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GEOGRAPHY (853) Aims 1 GEOGRAPHY (853) Aims 1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge consequences of natural hazards and suggest (information) and to develop an understanding ways of coping with them through sustainable of facts, terms, symbols concepts, principles, development. generalizations, hypotheses, problems, trends, 3. To develop skills of drawing maps, surveying, processes and methods of Geography at the and drawing statistical diagrams and thematic national and global level. maps. 2. To apply the knowledge of the principles of 4. To develop an interest in Geography. Physical Geography in explaining the causes and CLASS XI There will be two papers in the subject: Population and Settlement, Economic, Political). Paper I – Theory (3 hours) ….70 marks – The conceptual and intellectual ideas of Paper II – Practical and Project Work …30 marks a number of new approaches to contemporary human geography should PAPER I: THEORY (70 Marks) be examined to understand the strengths There will be one Theory paper of three hours and limitations of each approach within duration divided into two parts: the context of Human Geography and Social Sciences. Part I (30 marks) will be compulsory and will consist of Section A and Section B. (ii) Regional approach: Regional/ Area Studies, Regional Planning, Regional Development. Section A will include compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills Future prospects of Geography to be discussed: related to elementary/fundamental aspects of the • In the area of GPS, GIS, Remote Sensing for entire syllabus. resource identification. Section B will consist of one question on map work. • Applied geography in town and country Part II (40 marks) will consist of seven questions. planning, environment management and law, Candidates will be required to answer four out of cartography and mapping, geography seven questions. Each question in this part shall education, map analysis, travel and tourism carry 10 marks. (to be taught only for the sake of awareness, not for testing). GEOGRAPHY AS A DISCIPLINE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. Geography - its interdisciplinary approach and future prospects 2. Formation of the Earth Geography as an integrating discipline. Physical Theories of formation; Methods of measuring age Geography and Natural Sciences; Geography and of the earth; Structure and Composition; Rocks. Social Sciences. (i) Theories of formation of the earth: the Big Branches of Geography: Bang theory.. (i) Systematic approach: Physical Geography (ii) Methods of measuring age of the earth: Tidal (Geomorphology, Climatology, Hydrology); force, Sedimentation, Rate of Erosion, Salinity Human Geography (Historical, Social, 51 of the Ocean, Radioactivity – a brief (iii) Vulcanicity – materials and processes. Major understanding. volcanic forms. (iii) Structure and composition of the earth’s Explanation of how volcanoes are formed; interior: crust, mantle, core; their properties - identification of the type of volcano; temperature, pressure, thickness. Sources of recognition of the properties of volcanic information – direct and indirect; seismic materials; explanation of why volcanoes are waves, their behaviour and inferences. more in the areas of converging plates. (iv) Rocks: Definition of rocks and minerals. The (iv) Earthquakes. mineral groups responsible for different rocks Origin of earthquakes, waves and their formed on the earth: silicates, carbonates, behaviour, hypocentre (focus), epicentre; sulphides, metals. their causes and distribution; effects; isoseismal and homoseismal lines, sea quakes, Classification of rocks by origin: igneous, tsunamis; measuring earthquakes and their metamorphic and sedimentary rocks – their intensity. distribution in India; characteristics, types, economic importance. Studying the effects of earthquakes on a country like Japan. The rock cycle. (v) Exogenetic process and associated landforms. 3. Changing Face of the Earth Weathering and gradation – difference Land forms and Processes of Gradation between the two. Role of weathering in (i) Endogenous processes: theory of plate gradation. Different types of weathering. tectonics and the process of drifting continents, (vi) Soil. theory of Isostasy by Pratt and A. Holmes. The factors affecting soil formation; soil Definition of endogenetic force, difference profile; physical and chemical properties, between slow and sudden forces, vertical and distribution and characteristics of soils in the horizontal forces and their effects. Folding and world - zonal, azonal and intrazonal– only Faulting – types, Sea floor spreading, broad characteristics related to Indian soils continental drifting and isostacy. to be done (detailed distribution not required). (ii) Landforms – mountains, plateaus