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El Comercio Justo En Europa EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL PROYECTO AGROEMPRESAS RURALES Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA EVOLUCION, FUNCIONAMIENTO, ESTRUCTURA INSTITUCIONAL Y TENDENCIAS ORLANDO LARA PINEDA CONSULTOR CIAT OCTUBRE, 2000 Proyecto de Desarrollo de Agroempresas Rurales, CIAT http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/espanol/inicio.htm Página 1 de 37 EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical PRESENTACION Este informe forma parte de la Consultoría para la preparación de una base de datos de organizaciones del comercio justo en Europa para el Proyecto de Agroempresas Rurales del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. La base de datos pretende contribuir a formar una perspectiva integral sobre el comercio justo y de productos orgánicos; y las oportunidades que tienen los pequeños productores organizados en los países en vías de desarrollo de participar en el mismo. Para una mejor utilización de la base de datos, este informe brinda información general sobre las características y evolución del comercio justo en Europa. Se conceptualiza al comercio justo, se explora en sus antecedentes y se analiza las instituciones involucradas, la forma de operación, los principios que lo rigen y el perfil de los productores involucrados. Además se brinda en la última parte un breve análisis de las regiones y países en el Sur priorizados por las organizaciones del Norte. Se comenta sobre las tendencias en la estructura del comercio justo, la demanda de productos, los grupos meta en el Sur y sobre las organizaciones de coordinación existentes. Se hace especial mención a la situación en Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Perú y Ecuador en América Latina; Zimbabwe y Uganda en África; y Vietnam en Asia. Finalmente se explica el contenido, la estructura y forma de operación de la base de datos de las organizaciones del comercio justo en Europa. Proyecto de Desarrollo de Agroempresas Rurales, CIAT http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/espanol/inicio.htm Página 2 de 37 EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical INDICE ¿Qué es el comercio justo?…………………………………………….……............. 4 Antecedentes de comercio justo………………………………………….….. ...........4 Principales instituciones involucradas………….…………………………................ 6 ¿Cómo opera el comercio justo?……………………………………….….….......... 10 Principios del comercio justo………………………………………………...............14 Criterios para la participación de productores en el Sur….……………................15 Tendencias en el comercio justo……………...…………………..…………...........16 Base de datos del comercio justo……………………………………..…................20 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………..............24 Anexos………………………………………………………………………................25 CUADROS El circuito del comercio justo y el rol de sus asociaciones en Europa … …...........7 Mapa de las vinculaciones del comercio justo en Alemania ………………..........11 Países del Sur con más relaciones con ATOS de Europa......................... .........17 Frecuencia de aparición, de 15 productos agrícolas seleccionados, en las actividades de ATOS de Europa.......................................................................... 19 Distribución por actividad principal de las ATOs en la base de datos .................23 Proyecto de Desarrollo de Agroempresas Rurales, CIAT http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/espanol/inicio.htm Página 3 de 37 EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical ACRONISMOS ATOs Alternative Trading Organizations CTM Cooperazionne Terzo Mondo EFTA European Fair Trade Association FLO Fair Trade Labelling Organization IFAT International Federation of Alternative Trade IFOAM International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements NEWS! Network of European World Shops Proyecto de Desarrollo de Agroempresas Rurales, CIAT http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/espanol/inicio.htm Página 4 de 37 EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical 1 QUE ES EL COMERCIO JUSTO El comercio justo es aquel que, eliminando intermediarios innecesarios, permite a productores y sus familias en el Sur recibir una remuneración suficiente por sus productos, de parte de sus contrapartes en el Norte, para lograr un adecuado nivel de vida. Esto implica un precio justo, financiamiento y una relación comercial de largo plazo. Además el criterio de sostenibilidad se extiende más allá de lo económico incluyendo conceptos de sostenibilidad social y ambiental. 