Australian Museum Report on the implementation of the Science Research Strategy, 2007−2012 for the period: 1 July 2009 − 30 June 2010 1 Table of Contents Glossary of Terms………………………………………………………………………………….3 Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………….5 Program 1 Addressing knowledge gaps and problems in understanding the biota in Australasian marine environments.…………………………………………………..…....11 Program 2 Addressing knowledge gaps and problems in understanding the biota in Australian terrestrial and freshwater environments…………...…………………………..17 Program 3 Increasing our understanding of the genetic variation in key taxa (species) of the Australasian and Indo-Pacific biota…………………………………………………….………22 Program 4 Origin, evolution and biogeography of the biota of the Indo- Pacific and Australasian region. …………………………………………………………………...….23 Program 5 Understanding human impacts on the Australian biota…………………………………………….....27 Program 6 Investigating human cultures and communities over time in the diverse and changing environments of Australia and the Pacific Region………………………………31 Program 7 Linking intangible and tangible heritage……...……………………………………………………....35 Program 8 Investigating extant and extinct faunas and environmental systems in the context of recent geological history to better forecast future changes………………………….......39 Appendixes 1. Research Stocktake − a listing of research areas/projects for 1 July 2009 − 30 June 2010 2. Research Grants – Funding from 1 July 2009 − 30 June 2010 3. Publications – 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 2 Abbreviations Commensalism is a biological relationship in which one species benefits from an interaction, ABRS: Australian Biological Resources Study while the host species is neither positively nor ALA: Atlas of Living Australia negatively affected to any tangible degree. ARC: Australian Research Council CHSI: Cultural Heritage and Science Initiatives Conodonts are extinct animals resembling eels, Branch (see reconstruction on p.36). CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Cryptic species are two or more species that EPBC Act: Environment Protection and look identical but are genetically distinct. Biodiversity Conservation Act GBIF: Global Biodiversity Information Facility Endemism, an organism being ‘endemic’ means IUCN: International Union for Conservation of exclusively native to a place or biota. Nature PGA: Postgraduate Award recipient A geographic information system (GIS) is an RA: Research Associate information system for capturing, storing, SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope analysing, managing and presenting data which SF: Senior Fellow are spatially referenced. VCF: Visiting Collections Fellow VRF: Visiting Research Fellow Genomics is the study of the genomes of organisms; the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded Glossary of Terms either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. Alluvium is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock), soil or Genus (plural: genera), a low-level taxonomic sediments, eroded, deposited, and reshaped by rank (a taxon) used in the classification of living water in some form in a non-marine setting. and fossil organisms. See also ‘species name’ below. Assemblage, a taxonomic subset of a community. Gondwana is the name given to a southern precursor supercontinent which formed around Benthic, the benthic zone is the ecological 550–500 million years ago, and which began to region at the lowest level of a body of water such break up in the mid-Jurassic (about 167 million as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment years ago). surface and some sub-surface layers. Holocene, the period of time from ~12,000 Bioerosion describes the erosion of hard ocean years ago to the present. substrates – and less often terrestrial substrates – by living organisms. Identification key, a printed or computer-aided tool that assists the identification of biological Biostratigraphy is the study of the spatial and entities, such as plants, animals, fossils and temporal distribution of fossil organisms, often microorganisms. interpolated with radiometric, geochemical, and paleoenvironmental information as a means of Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of dating rock strata. maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, or ice age, 20,000 years ago. Camaenid/Camaenidae, a family of air- breathing land snails. 3 Malacologist, a zoologist specialising in the among living things through time. Relationships study of molluscs. are visualized as evolutionary trees. Mid-Pleistocene, is the middle period of the Taxonomy/ Alpha Taxonomy is the science of Pleistocene epoch, ie. around 850,000 years finding, describing and categorising organisms, before the present. thus giving rise to taxonomic groups or taxa (singular: taxon), which may then be named. Ontogeny is the origin and development of an individual organism from embryo to adult. Taxa, see above. The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, A terrane in geology is a fragment of crustal the second of six of the Paleozoic Era, and covers material formed on, or broken off from, one the time between 488 to 444 million years ago. tectonic plate and ‘sutured’ to crust lying on another plate. Phycology, scientific study of algae. Vicariance, the separation or division of a group Phylogeny is the evolutionary development and of organisms by a geographic barrier, such as a history of a species or higher taxonomic mountain or a body of water, resulting in grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis. differentiation of the original group into new varieties or species. Phylogeography is the study of the historical Wrasses processes that may be responsible for the are a family of marine fish, many of contemporary geographic distributions of which are brightly colored. genetic diversity. Pleistocene epoch is part of the geologic timescale, usually dated as 1.8-1.6 million to 10,000 years before present. Population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing. Scincid lizard, alert agile lizard with reduced limbs and an elongated body covered with shiny scales; more dependent on moisture than most lizards; found in tropical regions worldwide. A species name (or scientific name) consists of two Latinized words. The first word is the name of the genus to which the organism belongs. The second word is the specific epithet or specific term of the species. Together, the genus plus the specific epithet make up the species name. Speciose, rich in number of species. Systematics is the study of the diversification of life, both past and present, and the relationships 4 Australia’s biodiversity while not down-playing Executive Summary our concerns about climate change. Fittingly, the Australian Museum’s researchers In last year’s summary I highlighted the marked the International Year of Biodiversity relevance of our research to contemporary with an outstanding record of winning societal issues in three areas – species discovery competitive grants, with particular success in the and documentation; conservation and areas of species documentation and impacts on management; and cultural heritage and diversity. biodiversity. In the last 12 months, Museum This year, the theme that stands out strongly for researchers were awarded grants totalling me is ‘connectivity’. $1,106,262 (up from the previous year total of $807,760) with an average value of $32,537 Connectivity is a feature of the way in which (compared with the previous year average of Museum research is conducted, the content of $31,029). Grants successes for the last four years our research and the application of our research are shown in the graph below. The increase is an results. outstanding achievement given that staffing numbers have remained relatively stable. Over the last year, Museum researchers participated in a host of collaborative projects We were successful in filling 5 vacant with a broad range of scientists, managers, policy invertebrate systematist positions, increasing our makers and indigenous communities. Research capacity in entomology and DNA barcoding, involved joint projects with 28 institutions and malacology, polychaete worms and crustaceans. agencies, including 5 prestigious Australian Four of the 5 appointees commenced after this Research Council (ARC) Linkage Projects. report was compiled. Unfortunately, we were While most collaborations were based on unable to fill a fish research position and will complementary expertise from similar need to explore alternative funding and disciplines, a few drew together truly multi- recruiting approaches in the coming year. disciplinary teams – for example archaeologists and geologists; and biologists, oceanographers A mid-term review of the Science Research and modellers. Incorporation of new Strategy was undertaken during the year. As a technologies into research projects also increased result of the review, Program 3 ‘Increasing our our capacity to answer long-standing questions. understanding of the genetic variation in key taxa (species) of the Australasian and Indo- The ‘Bush Blitz’ project is one example of multi- Pacific biota’, was absorbed into other programs. institutional collaboration in which Museum The program title is still mentioned in this researchers participated. Bush Blitz involved report to provide continuity, but the research several intensive surveys of properties across relevant to it