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Tetoěine U Bukovim Umama Srbije

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Tetoěine U Bukovim Umama Srbije UDK 630*453:582.632.2 Nau~ni rad ÅTETOØINE U BUKOVIM ÅUMAMA SRBIJE QUBODRAG MIHAJLOVIÕ Izvod: U sastojinama bukve na podruøju Srbije ukupno su do sada konstatovane 142 fitofagne insekatske vrste. Kao znaøajne åtetoøine bukve evidentirano je 6 vrsta ili 4,2%, od kojih su tri (Phyllaphis fagi L., Cryptococus fagisuga L i n d i Rhynchaenus fagi L.) oligofagne i specifiøne za bukvu, a preostale tri (Lymantria dispar L., Operophthera brumata Hbn. i Erannis defoliaria L.) su åiroke polifage i prilikom masovnih namnoÿewa priøiwavaju åtete i sastojinama bukve. 17 vrsta ili 12,0% se jaqaju u mawe brojnim populacijama, ali nekada mogu priøiniti izvesne åtete. Preostalih 119 vrsta ili 83,8% su za sada bez ekonomskog znaøaja za sastojine bukve u Srbiji. Kquøne reøi: Fagus spp, entomofauna, Srbija. INSECT PESTS IN BEECH FORESTS IN SERBIA Abstract: Altogether 142 phytophagous insect species have so far been identified from beech stands in Serbia. Six species or 4.2% are significant pests of beech, of which three (Phyllap- his fagi L., Cryptococus fagisuga Lind and Rhynchaenus fagi L.) are oligophages and speci- fic of beech, and the remaining three (Lymantria dispar L., Operophthera brumata Hbn. and Erannis defoliaria L.) are wide polyphages and cause high damage also to beech stands during outbreaks. 17 species or 12,0% occur in less numerous populations, but they can sometimes cause some damage. The remaining 119 species or 83.8% are for the time being without economic significance for beech stands in Serbia. Key words: Fagus spp, entomophauna, Serbia 1. UVOD U Evropi su zastupqene øetiri vrste bukve: Fagus sylvatica L., F. m o e - siaca (Domin, Maly), F.orientalis Lipsky i F.taurica Popl, od kojih su na Balkanskom poluostvu prisutne F. s y l va t ic a , F.moesiaca i F.orientalis, a u na- åoj zemqi dve: F.moesiaca i F.orientalis (Jovanoviõ, B., 2000). Prema istom autoru, na gotovo celom podruøju naåe zemqe raste F.moesiaca, a samo u nekim delovima istoøne Srbije zastupqena je i F.orientalis . Od ukupne povråine Srbije pod åumama, åume bukve zahvataju oko jedne polovine. One pripadaju svezi Fagion moesiacum Bleø. et L. i podsve- zama: Fagenion moesiacae submontanum, F.moesiacae montanum, F. moesiacae altimontanum, F.moesiacae subalpinum, Abieti-Fagenion moesiacae, Ostryo- Fagenion moesiacae, Corylo colurnae - Fagenion moesiacae i Luzulo - Fage- nion moesiacae. Bukva raste na razliøitim nadmorskim visinama, od ispod 100 m u Æerdapu, do 2100 m na Prokletijama. Za razliku od vrsta ostala dva roda familije Fagaceae (Quercus i Castanea), koje su zastupqene u na- Prof. dr Çubodrag Mihajloviõ, dekan, Åumarski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu JANUAR-JUN, 2003. 73 åoj dendroflori i koje su tipiøne vrste svetlosti, vrste roda Fagus su tipiøne vrste senke (Jo va no viõ, B., 2000). S obzirom na øiwenicu da bukva u åumskom fondu Srbije, u godi- åñem etatu uøestvuje sa oko milion kubnih metara drveta, pitawe zaåti- te bukovih åuma postavqa se kao jedan od prioritetnih zadataka åumar- sta. Brojni faktori abiotiøne i biotiøke prirode negativno deluju na bukove åume i priøiwavaju mawe ili veõeåtete. Najveõe åtete nastaju kada se javi pojava suåewa åuma i kada øitavi kompleksi bukovih åuma bivaju osuåeni. Takve åtete su nastale u drugoj polovini