on the upper floor. In the report, C - administrative building, D - kitchen and laundry, strolling areas, interview and penalty rooms, plans for the construction of units such as a E - military security building, F - bath, G - places of and a lavatory in each cell. The prison in this women’s prison, a hospital, a police station, worship project was expected to have 609 cells and lodgings for the director, administrators and Sl. 6. Yedikule, projekt centralnog zatvora koji potpisuje arhitekt A. Jasmund u Istanbulu, 3.12.1893. an arrangement, like the Auburn system, in guards, and a barn are mentioned. Aydın Tlocrt drugog kata: A - zatvor, B - bolnica, which prisoners will work in workshops dur- states that the project attached to this report C - upravna zgrada, D - kuhinja i praonica, E - zgrada ing the daytime, and be kept in silence and was not found in the file.38 vojnog osiguranja, F - kupaonica, G - mjesta bogoslužja isolation at night. It was stated that the 3 me- 39 ters high cells and 4 meters high workshops In a document dated 13 January 1899, is- designed in accordance with the “health sued by the Ministry of Commerce and Public Fig. 7 Yedikule Central Prison Project Proposal rules” in the prison would provide 18-20 cu- Works, it is stated that a German architect for signed as “sultan’s aide-de-camp, gendarmerie civil the project of Yedikule Central Prison was not servant Ferik Blunt”: 1 - police Station, 2 - guest bic meters of air per person and a “larger” room, 3 - superintendent room, 4 - unit for living space. necessary since Architect Ali Kemaleddin temporary detention, 5 - clerk room, 6 - officer Bey’s expertise and knowledge would be suf- room, 7 - guard room, 8 - room for prison warden, Further relating to Yedikule Central Prison, ficient for the project. An independent study 9 - library, 10 - administrative rooms, Remzi Aydın draws attention to another proj- by Yıldırım Yavuz provides further informa- 11 - storage room for prisoners’ belongings 35 and clothes, 12 - inner courtyard, ect report signed by Architect Kemaleddin tion on a plan (Fig. 18) titled “Heizungs und 36 13 - prisoner cells for 40 prisoners dated 18 June 1898. This project was de- Lüftungsanlage, Dampfkoch und Waschan- for each section, 14 - workshops, 15 - courtyard, signed using a central layout that would stalt für das Gefängnis zu Konstantinopel” 16 - lodging for prison officers, 17 - bath, make the surveillance of prisoners possible, 18 - laundry, 19 - workshop for ironworks, (Heating and Ventilation System, Steam Cook- 20 - warehouse, 21 - police station, with wings extending in three directions, 360 er and Washing Facilities for the Prison in 22 - hospital, 23 - wards for guards, cells in each wing, and 480-person wards at Constantinople), marked “Berlin, 15 January 24 - lodging for imam (one who leads the prayers the end of each wing.37 The plan, which in- in a mosque), 25 - mosque, 26 - police station, 1899”, bearing the signature of Architect Ke- 27 - bakery, 28 - kitchen, 29 - lodging for prison 40 cludes workshops for prisoners and areas for maleddin and found among his projects. It’s warden, 30 - garden applied agricultural education, also featured concluded by the authors that this plan is the Sl. 7. Yedikule, prijedlog projekta centralnog courtyards between the wings and a high culmination of the above-mentioned series of zatvora potpisanog kao „sultanov pomoænik, watchtower. On the ground floor of the build- žandarmerijski državni službenik Ferik Blunt”: correspondences for the third and final Yedi- 1 - policijska stanica, 2 - soba za goste, 3 - soba za kule Central Prison project which was also nadglednika, 4 - jedinica za privremeno zadržavanje, 33 Yıldız, 2012 shelved due to the economic and political 5 - prostorija za službenika, 6 - prostorija za èasnika, 7 - prostorija za èuvara, 8 - prostorija 34 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number İ.DH, conditions of the period. za upravitelja zatvora, 9 - knjižnica, 10 - upravne R 1316-4. prostorije, 11 - spremište za osobne stvari i odjeæu 35 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number UGUST ASMUND S EDIKULE ENTRAL zatvorenika, 12 - unutrašnje dvorište, DH.TMIK.S. 44: 16-6,7. A J ’ Y C 13 - zatvorske æelije za 40 zatvorenika iz svakog 36 Aydın, 2019b: 31 PRISON PROJECT odsjeka, 14 - radionice, 15 - dvorište, 16 - smještaj za zatvorske službenike, 17 - kupaonica, 18 37 Aydın, 2019b: 31 AUGUST JASMUND: PROJEKT - praonica, 19 - radionica željeza, 20 - skladište, 38 Aydın, 2019b: 31 CENTRALNOG ZATVORA U EDIKULEU 21 - policijska stanica, 22 - bolnica, 23 - odjeli za Y èuvare, 24 - smještaj za imama (predvodnika molitve 39 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number u džamiji), 25 - džamija, 26 - policijska stanica, BEO.001255.094124.001.001. A study conducted in the DABOA revealed a 27 - pekarnica, 28 - kuhinja, 29 - smještaj za 40 Yavuz, 2009 folder titled, “Projet D’une Prison Centrale a zatvorskog èuvara, 30 - vrt PROSTOR 368 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Fig. 8 Prison Ground Floor Plan: A - prison, Yedi-Koule” (Central Prison Project in Yedi- Fortress walls surround all these structures 1 - workshop, 2 - storage, 3 - room for soldiers kule).41 It was dated 3 December 1893, which and the fortress towers were probably in- and guards, 4 - isolation cell Sl. 8. Tlocrt prizemlja zatvora: A - zatvor, would date it to nine months after the decree tended to be used as guard towers in Jas- 1 - radionica, 2 - spremište, 3 - prostorija za vojnike of Abdülhamid II from March 2 of the same mund’s proposal. There