Coral Reef Information and Training Center FINAL REPORT COREMAP LIPI RESEARCH AGENDA

SEA TURTLE PROTECTION STUDY IN REGENCY OF BINTAN

PPSPL UMRAH Research Center for Coastal and Marine Resources University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji

Tanjungpinang - 2009

Coral Reef Information and Training Center COREMAP LIPI

SEA TURTLE PROTECTION STUDY IN REGENCY OF BINTAN

PPSPL UMRAH (Pusat Penelitian Sumberdaya Pesisir & Lautan Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji) Research Center for Coastal and Marine Resources University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji Tanjungpinang – 2009 Kampus FIKP UMRAH Jl. Politeknik Senggarang Telp/Fax: (0771) 7004642 Tanjungpinang 29125 Email : [email protected]

SEA TURTLE PROTECTION STUDY IN REGENCY OF BINTAN

2009

THIS REPORT WAS MADE BY: THE TEAM WORK OF PPSPL UMRAH

COVER PHOTOGRAPHY FRONT COVER : MEASURING SEA TURTLE FEMALE, HATCHLINGS EMERGENCES AND RELEASING, TAMBELAN, BINTAN. PHOTO : © PPSPL UMRAH 2009

TEAM WORK PPSPL UMRAH

MANAGER : DONY APDILLAH, S.Pi, M.Si (CHIEF OF PPSPL UMRAH)

PERSON IN CHARGE : ARIEF PRATOMO, ST, MSi. (COORDINATOR/ MARINE CONSERVATION SPECIALIST) DONY APDILLAH, SPi, MSi. (MEMBER/ GIS SPECIALIST) Ir. SOEHARMOKO, MSc. (MEMBER/ SOCIO‐CULTURE SPECIALIST)

SUPPORTIVE TEAM : M. ZARKASIH (FIELD ASSISTANT) DEDY AKAY (FIELD ASSISTANT & DATA ENTRY) ERPA MARDIYANTO (FIELD ASSISTANT & DATA ENTRY)

PREFACE

We thank Allah SWT a lots on Blessing and Presents infinitively to all, so The Final Report of “Sea Turtle Protection Study in Regency of Bintan” that could be finished completely.

Centre for Marine and Coastal Resources research of University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji (PPSPL UMRAH) Tanjungpinang, Province of Kepulauan Riau, should be grateful on the thrust given us to work the report. We also thank the many persons who support us on completing the Final Report. We accept responsibility for all mistakes in the report and please give the comments and suggestions for improvement. Hopefully, the report gives useful material to all stakeholders.

Tanjungpinang, November 2009

PPSPL UMRAH

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ……………………………………………………...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS …………..……………………………..…...... … ii LIST OF TABLES……...….....………………..……………….…………………… iv LIST OF FIGURES.....….….....………………..…………………………………... v LIST OF APPENDIX ….….....………………..…………………....…………... vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background ...... ………….………………………………... 1 1.2. Purposes ……...... 2 1.3. Outcames ...... 2 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Research Location ...... 3 2.2. Research Dates ...... 3 2.3. Research Materials ……...... 3 2.4. Sources and Type of Data ...... 4 2.5. Data Collection Methods ...... 4 2.6. Data .Analyses ...... 8 3. RESULT 3.1. Profile Sea Turtle Use …………...... 11 3.1.1. The Historical Sea Turtle Use ...... 11 3.1.2. Sea Turtle egg Use by Local Community ...... 13 3.1.3. Sea Turtle Egg Economic Values ...... 17 3.1.4. Contribution of Sea Turtle Egg Trading ...... 17 3.1.5. Trading Path of Sea Turtle Eggs Trading ...... 19 3.1.6. Local Wisdom and Sea Turtle Management in Tambelan ...... 21 3.1.7. Impacts of Human Activities against Sea Turtle Habitats Condition ...... 25 3.2. Bio-Physical Condition of Sea Turtle Habitats in Regency of Bintan ...... 27 3.2.1. Biological Condition ...... 27 3.2.2. Physical Beach Condition of Sea Turtle Nest ...... 38 3.3. Scoring Result ...... 40 3.4. Issues and Problems of Sea Turtle Management and Protection in Regency of Bintan ...... 40 3.5. Prediction of Sea Turtle Population in Regency of Bintan in the Future ... 41

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4. SEA TURTLE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION 4.1. Directions and Recommendations of Zones ...... 43 4.2. Direction of Vison and Mission ...... 43 4.3. Planning Reccommendations ...... 44 4.3.1. Preparation and Pre-condition of the target community ...... 44 4.3.2. Local Practice Internalization into Sea Turtle Management and Protection ...... 45 4.3.3. Ecotourism, Centre for Education and Research Development within The Sea Turtle Management and Protection Areas ...... 46 4.3.4. Sea Turtle Nesting Adoption System Method Application ...... 47 4.3.5. Sea Turtle Hatchery ………………………...... 47 4.3.6. Spatial Planning for Sea Turtle Management and Protection ...... 48 4.3.7. Management and Protection Institution Building ...... 48 4.3.8. Surveillance and Controlling in Sea Turtle Management and Protection Areas …………………………...... 48 4.4. Set in Short, Medium, and Long Term goals ...... 48 4.4.1. Short Term Goals ……………………………………………...... 48 4.4.2. Medium Term Goals ………………………...... 49 4.4.3. Long Term Goals ...... 49 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion ...... 50 5.2. Suggestion ...... 52 REFERENCES ...... 53 APPENDIX ...... 54

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. The position of sea turtle research location in Regency of Bintan ...... 3 Table 2.2. Feature, form, and spatial definition of sea turtle habitat data …...... 9 Table 2.3. The zonation recommendation spatial definition used for sea turtle protection effort ...... …...... 10 Table 3.1. The period of eggs selling rights of the Tender Winner at District of

Tambelan...... ………...... 12 Table 3.2. Structure of price rates list of sea turtle eggs in Tambelan Archipelago 18 Table 3.3. Islands and beach managers who paying contribution …...... 20 Table 3.4. Percentage of community perception about sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan ……...... 25 Table 3.5. The number of sea turtle nests, eggshells, dead and alive hatchlings according to species and Island ...... 28 Table 3.7. Year of data result from the beach owner and beach keeper in Tambelan Archipelago ...... 29 Table 3.8. Sea turtle Nest and track measurements …...... 36 Table 3.9. The scoring result of observation location of sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan ……………...... 40

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Methodology flow chart ……..……………...... ……...... … 6 Figure 2.2. The data sheet form for the sea turtle field observation and confirmation ……………………………………………...……...... 8 Figure 3.1. Sequels of sea turtle eggs harvesting activity ...... 15 Figure 3.2. Boiling sea turtle eggs for food preparation ……...... 17 Figure 3.3. Graph of the number of sea turtle eggs contribution every Island which yields eggs in Tambelan ...... 18 Figure 3.4. Path pattern of sea turtle trading from District of Tambelan ...... 21 Figure 3.5. One of the beach where there are sea turtle nesting taken care well in Kepala Tambelan Island ………………………………………...... 22 Figure 3.6. A hatchlings growing up station at Teluk Ayam, Tambelan Island ..... 23 Figure 3.7. Graph of the owner perception about declaration of sea turtle conservation zone in District of Tambelan ...... 25 Figure 3.8. Dead hatchlings found at Menggirang Besar Island …...... 27 Figure 3.9. Graph of relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nest from several observation locations ……...... 29 Figure 3.10. Example of sea turtle nesting site in Tambelan Archipelago ……….. 30 Figure 3.11. The comparison of the number of sea turtle eggs according to species, year and location ...... 32 Figure 3.12. The chart of trend on the number of harvested sea turtle eggs according to year and location ………...... 33 Figure 3.13. The Green Turtle female visiting in Wie Island ……...... 33 Figure 3.14. The Hawksbill female visiting in Genting Island ……..…...... 33 Figure 3.15. The daily visiting chart of Hawksbill in Genting Island …………...... 34 Figure 3.16. The daily visiting chart of Green Turtle in Menggirang Besar Island .. 34 Figure 3.17. The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) laying eggs on Menggirang Besar Island …………...... 35 Figure 3.18. Length and width of carapace measurement one of sea turtle ...... 35 Figure 3.19. Sea turtle nest and track measurement activities ...... 36 Figure 3.20. Graph of percentage of physical condition in observed beaches ...... 38 Figure 3.21. Graph of percentage of protectively and stability condition of observed beaches ………………………………………………...... 39

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Figure 3.22. This picture showing coral reef emergence during low tide at the Beach of Menggirang Besar Island ………………...... 39 Figure 3.23. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) activity at District of Tambelan .... 41

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APPENDIX

Appendix-1. Location Map of Sea Turtle Observations in District of Tambelan ..... 55

Appendix-2. Location Map of Sea Turtle Observations in Eastern Part of Bintan Island ………..……………...... ……...... …...... 56

Appendix-3. Path Pattern Map of Sea Turtle Eggs Trading Out of District of Tambelan..…...... 57

Appendix-4. Location Map of Surveyed Sea Turtle Nests ……………...... 58

Appendix-5. Map of Coastal Ecosystem Distribution in Tambelan Waters ...... 59

Appendix-6. Map of Sea Turtle Feeding Grounds in Tambelan waters …...... 60

Appendix-7. Map of Sea Turtle Interbreeding in Tambelan Archipelago ...... 61

Appendix-8. Map of Sea Turtle Habitat Areas in Tambelan Archipelago...... 62

Appendix-9. Map of the Ranking of Nesting Location Scoring Result in Tambelan …………………………………………………………...... 63

Appendix-10. Map of Potency of Sea Turtle Based on Manager Contribution of Sea Turtle Eggs Trading in Tambelan ………………………...... 64

Appendix-11. Map of the Zonation Proposal of Sea Turtle Management and Protection in Tambelan ………………………………………...... 65

Appendix-12. Map of the Zonation Proposal of Sea Turtle Management and Protection in Eastern Part of Bintan …………………………...... 66

Appendix-13. Data of Sea Egg Trading Manager Contribution in Tambelan Archipelago in 2008 …………………………………………...... 67

Appendix-14. List of Questionnaires of Community Perception of Regency of Bintan about Sea Turtle Management and Protection ……...... 72

Appendix-15

A. Calculation of the Sea Turtles and Females Population, and Potential Eggs Total Estimation …………………………...... 73 B. Estimation to Eggs, Potential Populations and Potential Sea Turtle Females in Tambelan ….…………………………...... 75

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Appendix-16.

A. Data Result of Sea Turtle Area of Study Observations I ...... 78 B. Data Result of Sea Turtle Area of Study Observations II ...... 79

Appendix-17. Data of Amount of Sea Turtle Females Visiting and Egg Harvestings in Tambelan ……………..……………………...... 81

Appendix-18.

A. Calculation to determine weight scores ...... 125 B. Result data of Sea Turtle Observation Location Scoring in Regency of Bintan ……………………...... 127

Appendix-19. List of Participants of Focused Group Discussion at Tambelan ...... 131

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Riau Archipelago has been known as the one of sea turtle distribution and habitat area for some species of sea turtle namely, Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), Green (Chelonia mydas), and Olive Ridley (Lepidochelis olivacae) (WWF 2005). Furthermore, Bintan islands people informs that there are many of sea turtle sightings, especially in Tambelan islands.

In global scope, The "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species" (CITES) controls sea turtle international trade. It is covered under Appendix I of this agreement and receives protection from international trade by all countries that have signed the treaty. In National conservation laws and regulations, sea turtles are given legal protection under UU No. 5 Tahun 1990. This designation makes it illegal to harm, harass or kill any sea turtles, hatchlings or their eggs. It is also illegal to import, sell, or transport turtles or their products.

Currently, the Bintan sea turtle habitat and population are in threatened caused by nesting site and feeding ground degradation. They face numerous problems and for the most part, are humans and development coastal areas including beach eroded, coastal sedimentation and bauxite mining.

As part of COREMAP program, the Government of Regency of Bintan worked on create a marine protected areas system comprehensively. The Government has recognized the urgent need for conservation measure to protect and restore of sea turtle populations in Bintan. This may requires the efforts in establishment of sea turtle protected areas and hatchery as well as public awareness.

On the other hand, Bintan people traditionally have been long harvesting sea turtle eggs, mainly in Tambelan islands. In this condition, The Conservation Laws enforcement has triggered conflicts in local community. The possible solution approach for this problem is by building community initiatives in non extractive of sea turtle use such as ecotourism, education and research. In these ways, it will meet the conservation need and the community interest.

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However, in the establishment of the sea turtle conservation and management are still lacking of the scientific data, primarily in recent existing sea turtle population and habitat distribution condition in Regency of Bintan. Because of that, this research aim is to survey location of important sea turtle habitats including an inventory the important sea turtle species in this area. With this result research is hoped to provide a better understanding the dynamic population of sea turtle and a number of key policies to support sea turtle protection in Regency of Bintan.

1.2. Purposes

The purpose of this research as follows:

‐ To obtain data on sea turtle nesting site, population and feeding ground in Bintan ‐ To obtain data on bio-physics relating to sea turtle habitat ‐ To create location mapping for sea turtle nesting site and feeding ground in Bintan ‐ To obtain data and information on local people activities for sea turtle uses in Bintan ‐ To identify sea turtle protection, hatchery and ecotourism areas in Bintan

1.3. Outcomes

The research outcomes as follows:

‐ Produce a thematic mapping for sea turtle nesting site and feeding ground in Regency of Bintan ‐ Provide recommendations for sea turtle protection, hatchery and ecotourism areas in Regency of Bintan ‐ Provide database on existing condition of sea turtle habitat, population, and respectively bio-physics in Regency of Bintan ‐ Produce a profile of sea turtle use by local people in Regency of Bintan ‐ Provide recommendations for sea turtle protection, hatchery and ecotourism implementation in Regency of Bintan

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II. METHODOLOGY

2.1. Research Location

The research location was in Regency of Bintan covering selected beach line including the Bintan and Tambelan islands surrounding. There were 17 stations where were consisted of 13 stations in Tambelan and 4 stations in Eastern part of Bintan (See Map of Research Location in Appendix-1 and Appendix-2). For detail of the position of research location please see table below:

Table 2.1. The position of sea turtle research location in Regency of Bintan

Station Position Location Remark 1 N 0 58 23 E 107 23 53 P. Nangka Tambelan 2 N 1 00 40 E 107 22 57 P. Lintang Tambelan 3 N 1 01 50 E 107 22 53 P. Genting Tambelan 4 N 1 06 27 E 107 24 26 P. Wie Tambelan 5 N 1 01 43 E 107 31 00 Tanjung Kulak Tambelan 6 N 1 01 32 E 107 30 45 P. Sendulang kecil Tambelan 7 N 1 01 23 E 107 30 39 P. Bungin Tambelan 8 N 0 57 40 E 107 29 20 P. Jelak Tambelan 9 N 0 54 15 E 107 28 05 P. Kepala Tambelan Tambelan 10 N 0 55 30 E 107 30 00 P. Lipeh Tambelan 11 N 0 57 20 E 107 29 20 P. Serentang Tambelan 12 N 0 52 09 E 107 32 43 P. Menggirang Besar Tambelan 13 N 1 02 52 E 107 29 41 P. Sedua kecil Tambelan 14 N 1 06 32 E 104 39 44 P. Penyusuk Malang Rapat 15 N 1 05 30 E 104 38 16 Pantai Malang Rapat Pulau Bintan 16 N 1 02 48 E 104 49 45 P. Sentut Desa Mapur 17 N 1 04 00 E 104 50 40 Pantai Songseng Desa Mapur

2.2. Research Dates

The Sea Turtle Protection Study in Regency of Bintan Research has been held in July to Oktober 2009.