2 ANTECEDENTES DEL COMERCIO JUSTO El movimiento del comercio justo nació como parte de la evolución de las organizaciones civiles en Europa. La premisa fue que además de brindarles ayuda financiera, los países del tercer mundo necesitan generar los recursos para que ellos mismos se desarrollen. Estos recursos pueden obtenerse mediante el pago de un precio justo por sus materias primas y productos. En Europa la organización del mercado alternativo ha evolucionado considerablemente desde las primeras campañas realizadas en el Reino Unido en contra de las multinacionales. Durante los últimos 30 años las organizaciones del comercio justo (ATO’s) 2 han crecido bajo el impulso de las redes solidarias de tiendas del Mundo. El tejido organizacional no solo incluye a importadores y detallistas, sino a prestadores de servicios relacionados y a una complejidad de alianzas con fundaciones, organizaciones no gubernamentales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, movimientos religiosos, sindicatos, asociaciones ambientalistas y el sector privado. Actualmente, las organizaciones están pasando por un proceso de profesionalización introduciendo técnicas de mercadeo, sistemas coordinados de provisión y contratando personal especializado proveniente, muchas veces, del sector privado. Mas allá de los cambios técnicos y el mejoramiento del desempeño Proyecto de Desarrollo de Agroempresas Rurales, CIAT http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/espanol/inicio.htm Página 5 de 37 EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical empresarial del sector del comercio justo en su conjunto, se ha realizado una revalorización del discurso de las organizaciones pasando de una propuesta contestataria hacia una mucha más conciliadora procurando acuerdos realizables con los Gobiernos nacionales, la Unión Europea y algunos importantes actores privados involucrados en las principales cadenas de importación/distribución de productos alimenticios. Las organizaciones del comercio justo (ATO’s) intentan regularizar las prácticas del comercio mundial, de manera concreta, mediante la formación de circuitos de distribución que operen con reglas específicas. En ese sentido, se han desarrollado marcas para los productos, códigos de conducta para las distintas organizaciones involucradas a lo largo de la cadena y se han determinado en distintas instancias estándares sociales y ambientales para los productos y productores. A pesar de las disparidades nacionales, que de alguna manera están asociadas a los aspectos socioculturales, el movimiento para un comercio más responsable ha venido creciendo fuertemente en toda Europa desde principios de los 1990s. “Existe un grupo de consumidores de países occidentales que están conscientes de que la riqueza del mundo esta distribuida muy desigualmente y que los productos ofrecidos a ellos son demasiado baratos como para garantizar a los productores en los países en desarrollo un estándar de vida decente. Una vez que el/ella está informado(a) acerca de las condiciones de producción y la manera como los distintos agentes en la cadena son pagados, los ciudadanos se convierten en consumidores/actores” (EFTA, 1998: 2) De acuerdo a EFTA (1998) el comercio justo incluye dos dimensiones inseparables: Proyecto de Desarrollo de Agroempresas Rurales, CIAT http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/espanol/inicio.htm Página 6 de 37 EL COMERCIO JUSTO EN EUROPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical • Una expresión de solidaridad de los consumidores en el Norte. Un comercio justo basado en alianzas para abrir mercados a pequeños productores del Sur que debido a sus recursos financieros y experiencia eran marginados. Pagándoles un precio justo y creando relaciones comerciales duraderas como forma de reforzar su capacidad para participar en los mercados. • Una expresión de deseo para promover que el comercio internacional se encamine hacia formas más justas y sustentables. El comercio justo necesita demostrar que existe una alternativa viable. En ese sentido se requiere una máxima transparencia en las relaciones comerciales lo que implica, entre otras cosas, el desarrollo de información acertada para el consumidor. 3 PRINCIPALES INSTITUCIONES INVOLUCRADAS Como resultado del vigoroso crecimiento de las organizaciones importadoras y el aumento significativo de la red, los puntos y los volúmenes de venta; durante la década de los 1990s han nacido organizaciones de coordinación del comercio justo en el ámbito Europeo. De esa manera se ha dado respuesta a problemáticas relacionadas con el ágil y eficiente intercambio de información, la generación de economías de escala y la realización de acciones de cabildeo ante distintos actores públicos y privados en procura de una mayor y más eficiente cadena de comercialización de los productos del comercio justo. Entre las organizaciones del comercio justo Europeas están: las que realizan operaciones de importación y distribución mayorista - que en su mayoría están afiliadas a Asociación Europea
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