are eight staircases i stražare, 4 - samica year, and contained a prison project consist- in the fortress that provide access to these ing of an architectural survey plan and two Fig. 9 Prison Second Floor Plan: A - prison, 1 - ward walls. The ground floor plans feature four in- for 10 prisoners, 2 - isolation cell, room for guards floor plans. All three plans bear the signature terconnected buildings within the city walls, Sl. 9. Tlocrt drugog kata zatvora: A - zatvor, “Constantinople, 3 December 1893, A. Jas- a prison, a hospital, a bathhouse and a place 1 - odjel za 10 zatvorenika, 2 - samica, soba za mund, Architect”, as well as a seal (Figs. 4-6). of worship, in the midst of a uniform land- stražare All three sheets are 81.5 ´ 57.5 cm in size. Ac- scape arrangement. There is no restriction of cording to the explanations on the plans, the movement for prisoners in the open spaces floor plans found belong to the ground and within the fortress walls. There may be two second floors and were drawn on a scale of main reasons for this: firstly, the use of baths, 1/400. Since no other drawing was found in worship and hospital buildings outside the the folder, the drawing containing the floor main prison building may have been intend- described as the ‘second floor’ can be as- ed to be carried out collectively and under sumed depict the plan for the level directly military control, or secondly, a more flexible above the ground floor. Jasmund’s design is circulation may have been planned for pris- not a single prison building but a complex of oners, with the actual control and surveil- structures, some of which are inside the fortress walls and some outside. Prison, hospi- lance to be carried out in the area within the tal, bath and worship buildings are located as fortification walls. Access to units outside the separate units in the part within the city fortress is provided through the gateway to walls. The part outside the city wall features the left of the prison. administrative, military security buildings and Since the project features no cross-sections service units (Figs. 5 and 6). or façade views, it is not clear exactly how The survey plan given in Fig. 4 shows one al- many floors the prison building has. Howev- ready existing building within and two build- er, since there are two different floor plans in ings outside the city wall in the area selected the folder, this suggests that the building for the public prison. It can be assumed that was designed as having two floors. The pris- the single structure inside the city wall is the on building, located in the middle of the for- Fatih Masjid commissioned by Mehmed II. tress, consists of two main blocks in a T The engraving by Pouqueville42 depicts a shape. The entrance of the prison main build- minaret a few independent structures within ing is from the side directly facing the tower the fortress walls (Fig. 1). It can be inferred that the expropriation and demolition of 41 Retrived from DABOA under the catalog number these structures was proposed for the con- PLK.p.06738. struction of the new prison complex. 42 Pouqueville, 1820: 250 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 369

called the “Inscriptions Tower” (Kitabeler Kulesi). To the left and right of the entrance are rooms reserved for soldiers and guards (Fig. 8). A large area, which can be described as a courtyard, is reached after the officers’ rooms. The corridor opposite the entrance connects the two blocks that make up the prison. To the left and right of this corridor are four isolation cells and six lavatories. The ground floor also features twenty workshops and four storage rooms reserved for prisoners. Since there are no wards on the ground floor but a few isolation cells indicate that this floor is the working floor reserved for prisoners. Although not visible in the ground floor plan, there are two staircases that ap- pear quite clearly in the second floor plan, located in the courtyard, between the work area and the lavatories. Good ventilation and natural lighting have been provided even in isolation cells, each having two windows. The upper floor plan (Fig. 9) of the prison features thirty wards, each for ten prisoners, four isolation cells, three guardrooms and six lavatories. The area colored blue appears to be a gallery following the corridor in the middle, reserved for circulation. It was probably planned to provide control and surveillance between floors. It is not possible to determine whether there is a special place for women or children in the prison building since only the phrase “prisoner” is used in the units in the prison plans. The other buildings within the city walls can Fig. 10 Hospital Ground Floor Plan: B - hospital, Sl. 10. Tlocrt prizemlja bolnice: B - bolnica, be listed as a hospital (Figs. 10 and 11) on the 5 - hospital ward, 6 - single patient room, 5 - bolnièki odjel, 6 - jednokrevetna bolnièka soba, 7 - storage, 8 - janitor room, 9 - observation room, 7 - spremište, 8 - soba domara, 9 - soba za north, a bath building, and a place of worship 10 - bath promatranje, 10 - kupaonica (Fig. 12) on the south of the prison structure. Fig. 11 Hospital Second Floor Plan: B - hospital, Sl. 11. Tlocrt drugog kata bolnice: B - bolnica, The place of worship consists of three se- 4 - hospital ward, 5 - single patient room, 4 - bolnièki odjel, 5 - jednokrevetna soba, parate units as a church, a mosque, and a 6 - doctor room, 7 - pharmacy, 8 - janitor room, 6 - soba za lijeènika, 7 - ljekarna, 8 - portirnica, 9 - bath 9 - kupaonica synagogue. The buildings in the northeastern part of the complex, outside the city walls, contain the administrative unit, military secu- Fig. 12 Bath Ground Floor Plan: F - bath, Sl. 12. Tlocrt kupaonice u prizemlju: F - kupaonica, 34 - frigidarium, 35 - caldarium, 36 - tepidarium, 34 - frigidarium, 35 - caldarium, 36 - tepidarium, rity unit and service units (kitchen and laun- 37 - laundry, G - places of worship, 38 - mosque, 37 - praonica, G - sakralni objekti, 38 - džamija, dry) (Figs. 13-17). 