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2.3. Research Materials

The equipmentss used in this research as follows:

‐ A Garmin Hand Held GPS (Geography Positioning System) ‐ A Digital camera for documentation ‐ A Roll meter ‐ Book notes and stationeries’ ‐ Computer and printer

The materials used in this research as follows:

‐ The Base Map of Regency of Bintan, Province of Kepulauan Riau ‐ Some picture samples of sea turtle species ‐ Geographic Information System Software

2.4. Sources and Type of Data

During in running of research, surprisingly, the team found addition data, those were some local records on amount of sea turtle visiting and harvesting it eggs and also contribution of eggs trading. Therefore, these data were decided to be part of the research. The detail of sources and kind of data as follows: 2.4.1. Secondary Data Sources ‐ Baseline ekologi Bintan Coremap 2007 ‐ The Coastal Resources of Bintan Regency ‐ The others relevant official Data

2.4.2. Primary Data ‐ Information on sea turtle uses by local people ‐ Sea turtle nesting site ‐ Feeding ground habitat ‐ Sea turtle habitat bio-physics

2.5. Data Collection Methods

In preliminary stages, collection data are conducted together with local communities guided by data and information provided through interviews. And

4 then with bio-physics surveys, data obtained will be reviewed and confirmed on site by fieldwork. Figure 2.1. showing data collection and analyses.

2.5.1. Interview Methods

Firstly, we conducted the community meeting and doing Focused Group Discussion (FGD) at the District of Tambelan office. The list of participants involved in this meeting can be seen in Appendix-19.

The individual interview was done for selected person who have more in sea turtle knowledge. Usually, they were the land Owner, sea turtle eggs trader, or the relevant people. The method used was both deep-unstructured and structured interview. The deep-unstructured was used to get information on:

‐ The Profile of sea turtle uses by local people in Bintan ‐ The sea turtle nesting location ‐ The sea turtle feeding ground

The information of the Profile of sea turtle uses by local people cover as follows:

‐ The local history and condition changes of sea turtle ‐ Forms and part of sea turtle to be used by people ‐ Sums, price, and income benefits from sea turtle eggs trading ‐ The network pattern of sea turtle eggs trading

In order to get easy when doing communication with local people, some pictures were used to get information on:

‐ Beach or island location in which sea turtle nesting exist ‐ Sea turtle sighted location ‐ Eggs season of sea turtle ‐ Etc.

The structured interview was done by using questionnaires to get community perception information of the recent sea turtle condition and their opinion in management and protection of the sea turtle. The questionnaires and it respondents can be seen in Appendix-14.

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2.5.2. Field Observation and Confirmation

If the sea turtle information have been obtained, the field observation in selected location will be done randomly for further confirmation. During observation, research team will be accompanied by local expertise. The field observation was done to find the sign of visiting turtle, such as remain the broken shell eggs, nest, track of the sea turtle as well as dead or alive of the sea turtle babies of sea turtle (Scao & Esteban 2003).

INTERVIEW

Collecting information: ‐ Sea turtle nesting site ‐ Feeding ground

Excursion and confirmation in fields Mapping I

Bio‐fisik observation DATA BASE

PROFILE of SEA TURTLE Completing and Improvement USE BY LOCAL COMMUNITY scoring criteria

SECONDARY DATA:

SCORING ‐Baseline ekologi ‐Resources Map

RECCOMMENDATION:

‐THE PROTECTION SITE MAPPING II ‐THE HATCHERY SITE ‐THE ECO‐TOURISMM SITE

Figure 2.1. Methodology flow chart

Observation for determining the sea turtle feeding ground is indicated by existing of coral reef or/ and sea grass communities. Generally, the adult green sea turtle

6 was herbivorous so that their feeding ground was indicated by sea grass or sea weed communities. The adult Hawksbill was carnivorous so that the feeding ground was indicated by coral reef communities (Nuitja 1992). The data sheet form for this field observation activity can be seen in Figure 2.2. Furthermore, the bio-physic observation respect to sea turtle habitats, those are: ‐ Biology aspect: o Coastal ecosystem o Amount of sea turtle nest o The beach vegetationi o The sea turtle eggs predator ‐ Physic aspect: o Steepness of the beach o Sand type on the beach o Openness properties of the beach o The beach stability ‐ The important aspects in management and the protection of sea turtle: o The human activity threat o Accessibility o Interest conflict

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Lembar Data Tinjauan dan Konfirmasi Lapangan

No.: ______Jenis Penyu: ______Data Sarang Pengamat: ______Kelamin: ______Tanggal: ______Kegiatan Penyu: ______Koordinat: ______Jam: ______(1.Baru tiba, 2.berjalan, 3.menggali,4.bertelur ______Musim Angin: ______5.menuju laut,6.Diam,7. Berenang,8. makan) Lokasi: ______Gambar bentuk Lebar karapas (m): ______Bulan di malam hari Panjang karapas (m): ______Jarak sarang ke garis pantai pasang tertinggi (m) ______Lebar jejak (m) 3 ulangan: ______Jarak sarang ke vegetasi terdekat (m) ______

Tambahan: Kondisi pantai (abrasi/curam/landai) ______Pasir (putih/ hitam) ______Cangkang telur: ______buah Ekosistem laut (lamun/rumput laut/karang/pasir) ______Tukik hidup: ______ekor Predator (tikus/elang/hewan ternak/lain‐lain) ______Tukik mati: ______ekor Gangguan lain (cahaya/sampah/aktivitas manusia/dll) ______

Keterangan Lain:

Figure 2.2. The data sheet form for the sea turtle field observation and confirmation, Modified from Scao & Esteban (2003).

2.6. Data Analyses 2.6.1. Mapping and Development of the Sea Turtle Geography Information System (GIS) Database

Based on the sea turtle location position data obtained during field observation, data were plotted on Regency of Bintan base map by GIS tools. Further processed and analyzed data will obtain the thematic map feature of sea turtle habitats in line and polygon form. Spatially, the feature is to define as seen in Table 2.2.

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Table 2.2. Feature, form, and spatial definition of sea turtle habitat data

Feature Form Spatial Definition

Nesting site Line/ Beach line The sandy beach line in which is found the sea turtle nesting point in boundary range between the nearest vegetation to the highest tide line Inter-breeding* Polygon/ Areas 5 km buffer range from beach line that is found sea turtle nesting Feeding Ground Polygon/ Areas Green turtle: The whole of sea grass and sea weed habitat in areas of interest Hawksbill: The whole of coral reef habitat in areas of interest

*) Interbreeding is the sea turtle mating site before the female sea turtle lays its eggs on the nearest beach. This area is also the rearing for sea turtle babies before going to the sea (Nuitja 1992).

2.6.2. The Relative Frequency on the Presence of Sea Turtle Nest

The relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nesting on every observation location is defined in percentages. The formula for it is:

% Where: fi = Amount of sea turtle nesting for species i which are found in every observation location (a the beach or an island) n = Total observation location

2.6.3. Estimation for Female Sea Turtle Population

Estimation for the potential of sea turtle population in regency of Bintan, in early will calculated by amount of former sea turtle nesting that were finding on observation location. But later, unpredictably the teams found contribution data of benefit sea turtle eggs for all islands in which is it yield sea turtle eggs for trading in District of Tambelan. These data more representative to describe the potential

9 of sea turtle in Regency of Bintan. The calculation procedures and also its principles and assumption, completely can be seen in Appendix-15.

2.6.4. Scoring in Determining for Protection, Hatchery, and Eco tourism Sea Turtle Based

Determination for protection, hatchery, and eco tourism sea turtle based locations was done by scoring procedures. That work is based on criteria weight and scores assessment of the sea turtle habitats. The list of weight and score used in this research can be seen in Appendix-18.

Scoring result will be used to create the zonation map which that detail spatial definition can be seen in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3. The zonation recommendation spatial definition used for sea turtle protection effort

Zonation Function Spatial definition Full Protection Zone Full protection for sea turtle 40 % representative areas habitat and natural hatch of sea turtle habitats which processes has the highest score result. It are consist of sea turtle nesting, interbreeding, and feeding ground Hatchery Zone Semi natural hatch processes 30 % representative areas and sea turtle monitoring site of sea turtle habitats which has the moderate score result. It are consist of sea turtle nesting, interbreeding, and feeding ground Limited Using Zone Hatchery site, Field office, and 30 % representative areas eco tourism sea turtle based of sea turtle habitats which destination has the lowest score result It are consist of sea turtle nesting, interbreeding, and feeding ground

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III. RESULT

3.1. Profile Sea Turtle Use 3.1.1. The Historical Sea Turtle Use Sea turtle egg consumption tradition had been running for long time in Tambelan. When it firstly was begun, no one knows exactly. Based on local interviewed, the knowledge of sea turtle egg consumption was introduced by the first Tambelan comer who came from Malay and Bugis people about 11st centuries. In early time, Tambelan people used sea turtle egg temporarily and just for a supplement food. But then, because many demand on sea turtle eggs, they began to make it as high valuable commercial commodity. Finally, it drove local government to take its benefit by applying such a system called “Sea Turtle Tax”. Based on interviewed, this system had hold since Dutch colonial era and being continued to post of Indonesian independence until finally, revoking the license of sea turtle egg trading by Government of Republic of Indonesia Decree. The detailed description of historical sea turtle use in Tambelan can be seen below:

A. Early Time Development of Historical Sea Turtle Use Goes back in hundreds of years, mainly pre Japanese colonial of time, everybody who found sea turtle eggs on beach so they could took and used it by free. Usually it was used for consumption and subsistence only. But then, the people began to have good knowledge about sea turtle nesting behavior and it made them did eggs harvesting regularly on particular site. When demand on sea turtle eggs increased, people began to trade sea turtle eggs.

In the later development of sea turtle egg trading, it drove the beach owner where yield sea turtle eggs to keep their beach for others. In this case, the sea turtle eggs taking were unallowable without the Owner permission. Especially in District of Tambelan, the local Government through Chief of Resident took tax in the form “Sea Turtle Egg Tax” as contribution of sea turtle eggs trading. But when Japan came and took over, this practicing was revoked.

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B. Early Independence Period, Dato era: 1945-1960 In this period of time, the Chief of District was called Dato. Dato implemented again the “Sea Turtle Tax” by tender system. By this system, the local people had no rights to sell sea turtle eggs although they took on their own beach. The sea turtle egg selling rights was turned over for the winner of tender to put up for action. Based on the sea turtle egg selling revenue, the winner of tender had obligation to pay contribution to Dato. Dato managed this revenue for funding the development of common utilization such as mosque and public facilities.

C. Period: 1960-1998 In this period, the Governance Dato was transformed to Governance District called Kecamatan for territorial Tambelan. The tender-retribution system policy in sea turtle egg selling was still to be kept on. The winner of tender could hold the sea turtle selling rights period for some years. For example, the data list of tender winner found from 1982 to 1998 can be seen in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1. The period of eggs selling rights of the Tender Winner at district of Tambelan. Period of years The Tender Winner Names 1982-1983 Mokhtar 1984-1986 Lin Chiang 1987-1990 H. Ilyas 1991-1998 A Siang (From: PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

D. Period: 1998- 2006 The Ministry of Home Affairs issued the Instruction on 1998 that the State cannot impose the tax from sea turtle egg trading and turns over it to pertinent region. However, In National Conservation Laws and Regulations, sea turtles are given legal protection under UU No. 5 Tahun 1990. But, to avoid undesirable social's conflict, Ministerial Forestry issued decree on 1999 that Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) are the legal hunting species for territorial Tambelan. Furthermore, the Governance District decreed that: (1) sea turtle egg are legal to sell in condition that just 50% of total available sea turtle eggs in nature (2) The land owner which yield sea turtle egg has rights to get sea turtle eggs selling quotient (3 ) the sea turtle eggs selling procedure was done by

12 authorize institution which have sea turtle selling rights and then setting apart partly the selling as part of regional income of District of Tambelan.

The first institution that trusted to perform the system was a cooperation form named “Koperasi Usaha Bersama”. It was established on 1999 and run by local residents. Unfortunately, it had just been running for one year. The selling of sea turtle eggs was returned same as former system but the land owner was still hold rights to get sea turtle egg benefit. The regulation had been decreed before tend to being violated.

Because of it, sea turtle eggs tend to being over exploited and it got attention of the Government of Indonesia immediately. At other hand, Indonesia is one of State which greed to control sea turtle trade covered under Appendix I of CITES. Based on this, The Government through Ministerial Forestry revoked Ministerial Forestry Decree on 1999.

E. Period 2006 - Present Although the Government had canceled sea turtle as legal species hunting, its socialization at district level was not good. Therefore, most of community had never been known this regulation. The Government of District, however, was still running the sea turtle egg tender system. Consequently, this practicing sea turtle egg selling was still going on. At last, on 2008, a Tambelan person was arrested by official security agent at Province of West Kalimantan while would sell sea turtle eggs. Another person was under arrested by low in Tanjungpinang City.

By these cases, the person in command of Regency of Bintan (Bupati) issued the Letter of Instruction on 2008 instructing the District Leader called Camat to terminate sea turtle exploitation in District of Tambelan. This policy of course made some persons in Tambelan losing their incomes. On the other hand, the illegal sea turtle eggs trading are still running up to present.

3.1.2. Sea Turtle Egg Use by Local Community A. Sea Turtle Use Types There are many islands in Bintan Archipelago where sea turtles come ashore to lay their eggs. For Tambelan people, consuming sea turtle egg both Green Turtle

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(Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) are part of their common life since a long time ago. The culinary of sea turtle egg is always dished in some traditional social activities, namely: ceremonial wedding party, religious social meeting of Kenduri and etc. Sea turtle eggs had been the valuable commodity and main income for the livelihood of Bintan people especially at Tambelan since long time ago. They only consumed eggs, not sea turtle meats. However, based on local information, about 1960, Balinese fishermen came to Tambala Archipelago and took sea turtle to be eaten.

Community around Eastern part of Bintan, especially in District of Kijang where they live in the Village of Teluk Bakau, Malang Rapat, and Mapur Island also consume sea turtle eggs when they found eggs in sea turtle nesting on beach accidently.

B. Sea Turtle Egg Harvesting Sea turtle eggs usually were taken by the Owner or the beach keeper man or the employed special person to take turtle eggs. In generally, the worker who special to take sea turtle eggs have good knowledge about sea turtle nesting behavior both Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). The sea turtle eggs harvesting time was done in early morning after the sea turtle laid their eggs in the night time. It was done before predator preys sea turtle eggs. The description of processing of sea turtle eggs harvesting as follows: 1. Firstly, the worker will look for the sea turtle track that indicates moving up to beach. That track then is followed until finding presumed nesting site. Possibility that the sea turtle have been laid it eggs there will be indicated by an addition tail track between in middle part. Its means that the sea turtle had moved down. 2. To ensure the position and depth of the eggs, the worker uses a tool such a bar called Pencucuk which have diameter in range of 2 – 3 cm and long about 1 m and its tip part are rounded. Its upper part, deberatelly, is designed in order to easy be handled while operate it (see Figure 3.1). To use this tool, the worker stabs down it at surrounding presumed sea turtle nest spot. If eggs position is found, it will be marked by such sense mucus and fishy odor at tip tool. An experienced worker can determine turtle egg position without

14

has to break sea turtle egg, but just by feels distinctive pressure while tool touches the egg.

1) Sea turtle moving track 2) Stabbing down by Pencucuk

3) Digging up to take eggs 4) Washing eggs in net pocket

Figure 3.1. Sequels of sea turtle eggs harvesting activity (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

3. After sea turtle eggs position is known, the worker will dig sand up manually by hand. It is done carefully to prevent cracking eggs. Sometimes, sand is so over dry and fragile to dig up. Therefore, to easy in digging sand up, the worker will put sea water on sand first. 4. The harvested sea turtle eggs are put into net pocket to be washed by sea water until clean. Furthermore, the cleaned eggs are collected and then packed within sack before further prepare processing.