proålog veka na mnogim planinama u Srbiji, a najdrastiønije åtete bile su na planini Juÿni Kuøaj. Ova pojava suåewa bukovih åuma detaqno je prouøena i taø- no utvræen redosled delovawa åtetnih faktora. Najpre je øovek, otvara- wem sklopa prilikom seøa uslovio veõi prodor direktne sunøeve svetlo- sti do tanke kore stabala bukve koje su rasle u sklopu. Na pojedinim par- tijama stabala dolazilo je do tzv. upale kore, a potom do wenog odumira- wa. Zatim je graniønu zonu oko takvih mesta naseqavao bukvin krasac (Agrilus viridis L.) i potkorwak (Taphrorynchus bicolor H r b s t.) , øije su larve izmeæu kore i beqike åirile pojas odumrle kore do faze prsteno- vawa stabla, koje se potom iznad tog mesta suåilo. Odumrla kora se od- lubqivala od beqike i omoguõavala prodor spora gqiva truleÿnica (po- sebno vrste Ungulina fomentaria) koje su daqe dovodile do brzog procesa truçewa debla stabala i wihovog lomqewa ili izvaqivawa pod uticajem vetra i vlaÿnog snega. Ovo je daqe omoguõavalo veõi priliv svetlosti dubqe u sastojinu i nastavak veõ opisanog ulanøavawa åtetnih faktora (Va siõ, K., et al, 1986). U sastojinama bukve u istoønoj Srbiji (Majdanpeøka domena) u toku 1973. godine prvi put je u naåoj zemqi zabeleÿena pojava bolesti kore bukve (M a r i n k o v i õ , P., K a r a d ÿ i õ , D, 1985). Kasnije je ova pojava kon- statovana na celom podruøju naåe zemqe. Izazivaju je dva åtetna orga- nizma: insekt, bukvin åtitaå Cryptococcus fagisuga L i n d i n g e r i gqiva Nectria coccinea (P e r s . ex Fr.). Bukvin åtitaå naseqava deblo i grane bu- kovih stabala i rilicom sisa sokove iz kambijalne zone. Mesta na kojima bukvin åtitaå ubada rilicu koristi micelija gqive, prodire pod koru i razvija se u kambijalnoj zoni. Na mestima prodora gqive pod koru najpre se javqa curewe eksudata, a kasnije izumirawe kore u prstenu oko stabla, åto dovodi do suåewa, a potom prodirawa gqiva truleÿnica. U central- noj i zapadnoj Evropi i Severnoj Americi ova pojava je veoma øesta i predstavqa najveõu opasnost za åume bukve , koje se masovno suåe. Meæu- tim, u naåoj zemqi, i pored øiwenice da su insekt i gqiva konstatovani u gotovo svim sastojinama bukve, bolest kore bukve, odnosno suåewe staba- la je evidentno, ali nije øesta pojava i za sada ne predstavqa takvu opa- snost za bukove åume. Moguõ razlog ovome je veõa otpornost mezijske buk- ve, koja dominira u naåoj zemqi ili prisustvo prirodnih neprijateqa koji su dosta brojni i znatno redukuju populacije bukvinog åtitaåa, usled øega gqiva ima mawe åanse da prodre pod koru stabla. Pored veõ pomenutih åtetnih øinilaca koji izazivaju pojavu suåewa, i brojni drugi faktori negativno deluju na sastojine bukve. Naåa viåe- godiåwa prouøavawa su bila usmerena ka jednom od åtetnih biotiøkih 74 „[UMARSTVO” 1-2 faktora, na klasu insekata (Insecta). Ciq je bio da se evidentira kom- pletna entomofauna bukve u naåoj zemqi i utvrdi znaøaj pojedinih vrsta za wene sastojine. 2. MATERIJAL I METOD Viåegodiåwa prouøavawa entomofaune bukve vråena su na brojnim lokalitetima u Srbiji. Na stalnim, kao i privremenim oglednim povr- åinama sakupqani su uzorci (razni stadijumi insekata i wihovih oåte- õewa). Takoæe, na terenu je utvræivana abundancija pojedinih vrsta i pro- cewivana wihova åtetnost. U laboratoriju su donoåeni uzorci sa terena i gajeni u ciqu dobijawa imaga, kako bi se izvråila pouzdana deretmina- cija. Za sakupqawe uzoraka na terenu, utvræivawe brojnosti i åtetnosti pojedinih vrsta, kao i laboratorijsko gajewe, primewivane su uobiøajene entomoloåke metode. Sav prikupqen insekatski materijal nalazi se u zbirci Katedre zaåtite åuma Åumarskog fakulteta u Beogradu. 