39 - church, 40 - synagogue 39 - crkva, 40 - sinagoga The most important point to be emphasized in Jasmund’s prison project is that instead of a single building consisting of wards for prisoners, it is a complex of buildings including a building for worship with a mosque, church, and synagogue, administrative and military security buildings, service units (laundry and kitchen). Jasmund’s project, the first campus- prison plan designed with a holistic under- standing, is the first example of the quest to meet the basic needs of prisoners, in line with the prison reforms enacted due to the decrees of Abdülhamid II. The buildings ac- companying the prison building clearly show that steps were taken towards meeting the health, hygiene and other needs of prisoners. The existence of a place of worship that includes a church and a synagogue can be seen as a sign that non-Muslim prisoners are also PROSTOR 370 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

in the DABOA under the classification number PLK.p.05384 (Fig. 7). Single sheet, 78.5x56.5 cm in size, proposal was titled “A map of the division and arrangement of the prison complex to be built, as mentioned in the congra- tulation letter I have presented about prisons”. The plan bears the signature “sultan’s aide-de-camp, gendarmerie civil servant Ferik Blunt” and his seal. Ferik Blunt Pasha’s proposal for Yedikule Central Prison is a complex that includes several units as well as the main prison building with a radial plan. The complex is located in a quadrangular courtyard and contains a main prison building with a separate courtyard in the center, a hospital, a police station, wards for guards, a mosque, lodging for the imam, a bakery, a kitchen, a bath, a warehouse and lodgings for Fig. 13 Administrative Building Ground Floor Plan: Fig. 14 Administrative Building Second Floor Plan: C - administrative offices, 11 - inner courtyard, C - administrative offices, 10 - room for prison prison warden. The prison complex only has 12 - room for prisoners of higher social standing, warden, 11 - police officer room, 12 - secretary one entrance, which provides access to both 13 - gendarmerie officer room, 14 - gendarmerie room, 13 - doctor room, 14 - janitor room, the main prison building and the other build- officers’ bedroom, 15 - ward for polices, 15 - room for 20 guards, 16 - room for 16 - interrogation room, 17 - small kitchen, 2 chief-guards, 17 - steward room, 18 - room ings of the complex. To the right and left of 18 - isolation cell, 19 - ward for 30 prisoners for custody the entrance to the prison complex are police Sl. 13. Tlocrt prizemlja upravne zgrade: C - uredi, Sl. 14. Tlocrt drugog kata upravne zgrade: stations. This area provides access to the 11 - unutrašnje dvorište, 12 - prostorija za C - uredi, 10 - prostorija za upravitelja zatvora, units and gardens in the quadrangular court- zatvorenike višeg društvenog ranga, 13 - prostorija 11 - prostorija za policijskog službenika, žandarmerijskog oficira, 14 - spavaonica 12 - tajništvo, 13 - prostorija za lijeènika, yard, as well as to the main prison building, žandarmerijskih oficira, 15 - odjel za policijske 14 - portirnica, 15 - prostorija za 20 èuvara, via a corridor. službenike, 16 - soba za ispitivanje, 17 - mala kuhinja, 16 - prostorija za 2 glavna èuvara, 17 - prostorija 18 - samica, 19 - odjel za 30 zatvorenika za poslužitelja, 18 - prostorija za pritvor The main prison building is a radially planned building consisting of eight blocks with an oc- considered. Another remarkable feature of tagonal inner courtyard in the center. The the prison complex is the presence of work- block at the entrance of the building features shops dedicated to the occupation of prison- a superintendent’s room, a guest room, a ers. These working areas, included in Jas- clerk’s room, a room for prison warden, ad- mund’s proposal as part of the reform move- ministrative rooms, a temporary detention ment, were implemented in prisons in Europe room, guard room, a library, and storage Fig. 15 Kitchen and Laundry Ground Floor Plan: D - kitchen and laundry, 29 - prison kitchen, and America, intended to help rehabilita- rooms for prisoners’ belongings and clothes. 43 30 - prison laundry room, 31 - gendarmerie laundry tion. Similarly, the landscape arrangement, The inner courtyard in the center of the main room, 32 - soldiers’ laundry room, 33 - storage which was not seen in the Ottoman Empire prison can be accessed through this block. A th Sl. 15. Tlocrt kuhinje i praonice u prizemlju: before the 19 century, is also remarkable. staircase in the inner courtyard provides ver- D - kuhinja i praonica, 29 - zatvorska kuhinja, The arrangement uses circular and oval forms 30 - zatvorska praonica, 32 - praonica za tical circulation. Although the plan from the žandarmeriju, 32 - praonica za vojnike, and includes a pool. The approach is an un- archive seems to belong to the ground floor, 33 - spremište usual one for a prison complex. the staircase in the project shows that this is Although Jasmund’s project is beyond the not a single story building. prison projects carried out until