15

B. Sea turtle egg prepare processing Especially in Tambelan, before sea turtle eggs was consumed or sold, sea turtle eggs will be processed first. This processing aim is to make eggs clean, ready to be eaten or sold or longer in storage. Some people will let eggs be buried within sand for 2 days before further process it in order to harden egg shell. Following is some ways of preparation and processing of sea turtle egg done by Tambelan people: 1. Ordinary Boiled Sea Turtle Egg The sea turtle eggs taken from nesting, after been cleaned are direct to be boiled until well done.

2. Linggang Egg The Linggang word is referring to local term that meaning “to rock”. In this processing, sea turtle eggs must be rocked first before being poached. The aim of this is in order to be mixed well between the white of an egg with the yolk part so that the egg taste will more delicious. The eggs rock processing is done by put eggs on cooking pot or small woody boat and then rocking eggs will take the time about 10 - 15 minutes. Another processing is put eggs in a sack hanged at the boat and soaked into sea water during the boat going home. Beside results the Linggang Egg, the former processing will make eggs more harden and ball like

3. Salty Egg Sea turtle eggs are soaked in salty water for 3 days afterwards be boiled until well done. Local people call it as “Telur Masin”.

4. Lingking Egg The Lingking word is referring to local term that meaning “to roast”. In this processing, the Linggang eggs are soaked in salty water about 3 days and then boiled. Afterwards, the eggs were dried under the sun. The advantage of the Lingking eggs that it could be stock up in a lots and longer, moreover, their weights have been much reduced. If someone wants to eat the Lingking egg, he must be prepared first by re-boiling the egg.

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5. Annother processing type Some people prepare sea turtle egg food as omelet and the others use it as chicken egg substitute for traditional local cake called kue bingka berendam.

Figure 3.2. Boiling sea turtle eggs for food preparation. (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

3.1.3. Sea Turtle Egg Economic Values Sea turtle eggs have high economic value and its selling become important income for some people in Tambelan. Based on interviewed, as trade commodities, turtle egg price average on level owner at Tambelan, for a Green turtle egg is Rp. 1000,- and a Hawksbill is Rp. 500,-. While turtle eggs are sold at East Kalimantan such as Singkawang and Mempawah, a Green Turtle egg price can reach Rp. 1500,-, as for a Hawksbill egg prices is Rp. 1200,-. Supposedly, this price is also same as the price in Tanjungpinang or Batam. Hereafter at Serawak, Malaysia, an average of a Green Turtle egg price is 80 cent Ringgits cents or Rp. 2400,- on rate 1 Ringgit = Rp. 3000,-, as for a Hawksbill egg is 60 Cent Ringgits or Rp. 1800,-.

3.1.4. Contribution of Sea Turtle Egg Trading Successfully, the research team got the data of tax paid as regional contribution in 2008. Totally are Rp. 177,875,000,- (Apppendix-13). Those contributions were resulted from 32 islands of 42 islands that are at Tambelan Archipelago. Ten islands didn’t come in to register since the sea turtle egg results are undersize. Island that paid contribution that was brought off by 111 of beach managers (Table 3.3). Each of beach manager, at least employs a worker to nurse and clean sea turtle nesting site also to harvest and take sea turtle eggs to Village at Tambelan Island. The wage of worker is Rp. 200,- per a Green turtle egg or Rp. 100,- per a Hawksbill. As seen in Figure 3.3., the Islands that have given the

17 highest sea turtle egg contribution were Wie Island, Menggirang Besar Island, Genting Island, Mendara Island, Pengikik Island, and Mentebung Island. They contributed about 52 % of total contribution. Location map of the potency of sea turtle egg based on contribution given by beach manager at District of Tambelan is presented on Appendix-10.

Contribution of Sea Turtle Eggs in District of Tambelan in 2008 (rates in Rupiahs)

Rp20,000,000.00 Rp18,000,000.00 Rp16,000,000.00 Rp14,000,000.00 Rp12,000,000.00 Rp10,000,000.00 Rp8,000,000.00 Rp6,000,000.00 Rp4,000,000.00 Rp2,000,000.00 Rp0.00 Ibul Wie Jelak Kecil Kecil Kecil

Besar Besar Besar Lesuh

Benua Pinang Bungin Betung Nibung Lintang Nangka Kemudi Genting Panjang Tamban

Pengikik Begiling) Pejantan Mendara

Kepayang Tambelan Tambelan Jengkulan

Serentang Menderiki Sedua Mentebung Sedua (Batu

Tukong Sendulang Sendulang Kepala Menggirang Menggirang Benua

Analyzed to data from District of Tambelan, 2008 Figure 3.3. Graph of the number of sea turtle eggs contribution every Island which yields eggs in Tambelan.

Table. 3.2. Structure of price rates list of sea turtle eggs in Tambelan Archipelago. No Location of Selling Sea Turtle Egg Prices (Rupiahs) Green Hawksbill 1 The Owner 800 400 2 Eggs Agent at Tambelan 1000 500 3 Traders at Singkawang, 1500 1200 Mempawah, Tanjungpinang, and Batam 4 Traders at Serawak, 2400 (80 cents 1800 (60 cents Ringgit) Malaysia (Kuching) Ringgit) From: PPSPL UMRAH 2009

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3.1.5. Path Pattern of Sea Turtle Egg Trading The path of sea turtle trading at District of Tambelan were complicated that start from the Owner distributed to several market places and in the end to the consumer as seen in Appendix-9 and Figure 3.4. Following is an explanation completely:

The sea turtle eggs in the nesting were taken by the egg collector man, a person employed by the Owner and then distributed to the local sea turtle egg agents who collect it before sold out. They commonly were more than one and live in villages where are situated in the District. The agents usually were coordinated by the “Tender Winner” however it was possible that the “Tender Winner” is also as an agent its selves. The “Tender Winner” has a right for selling the sea turtle eggs out from District of Tambelan. But since 1999 most of the sea turtle egg agents were directly selling sea turtle eggs out from Tambelan under the control of the “Tender Winner” by buying the selling right or pay such a tax (in local term “Pajak”) to the “Tender Winner”.

Based on the information, the main route of sea turtle eggs trading that yielded from Tambelan was the West Borneo. The alternative route was Tanjungpinang – Bintan before it send to the buyer in Singapore or Malaysia. Especially in West Borneo, the sea turtle eggs transportation commonly used “pompong” a local small wooden boat that using motors. Sometime, the transportation used public ferry that has route from Bintan, Province of Kepulauan to Sintete, Provice of West Borneo. After sea turtle eggs were gathered in Sedau, Singkawang direcly or use alternative Mempawah route before to Singkawang. From Singkawang, the sea turtle eggs were send to kuching, Serawak, Malaysia. The gate to Kuching according to several informants was through Entikong and District of Jagoe Babang route in Regency of Bengkayang, West Borneo. After sea turtle eggs arrived in Jagoe Babang trough District of Salikin, Malaysia, continued to several places in Malaysia such as Kuching. Because of the intense inspection to the sea turtle eggs as a forbidden good to be trade in Indonesia and Malaysia so the Entikong route were rarely used.

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Table 3.3. Islands and beach managers who paying contribution Sum of Beach Island Manager Mendara 8 Benua 3 Benua (Batu Begiling) 2 Betung 1 Bungin 1 Genting 6 Ibul 2 Jelak 5 Jengkulan 1 Kepala Tambelan 1 Kepayang 1 Lesuh 5 Lintang 4 Menderiki 1 Menggirang Besar 10 Menggirang Kecil 5 Mentebung 1 Nangka 1 Nibung 1 Panjang 6 Pejantan 1 Pengikik 1 Pinang 3 Sedua Besar 4 Sedua Kecil 3 Sendulang Besar 3 Sendulang Kecil 2 Serentang 1 Tamban 5 Tambelan 10 Tukong Kemudi 1 Wie 12 Total 111 Analized to data from District of Tambelan, 2008

20

Figure 3.4. Path pattern of sea turtle trading from District of Tambelan

The Owner (Of the land where Sea turtle nesting)

A Worker taking eggs

Sea turtle egg Agents at District of Tambelan

The Tender Winner (A person having a right of selling eggs) at District of Tambelan

Tanjungpinang, Sedau, Singkawang, Mempawah, West Kepulauan Riau West Kalimantan Kalimantan

Jagoe Babang, Entikong (The boundary Batam, West Kalimantan of Indonesia‐Malaysia) Kepulauan Riau

Distrik Salikin, Malaysia

Kuching and other parts Malaysia Singapore in Serawak, Malaysia

3.1.6. Local Wisdom and Sea Turtle Management in Tambelan

A. Local tenure on sea turtle egg Someone that having land property on island within Tambelan Archipelago is a person locally called as “Tuan” or equal to the Owner. In every island usually have more than one the Owner. That land refers to above usually are the forest or land farm or plantation which has either beach area or not. If the land has

21 beach area that becomes the location to sea turtle for nesting and then the egg are exploited so in local term, it called “Lahan Pasir” or the Beach Property. The Beach Property can be managed alone by the Owner or rent to other people. Important to be noticed that in one island can have one or more Beach Properties so that can implicating in one island can have several sea turtle nesting beach managers. The managers usually will employ several workers for:

1. Guarding the Beach Property in order to the sea turtle eggs not stolen by thief. 2. Guarding and protecting the sea turtle nesting spot from predator especially Wild Iguana (Biawak) (Varanus sp) 3. Taking care the Beach by cleaning the beach, remove the rocks, and leveling the sand, making sand thicker, with expectation to create high probability of sea turtle to come ashore for nesting in the same location. 4. Collecting sea turtle eggs. 5. Recording sea turtle visiting and the number of harvested eggs. 6. Supplying the logistic and taking out the harvested eggs to Village.

Figure 3.5. One of the beach where there are sea turtle nesting taken care well in Kepala Tambelan Island (PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)

There was a convention amongst stakeholders associated with sea turtle eggs that they willing to not to kill and eat sea turtle meat, remain some nests not be harvested, and not overall of eggs in one nest can be harvested. This convention purpose was to give a chance for sea turtle females to mate again and sea turtle

22 eggs to hatching and become the adult sea turtle female so that in the future will come back for nesting in the same location.

By the tax and tendeer system, so the “Tender Winner” will organize the Owners. Based on the agreement, the Owners or the beach managers will deliver their sea turtle eggs or money as tax to the “Tender Winner” and the “Tender Winner” fully responsible for the contribution to the local government. Compare to the other region in Regency of Bintan, the local tenure on sea turtle egg only exist in Tambelan community.

B. Hatchery and growing out The local tenure on sea turtle eggs in Tambelan Islands driving over exploitation to the sea turtle egg. This can deplete sea turtle population. Therefore, the local government tried to force down it by introducing the sea turtle hatchery and growing out activity to the Tambelan people. This activity was done by involving one of the Owner by means built the station of hatchlings growing out cage and call out to the Owner to deliver hatchlings found in their beach to the station. The efforts were ensued by giving the hatchery operational grant to individual or local cooperative institute.

Figure. 3.6 A hatchlings growing out at Teluk Ayam, Tambelan Island. (Documented by PPSPL UMRA, 2009)

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Mr Adi Suhardi was the villager in the Village of Melayu, District of Tambelan that the first one in 2001 has an initiative to grow out the hatchling that found on his own beach in Wie Island. The hatchlings of Green Turtle and Hawksbill were taken care in floating net cage near his house. The hatchlings then were fed on by catch fishes until it reached about one year old, and after that it would be release to the sea. The motive of Mr Adi to do so that one day in the future after the hatchling become adult and mating, it will come back again to his beach to increase his sea turtle egg production. Because of the operational cost so expensive, Mr Adi proposed a grant to Regency Government of Bintan as a part of the turtle conservation program. The respond of the Government was good, through DKP, an official agency for marine and fisheries administration, promising to give a grant as much as Rp 100,000,000. However in present time, the activity has terminated because there is no follow-up about the grant.

C. Community Perception to Sea Turtle Management and Protection Efforts The sea turtle condition status can be seen in point view of community perception. The result in Table 3.4. is showing that the Tambelan peoples never felt any significant change in the number of the sea turtle population, year by year. In contrary, The Bintan and Mapur peoples felt that the sea turtle population was changing significantly compare to in the past. Deeper investigation, according to the several old informants in Tambelan said that the sea turtle population was not as much as, mostly, in the 1970.

However, Tambelan peoples agreed that the sea turtle egg use must be forbidden, at least for trading. These responds may relate to the successful of the Coremap program on socializing about sea turtle protection status to the Tambelan peoples. The different respond showed by the peoples in Bintan and Mapur, they did not agree if the sea turtle egg use were forbidden. However, they used sea turtle eggs temporally.

On the other hand, most of the Owners were hesitate when they were asked about whether or not if their land on Island will be converted for the sea turtle conservation area (see Figure 3.7.). They always asking about the mechanism, the benefit or lost if it is implemented. For the detail calculation of perception result can be seen in Appendix-14.

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Table 3.4. Percentage of community perception about sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan

No Question Respond Tambelan Bintan Mapur 1 Do you agree that sea turtles are in depletion Yes, agree 27 80 66.67 and then extinct in Regency of Bintan in the No, disagree 73 0 33.33 future? Don’t know 0200.00 2 Yes, agree 80 40 0.00 Do you agree that sea turtle use to be No, disagree 13 40 66.67 forbidden? Don’t know 7 20 33.33 3 Yes, I Know 93 20 33.33 Do you know that sea turtle is forbidden No, I don’t know 7600.00 based on Nation Act? Doubt 0 20 66.67 4 Do you agree if sea turtle in Regency of Yes, agree 93 100 100 Bintan is protected? No, disagree 000 Don’t know 700

Yes, agree No, disagree Don’t know

29%

0% 71%

Figure 3.7. Graph of the owner perception about declaration of sea turtle conservation zone in District of Tambelan (PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)

3.1.7. Impacts of Human Activities against Sea Turtle Habitats Condition

The sea turtle egg use can cause positive and negative impact. The positive impact was the sea turtle egg use has given high commercial value especially to the peoples in Tambelan Archipelago. The sea turtle egg use has become the important source of income, create a job in the island, and play role in the economic activities in Tambelan Archipelago.

25

In other side, the sea turtle egg use tends to overexploitation so that can cause declining to the sea turtle population directly. Naturally, the sea turtle will be against several natural predators and obstacles, beginning of the hatching emergence until to an adult and ready for mating and nesting. It is said that, the successful rate for the sea turtle achieving adult stage only 1 % total of the hatchling emergences that success reaching to the sea (Purwati 2004).

Other impacts occurred that after the revoking of sea turtle egg licenses, it makes the Owner unwilling to take care and protect their beach anymore. This condition and then stimulated the stealing of sea turtle eggs for their individual benefit where that drives a internal conflicts as a new problem in community.

Beside above, the other human activities given significant impacts to the sea turtle habitat are the growth of human population as well as residential and the rapid development in coastal area and beach line in Regency of Bintan, especially along the Trikora beach line. These activities have in Regency of Bintan. The bad establishing of hard structure plant construction on beach line to seaward will create the severe eroding of beach line and this, indirectly, will threaten sea turtle habitats.

Residential on the sea is common for fishermen villages in Regency of Bintan. Based interviewed, in Tambelan Archipelago, many of sea turtle nests had decreased caused by the crowed by people on beach, the sand mining on beach for the house construction material or as the filler of anchor sack for Bubu, a traditional fish trap net.

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3.2. Bio-Physical condition of sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan 3.2.1. Biological condition

A. The signs of sea turtle existence The investigation on sea turtle existence was based on the local information. The observation at Tambelan, Bintan and Mapur Archipelago were showing about the presence of sea turtle in those areas.

The most presence signs of the sea turtle were showed by the abandon sea turtle tracks and nests. The other signs were such as broken up of eggshells and dead or alive hatchlings. Overall these data was based on the number of the nest, eggshells, dead and live hatchlings can be seen at Table 3.6. The awkward thing is there was a lot of dead hatchling founded on Menggirang Besar Island. According to beach keeper on that Island, the hatchling died because it was smashed by the sea wave and the nest was too close to the sea.