and plains Alluvial, red, yellow, black and laterite soils and their types. in India and the problems related to their Meaning and differentiation between the three management. main landforms of the earth. (vii) Fluvial processes and associated landforms. Classification of mountains on the basis of Work of rivers - concept of baselevel; their origin or mode of formation: fold, block, processes of erosion, transportation and volcanic and residual with examples from the deposition. Types of erosion - headward, world. vertical, lateral; transportation mode and Classification of plateaus on the basis of their deposition. situation: intermontane, piedmont and Landforms made by the river - V shaped continental with examples from the world. valley, gorges, rapids, waterfalls, alluvial Classification of Plains on the basis of fans, levees, floodplains, meanders - river formation: structural, erosional and cliff, slip-off slope; braided channels, oxbow depositional with examples from the world. lakes, deltas – delta plains. Development of river valleys, drainage patterns. Diagrams and examples from India with photographs. 52 (viii) Aeolian processes and associated landforms. 4. Atmosphere Process of wind erosion – abrasion, attrition, (i) Composition and structure of atmosphere. deflation. Ideal conditions for erosion in hot Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, deserts; landforms resulting from erosion - stratosphere, ozonosphere, mesosphere, deflation hollows, pedestal rocks, yardangs, ionosphere; their height; composition; special desert pavement; landforms resulting from characteristics of each layer; ozone depletion. deposition - sand dunes and their types, loess. (ii) Atmospheric temperature. Diagrams and examples from India and Asia. Heating and cooling of the atmosphere, radiation, conduction, convection. Insolation (ix) Glacial processes and associated landforms. and factors influencing it – angle of sun’s Continental and mountain or valley glaciers, rays, duration of day, transparency of processes of glacial erosion – plucking, atmosphere. Heat budget i.e. balance between abrasion, attrition; erosional features, e.g. insolation and terrestrial radiation- areas of cirque and its components, U shaped and surplus and deficit heat in different latitudes hanging valleys, roche moutonnes, crag and resulting in latitudinal heat balance. tail, depositional formations, moraines of Factors controlling its horizontal and vertical various types. Some Indian glaciers - Siachen, distribution, temperature anomalies and Gangotri, Baltoro. Diagrams and examples their nature. Isotherms: their characteristics; from India. isotherm maps of the world in July and (x) Work of ground water and associated January. Reasons for the variations in temperature. Practical work on temperature landforms. Water Conservation. measurement and graphs to show variations Definition of ground water, water table, in temperature of one or more cities of India. aquifers, springs. Process of erosion by (iii) Atmospheric Pressure. groundwater solution, corrasion. Features Its horizontal and vertical distribution, factors formed by underground water (karst affecting the distribution, characteristics of topography) – sink holes, dolines, caves, isobars on world maps for July and January. caverns, karst lakes, depositional features – Patterns and the causes for the distribution of stalactites, stalagmites, cave pillars, isobars. dripstones: their formation. Diagrams and Pressure belts and winds – types of winds, air examples from India and Australia. masses and atmospheric disturbances, Emerging water problems and conservation of cyclones of temperate and tropical areas; water resources. anticyclones – their types and associated weather. World map showing major paths of (xi) Marine processes and associated landforms. cyclones. Jet Streams – concepts to be Erosional process of sea waves – abrasion, introduced with reference to India. attrition, solution and hydraulic action; Practical work on pressure measurement. coastline and shoreline, erosional features; sea cliffs, sea caves, sea arch, headland inlet, (iv) Atmospheric Moisture. stacks and depositional landforms, e.g. - bays, Processes of evaporation, condensation and bars and lagoons; Coral reefs: types – precipitation; relative and absolute humidity; fringing, barrier and atolls; submerged and forms of condensation - cloud, fog, dew, frost; emergent coastlines. Diagrams and examples from India, Australia and West Europe precipitation – its forms: snow, hail, rain; (wherever relevant). types of rainfall: orographic, cyclonic, convectional. Monsoons – origin and factors Note: For topics (viii) to (xii) only diagram or that affect. Examples from different parts of photograph based questions will be asked. the
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