that point On the opposite side of the block reached and an example of an “orderly and excellent” from the main prison entrance to the inner prison, as Abdülhamid II demanded, it is not fully in line with the prison arrangement de- courtyard, there are workshops for prisoners. termined by the 97-article decree of 1880. Prisoner cells occupy the other six blocks that This decree required prisoners to be housed spread out from the inner courtyard. There in different cells according to the severity of are 40 isolation cells in each block, and the their crimes, as well as separate cells for plan of the entrance floor shows 240 isola- women and children. These spatial arrange- tion cells on this floor of the prison building. ments are not included in Jasmund’s design. Each block has an exit to the octagonal courtyard that surrounds the main prison building. Courtyards by these exits, designed so that CENTRAL PRISON PROJECT PROPOSAL BY prisoners can spend time in the open space, FERIK BLUNT PASHA are separated from the center by the blocks. FERIK BLUNT PASHA: PRIJEDLOG PROJEKTA CENTRALNOG ZATVORA 43 Fairweather, 1975 44 Yıldız, 2012 Ferik Blunt Pasha’s proposal for Yedikule Cen- 45 Yavuz, 2009: 346 tral Prison is a map presented together with 46 Yavuz, 2009: 346 his undated report, recovered by the authors 47 Yavuz, 2009: 345-347 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 371

Similar to Jasmund’s proposal, the prison model put forward by Ferik Blunt Pasha also reflects the new regulations in Europe and America. The design of the prison as a complex with side functions, the construction of workshops for prisoners’ work, and isolation cells are reflections of this conception. One spatially prominent change in Blunt Pasha’s proposal is that the blocks containing the cells make the separation of prisoners according to the severity of their crimes possible. Although this separation is not spelled out in the explanation on the plan, it can be said that this separation was considered because Blunt Pasha’s report emphasized the importance of this separation.44 Like the center of the prison. Yavuz [2009] states that Fig. 16 Military Security Building Ground Floor Plan: the rooms in the short wing are reserved for E - military security building, 20 - room for a single models in the West that it was based on, the officer, 21 - bedroom for a single officer, 22 - room Ottoman prison law required the separation administrative staff. All other wings can be for 5 officers, 23 - bedroom for 5 officers, of prisoners according to the severity of the reached through the corridors in this hall. 24 - storage, 25 - dormitory for 22 soldiers, crimes committed, as well as separate cells Vertical circulation between the floors is pro- 26 - dormitory for 24 soldiers, 27 - small kitchen, vided both by the stairs located in the central 28 - storage for women and children. Sl. 16. Tlocrt prizemlja zgrade vojne sigurnosti: octagonal courtyard and at the ends of the E - zgrada vojne sigurnosti, 20 - prostorija za long wings. There are large closed areas on jednog službenika, 21 - spavaonica za jednog YEDIKULE CENTRAL PRISON PROJECTS the two short wings accessed from the oc- službenika, 22 - soba za 5 službenika, 23 - spavaonica za 5 službenika, 24 - spremište, PROPOSED BY ARCHITECT KEMALEDDIN tagonal hall. These were likely planned as 25 - spavaonica za 22 vojnika, 26 - spavaonica AND HIS STUDENT workshops for prisoners to work together. za 24 vojnika, 27 - mala kuhinja, 28 - spremište ARHITEKT KEMALEDDIN U SURADNJI Together with the aforementioned project, Fig. 17 Military Security Building Second Floor Plan. E - military security building, 19 - dormitory SA SVOJIM STUDENTOM: PRIJEDLOG Yavuz also found two other drawings, titled “From the Planned Central Prison Project”.47 for 32 soldiers, 20 - dormitory for 24 soldiers PROJEKTA CENTRALNOG ZATVORA Sl. 17. Tlocrt drugog kata zgrade vojne sigurnosti. The two drawings, a second floor plan and a E - zgrada vojne sigurnosti, 19 - spavaonica U YEDIKULEU front façade drawing (Figs. 19 and 20), are za 32 vojnika, 20 - spavaonica za 24 vojnika A plan that can reliably assumed to belong to undated and signed “Çatalcalı Fehmi, Engi- Kemaleddin’s central prison project is found neering School Seventh Year Student”. The by Yıldırım Yavuz.45 Titled “Heizungs- und project is designed on a cell basis and similar Lüftungsanlage, Dampfkoch- und Waschan- to that of Kemaleddin. Instead of the work- stalt für das Gefängnis zu Konstantinopel” shops in the radial short wings in Kemaled- (Heating and Ventilation System, Steam Cook- din’s project, this student project features er and Washing Facilities for the Prison in circular spaces connected to the center of the Constantinople) and marked “Berlin, 15 Janu- main building via corridor-like passages. ary 1899” on the bottom right, the plan bears These circular structures could either contain the signature of Architect Kemaleddin and workshops or serve as areas providing out- the date “4 Mai 1899” in an elliptical seal (Fig. side access for prisoners to breathe and exer- 18). The notes “Maßstab 1/200” (scale 1/200) cise. Another notable feature is the large and “Erdgeschoß” (ground floor) reveal that spaces at the end of the wings. These large this project is a ground floor plan in 1:200 spaces, located facing one another, may also scale. A seal in the bottom right corner reads be spaces in which the prisoners can work, “Körtingsdorff-Hannover, Gebr. Körting”. Ac- although it is impossible to determine this cording to Yavuz, this plan is the mechanical from the