Figure 3.8. The dead hatchlings founded on Menggirang Besar Island (PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)

B. The species of sea turtle Species of sea turtle found on Regency of Bintan during the research were Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Beside the direct observation, the determining species of sea turtle can be done base on the abandon track mark of it foreflippers. The track marks of Hawksbill shows zigzag form but the track marks of Green Turtle were rather in parallel form. Based on the observation result, the presences of Green Turtles were showed in 9 Islands and the presences Hawksbills were showed in 5 Islands

27 within Tambelan Archipelago, and one each in Penyusuk Island and Mapur Island within Eastern part of Bintan (see Table 3.6). Table 3.6. The number of nests, eggshells, dead and alive hatchlings according to species and Island

Dead Alive Species Island Nest Eggshell Hatchling Hatchling Green Genting 45 0 0 0 Jelak 4 0 0 0 Kepala Tambelan 119 150 1 0 Lintang 19 0 0 0 Menggirang Besar 9 0 54 1 Nangka 22 1 0 0 Sendulang Kecil 7 0 0 0 Serentang 3 0 0 0 Wie 92 0 0 0 Total 1 320 151 55 1

Hawksbill Bungin 9 30 0 0 Genting 3 0 0 0 Lintang 12 0 0 0 Lipih 2 5 0 0 Penyusuk, Bintan* 3 0 0 0 Sentot, Mapur* 5 0 0 0 Serentang 3 7 0 0 Total 2 37 42 0 0 Grand Total (1 +2) 357 193 55 1 (PPSPL UMRAH 2009) Note: *) except Sentot and Penyusuk island, the rest are within Tambelan Archipelago

Based on local interviewed, there are sea turtle species excluding Green Turtle and Hawksbill. These call these species are “Kambau Turtle” and “Keran Turtle”. The characteristic of Kambau body is bigger than Green Turtle and only produces a few eggs but the size is bigger than Green Turtle egg. The characteristic of Keran is almost similar to Hawksbill but the body slightly smaller and often seen trapped on the fisherman net and sometime found were swimming near the muddy mangrove areas. However the team didn’t success to proving and confirming of both turtle species.

28

C. The number and relative frequency on the presence of the turtle nest and the number of sea turtle females

The findings of sea turtle nests were indicating that sea turtles were still active laying eggs during the survey. One nest only can be used for a single female. The high relative frequency of sea turtle nest was found in Kepala Tambelan, Wie and Genting Island. A nest with many broken up eggshells was found in Kepala Tambean Island and Bungin Island. The finding of broken up eggshells indicate that hatching emergences have happened on those islands. The observation result of the relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nest within on Tambelan Archipelago can be seen on Figure 3.9

Relative Frequency on The Presence of Sea Turtle Nest (%) 35 30 25 20 % 15 10 5 0

Figure 3.9. Graph of relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nest from several observation locations.

The number of sea turtle nest that has been found can become an indicator for the potential presence of sea turtles that laying their eggs. The data limitation to predict a sea turtle population that was the data didn’t able to distinguishing between the latest and the old nest. Moreover, the observation didn’t do in long term or at least in one year. Even though so, the team accidentally got the data record of eggs harvesting and the presence of sea turtle that came from Wie, Genting and Menggirang Besar Island, from 1999 to 2009 (see Table 3.7).

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Table 3.7. Year of data result from the beach owner and beach keeper in Tambelan Archipelago

No. Island Year 1 Wie 1999, 2000, 2001, dan 2002 2 Genting 2007, 2008, dan 2009* 3 Menggirang Besar 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, dan 2009 *) Recording data of sea turtle female presences and the number of turtle eggs harvesting have been going on August 2009.

Figure 3.10. Example of sea turtle nesting site in Tambelan Archipelago (PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)

Based on the data result shown that sea turtle species come to made a nest and lay the egg was dominated by Green Turtle (see Figure 3.11.). The interesting is in Genting Island showing that Hawksbill females came ashore much more compare to the Green Turtle.

D. Number of the harvested sea turtle eggs The data result based on eggs harvesting record from beach keepers describing that the harvested sea turtle eggs were so great. The calculation showed that the averages of Green turtle egg in one nest are 101 eggs and as for Hawksbill were 153 eggs. As a comparison, according to Nuitja (1992) a Green Turtle can lay eggs in range of 80 – 195, whereas Hawksbill about 128 to 210 eggs. The data calculation result taken from Tambelan Archipelago showed that the ratio of the number eggs of Green turtle and Hawksbill are 4,5:1. The trend on the number of harvested sea turtle eggs in those Islands can be seen on Figure 3.12.

E. The lay eggs season Base on the data of sea turtle females visiting and number of egg in Tambelan archipelago, it can be concluded that the green turtle and the hawksbill turtle

30 were laying eggs all the year round. Even though so there were peak seasons where sea turtle came ashore and lay the egg more compare to the other month.

The pattern of peak season on the turtle lay eggs cycle often similar on all location, but the pattern of Green Turtle is different from Hawksbill. The peak season for the Green Turtle were on May until July. The peak season for the hawksbill turtle were on March until May. The examples of data result on the Green Turtle in Wie Island and Hawksbill in Genting Island can be seen in Figure 3.13. and 3.14.

1600 1400 1200 1000 800

Females 600 SumGreen of Ekor Penyu 400 SumHawksbill of Ekor Sisik 200 0 1999 2000 2001 2002

P. Wie

2500

2000

1500

females 1000 Sum Green of Ekor penyu Sum Hawksbill of Ekor sisik 500

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009

MENGGIRANG BESAR

31

200 180 160 140 120 100

Females 80 SumGreen of Ekor Penyu 60 SumHawksbill of Ekor Sisik 40 20 0 2007 2008 2009

P. Genting

Figure 3.11. The comparison of the number of sea turtle eggs according to species, year and location

160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002

P. Wie

300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009

MENGGIRANG BESAR

32

45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2007 2008 2009

P. Genting

Figure 3.12. The chart of trend on the number of harvested sea turtle eggs according to year and location

350 300 250 200

Ekor 150 100 50 0 Jul Jan Jun Okt Apr Feb Sep Des Mei Mar Nop Agus

2001

P. Wie

Figure. 3.13. The Green Turtle female visiting in Wie Island.

40 35 30 25 20 Ekor 15 10 5 0

Jul Jan Jun Okt Apr Sep Feb Des Mei Jun Mar Nop Agus

2008

P. Genting

Figure. 3.14. The Hawksbill female visiting in Genting Island.

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The pattern of sea turtle behavior in laying the eggs daily shows that there is repeating pattern on it (see Figure 3.15. and Figure 3.16). According to Nuitja (1992), a Green Turtle female can lay the egg three times in one season with interval time range from 9 to 16 days. After that the female will come back three years later. For the Hawksbills, they can lay the egg four times in one season with interval time average of 15 days. Below these were the example of that data result in Genting Island and Menggirang Island. That pattern behavior was also observed by the local people in Tambelan and especially the beach keeper and they call that in local term as “Disirat” which means that sea turtle already laid eggs will come back for laying eggs again in the same location or in around that area in 12 to 15 next days. These pattern behaviors guided the beach keeper in predicting the arrival of the turtle for lay eggs.

12 10 8 6 Ekor 4 2 0 2 7 12 20 28 5 9 14 20 26 30 7 13 17 21 28 38

Mar Apr Mei

2008

P. Genting

Figure 3.15. The daily visiting chart of Hawksbill in Genting Island

60

50

40

30 Ekor 20 10

0 123567101314151718192122242730258111417202326273013691215182124272931

567

2006

Figure 3.16. The daily visiting chart of Green Turtle in Menggirang Besar Island

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Figure 3.17. The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) laying eggs on Menggirang Besar Island (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

Figure 3.18. Length and width of carapace measurement one of sea turtle (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

F. The potential of sea turtle population The potential of sea turtle population is defined that the possibility of hatchlings that can be produced in one area by assuming that there were no eggs harvesting activities at all. Basically, the potential of this population can be predicted well from the number of observed nests, recording of the number of harvested eggs, and recording data of sea turtle eggs trading contributions which those are available in the research. However, the calculation on the potential of population prediction reported was selected only based on the recording data of sea turtle eggs trading contributions in District of Tambelan. The reason is because the data was official, complete and covering almost all of Islands within Tambelan so that the calculation result was expected more close to actual population (For the calculation can be seen in Appendix-15). If ecological inhibitor factors such as nests success rate and natural predator (Nuitja 1992) weren’t incorporated in calculation so the sea turtle population in Tambelan Archipelago are 1.284.035 of sea turtles. But if it were incorporated and assumed it that was 50% the hatchling would survive so the population approximately is

35

600.000 of sea turtles. Based on this data was also predicted that the sea turtle females visited in Tambelan Archipelago are 9088 of sea turtle females.

G. Sea turtle nest and track measurements Nest position was determined by measuring the distance from nest spot to the highest tide level and the nearest vegetation boundary. Generally, based on observation found that the Green Turtle nest position is farther from the highest tide level and nearer from vegetation boundary than showed by the Hawksbill. And for the track measurements, the Green Turtle tracks observed generally that were wider than the Hawksbill tracks (see Table 3.8). Table 3.8. Sea turtle nest and track measurements Distance between nest ‐ highest Distance to Location tide (cm) Vegetation (cm) Track width (cm) Green Hawksbill Green Hawksbill Green Hawksbill Bungin ‐ 1483.33 t.a. 133.33 59.67 Genting 1290.00 1300.00 240.00 150.00 52.67 60.00 Jelak 200.00 ‐ 66.67 ‐ 75.00 ‐ Kepala Tambelan 2966.67 ‐ 150.00 ‐ 80.00 ‐ Lipih ‐ 133.33 t.a. 333.33 ‐ 50.00 Lintang 766.67 500.00 466.67 33.33 77.50 51.67 Penyusuk ‐ 1500.00 t.a. 175.00 ‐ 60.00 Menggirang Besar 333.33 ‐ 166.67 ‐ 63.33 ‐ Nangka 604.17 ‐ 12.08 ‐ 66.71 ‐ Sendulang Kecil 891.67 ‐ 91.67 ‐ 75.83 ‐ Sentot ‐ 700.00 t.a. 100.00 ‐ ‐ Serentang 0.00 320.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.00 Wie 1328.57 ‐ 91.43 ‐ 65.00 60.00 Total means 956.98 782.31 118.26 148.08 67.07 56.46 From: PPSPL UMRAH, 2009

Figure 3.19. Sea turtle nest and track measurement activities (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

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H. Sea Turtle Feeding Ground, Interbreeding and Nest Distribution in Regency of Bintan

Observation and searching for habitat of sea turtle in Regency of Bintan showed that sea turtle habitats were distribute on Tambelan, Bintan, and Mapur Islands. Tambelan Archipelago are consist of 42 of Islands where 32 of Islands are recorded as sea turtle eggs yield officially. Further observations have been found that there were other Islands as sea turtle eggs yield too. Therefore, it could be said that the probability to find sea turtle nest in every sandy beach Island in Tambelan is large (Appendix-4). By large potencies on the number of sea turtle visiting and eggs so Tambelan Archipelago are the main sea turtle habitats and feeding ground in Regency of Bintan. The prediction of sea turtle feeding ground is covered a whole of coral reef and sea grass ecosystem in Tambelan waters. Mapping of these habitats, feeding ground, and ecosystems are presented in Appendix-5 and Appendix 6.

The area where there was occurred sea turtle mating so that areas called interbreeding area of sea turtle and it was usually occurred about several kilometers from sea turtle nest site (Purwati 2004). Mapping of sea turtle interbreeding was done by GIS tools by creating 5 km of buffer areas around nest sites (see Appendix-7).

Sea turtles habitats in Regency of Bintan are distributed on eastern Part of Bantam Island along Trikora, from Village of Teluk Bakau to Malang Rapat. Based on interviewed, villagers often saw the Hawksbill presence in Penyusuk Island. It was reported too that the sea turtle presences in Nikoi Island but the team can’t enter there because the island under control a resort investor. Some villagers of Malang Rapat have been finding Green Turtle and Hawksbill sighting to come ashore along beach.

The distribution of sea turtle in Mapur Archipelago can be found at Merapai, Ledang, and Sentot Islands. The species found usually are Green and Hawksbill but according to villagers there, Hawksbill is dominant. Determining sea turtle habitats zone in Regency of Bantam is done by using map overlay operating amongst map of sea turtle feeding grounds and map of nest sites (see maps in Appendix-8). As the results, the areas of sea turtle habitats 81.618,57 ha, where

37 it is consist of 57.832,68 ha in Tambelan Archipelago and 23.785,89 ha in Eastern Part of Bintan Island and Mapur Island.

3.2.2. Physical Beach Condition of Sea Turtle Nest

The small islands in Tambelan Archipelago in generally have many of hills with plain forest vegetation. The beaches are sandy white, short, and narrow. Usually the beach is situated between two rocks of headland that local people call it as Pempang. The rocks are usually in the cape part and in the bay part usually consist of mangrove vegetation. The long beach can be found at eastern Part of Bantam Island and Mapur Island.

The physical condition of observed beach both Tambelan Archipelago and Eastern Part of Bintan Island can be seen in Figure 3.20. and Figure 3.21.

% Beach Condition

BintanBintan Timur KepulauanTambelan Tambelan 93 75 80

50

25 20 25 7

>50%> 50% Landaiplain >>50% 50% Curam steep >50% > 50 %sandy Berpasir white >50%> 50% gravelsbatu putih berkarang mix sand

Figure 3.20. Graph of percentage of physical condition in observed beaches.

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% Protectively and Stability of Beach

BintBianntan Timurn KeTambelanTpulauan Tambelan 80

50 50 47

25 25 25 25 20 20 1313 7 0

FullTerlindu protngected Musimseasonaaln Terbuka open pe nuh Tak no ada ero adbedrasi Abrasi light rinerganoded Pantai chang bereuablebah‐ Abrasi seve bererat penu h ubah Beac sehtiap line eroded tahun

Figure 3.21. Graph of percentage of protectively and stability condition of observed beaches.

The properties of beach where found sea turtle nest are the sandy white with grains are fine to coarse. Distinctively, sea turtle nest beach properties in Penyusuk and Sentot Island showed that being dominated by gravels and cobbles with small part sand areas. The averages of the beach length in Tambelan Islands are about 500 m with the averages of the beach width are in range of 5 to 50 m. Especially for the beach at Bintan Mapur Island, the beach width can reach 100 m

In the edge of the island beach both in Tambelan and Bintan usually seen dead fringing coral reef alike that it will emerge during low tide (see Figure 3.22.). This condition forces sea turtle females to come ashore in condition that the sea level high enough to submerge the coral reef thoroughly.

Figure. 3.22. This picture showing coral reef emergence during low tide at the Beach of Menggirang Besar Island. (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009).

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3.3. Scoring Result

Scoring results indicate on biology, physic, and socio-economy criteria of the quality of sea turtle habitat. Those scoring results every observation site can be seen Table 3.9. The results demonstrate that the islands of Genting, Lintang, kepala Tambelan, Jelak, and Wie were the highest scores. It results suggested that those islands to be recommended as part of the sea turtle full protection zone. The ranking of scoring results map can be seen in Appendix-9.