3. REZULTATI ISTRAŸIVAWA I DISKUSIJA Tokom istraÿivawa konstatovane su brojne fotofagne insekatske vrste koje su trofiøki vezane za bukvu. Sve utvræene vrste pripadnici su pet insekatskih redova (Tab. 1) Tab. 1 - Vrste insekata koje su trofiøni vezane za bukvu u Srbiji Tab. 1 - Insects trophically related to beech in Serbia Znaøaj Vrsta insekta Deo biqke na kome ÿivi Signifi- Insect species Inhabited plant part cance I Red HOMOPTERA Fam. Typhlocybidae 1. Typhlocyba cruenta H.S. liåõe, (sisaø) P + Fam. Callaphididae 2. Phyllaphis fagi L. liåõe, (sisaø) P +++ Fam. Lachnidae 3. Schizodryobius pallipes (Hartig) tanke grane, (sisaø) P + Fam. Psedococcidae 4. Phenacoccus aceris (Sign.) tanke grane (sisaø) P + 5. Trionymus newsteadi (Green) tanke grane i deblo (sisaø) P + Fam. Coccidae 6. Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cock.) tanke grane (sisaø) P + 7. Pulvinaria betulae (L.) tanke grane (sisaø) P + Fam. Cryptococcidae 8.Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. deblo (sisaø) P +++ Fam Eriococcidae 9. Acanthococcus aceris Sign. tanke grane (sisaø) P + Fam. Diaspididae 10. Diaspidiotus wuenni Lind. deblo i tanke grane (sisaø) P + 11. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Sav.) deblo i tanke grane (sisaø) P + JANUAR-JUN, 2003. 75 Nastavak tab. 1 Znaøaj Vrsta insekta Deo biqke na kome ÿivi Signifi- Insect species Inhabited plant part cance 12.Quadraspidiotus ostreaformis (Curt.) tanke grane (sisaø) P + 13. Quadraspidiotus zonatus Frau. tanke grane (sisaø) P + 14. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Coms.) tanke grane (sisaø) P + 15. Targionia vitis (Sign.) deblo i tanke grane (sisaø) P + II Red COLEOPTERA Fam. Scarabaeidae 16. Melolontha melolontha liåõe i koren (grizaø) P ++ 17. Melolontha hippocastani F. liåõe i koren (grizaø) P + Fam. Lucanidae 18. Dorcus paralelopipedus L. trulo deblo i pawevi T,K + 19. Sinodendron cylindricum L. trulo deblo i pawevi T,K + Fam. Lymexylonidae 20. Hylecoetus dermestoides L. deblo i pawevi (ksilofaga) T ++ Fam. Anobiidae 21. Ptilinus pectinicornis L. deblo (ksilofaga) T ++ 22. Xestobium plumbeum Ill. deblo (ksilofaga) T + Fam. Buprestida 23. Agrilus angustulus Ill. deblo i grane (potkorwak) S + 24. Agrilus coeruleus Rossi deblo i grane (potkorñak) S + 25. Agrilus viridis L. deblo i grane (potkorñak) S + 26. Antaxia midas Kiesw grane (potkorwak) S + 27. Chrysobothris affinis F. deblo(potkorwak i ksilofaga) T + 28. Dicerca aenea L. deblo (potkorwak i ksilofaga) T + Dicerca boreolinensis Hrbst. debla (potkorwaka i ksilofaga) T + Fam. Cerambycidae 30. Acanthoderes clavipes Schr. deblo i grane (potkorwak i ksilofaga) T + 31. Anaglyptus mysticus L. deblo i grane (potkorwak i ksilogafa) T + 32.Cerambyx scopoli Fuessl. deblo (potkorwak i ksilofaga) S + 33.Clytus arietis L. deblo i grane(potkorwak i ksilofaga) S + 34 Clytus rhamni Germ. deblo i grane(potkorwak i ksilofaga) S + 35. Leiopus nebulosus L. deblo i grane (potkorwak i ksilofaga) T,K + 36. Leptyra maculicornis De Geer trule grane (potkorwak i ksilofaga) K + 37. Leptura rufipes Sch. trule grane (potkorwak i ksilofaga) K + 38. Leptura scutellata F. trule grane(potkorwak i ksilofaga) K + 39. Megopis scabricornis (Scop.) deblo (ksilofaga) S,T + 40.
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