drawings. furnishing project, added onto Kemaleddin’s Also, just like Kemaleddin’s design, this proj- plan (drawn on Jan. 15, 1899) in colored ink in 46 ect features galleries along the central axis of Hannover. the cell wings which provide vertical circula- The project has a radial plan scheme consist- tion. Access to the cells on the upper floors is ing of three long wings comprising 30 isola- provided by narrow corridors (balconies). tion cells each. Since there are no cross-sec- There is a single-domed masjid across from tions or façades, it is unclear how many floors the prison entrance. As far as can be under- the building has. Yavuz [2009] states that in stood from the façade drawings (Fig. 20), the addition to the ground floor plan given in Fig. block in the middle of the building is higher 18, there is also a third floor plan and hence, than the units in other sections and it is cov- the building may have four floors. In this ered with an octagonal roof covering. There case, the building can be assumed to contain are also watchtowers at the ends of the long 360 isolation cells in total, as indicated in the wings containing the cells. The height of report mentioned by Aydın [2019b]. The en- these towers, each of which is topped with a trance is in the short wing, which provides dome, is about the same as that of the oc- access to the octagonal central hall in the tagonal domed structure in the middle of the PROSTOR 372 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Fig. 18 İstanbul Prison Project drawn by Architect prison. The façade elements such as high which emerged in the West at the end of the Kemaleddin: A - short wing containing pointed-arch entrance with a dome and two 19th century, included the detention of prison- administrative rooms, B - octagonal central hall, C - the wing consists of isolation cells, domed-towers on the corners can be consid- ers in different places according to the sever- D - workshops ered as one of the innovative approaches for ity of their crimes, the creation of specialized Sl. 18. Projekt istanbulskog zatvora arhitekta this newly encountered ‘central prison’ prob- areas for women and children, the design of Kemaleddina: A - kraæe krilo s administrativnim lem and a distinguished ‘Ottoman’ aspect of hospitals, places of worship, and living and prostorijama, B - oktogonalno centralno predvorje, C - krilo sa samicama, D - radionice the design. working quarters for officers and soldiers close to the prison area. The well-known ex- Fig. 19 A prison project, plan, drawn by Çatalcalı CONCLUSION amples shaped under those policies in the Fehmi, seventh grade student of the school of 19th century, which are also considered as the engineering (hendese-i mülkiye-i şahane): A - short ZAKLJUÈAK wing containing administrative rooms, B - central basic models for the prison plans, can be hall, C - the wing consists of isolation cells, listed as Auburn State Prison (New York, D - workshops (?), E - workshops or exercise spaces Many researchers have shown that since the 1816), Eastern State Penitentiary (Philadel- (?), F - mosque beginning of Abdülhamid II’s reign in 1876, phia, 1825), Pentonville Prison (London, Sl. 19. Projekt zatvora, tlocrt, autor Çatalcalı there was an intense construction activity 1842), Fresnes Prison (Fresnes, 1898), Pitts- Fehmi, student sedmog razreda tehnièke škole throughout the country, such as hospitals, (hendese-i mülkiye-i şahane): A - kraæe krilo s burg Western Penitentiary (Pennsylvania, upravnim prostorijama, B - centralno predvorje, military quarters, factories, railways, mosques, 1884), and Newgate Prison (London, 1785).51 C - krilo sa samicama, D - radionice (?), E - radionice town halls, clock towers, high schools, mid- ili prostor za vježbanje (?), F - džamija 48 When the spatial layouts of those prisons are dle and primary schools. An often over- scrutinized, four main plan typologies can be looked but important building group in this distinguished (Table I). While in the early ex- intense activity are the prisons of the period. amples, a central plan typology was adopted Laws and correspondences studied by histo- by placing the wards and cells around several rians such as Yıldız and Adak show that the courtyards, in the later examples prison cells penal system and in particular the prison re- were mostly arranged on a long corridor in a form was an important issue in the era of Ab- lateral or radial plan layout. dülhamid II.49 The new and modern prison plans prepared for all provinces of Anatolia, Comparing the contemporaneous prisons in must be considered within the context of the Europe and America with the various Yedikule policy of the government to not fall behind in Central Prison projects (Table II), it can be any modernization movement in Europe. said that there is a similarity between the plan layouts of the Yedikule proposals with the Prisons built in America and Europe during western ones. However, it is also observed this period were designed within the frame- that each Yedikule prison proposal approa- work of basic approaches targeting the rehabilitation of prisoners.50 These rules emerged as policies of strict isolation, strict silence, or 48 Those researchers can be listed as: Acun, 1994; Avcı, 2016; Çadırcı, 2011; Çelik, 2008; Deringil, 1998; Erkmen, both, which required cell-based spatial use 2011; Katipoğlu Özmen, 2018 and Parmaksız, 2008. instead of wards. The prevailing idea was that the prisoners’ rehabilitation would be 49 Yıldız, 2012; Adak, 2017 achieved through work and worship during 50 Fairweather, 1975; Meskell, 1999; Johnston, 2000; the day, and rest in isolation cells at night. Roth, 2006 The basic features of the new prison systems, 51 Fairweather, 1975; Johnston, 2000 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 373