Table 3.9. The scoring result of observation location of sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan Criteria Scores Ranking Location biology Physic Social Total 1 Genting 45.40 26.63 13.18 85.21 2 Lintang 45.40 28.59 10.00 83.99 3 Kepala Tambelan 44.20 26.63 12.27 83.10 4 Jelak 35.40 26.63 17.73 79.75 5 Wie 45.40 21.94 11.36 78.70 6 Menggirang Besar 41.40 24.38 11.00 76.78 7 Serentang 39.40 24.00 13.18 76.58 8 Tanjung Kulak 35.40 26.63 14.55 76.57 9 Nangka 37.20 28.03 10.00 75.23 10 Penyusuk 35.40 28.59 11.00 74.99 11 Lipih 35.40 25.31 13.27 73.99 12 Sedua kecil 35.40 23.06 14.55 73.01 13 Bungin 37.20 25.31 8.18 70.69 14 Mapur 35.20 20.63 14.55 70.37 15 Sentot 35.40 14.44 20.00 69.84 16 Pantai trikora 35.80 24.00 9.18 68.98 17 Sendulang kecil 30.20 21.94 14.55 66.68

From: PPSPL UMRAH, 2009

3.4. Issues and Problems of Sea Turtle Management and Protection in Regency of Bintan

Based on Focused Group Discussion results, issues and problems obtained were: - The sea turtle eggs exploitation ban based on Ministry of Forestry Decision Number: 392/menhut-II/2006 that issued in 2006 was not socialized well. Moreover, the District of Tambelan had been run a sea turtle eggs tender until December 2007, legally based on Letter of Decision issued by District Government.

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- One of Tambelan people was arrested by police in early 2009 and the law processing has been running until present. It was caused that s/he was bringing sea turtle eggs of Tambelan to the city of Tanjungpinang by local transport ship illegally. - To be said that the population sea turtle in Tambelan was still in stable condition. The banning of sea turtle use will disturb local people economical activity, mainly for the land owner or sea turtle eggs keeper. - Sea turtle eggs uses have been done since Dutch colonial era and this was a custom that transferred by the parents in Tambelan community. - The exploitation sea turtle eggs ban in an expected way will make the new conflict of interest to Tambelan community. Beside economical problems, there will be a social conflicts such as will unmanaged sea turtle eggs beach by the owner and that will drive a stranger to steal sea turtle eggs uncontrollably. - However, the outsiders always desire the sea turtle eggs to take and bring away. It is because the sea turtle eggs have good prices outside and there are many sea turtle egg agents both Tambelan and out of Tambelan. - Recently, the people are still hunting sea turtle eggs illegally although not as much as in the past when the exploitation ban not be issued yet.

Figure 3.23. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) activity at District of Tambelan (Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)

3.5. Prediction of Sea Turtle Population in Regency of Bintan in the Future Based on results shown on recent data obtained and if assumed there are no sea turtle eggs exploitation and survival rate are 50%, so estimated to the potency of sea turtle population resulted in regency of Bintan every year are in range 500,000 – 750,000 turtles. It also can be estimated that the sea turtle females

41 came lay eggs to ashore of Regency of Bintan were about 10,000 females. By assuming that 1 % adult and mature females come back again on the same beach (see Purwati 2004), so there will be about 5000-7500 females back to Regency of Bintan in the next 20 years. It is means there will be deficit to 5000- 2500 females if would like to achieve the same population before. Theoretically, this deficit will be fulfilled through the sea turtle habitat network from other adjacent regions (see Cahyani et al 2007).

Description above just want to show, even though there are no sea turtle eggs exploitation at all, however sea turtle population status in Regency of Bintan very vulnerable to decrease and local people will never realize this evident immediately. In fact, illegal turtle eggs trading have been sustaining and of course will be up the sea turtle mortality rate. Just in short, the decreasing of sea turtle population in Regency of Bintan will be more accelerated.

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IV. SEA TURTLE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION

4.1. Directions and Recommendations of Zones Based on results shown by GIS interpretations and scoring data of sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan so the direction for sea turtle management and protection areas are as follows: 1. Sea Turtle Protection Zone areas in District of Tambelan are 33.566,60 ha. It is to serve as sea turtle habitat full protection and natural hatching. 2. Hatchery Zone areas in District of Tambelan are 24.266 ha. It is to serve as semi natural hatching and sea turtle monitoring site 3. Limited Using Zone areas in Eastern part of Bintan and Mapur Island are 23.785,89 ha. It is to serve as hatchery site, field office, and sea turtle based ecotourism destination

Furthermore, this zonation will be directed to The Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection of Regency of Bintan. The zonation proposal map in Regency of Bintan will be shown in Appendix-11 and Appendix-12.

4.2. Direction of Vision and Mission The vision of The Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection of Regency of Bintan, that is to protect sea turtle species habitats and populations which are found within the region mainly to Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata in long term of time. The covering habitat includes nesting sites, interbreeding zones, and feeding or foraging ground.

The basic concept of sea turtle management and protection is community based management and sustainability. The community either in inside or inside of interest zone always be participated in overall phase to both sea turtles management and protection activities including planning, monitoring, management, and surveillance.

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The main challenging is to reduce all of threats to persistence of sea turtle habitats and population and also all of illegal activities within the Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection of Regency of Bintan.

The mission of the Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection of Regency of Bintan is as follows: • Establish the conservation zone to protect, restore, and preserve the sea turtle populations by communitiy based management and sustainability ways. • Monitors the existing sea turtle habitats and populations condition within the zone in long term. • Increase the sea turtle populations by doing hatchery and relocation of some sea turtle eggs to better hatch site within the zone • Develop the limited and non extractive use within the zone in the form ecotourism, education, and research • Raise awareness and educate Bintan and Kepulauan Riau residents about need for sea turtle conservation and it protection status by law both nationally and internationally. • Enforce the law to protect sea turtle habitats and populations, either within or out of the zone by preventing on violation of sea turtle protection regulation and also doing surveillance effectively.

4.3. Planning Recommendations 4.3.1. Preparation and Pre-condition of the Target Community A social approach will be done in order to raise local community awareness and get better understanding about sea turtles protection. The goal is to increase community supporting and doing agreement to establishment of the Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection. The actions that will be done are to socialize about sea turtle protection status, create local curriculum about sea turtle, training and education, and many more respectively.

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4.3.2. Local Practice Internalization into Sea Turtle Management and Protection Sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan requires local participation. The target key people involved should be individuals who have long experience in sea turtle use, namely: 1. The beach sea turtle eggs yield owner or it operator. 2. The beach owner’s or operator’s workers such as the beach sea turtle eggs yield keeper. 3. Agents and traders of sea turtle eggs. 4. The other parties which gain the sea turtle trading benefit.

One of strategic in sea turtles management and protection implementation is to internalize local practices in provided that ecological sound, such as: 1. Keeping to sea turtle nesting beaches from egg stolens and predations 2. Maintainance to sea turtle nesting sites like to clean up the beach from any garbages 3. Records amount of species of female sea turtle come to beach for nest making 4. Maintain local wisdoms, those are, never hunt and consume sea turtle meat

Practices that have been implemented can be extended by means: 1. Records hatclings emergence as well as moving seawards 2. Records the other important parameters for sea turtle habitat and population monitoring

There are some advantages that why the local practices to be applied: • Have high acceptance and supporting by local communities • Durable in long term • Not contradiction with ecology principles • Have positive impacts to socio cultural economy aspects • Easy to be applied and implemented by local

Practice local Internalization is one of effort to zero or reduce the ilegal sea turtle hunting in Regency of Bintan. However, in that implementation, we must notice in some matters, those are:

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• Because of it has become the local tradition, full forbidden to sea turtle eggs consumption likely is hard to be accepted by local. Therefore, the implementation needs to be done gradually. The one possibility is the sea turtle consumption only occurs for legitimate traditional and does not exceed sustainable levels or significantly impact the populations. To do so, needed to make local regulation definition clearly. • Because of being sacrificial, benefit and work time lost, so it needs to be considered the proper compensation to stakeholders who are involved. • Considerable compensation above should be a good designated in it technical implementation, mainly is how to identify the compensation receiver and how much it must be paid. • It is deeply to be suggested the presence of a high credible independent institution that has capability to supervise and then give such an official claim for this system. For examples, the official claim can be in the form an right licensee for compensation. • Cost of the implementation above that is a part of budget to sea turtle management and protection that could be taken from some environmental donation sources, those are: sustainable self financing, local and central government, and relevant international institutions as well as environmental donors.

4.3.3. Ecotourism, Centre for Education and Research Development within the Sea Turtle Management and Protection Areas This development phase is one of strategic tool for non extractive use or alternative livelihood to replace sea turtle eggs trading and also one of self financing source type to the sea turtle management.

In this phase, the Centre for sea turtle education and research development is used to educate and raise the awareness to rescue sea turtle habitats and populations in communities.

In ecotourism activities, the ecotourists usually seek for an alternative or adventurous recreation. Because of that, the possibility development of the sea turtle based ecotourism attraction as follows:

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• Build the sea turtle sighting homestays in the particular islands to come and see a making sea turtle nest behaviors at night. • Visit to sea turtles hatchery site to see hatchlings pond and it daily activities. • Releasing hatchlings to the beach or the sea. • Ecotourism supporting services such as transportation, restaurants, and accommodation • Ecotourism supplement activities such as souvenir shops and traditional performance shows.

4.3.4. Sea Turtle Nesting Adoption System Method Application Sea Turtle Nesting Adoption System Method is to offer one sea turtle nest to be adopt by individuals, tourists, environmentalists, organizations, governments, privates, in which the adoption participants will give donation to sea turtle management by fees have been determined before (Purwati 2004). This donation and then will be used by individual or group which has commit to, to keep and maintain the nest until hatchlings emergence. For example, this application has been applied in Perancak Beach, Bali, and Selingan Turtle Island, Malaysia, by adoption value of one sea turtle is about US$ 25-50.

In Perancak Bali, this method has been developed by Group of Kurma Asih which since 1999-2001 has been adopted 30 – 60 of sea turtle nests and have got management donation totally about $1500 – 3000. This action needs marketing and communication and also accountable donation management. In addition, this method can be extended to a management self financial source, alternative livelihood, and a part of ecotourism.

4.3.5. Sea Turtle Hatchery The sea turtle hatchery is a increasing the sea turtle populations effort in semi natural way. It can be achieved by to increase nest success rate and hatchling survival rate to reach the sea. The sea turtle hatchery is done by building a hatching location and hatchlings growth up pond or floating cage. The hatchery location can be served as management field office, monitoring station, education and research field base, information centre and etc.

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The local people can take part of these efforts in the form to help translocation sea turtle eggs and some new emerged hatchlings from their beach to hatchery station. Actually, the local can do eggs translocation to better place in their own beach. It is good if they get the training that is how to find a good site to hatch, a good eggs translocation location, and it handling.

4.3.6. Spatial Planning for Sea Turtle Management and Protection The spatial planning is done by determining management and protection areas. In this processing, the local government together with local communities and stakeholders discuss and make agreement in spatial planning for sea turtle management and protection. The end of goal is to launch the establishment of Local Zone for Sea Turtle Management and Protection of Regency of under the Local Government Decree.

4.3.7. Management and Protection Institution Building In the institution mechanism and structural building, the local government together with local communities and stakeholders discuss and make agreement in it. The institution function is to plan and execute the sea turtle management and protection programs.

4.3.8. Surveillance and Controlling in Sea Turtle Management and Protection Areas In this phase will be designed about law and regulation enforcement that is relation to sea turtle management and protection in local and national level. Designate

4.4. Set in Short, Medium and Long Term Goals 4.4.1 Short Term Goals 1. Increase the rate of local community perception and understanding about sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan. 2. Increase the rate of community participation to sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan. 3. Reduce the illegal practice to sea turtle exploitation in Regency of Bintan. 4. Increase the capability and skill of local institution in sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan.

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4.4.2 Medium Term Goals 1. Develop the sea turtle management and protection compensation with local community involvement and agreement. 2. Build the local sea turtle management and protection. 3. Develop of the centre for sea turtle education and research. 4. Declare legally the Local Zone for Sea Turtle Management and Protection. 5. Programmatically implement the monitoring and surveillance sea turtle protection areas. 6. Build and implement the concept of sustainable sea turtle based ecotourism. 7. Develop methods that have viable actions to increase sea turtle habitats and populations resilience.

4.4.3 Long Term Goals 1. The zonation management system hoped have been fully implemented in the Local. 2. Zone for sea turtle management and protection in regency of Bintan. 3. There are no degradation in sea turtle habitats, nesting sites, and feeding grounds to entire Regency of Bintan region. 4. There are no ilegal sea turtle exploitations in entire Regency of Bintan region. 5. Restore thoroughly the degraded sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan. 6. Develop and implement the sustainanble self financing for sea turtle management and protection opertional cost.

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V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

Following the highlighted some results in this research, those are:

A. Profile of sea turtles use: • The community of Regency of Bintan, especially in Tambelan Archipelago, have been consuming and trading sea turtles eggs since long time ago. • There are 32 Islands officially had given sea turtle egg contributions before revoking the legal of sea turtle egg use by Government Decree in Tambelan. • Sea turtle eggs trading is supplied out of Tambelan, primarily to Serawak, Malaysia through Singkawang route, West Kalimantan. • The community of Regency of Bintan supports the sea turtle protection efforts. B. Sea turtle biological aspects: • Sea turtle nesting locations distribute almost all of Islands in Tambelan Archipelago and some islands in Eastern part of Bintan Island. • The existing sea turtles were confirmed by being found the sign presence of sea turtles such as sea turtle tracks, egg broken shells, and alive or dead hatchlings. • There are two species of sea turtle in Regency of Bintan; those are Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). • Field observation have found 357 sea turtle nests consist of 320 of Green Turtle nests and 37 of Hawksbill nests which 11 nests found on eastern part of Bintan Island. • Tambelan Archipelago is major sea turtle nesting location in Regency of Bintan.

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• The averages of yield egg rate per a female turtle in Tambelan Archipelago for Green Turtle are 101 of eggs, and for Hawksbill are 153 of eggs. • Total estimation of eggs harvesting in Tambelan Archipelago are in range 978,313 – 1.284,035 of eggs per a year. • Estimation of visiting female sea turtles come ashore in Tambelan Archipelago are in range 9,088 – 11,928 of females per a year. • The sea turtle nest peak season in Regency of Bintan for Green Turtle is from May to July and for Hawksbill is from March to May. • The main hatchlings predator in Regency of Bintan is wild iguana (varanus sp.) C. Bio-physical aspects • The characteristic of nesting beaches, generally are not steep, white sandy, short line, and seasonally changeable in a year. • Major of the beach edge, there are coral reefs where it tips always emerge to surface when low tide. • The highest score for nesting habitats are spotted at Lintang Island, Kepala Tambelan Island, and Menggirang Besar Island. D. Recommendations to management • The recommended sea turtle full protection areas are 33.566,60 ha and the hatchery areas are 24.266 ha where both are in Tambelan Archipelago. The sea turtle based ecotourism areas are 23.785,89 ha where are located in Eastern part of Bintan Island and Village of Mapur. • The sea turtle habitats and populations show indication of depletion therefore urge to action plan for sea turtle rescue. • The short term policies are to drive the sea turtle community based management, the medium term policies are to develop the hatchery and sea turtle based ecotourism, and the long term policies are to build fully implemented Local Zone for Sea Turtle Management and Protection in regency of Bintan.

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5.2. Suggestion

Based on observation results have been done, suggests that the sea turtle research could be extended to other of Province of Kepulauan Riau regions. The whole of existing sea turtle habitats and populations condition in this province can be better understanding comprehensively.

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VI. REFERENCES

Batam Pos. 28 Januari 2009. Masyarakat Perjuangkan Izin Konservasi Penyu.

Cahyani, N. K. D., Adnyana, I. B. W., Arthana, I. W. 2007. Identifikasi Jejaring Pengelolaan Konservasi Penyu Hijau (Chelonia mydas) melalui Penentuan Komposisi Genetik dan Metal Tag di Laut Sulu, Sulawesi. Ecothophic. Vol.2, No.2.

Le Scao, R., Esteban, N. 2003. St. Eustatius Sea Turtle Monitoring Programme Annual report. STENAPA. Netherlands Antilles.

LIPI–Komisi Nasional Pengkajian Stok Sumber Daya Ikan Laut. 1998. Potensi dan Penyebaran Sumberdaya Ikan Laut di Perairan Indonesia.