ched the design problem with a particular in- point. The radial plan, as it was first used in Fig. 20 A prison project, elevation, drawn by terpretation to meet the spatial requirements Philadelphia Eastern State Penitentiary, pro- Çatalcalı Fehmi, seventh grade student of the school of engineering (hendese-i mülkiye-i şahane) for the Ottoman prison reform. The prison vides spatial convenience, since it is easy to Sl. 20. Projekt zatvora, proèelje, autor Çatalcalı complex, encountered for the first time with assign cells on the corridor in each wing ac- Fehmi, student sedmog razreda tehnièke škole the project of Jasmund, should be read as an cording to the crimes committed by prison- (hendese-i mülkiye-i şahane) indication that prisons were now envisaged ers. Another innovation is the spaces be- on a campus layout rather than as a single tween the wings which are transformed into building. These campuses typically include open courtyards where prisoners can get places of worship, a hospital, a school, a bath, fresh air. In Blunt Pasha’s proposal, manage- a bakery, and a kitchen. As shown, the place ment and some service units (such as health of worship is not only for Muslims: the inclu- and education) are congregated in the cen- sion of the church and synagogue shows that tral block, while accommodation units are the rights of non-Muslim prisoners are also located in wings independent of this block. protected. Another innovation is the land- As the previous sections showed, when the scape arrangement of the prison complex, Yedikule Central Prison project, which could modeled on Western examples. The presence not be realized at first due to the economic of workshops in the prison for the employ- conditions of the period, was brought back ment of prisoners is also very important. on the agenda in 1898. The radial plan typol- Working areas and workshops, which are ogy had become an acceptable model for the modeled from examples in Europe and Ameri- Central Prison. Studies by both architect Ke- ca, are ‘rehabilitation’ areas reserved for pris- maleddin and his student on variations of the oners to gain skills, make use of their spare radial plan scheme show that this scheme time, and earn money. In addition, it is ob- was perceived as a basic model that could served that Jasmund introduced another nov- meet the requirements of the prison reform.52 elty by combining the lateral plan typology, a Different from the general layout of the radial popular approach in the 19th century, with the plan typology, Kemaleddin adapted his plan reverse T plan layout. by using three long wings as the cells for prisoners, and two short ones preserved for Blunt Pasha’s proposal, which also approa- workshop areas, instead of wings of equal ches the prison design problem as a campus length in all directions. project, is a step beyond Jasmund’s first project, due to the cell-based radial plan type Consequently, starting from 1893 to 1900, with wings spreading out from a central there was a strong intention for constructing a central prison in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Selection of the Yedikule Fortress as 52 There are three more examples of radial plan typo- the construction site of this central prison is a logy in Ottoman prisons. The first of these is the proposal given by the architect George Stampa in 1869 for Sulta- notable decision. Abdülhamid desired to al- nahmet Central Prison [Kuruyazıcı, 2001]. The second one ter the unwanted memories of Yedikule For- is the İzmir Central Prison, the construction of which was tress which is filled with dread and horror, by started in 1873, and which was demolished in 1959 [Adak, replacing this memory with a modern, ad- 2015 and 2017]. The third one is the undated Ankara Cen- tral Prison project, the construction of which was planned, vanced, model prison in the capital. The yet not realized [Sezer 2020]. amount of reflection and effort spent on real- PROSTOR 374 2[60] 28[2020] 360-377 C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER Making the Unwanted Visible… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Table I The basic layouts of prison plan typologies in the 19th century Tabl. I. Osnovni tipovi tlocrta zatvora u 19. stoljeæu Examples of Prison Plan Typologies in the 19th century Central Plan Typology with Courtyard Lateral Plan Typology Radial Plan Typology Panopticon

1. Plan of Newgate Prison, 2. Plan of Auburn State Prison, 3. Plan of Eastern State Penitentiary, 4. Plan of Western Penitentiary, Pittsburgh, London, 1770 New York, 1816 Philadelphia, 1825 Pennsylvania, 1826 All plans are rendered by the authors. Green-colored spaces are prisons’ cells, wards, and workshops; blue-colored spaces are courtyards; red-colored spaces are circulations; purple-colored spaces are administrative units.

Table II The basic layouts of the plans proposed for Yedikule Central Prison projects in Istanbul Tabl. II. Osnovni tipovi tlocrta za projekt Centralnog zatvora u èetvrti Yedikule u Istanbulu Plans Proposed for Yedikule Central Prison

1. Project by A. Jasmund, 1893, Ground Floor Plan 2. Project by Ferik Blunt 3. Project by Architect Kemaleddin 4. Project by Çatalcalı Fehmi All plans are rendered by the authors. Green-colored spaces are prisons’ cells, wards, and workshops; red-colored spaces are circulations; purple-colored spaces are administrative units.