Nuitja, I, N,S. 1992. Biologi dan Ekologi Pelestarian Penyu Laut. IPB Press. Bogor.

Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No. P. 57/ Menhut-II/2008. Arahan Strategis Konservasi Spesies Nasional 2008 – 2018.

Purwati. 2004. Perdagangan Telur penyu Tidak Sesuai Protokol Konservasi Penyu. www.Beritabumi.com

Sijori Mandiri, 23 Pebruari 2009. Jutaan Telur Penyu Sia-sia.

Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. 2009. Pendidikan dan Pembangunan Berbasis Maritim. UMRAH Press, Tanjung Pinang.

WWF. 2005. Indonesian Sea Turtle Conversation. Yayasan WWF Indonesia. www.profauna.org. Menteri Kehutanan mencabut peraturan perburuan telur penyu di Kepulauan Riau, press release. 2006

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Appendix‐14. List of Questionnaires of Community Perception of Regency of Bintan about Sea Turtle Management and Protection.

Tambelan Bintan Mapur No Question Answer Respondent = 15 Respondent = 5 Respondent = 3 ∑ % ∑ % ∑ % 1 Do you agree that sea turtles are A Yes, agree 4 26.67 4 80 2 66.67 in depletion and then extinct in Regency of Bintan in the future? B No, disagree 11 73.33 0 0 1 33.33 C Don’t know 0 0.00 1 20 0 0.00

2 Do you agree that sea turtle use A Yes, agree 2 13.33 2 40 2 66.67 to be forbidden? B No, disagree 12 80.00 2 40 0 0.00 C Don’t know 1 6.67 1 20 1 33.33

3 Do you know that sea turtle is A Yes, I Know 14 93.33 1 20 1 33.33 forbidden based on Nation Act? B No, I don’t know 1 6.67 3 60 0 0.00 C Doubt 0 0.00 1 20 2 66.67

4 Do you agree if sea turtle in A Yes, agree 14 93.33 5 100 3 100.00 Regency of Bintan is protected? B No, disagree 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 C Don’t know 1 6.67 0 0 0 0.00

5 (Just for The Owner of Nesting A Yes, agree 4 26.67 Beach in Tambelan) B No, disagree 0 0.00 Do you agree if his/her nesting C Don’t know 10 66.67 beach is acquitted for sea turtle protection areas?

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Appendix-15. A. Calculation of the Sea Turtles and Females Population, and Potential Eggs Total Estimation

BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ASSUMTION: 1 Average of a Green Turtle Egg Price = Rp. 1000,‐ (Based on field observations) 2 Average of a Hawksbill Turtle Egg Price = Rp. 500,‐ (Based on field observations) 3 Average of Amount of eggs of Green Turtle: Hawksbill ratio = 4.5: 1 (Based on sea turtle manager record data calculation) 4 Sea Turtle Egg Benefit Contribution Data in 2008 5 Average of sea turtle eggs selling = 5 X Contribution (Based on Interview in Tambelan) 6 Hatchlings emergence success rate = 50 % (Nuitja 1992) 7 Average of a Green Turtle Eggs = 101 eggs (Based on sea turtle manager record data calculation) 8 Average of a Hawksbill Turtle Egg = 153 eggs (Based on sea turtle manager record data calculation) 9 Amount of islands which give a contribution = 32 Islands (Data Kecamatan Tambelan 2008) 10 Amount of islands in Tambelan = 42 (Data Kecamatan Tambelan 2009)

By assumption above, to calculate unknown sea turtle eggs, mathematically written:

Sea turtle Eggs Selling = Contribution x 5 = (1000 X Green turtle eggs + 500 x Hawksbill eggs) where Green turtle eggs: Hawksbill eggs = 4.5 : 1 = 9 : 2

The statements above are two equations with two unknown variables so the unknown Green Turtle and Hawksbill eggs are soluble that the results are:

Green turtle eggs = Eggs Selling / (1000 + (1000/ 9))

Hawksbill eggs = Eggs Selling / (1000/5000)

Potential sea turtle populations = sea turtle eggs x 50%

Potential sea turtle female populations = sea turtle eggs / Average of Amount of eggs a sea turtle

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Estimation to entire of Tambelan Archipelago are calculated to the average results of a recorded island times total islands in Tambelan Archipelago.

Example (the number are rounded):

1 Sea turtle eggs Selling in Wie Island = 5 x Rp. 18,600,000 = Rp. 93,000,000 2 Green Turtle eggs in Wie Island = 93,000,000 / (1000 + (1000/ 9)) = 83,700 eggs 3 Hawksbill eggs in Wie Island = 93,000,000 / (1000/5000) = 18,600 eggs 4 Total eggs in Wie Island = 102,300 butir 5 Potential sea turtle populations in Wie island = 102,300 x 50% = 51,150 ekor 6 Potential Green Turtle populations in Wie Island = 83,700 / 101 = 829 ekor 7 Potential Hawksbill populations in Wie island = 18,600 / 153 = 122 ekor

The same calculation is applied to all of islands in which give contribution so that the averages result of an island is known. The whole of results can be seen in the next appendix.

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B. Estimation to Eggs, Potential Populations and Potential Sea Turtle Females in Tambelan (Based on sea turtle benefit contribution data in 2008) ∑Hawksbill Total ∑Sea Potential ∑ Green ∑Hawksbill total ∑ Sea Contribution Eggs Selling Location ∑ Green Eggs Eggs Turtle Eggs Population Females Females Turtle Females (Rp) (Rp) (turtles) (turtles) (turtles) (turtles)

Wie 18,600,000.00 93,000,000.00 83,700 18,600 102,300 51,150 829 122 950 Menggirang Besar 17,525,000.00 87,625,000.00 78,863 17,525 96,388 48,194 781 115 895

Genting 16,700,000.00 83,500,000.00 75,150 16,700 91,850 45,925 744 109 853

Mendara 16,050,000.00 80,250,000.00 72,225 16,050 88,275 44,138 715 105 820

Pengikik 12,000,000.00 60,000,000.00 54,000 12,000 66,000 33,000 535 78 613

Mentebung 12,000,000.00 60,000,000.00 54,000 12,000 66,000 33,000 535 78 613

Pejantan 10,000,000.00 50,000,000.00 45,000 10,000 55,000 27,500 446 65 511

Pinang 7,500,000.00 37,500,000.00 33,750 7,500 41,250 20,625 334 49 383

Nangka 7,500,000.00 37,500,000.00 33,750 7,500 41,250 20,625 334 49 383 Kepala Tambelan 7,000,000.00 35,000,000.00 31,500 7,000 38,500 19,250 312 46 358

Jengkulan 6,750,000.00 33,750,000.00 30,375 6,750 37,125 18,563 301 44 345

Lintang 5,300,000.00 26,500,000.00 23,850 5,300 29,150 14,575 236 35 271

Tambelan 4,450,000.00 22,250,000.00 20,025 4,450 24,475 12,238 198 29 227 Menggirang Kecil 3,800,000.00 19,000,000.00 17,100 3,800 20,900 10,450 169 25 194 To be continued in the next page.

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Tamban 3,050,000.00 15,250,000.00 13,725 3,050 16,775 8,388 136 20 156 Tukong Kemudi 3,000,000.00 15,000,000.00 13,500 3,000 16,500 8,250 134 20 153

Lesuh 2,750,000.00 13,750,000.00 12,375 2,750 15,125 7,563 123 18 140

Sedua Kecil 2,550,000.00 12,750,000.00 11,475 2,550 14,025 7,013 114 17 130

Nibung 2,500,000.00 12,500,000.00 11,250 2,500 13,750 6,875 111 16 128

Ibul 2,500,000.00 12,500,000.00 11,250 2,500 13,750 6,875 111 16 128

Sedua Besar 2,100,000.00 10,500,000.00 9,450 2,100 11,550 5,775 94 14 107 Sendulang Kecil 2,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 9,000 2,000 11,000 5,500 89 13 102

Menderiki 2,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 9,000 2,000 11,000 5,500 89 13 102

Kepayang 2,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 9,000 2,000 11,000 5,500 89 13 102 Sendulang Besar 1,850,000.00 9,250,000.00 8,325 1,850 10,175 5,088 82 12 95

Betung 1,600,000.00 8,000,000.00 7,200 1,600 8,800 4,400 71 10 82

Panjang 1,550,000.00 7,750,000.00 6,975 1,550 8,525 4,263 69 10 79

Jelak 1,200,000.00 6,000,000.00 5,400 1,200 6,600 3,300 53 8 61

Benua 1,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 4,500 1,000 5,500 2,750 45 7 51

Bungin 500,000.00 2,500,000.00 2,250 500 2,750 1,375 22 3 26 To be continued in the next page.

76

Benua (Batu Begiling) 400,000.00 2,000,000.00 1,800 400 2,200 1,100 18 3 20

Serentang 150,000.00 750,000.00 675 150 825 413 7 1 8

Total 177,875,000.00 889,375,000.00 800,438 177,875 978,313 489,156 7,925 1,163 9,088

Average 25,014 5,559 30,572 15,286 248 36 284 Grand Total 1,050,574 233,461 1,284,035 642,018 10,402 1,526 11,928

77

Appendix‐17. Data of Amount of Sea Turtle Females Visiting and Egg Harvestings in Tambelan (Based on Data of The Owner Daily Record) Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Eggs Females Genting 2007 1 9 2 315 12 1 91 5 652 15 2 308 18 1 98 4 552 24 1 125 8 1051 27 1 95 30 1 115 2 4 2 365 8 2 136 8 1100 10 1 193 12 3 445 14 2 305 18 1 129 2 325 20 2 385 23 1 122 25 1 155 28 4 615 3 5 4 640 7 2 327 10 10 1317 13 3 450 17 2 305 19 1 165 21 1 125 23 8 1040 25 9 1258 27 9 1200 29 3 440 31 2 268 To be continued

81

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Genting 2007 4 2 1 81 2 286 4 2 218 6 5 710 8 3 420 11 1 111 7 1020 14 1 105 2 310 16 2 219 1 150 18 1 133 20 1 75 22 1 103 2 312 24 2 250 3 473 26 2 250 28 1 145 30 1 173 5 3 1 170 6 25 3215 4 550 9 1 112 1 93 12 1 175 15 1 124 1 149 18 1 125 21 3 367 24 4 412 27 2 140 6 2 3 320 6 2 207 2 360 7 1 103 1 127 10 1 93 1 119 14 3 300 17 1 82 2 290 22 4 450 1 115 25 1 125 7 4 2 230 1 140 7 1 240 9 1 95 1 143 13 3 375 15 1 110 3 425 18 1 65 1 124 22 3 340 1 180 24 1 65 26 2 205 28 1 105 To be continued

82

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Genting 2007 8 1 3 310 1 130 3 2 237 4 600 5 2 133 2 270 7 2 210 10 2 174 1 115 13 1 255 15 2 215 17 1 65 19 1 70 21 1 106 23 2 170 25 1 111 27 2 131 2 275 31 2 202 9 3 1 107 1 160 5 2 140 8 2 173 12 1 86 14 1 152 17 1 120 23 1 83 26 2 143 29 2 175 1 100 10 5 1 84 8 1 105 1 175 10 1 101 15 1 98 17 2 190 19 1 63 23 1 108 26 1 165 29 1 125 1 150 11 6 1 138 14 1 117 1 160 18 1 150 26 1 160 12 4 2 320 12 1 190 18 2 310 24 1 167 27 1 235 Total 2007 128 13633 186 26817

83

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Genting 2008 1 1 1 155 5 1 135 18 2 335 21 6 785 27 2 303 29 1 173 2 2 1 162 6 3 437 9 2 310 12 2 265 14 1 241 19 3 505 22 2 311 25 2 320 27 1 162 31 2 300 3 2 1 190 5 1 225 7 5 702 10 4 586 12 2 272 16 1 150 20 1 220 25 3 515 28 6 810 30 2 275 4 5 3 401 7 1 135 9 3 475 11 2 305 14 7 925 17 4 575 20 1 210 23 2 350 26 3 392 28 10 1335 30 1 80 To be continued

84

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Genting 2008 5 3 2 259 7 3 392 11 3 283 5 680 13 8 1125 16 3 474 17 1 60 2 280 18 1 114 1 177 21 1 114 26 2 229 28 1 113 30 2 137 1 125 38 1 137 6 2 2 155 7 2 240 3 450 8 2 160 10 2 190 1 220 13 3 285 2 373 15 1 120 2 280 18 1 159 21 2 180 1 169 23 4 595 26 3 405 7 2 1 102 5 2 225 3 400 7 1 87 1 207 10 1 64 12 1 120 15 1 121 1 200 18 2 178 1 156 22 1 95 1 125 24 1 67 30 1 112 8 1 2 260 2 300 4 2 134 7 1 103 1 140 14 1 150 17 2 229 1 279 20 2 196 22 2 200 24 1 98 27 1 20 30 1 84 1 150

85

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Genting 2008 9 2 1 90 6 1 101 1 109 8 2 205 10 1 107 1 160 16 1 107 19 2 300 23 1 85 25 2 160 28 1 93 1 136 10 2 1 106 2 267 7 1 82 9 1 102 12 1 140 18 1 140 21 1 135 11 1 1 164 3 1 82 8 1 155 15 1 65 28 1 105 12 3 2 321 9 1 145 12 4 542 18 2 290 21 4 563 27 1 86 1 155 30 1 88 3 415 Total 2008 68 6393 181 26717 2009 1 3 1 105 2 315 7 1 250 18 3 450 22 4 615 25 2 352 29 1 150 2 1 2 350 5 6 820 18 1 118 21 7 930 24 4 528 To be continued

86

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Genting 2009 3 3 3 447 15 5 697 21 1 145 23 1 125 25 4 528 27 1 102 30 7 970 4 7 1 127 2 260 15 1 110 18 2 175 1 150 24 1 250 5 1 1 143 4 1 125 7 1 104 12 1 95 14 1 100 17 1 72 1 215 18 1 100 28 2 215 2 265 6 2 1 70 1 124 4 1 117 8 1 104 12 1 237 15 2 200 18 2 130 24 1 112 27 3 339 1 179 7 2 1 122 5 1 92 8 1 104 11 1 218 14 2 190 1 140 20 1 105 1 130 24 3 355 1 170 8 8 1 255 12 1 103 1 150 Total 2009 32 3261 74 10988

87

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 1999 3 5 2 202 5 773 6 3 702 7 1 151 24 3458 8 3 214 9 1460 9 3 271 8 1249 10 5 792 11 1 150 12 3 448 14 1 173 16 3 409 17 1 95 1 162 18 2 262 19 1 100 3 403 20 1 100 6 863 21 2 329 22 4 583 23 4 532 24 1 213 25 2 317 26 1 232 27 3 413 4 1 3 508 11 3 279 5 747 12 1 110 6 875 13 5 832 14 4 622 15 1 232 16 2 283 17 7 1060 18 5 521 4 648 19 2 198 1 188 20 1 127 5 707 21 1 91 1 150 22 2 212 19 2672 23 2 152 1 180 24 14 1843 25 1 113 3 435 26 1 127 5 896 27 1 78 3 421 28 1 113 8 1210 29 1 77 2 275 30 2 136 6 902 To be continued

88

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs P. Wie 1999 5 1 4 402 5 860 2 5 512 11 1602 3 3 284 11 1845 4 1 125 8 1395 5 3 289 6 934 6 2 83 18 2511 7 3 294 5 764 8 4 407 5 693 9 2 190 5 683 10 2 195 9 1433 24 1 228 30 1 101 Total 1999 66 6349 280 42557 2000 4 1 2 243 2 6 672 3 3 166 4 2 201 5 1 108 6 3 332 7 8 815 8 2 215 9 9 897 10 6 650 11 6 632 12 5 553 13 5 473 14 3 439 15 2 216 16 1 89 18 5 524 19 6 644 20 7 760 21 7 734 22 6 650 23 8 894 24 7 676 25 3 311 26 6 690 27 3 315 28 1 106 29 5 410 30 1 102 To be continued

89

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2000 5 1 9 995 2 8 850 3 6 614 4 8 912 5 3 336 6 4 421 7 5 425 8 7 789 9 14 1562 10 1 109 11 9 855 12 4 446 13 7 725 14 6 685 15 4 492 16 5 505 17 6 428 18 5 619 19 5 479 20 13 1450 21 2 216 22 12 1251 23 3 302 24 8 926 25 4 370 26 4 379 27 9 909 28 1 115 29 12 1297 30 8 818 6 1 5 569 2 8 847 3 10 1036 4 8 765 5 6 652 6 3 300 7 4 325 8 7 747 9 10 1185 10 11 1153 11 4 423 12 6 637 13 3 353 14 10 1036 15 6 616 16 3 342

90

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2000 17 7 701 18 6 731 19 8 931 20 9 1100 21 9 961 22 5 553 23 7 783 24 9 890 25 3 351 26 4 429 27 5 584 28 4 491 29 4 361 7 1 8 928 2 6 588 3 7 872 4 2 203 5 4 405 6 6 615 7 3 303 8 7 797 9 3 283 10 4 450 11 2 193 12 1 95 13 3 285 14 3 276 15 3 297 16 3 343 17 3 309 18 5 568 19 1 101 20 4 363 21 5 425 22 5 77 23 1 127 24 1 233 25 2 188 27 2 370 28 4 237 29 3 595 30 6 361 To be continued

91

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Females Eggs Wie 2000 8 1 1 84 2 2 265 3 4 376 5 2 208 6 1 96 7 4 391 8 6 654 9 2 215 10 2 182 11 2 182 12 1 94 13 4 446 14 2 230 16 2 228 18 3 282 19 1 105 20 5 598 23 1 90 24 2 269 25 4 392 26 2 206 27 1 98 28 5 502 29 1 120 30 1 230 31 2 161 9 1 2 228 2 1 161 3 2 269 4 1 86 5 1 58 6 1 95 7 3 260 8 1 87 9 1 96 10 1 55 11 3 311 12 1 124 13 1 115 15 2 192 17 2 209 18 1 101 20 1 62 21 1 109 22 1 90

92

Island Year Month Date ∑ Gr. Fmales ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawks Fmles ∑ Hawks Eggs Wie 2000 24 2 190 25 2 229 27 2 202 28 1 97 10 2 1 98 4 1 73 5 2 182 8 3 733 9 1 111 13 1 73 15 2 187 17 1 102 18 2 185 25 1 94 27 1 81 28 1 99 29 1 120 11 3 1 93 4 1 70 6 1 90 13 1 96 16 1 103 18 1 113 23 1 94 25 2 175 26 1 116 27 1 125 29 1 123 30 1 82 12 4 1 98 5 1 111 6 1 100 8 1 110 9 1 105 10 1 102 16 1 90 17 1 81 18 1 86 19 1 136 21 1 73 22 2 185 27 1 117 28 1 69 29 1 101 30 2 215 Total 2000 736 76079 22 3784

93

Island Year Month Date ∑ Gr. Fmales ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawks Fmles ∑ Hawks Eggs Wie 2001 1 1 1 84 3 3 300 7 1 137 8 1 105 10 2 188 11 1 147 13 2 194 14 1 113 15 1 99 16 1 121 17 1 77 18 1 87 19 2 135 20 1 112 21 1 106 22 1 75 23 2 205 24 1 135 25 1 125 26 1 132 27 1 143 28 1 135 31 2 245 2 1 1 84 2 2 210 3 2 171 4 1 99 5 1 139 6 1 112 7 1 121 8 2 164 9 1 107 11 1 110 12 2 227 13 3 312 14 5 603 15 1 97 16 1 98 18 1 139 19 2 177 20 1 101 21 2 113 22 1 98 23 2 241 24 2 240 25 2 217

94

Island Year Month Date ∑ Gr. Fmales ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawks Fmles ∑ Hawks Eggs Wie 2001 26 2 225 27 1 77 3 1 1 124 2 1 121 3 2 170 4 2 278 5 2 107 6 2 240 7 1 85 8 4 413 9 1 105 12 3 315 14 3 301 15 2 225 16 2 213 17 1 95 18 6 525 19 1 97 20 2 163 21 2 186 22 2 243 23 3 341 24 2 191 25 2 215 26 2 205 27 5 596 29 5 510 30 4 420 4 1 5 506 2 9 1210 3 1 92 4 2 246 5 5 554 6 5 542 7 4 465 8 4 454 9 5 561 10 6 658 11 5 556 12 1 61 13 4 462 14 6 618 15 3 380 16 7 825 17 7 786 18 8 930

95

Island Year Month Date ∑ Gr. Fmales ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawks Fmles ∑ Hawks Eggs Wie 2001 19 5 573 20 11 1357 21 5 535 22 5 495 23 3 371 24 5 522 25 6 729 26 6 677 27 6 657 28 3 313 29 12 1242 30 11 1077 5 1 10 1108 2 4 396 3 2 200 4 5 515 5 6 692 6 9 989 7 8 815 8 9 905 9 12 1306 10 18 1850 11 11 1200 12 6 670 13 3 273 14 10 1096 15 7 628 16 11 1165 17 11 1178 18 6 571 19 10 1265 20 6 750 21 13 1412 22 4 456 23 9 990 24 9 927 25 6 532 26 6 533 27 12 1312 28 15 1562 29 8 864 30 14 1536 31 10 1036 To be continued

96

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2001 6 1 11 1204 2 3 362 3 11 1112 4 5 447 5 10 928 6 8 780 7 15 1660 8 15 1555 9 15 1616 10 11 1086 11 4 462 12 11 1125 13 5 641 14 7 780 15 6 565 16 18 1935 17 10 1008 18 7 740 19 9 933 20 10 935 21 15 1560 22 10 1115 23 6 590 24 8 750 25 7 650 26 10 1000 27 13 1210 28 11 1330 29 11 1103 30 11 1150 7 1 2 220 2 10 1085 3 3 350 4 5 490 5 14 1500 6 9 1000 7 2 225 8 10 1050 9 4 400 10 11 1150 11 7 700 12 12 1230 13 15 506 14 13 1410 15 8 815

97

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2001 16 8 911 17 5 603 18 4 389 19 12 1130 20 10 1080 21 8 760 22 5 515 23 5 560 24 14 1367 25 4 450 26 9 915 27 9 995 28 9 810 29 5 518 30 11 1050 31 4 500 8 1 3 302 2 4 410 3 6 660 4 8 840 5 5 540 6 8 800 7 12 1129 8 7 657 9 9 750 10 4 460 11 4 350 12 5 490 13 2 205 14 6 660 15 3 265 16 2 186 17 10 636 18 6 962 19 6 684 20 5 554 21 2 449 22 3 290 23 2 190 24 3 327 25 3 273 26 2 174 28 2 171 29 8 813 30 5 579 31 5 425

98

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2001 9 1 5 456 2 3 395 3 1 85 4 3 344 5 3 280 6 2 175 7 2 218 8 6 500 9 3 342 10 4 394 11 2 158 12 1 96 13 2 223 15 1 86 16 4 355 17 4 347 18 4 392 19 5 432 20 2 177 21 1 77 23 2 253 24 2 209 26 2 171 27 1 50 28 3 256 29 2 229 30 4 349 10 1 2 195 2 1 85 3 1 105 4 1 81 5 1 88 6 2 186 7 4 351 8 1 100 9 3 272 10 3 313 11 1 107 13 1 120 14 1 74 15 1 100 17 3 279 18 1 71 19 3 304 20 4 310 21 2 200

99

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2001 22 1 117 23 1 112 25 1 80 27 1 75 28 1 92 29 1 95 30 2 199 31 3 312 11 1 1 88 3 1 91 4 2 161 6 2 159 7 2 135 8 1 105 9 2 189 10 5 525 11 2 205 13 1 107 14 1 79 15 1 83 17 2 170 19 1 105 20 2 198 21 3 275 22 4 358 23 1 95 24 1 118 25 1 106 26 1 95 29 2 225 30 2 176 31 1 90 12 1 1 100 2 1 90 3 2 210 5 1 90 7 2 131 9 2 184 10 2 200 12 2 208 13 2 174 14 2 200 15 1 100 16 1 90 17 2 128 19 1 110

100

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2001 21 1 90 22 1 120 25 2 174 26 2 210 28 2 205 30 1 124 Total 2001 1429 146308 24 3439 2002 1 1 1 105 3 3 303 5 2 137 6 2 142 7 2 200 10 1 190 11 2 97 12 1 172 13 1 87 15 1 95 16 1 119 17 1 79 18 2 95 19 2 200 20 1 125 21 2 106 22 1 187 23 1 101 24 1 92 25 1 87 26 2 114 27 2 205 30 2 199 31 2 178 2 1 2 201 2 1 84 3 1 108 4 1 90 5 2 200 7 2 179 8 2 147 9 2 179 10 2 186 11 2 185 12 2 213 13 2 216 14 2 141 16 1 98

101

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2002 17 1 139 18 1 140 19 2 213 20 3 301 21 1 112 22 2 162 23 2 174 24 2 192 26 3 236 27 2 242 28 1 77 29 9 190 30 2 206 3 1 1 108 2 2 126 3 2 207 4 1 117 5 3 278 6 3 317 7 2 168 8 1 85 9 1 99 10 2 249 11 3 270 12 3 301 13 2 200 14 1 105 15 1 90 18 4 378 19 2 209 20 1 111 21 2 217 22 2 190 23 2 200 24 4 409 25 2 211 26 2 191 27 6 596 28 3 310 29 4 420 31 4 397 To be continued

102

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2002 4 1 2 248 2 6 672 3 3 166 4 2 201 5 1 108 6 3 332 7 8 815 8 2 215 9 9 897 10 6 650 11 6 632 12 5 553 13 5 475 14 3 439 15 2 216 16 1 89 18 5 524 19 6 644 20 7 760 21 7 734 22 6 650 23 8 894 24 7 676 25 3 311 26 6 690 27 3 315 28 1 106 29 5 410 30 1 102 5 1 9 995 2 8 850 3 6 614 4 8 912 5 3 336 6 4 421 7 5 425 8 7 789 9 14 1562 10 1 109 11 9 865 12 4 446 13 7 725 14 6 685 15 4 492 16 5 505

103

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2002 17 4 428 18 6 619 19 5 479 20 13 1472 21 9 909 22 12 1250 23 2 216 24 5 551 25 13 3022 26 8 926 27 4 370 28 4 379 29 12 1297 30 8 818 6 1 5 569 2 8 847 3 10 1036 4 8 765 5 6 652 6 9 300 7 4 325 8 7 747 9 10 1185 10 11 1153 11 4 423 12 6 637 13 3 353 14 10 1036 15 6 616 16 3 342 17 7 701 18 6 731 19 8 931 20 9 1100 21 9 961 22 5 553 23 7 785 24 9 890 25 3 351 26 4 429 27 5 584 28 4 491 29 4 361 30 2 204 To be continued

104

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs P. Wie 2002 7 1 5 560 2 8 850 3 9 1036 4 7 764 5 5 651 6 3 301 7 3 324 8 7 746 9 11 1184 10 11 1152 11 4 422 12 6 636 13 3 352 14 10 1035 15 6 615 16 3 341 17 7 701 18 7 731 19 9 930 20 11 1102 21 9 960 22 5 552 23 8 782 24 8 890 25 3 350 26 4 429 27 6 585 28 5 492 29 4 361 30 2 201 31 13 1357 8 1 8 810 2 1 45 3 8 832 4 5 515 5 9 963 6 5 502 7 8 877 8 5 517 9 3 296 10 10 1056 11 2 286 12 13 1273 13 3 290 14 3 276 15 4 470

105

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2002 16 10 1018 17 7 750 18 6 646 19 7 776 20 4 433 21 6 632 22 5 450 23 3 266 24 9 960 25 5 456 26 7 759 28 8 828 29 3 351 30 3 280 31 5 505 9 1 4 365 2 4 415 3 8 812 4 4 470 5 3 289 6 5 554 7 3 342 8 6 661 9 6 660 10 3 348 11 2 208 12 4 402 13 8 547 14 5 835 15 4 394 16 4 435 17 2 220 18 7 700 20 2 240 21 2 179 22 3 280 23 4 461 24 7 705 25 4 420 26 7 710 27 2 255 28 4 430 29 2 230 30 2 170

106

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2002 10 1 3 278 2 2 192 3 3 347 4 1 90 5 2 198 6 2 200 7 5 456 8 1 88 9 1 67 10 7 688 11 3 242 13 4 389 14 3 289 15 3 273 16 2 188 17 3 300 18 6 608 19 4 411 20 3 315 21 3 280 22 8 796 25 5 492 26 2 180 27 3 277 28 2 159 29 3 300 30 3 281 31 2 212 11 1 1 81 2 1 119 3 2 210 4 5 490 6 2 148 7 2 179 8 1 105 9 2 189 10 1 112 11 5 517 14 2 219 15 2 213 16 1 90 17 2 170 18 1 129 19 3 273 20 2 181 21 3 312

107

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Wie 2002 22 2 219 23 1 81 24 3 271 25 2 174 26 3 281 28 2 225 29 3 301 30 2 168 12 1 2 201 2 1 93 4 1 114 5 2 201 7 1 97 8 2 169 9 1 83 10 2 209 12 2 114 13 2 213 14 1 80 15 1 101 18 1 100 19 2 209 20 1 91 21 1 100 24 3 297 25 2 139 26 3 249 27 1 80 28 2 190 29 2 169 Total 2002 1342 136944 21 4289

108

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs MENGGIRANG 2003 1 15 1 62 BESAR 2 22 1 140 3 17 2 250 31 1 123 4 5 2 230 10 1 137 15 1 140 20 1 190 30 1 93 1 126 5 5 1 119 11 2 219 15 1 90 19 1 115 23 3 266 27 1 118 6 4 6 651 8 4 402 12 3 369 15 3 259 19 5 569 23 3 356 29 4 411 7 1 14 1664 3 14 1522 5 7 676 7 10 1161 1 126 9 12 1319 10 7 696 12 8 683 14 17 1971 16 9 1038 18 13 1519 20 11 1126 22 9 1048 24 2 180 26 7 791 28 13 1428 31 18 2026 9 2 2 139 4 1 100 6 6 565

109

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2003 8 5 573 10 6 670 12 1 108 16 6 620 18 4 434 20 5 537 22 7 741 24 4 350 26 2 185 2 231 28 1 128 30 8 748 11 5 4 446 10 3 299 15 4 376 21 1 122 24 3 256 12 3 7 647 7 3 302 1 185 12 3 294 17 5 473 22 3 290 27 3 324 31 3 305 Total 2003 311 33102 13 1755 2004 1 6 5 464 11 3 303 16 6 680 21 2 242 26 1 82 31 3 325 1 109 2 2 1 107 7 3 289 12 3 271 17 2 137 18 2 136 22 5 467 28 3 267 3 4 3 303 9 3 291 14 7 844 1 130 18 5 561 1 135 22 8 751

110

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2004 26 3 331 4 400 30 8 820 1 128 31 3 290 1 87 4 2 8 637 3 306 5 8 820 6 1 109 9 4 388 12 8 808 1 177 14 1 95 15 12 1252 18 6 717 21 5 489 24 9 970 27 14 1567 30 10 1060 5 2 9 880 4 10 1099 1 114 6 12 1356 8 19 2080 9 5 462 11 8 780 13 10 1016 1 127 15 12 1232 17 10 1144 19 11 1166 21 13 1289 23 16 1716 25 12 1236 27 14 1580 29 10 1137 31 15 1665 6 2 24 2511 4 14 1529 1 150 6 4 407 8 12 1197 9 2 211 11 12 1195 13 7 809 14 1 96 16 7 708 18 11 1232 20 10 1108 2 150