izing this ‘modern’, ‘orderly’ and ‘excellent’ lateral plan typology with a reverse T plan, prison in the capital can be interpreted as the designing a campus with all necessary units indication that this project held a significant or including a synagogue and a church for place within the overall westernization ef- non-Muslim prisoners, went one step for- forts in the area of penal reforms. In this con- ward with Blunt Pasha’s radial plan proposal text, the use of radial plan typology may be which was also adapted by Kemaleddin and interpreted as the borrowing of a western ar- his student Çatalcalı Fehmi with certain mod- chitectural typology to solve a previously un- ifications, and notably an architectural search encountered architectural problem. Howev- for some ‘Ottoman’ motives in the facades. er, it can be easily seen that the proposals for the central prison projects were repeatedly reexamined and renewed step by step within [Translated by Ayşegül Kuglin ten years. The innovative approaches pro- and Ceren Katipoğlu Özmen, posed in Jasmund projects such as adapting proof-read by Robert Wallace] PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 375

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(2012), Mapushane: Osmanlı Hapisha- pographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinu- nelerinin Kuruluş Serüveni (1839-1908), Kitape- polis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17. Jh. Wa- vi Yayınevi, İstanbul smuth Vlg., Tübingen 43. Yıldıztaş, M. (1997), Mütareke Dönemi’nde Suç 30. Öten, A. (2018), Sultan Ahmed Külliyesi Unsurları ve İstanbul Hapishaneleri, Master dis- İnşâsında Yeniden Yapılan Vakıf: İbrahim Paşa sertation, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul Sarayı, in: “Mediterranean Journal of Humani- 44. *** (1939), Cumhuriyet newspaper, 21 June 1939 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Making the Unwanted Visible… C. KATIPOğLU ÖZMEN, S. SEZER 360-377 28[2020] 2[60] 377 Summary Sažetak

Uèiniti neželjeno vidljivim: narativ o ambicioznom projektu Abdülhamida Iija za centralni zatvor u èetvrti Yedikule u Istanbulu

Zatvori u svojoj institucionalnoj formi u kojoj ih se unutrašnji prostor tvrðave Yedikule odabere za Projekt Centralnoga zatvora Yedikule isprva nije danas prepoznajemo nisu postojali do prije 300 gradilište ‘ureðenoga i primjerenoga’ centralnog mogao biti realiziran zbog ekonomskih uvjeta u godina iako je koncept zatvaranja ljudi star koliko i zatvora bila je vrlo važna. Može se reæi da je Abdül- tome razdoblju. No, ponovno je vraæen na dnevni ljudska civilizacija. Ideja kažnjavanja zatvorom po- hamid želio promijeniti neželjeno sjeæanje na tvr- red 1898. godine. Tip radijalnoga plana postao je sljedica je pojave složenih hijerarhijskih društve- ðavu Yedikule kao mjesto straha i užasa kako bi ga prihvatljiv model za Centralni zatvor. Studije arhi- no-ekonomskih poredaka. Unatoè tome što su za- zamijenila percepcija toga mjesta kao modernoga i tekta Kemaleddina i njegova studenta o varijacija- tvori stari koliko i sama civilizacija, veæina struène naprednoga modela zatvora u glavnome gradu. Za- ma sheme radijalnoga plana pokazuju da je ova akademske literature o zatvorskim zgradama bavi tvorski kompleks koji se prvi put spominje u pro- shema shvaæena kao osnovni model koji može za- se razdobljem nakon 18. stoljeæa zbog èinjenice da jektu Jasmunda pokazuje da su zatvori sada plani- dovoljiti zahtjeve zatvorske reforme. Za razliku od su rasprave o konceptu zatvaranja i kaznenim su- rani u formi kampusa, a ne kao jedna zgrada. Ovi opæe tipologije radijalnoga plana, Kemaleddin je stavima poèele upravo u tom razdoblju. To je zatim se kampusi karakteristièno sastoje od mjesta za svoj plan prilagodio korištenjem triju dugih krila potaknulo rasprave i u arhitektonskim krugovima o bogoslužje, bolnice, škole, kupališta, pekarnica i namijenjenih zatvorskim æelijama i dvaju kratkih za tipovima prostora potrebnih za zatvaranje ljudi. kuhinja. Kako se vidi, mjesto bogoslužja nije samo prostore radionica umjesto krila iste duljine koja bi Struèna akademska literatura koja se odnosi na ono namijenjeno muslimanima; tu su planirane i se pružala u svim smjerovima. osmanske zatvore bavi se razdobljem koje je poèe- crkve i sinagoge, što pokazuje da i oni zatvoreni- Slijedom toga, u razdoblju od 1893. do 1900. godi- lo s Tanzimatskom erom (1839.-1876.) jer su prije ci koji nisu muslimani imaju svoja vjerska prava. ne postojala je ozbiljna namjera da se izgradi sre- spomenute rasprave i reforme kaznenih sustava na Druga je inovacija ureðenje okoliša zatvorskoga dišnji zatvor u glavnome gradu Osmanskog Car- Zapadu u 18. stoljeæu došle do Osmanskog Carstva kompleksa prema zapadnjaèkim uzorima. stva. Intenzivna promišljanja i velik trud koji je tek poèetkom 19. stoljeæa. Arhitektonsko je istraži- Planiranje radionica u zatvoru za zapošljavanje za- uložen u realizaciju toga ‘modernog, ureðenog i vanje zatvorskih prostora važno, i to ne samo u tvorenika takoðer je važno. Radni prostori i radioni- odliènog’ zatvora u glavnome gradu pokazuje da je smislu ispitivanja transformacije takvih prostora ce, po uzoru na primjere u Europi i Americi, jesu ovaj projekt zauzimao znaèajno mjesto u sklopu Osmanskog Carstva veæ i u smislu pružanja nove prostori rehabilitacije zatvorenika kako bi stekli ukupnih napora da se uvedu zapadnjaèki kriteriji u perspektive za interpretaciju osmanske arhitektu- nove vještine, korisno provodili vrijeme i zaradili. podruèje kaznenih reformi. re 19. stoljeæa neovisno o prodoru ideja sa Zapada Usto, primijeæeno je da je Jasmund uveo jednu dru- U tom kontekstu, korištenje radijalnoga plana i paradigmama propadanja. gu novinu. On je, naime, kombinirao tipologiju boè- može se protumaèiti kao posuðivanje zapadne Ova je studija posveæena trima nerealiziranim pro- noga plana (popularni pristup u 19. st.) s obrnutim arhitektonske tipologije za rješavanje arhitek- jektima za centralni zatvor, kojeg je izgradnja pla- T-tlocrtom. Prijedlog Blunt Pashe, koji se takoðer tonskog problema s kojima se struènjaci prije nisu nirana unutar istanbulske tvrðave Yedikule, jer je temelji na konceptu kampusa, ide korak dalje od susretali. potreba za modernim zatvorom postala znaèajan prvoga projekta Jasmunda. On polazi od plana koji Meðutim, lako se može vidjeti da su prijedlozi pro- politièki problem tijekom vladavine Abdülhamida se temelji na konceptu radijalnoga tlocrta zatvor- jekata centralnih zatvora više puta preispitivani i II. Meðu predloženim projektima centralnog zatvo- skih æelija s krilima zgrade koja se šire iz jednoga obnavljani korak po korak u roku od deset godina. ra prvi je kampus, projekt koji potpisuje arhitekt središta. Radijalni plan, kakav je prvi put korišten u Inovativni pristupi predloženi Jasmundovim pro- August Carl Friedrich Jasmund. Drugi je plan zatvo- Istoènoj državnoj kaznionici u Philadelphiji, projektima - poput prilagoðavanja tipologije boèno- ra autora Ferika Blunt Pashe. Iako se prethodno storno je primjeren jer je lako odrediti æelije u hod- ga plana obrnutim T-planom, projektiranje kam- pretpostavljalo da projekt Blunt Pashe nije u arhivi, niku svakoga krila prema kategorijama zloèina koje pusa sa svim potrebnim jedinicama ili ukljuèi- pa stoga nikada prije nije bio objavljen, autori ovoga su poèinili zatvorenici. Još jedna novost jesu prosto- vanje sinagoge i crkve za one zatvorenike koji nisu istraživanja pronašli su ga i prvi put objavili u ovome ri izmeðu krila, koji su pretvoreni u otvorena dvo- muslimani - predstavljali su korak naprijed s pri- èlanku. Treæi je projekt primjer radijalno planirano- rišta u kojima zatvorenici mogu biti na svježem zra- jedlogom radijalnoga plana Blunt Pashe, koji su ga zatvorskog prostora, za koji se pretpostavlja da ku. U prijedlogu Blunt Pashe, uprava i neke uslužne takoðer usvojili Kemaleddin i njegov uèenik Ça- ga je izradio arhitekt Kemaleddin Bey, a objavio jedinice (poput zdravstva i obrazovanja) okupljene talcalı Fehmi s odreðenim preinakama, osobito ar- Yıldırım Yavuz, ali mora ga se nužno interpretirati u su u središnjem bloku, dok se smještajne jedinice hitektonskim istraživanjem ‘osmanskih’ motiva na svjetlu dvaju drugih projekata. Odluka o tome da nalaze u krilima neovisno o ovome bloku. proèeljima.

Biographies Biografije

CEREN KATiPOğLU ÖZMEN, Architect, Ph.D., is an As- Dr.sc. CEREN KATiPOğLU ÖZMEN, arhitektica, do- sistant Professor of Architecture at Çankaya Uni- centica na Arhitektonskom fakultetu Sveuèilišta versity in Ankara. She received her Master and Cankaya u Ankari. Diplomirala je i doktorirala iz Ph.D. degrees in the Architectural History program po druèja povijesti arhitekture na bliskoistoènom from Middle East Technical University, Ankara. Her tehnièkom sveuèilištu u Ankari. Bavi se istraži- interest is focused on theory/history of Ottoman vanjem teorije i povijesti osmanske arhitekture, Architecture, Ottoman Architectural Practices, Ot- osmanskih arhitektonskih praksi, os manskih dža- toman Mosques and Prisons, Architect Sinan, and mija i zatvora, arhitektom Sinanom i arhitekturom Provincial Architecture. u provinciji. SELAHADDiN SEZER, Architect, M.Arch., is Instructor SELAHADDiN SEZER, magistar arhitekture, predavaè at Yozgat Bozok University. He received his Master na Yozgat Bozok sveuèilištu. Diplomirao je arhitek- degree in the Architectural program from Cankaya turu na Sveuèilištu Cankaya u Ankari. Bavi se is- University, Ankara. His interest is focused on theo- traživanjem teorije i povijesti osmanske arhitektu- ry/history of Ottoman Architecture, Ottoman Archi- re, osmanskih arhitektonskih praksi i arhitekturom tectural Practices, and Ottoman Prisons. osmanskih zatvora. Copyright of Prostor is the property of University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.