111

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2004 22 10 1021 24 8 937 26 11 1169 28 8 864 30 5 448 7 2 9 978 4 13 1303 5 10 1024 7 9 1020 9 12 1278 11 9 953 13 3 317 15 12 1287 17 9 1211 19 12 1387 21 5 530 23 4 406 25 8 952 27 4 410 29 6 629 31 8 833 8 2 5 537 4 11 1207 6 7 781 1 112 8 4 386 10 10 1070 12 5 538 14 9 842 16 11 1346 18 7 775 20 2 240 22 4 435 24 4 448 26 5 562 28 8 813 31 7 755 9 2 3 290 4 2 209 6 4 454 8 3 346 10 4 394 12 3 283

112

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2004 14 3 256 16 4 455 18 5 537 20 2 174 22 3 241 24 2 161 26 6 620 28 2 158 30 3 304 10 2 2 245 4 1 72 6 4 414 9 2 212 10 1 77 13 5 454 16 1 347 19 3 299 22 1 125 25 6 559 28 1 73 31 1 68 11 3 6 851 6 6 608 9 5 575 13 5 482 21 4 440 25 4 369 30 4 437 Total 2004 840 88995 19 2125 2005 2 1 3 318 3 380 6 6 478 4 658 10 7 509 4 441 15 5 453 20 8 903 12 1666 25 4 358 4 481 28 3 294 3 425 3 5 6 483 10 1483 9 1 90 3 508 15 5 485 3 416 19 2 195 5 690 23 6 592 1 100 27 9 735

113

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2005 29 2 132 31 6 564 4 10 15 1508 3 514 13 4 365 16 4 365 2 414 19 11 1345 1 177 22 9 867 2 295 25 11 1099 28 17 1637 1 135 30 24 2706 3 409 5 2 18 1591 3 480 3 20 1948 2 308 4 12 1346 6 40 4199 2 260 8 23 2392 9 27 2802 10 19 1916 2 302 12 48 4533 3 492 14 16 1673 15 14 1374 5 528 16 18 1879 1 150 18 48 5366 5 620 20 7 543 21 34 3381 1 132 22 9 808 24 45 4925 1 155 26 23 2643 27 26 3104 1 113 28 11 1228 29 21 2515 1 122 30 18 1837 31 23 2390 6 2 25 2427 4 435 4 23 2482 1 110 5 4 476 6 24 2625 1 130 8 21 2180 10 19 1754 1 151 12 21 2236 14 21 2376 16 17 2019 1 150 17 5 567

114

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2005 18 17 1928 20 6 422 22 11 1171 24 19 2253 26 22 2643 28 11 1228 30 18 2038 7 2 8 818 4 24 3046 6 47 5454 8 15 1666 10 23 2544 1 152 12 24 2648 14 24 2808 16 29 3252 18 10 1062 20 28 2988 22 26 2780 24 28 2900 26 31 3640 28 30 3646 31 19 2050 8 2 53 6450 4 29 3378 6 40 4516 8 20 2320 10 14 1396 12 18 2114 14 22 2422 16 15 1770 18 31 3474 20 12 1337 22 21 2556 24 26 3148 26 22 2222 28 13 1308 31 27 3210 9 2 29 3250 4 12 1232 6 19 2233 8 15 1702 10 10 1025

115

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2005 12 12 1326 14 17 1847 16 11 1196 18 19 2124 20 11 1175 22 12 1292 24 16 1643 26 12 1150 28 15 1325 30 19 2114 10 3 16 1804 6 15 1722 4 406 9 15 1525 12 24 2601 15 15 1544 18 12 1165 21 23 2411 24 12 1189 27 15 1440 30 9 937 31 3 300 11 10 12 1164 11 4 284 14 17 1722 1 100 21 6 644 24 7 764 12 18 3 331 23 4 432 28 5 509 Total 2005 2147 231744 105 14488 2006 1 2 2 180 5 1 122 7 8 712 9 3 323 1 133 12 2 150 14 4 394 17 2 136 19 4 390 2 240 21 1 125 25 9 877 2 302 2 2 1 118 3 2 227

116

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2006 6 2 208 10 1 66 11 1 105 1 130 13 1 120 16 2 173 20 2 214 21 3 338 24 1 135 28 2 174 11 1329 3 1 3 293 2 3 366 4 5 468 7 1 105 8 1 94 9 4 380 11 1360 12 1 85 14 3 318 6 872 19 15 1554 5 791 23 2 242 24 2 142 27 6 622 7 854 28 1 74 1 120 31 5 611 6 672 4 1 3 364 2 1 190 1 190 5 4 410 6 6 628 8 3 259 9 4 447 1 195 10 11 1104 7 907 12 5 522 14 4 358 7 856 15 3 265 16 1 114 18 17 1938 1 176 21 4 330 22 8 900 24 1 126 25 9 760 2 332 26 3 334 28 2 235 30 18 2023 2 220

117

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2006 5 1 2 211 2 9 1009 3 4 492 5 7 684 6 14 1301 7 2 213 10 21 2284 2 300 13 5 608 14 16 1766 4 502 15 6 691 17 4 496 18 29 3402 1 108 19 4 440 21 29 3170 22 8 952 24 14 1440 1 162 27 22 2290 1 155 30 29 2960 1 103 6 2 36 3994 1 172 5 28 3108 1 153 8 25 2810 1 131 11 28 3194 2 293 14 26 2874 3 300 17 24 2500 20 35 3914 23 23 2618 26 30 3356 2 227 27 12 1258 30 29 3292 7 1 3 311 3 39 4444 6 30 3262 9 38 4218 12 48 5260 2 279 15 37 3941 18 46 5069 1 140 21 27 2926 24 54 5844 27 22 2340 29 18 1920 31 8 775 8 2 15 1589

118

Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2006 4 24 2636 6 10 976 8 30 3374 10 31 3260 12 30 3572 14 27 2909 16 28 3041 18 19 2111 20 30 3350 22 36 4064 24 28 2956 26 35 3775 1 195 28 22 2496 30 18 1969 9 1 26 2609 1 139 3 15 1700 5 25 2660 6 1 80 7 37 4014 9 29 2758 10 1 120 11 31 3522 12 1 84 13 19 1839 15 12 1161 17 27 2886 19 29 3084 21 37 4051 22 2 141 23 36 3923 25 4 356 27 21 2168 28 1 113 30 21 2130 10 1 4 479 2 19 2031 3 7 746 4 28 3122 6 12 944 7 9 1036 8 14 1340 9 5 539

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Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2006 10 20 2006 12 1 61 13 18 1793 15 2 196 16 23 2604 19 32 3405 22 3 301 23 22 2269 24 6 717 26 2 183 27 1 69 28 16 1784 31 13 1187 11 3 5 571 6 8 807 9 7 685 10 3 303 12 7 644 15 4 399 17 1 101 19 6 518 21 1 81 23 8 726 25 6 676 29 2 202 30 3 270 12 2 1 122 3 1 70 6 2 141 10 2 177 16 3 360 20 2 189 25 1 96 Jumlah 2006 2190 234770 101 13280 Menggirang Besar 2007 1 14 3 232 1 135 2 5 2 236 8 3 295 10 2 175 1 175 14 2 185 15 2 149 1 149 17 2 242 20 3 315

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Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2007 23 4 321 2 170 26 4 386 28 3 249 31 2 165 3 1 1 110 5 10 841 8 10 953 10 4 334 14 7 800 2 295 17 2 135 19 2 137 20 8 864 1 185 22 2 201 24 2 150 25 1 87 26 24 2482 5 718 27 1 122 30 1 103 31 11 1048 2 224 4 5 10 1042 1 134 10 15 1609 4 361 14 12 1195 2 191 19 11 884 2 274 24 26 2725 5 717 30 11 1194 1 123 31 1 116 5 5 23 2507 1 151 10 26 2685 1 140 14 18 1685 18 17 1858 22 29 2834 2 277 23 2 216 24 2 172 25 16 1409 1 135 28 18 1931 2 210 31 15 1638 6 3 31 3284 6 40 4342 9 30 3035 12 18 1774 1 91 15 35 3804 18 24 2331 1 168

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Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs 21 39 4069 2 200 24 31 3268 27 46 5010 30 26 2653 7 3 48 5172 1 182 5 19 2218 6 22 2350 9 89 10744 10 10 1035 12 20 2280 14 16 1584 15 39 4015 1 152 17 24 2717 1 114 18 11 1126 19 31 3282 20 3 377 21 16 1518 22 6 685 23 23 2426 24 8 964 25 8 862 27 16 1538 28 9 970 29 36 3902 1 130 30 10 1114 31 35 3796 2 300 8 2 17 1702 4 10 1116 6 14 1460 8 16 1524 10 25 2706 1 120 12 22 2256 15 21 2206 17 21 1923 19 24 2300 21 18 1945 23 14 1562 25 23 2561 1 111 27 15 1600 29 18 1858 31 19 1864 9 2 14 1262 2 174

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Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2007 4 6 774 6 10 1084 8 15 1816 10 15 1465 2 159 12 21 1928 2 150 15 14 1447 1 127 18 10 982 21 4 380 24 13 1487 27 12 1330 30 13 1317 10 4 14 1480 8 16 1794 15 6 630 28 2 228 30 6 572 11 3 8 750 6 7 804 9 2 250 13 2 184 17 2 208 21 4 278 30 4 276 Total 2007 1685 176449 57 7064 2009 6 2 4 412 4 3 309 6 2 206 9 2 206 11 3 309 14 3 309 15 2 206 16 3 309 17 3 309 18 4 412 19 3 309 20 1 103 21 2 206 22 3 309 23 0 0 24 4 412 25 3 309 26 1 103

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Island Year Month Date ∑ Green ∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Females Eggs Females Eggs Menggirang Besar 2009 27 2 206 28 3 309 29 5 515 30 1 103 7 1 4 412 2 0 0 3 1 103 4 2 206 5 2 206 6 1 103 7 5 515 8 4 412 9 3 309 10 4 412 11 2 206 12 1 103 13 3 309 14 4 412 15 4 412 16 3 309 17 2 206 18 4 412 19 3 309 20 4 412 21 7 721 22 3 309 23 4 412 24 2 206 25 2 206 26 4 412 27 3 309 28 2 206 29 3 309 30 0 0 31 2 206 Total 2009 145 14935

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Appendix‐18. A. Calculation to Determine Weight Scores Normalization II (N2) Highest Weight Weight 2(B) Normalization I (N1) Weight 3 (C) Criteria (Final Weight) Weight 1(A) (scale 1 ‐ 10) An/(∑Bn*Bn) (sklala 1 ‐ 10) B3n*N1n I. Biology Criteria 5 1. Beach 7 1.40 Ecosystems a. Exist 3 major ecosystem ( >= 30% 10 14.00 14.00 sea grass/Coral Reef/Seaweed) b. Exist 2 major ecosystem ( >= 30% sea 9 12.60 grass/Coral Reef/Seaweed) c. Exist 1 ecosystem, >50% sea 8 11.20 grass/Coral Reef/Seaweed) d. > 50% sands 5 7.00 2. Nesting 10 2.00 relative a. 25% sample total highest rank 10 20.00 20.00 frequencies b. 50‐25% sample total highest rank 8 16.00 c. 75‐50% sample total highest rank 7 14.00 d. 100‐75% sample total highest rank 5 10.00 3. Beach 5 1.00 Vegetations a. > 50% Beach vegetations 10 10.00 10.00 b. > 50% Beach no vegetations 5 5.00 4. Predators 3 0.60 a. No predator 10 6.00 6.00 b. Exist 1 predator 7 4.20 (Crab/mouse/Iguana) c. Exist 2 predators 5 3.00 (Crab/mouse/Iguana) d. > 2 predators (Crab/mouse/Iguana) 3 1.80

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II. Physic 3 Criteria 1. Beach 10 0.94 Condition a. > 50% not steep 10 9.38 9.38 b.> 50% steep 5 4.69 2. Sand form 10 0.94 a. > 50 % white sandy 10 9.38 9.38 b. > 50% stone‐coral sandy 3 2.81 3. Energy 5 0.47 exposure a. Fully protected 10 4.69 4.69 b. Seasonal protected 7 3.28 c. Fully open areas 5 2.34 4.Beach stability 7 0.66 a. No eroded 10 6.56 6.56 b. Light eroded 5 3.28 c. Changeable beach in a year 7 4.59 g. Severe eroded 3 1.97 Socio‐economy 2 criteria 1. Threaten 7 0.64 a. Save 10 6.36 6.36 b. Moderate 5 3.18 c. threatened 3 1.91 2. Accessibility 5 0.45 a. High (relatively near villages) 10 4.55 4.55 b. Moderate 5 2.27 c. Hard (relatively far from villages) 3 1.36 3. Potency of 10 0.91 Conflict a. Low (idle land) 10 9.09 9.09 b. Moderate (at least exist 1 home stay) 5 4.55 c. High ( many human activities) 3 2.73 Highest Scores 100

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B. Result data of Sea Turtle Observation Location Scoring in Regency of Bintan Criteria Number of Observation Location* Tambelan Islands (1 ‐ 15) Eastern Part of Bintan (16‐19) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 I. Biology Criteria 1. Beach ecosystems a. Exist 3 major ecosystems ( >= 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.00 0.00 0.00 30% sea grass/CReef/Seaweed) b. Exist 2 major ecosystems (>= 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30% sea grass/Creef/Seaweed) c. Exist 1 ecosystems >50% Sea 11.20 0.00 11.20 11.20 11.20 0.00 0.00 11.2 11.2 0.00 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 0.00 0.00 11.20 grass/CReef/ Seaweed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d. > 50% sand 0.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.00 2. Nesting Relative Frequency a. 25% highest ranking 20.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 b. 50‐25% highest ranking 0.00 16.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 c. 75‐50% highest ranking 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.00 0.00 14.00 14.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.0 0.00 0 0 d. 100‐75% highest ranking 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.0 10.0 0.00 0.00 10.0 10.0 0.00 0.00 10.0 10.00 0.00 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 3. Beach Vegetation a. > 50% beach vegetation 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.00 10.0 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b. > 50% beach vegetation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4. Predator a. no predator 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 b. Exist 1 predator 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 0.00 4.20 4.20 0.00 4.20 4.20 (Crab/mouse/iguana) c. Exist 2 predator 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (Crab/mouse/iguana) d. > 2 predator 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 0.00 0.00 (Crab/ mouse/iguana)

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Tambelan Islands (1 ‐ 15) Eastern Part of Bintan Criteria (16‐19) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Biology Criteria Sub Score 45.40 37.20 45.40 39.40 45.40 35.20 30.20 35.4 35.4 37.2 39.4 35.4 35.4 44.2 41.4 35.4 35.80 35.2 35.40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 II. Physic Criteria 1. Beach condition a. > 50% not steep 9.38 9.38 9.38 0.00 0.00 9.38 0.00 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 0.00 b.> 50% steep 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.69 4.69 0.00 4.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.69 2. Sand form a. > 50 % White sandy 9.38 9.38 9.38 0.00 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 0.00 0.00 b. > 50% Stone‐coral sandy 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.81 3. Energy Exposure a. Fully protected 0.00 4.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.69 0.00 b. Seasonal protected 3.28 0.00 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 0.00 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 0.00 3.28 3.28 0.00 0.00 c. Fully open areas 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 4. Beach Stability a. No eroded 6.56 0.00 0.00 6.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.56 0.00 6.56 0.00 b. Light eroded 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.28 0.00 3.28 0.00 0.00 3.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 c. Changeable beach in a 0.00 4.59 4.59 0.00 4.59 0.00 4.59 0.00 4.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.59 4.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.59 year g. Severe eroded 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 0.00 1.97 0.00 0.00 1.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 0.00 0.00 Physic Criteria Sub Score 28.59 28.03 26.63 17.34 21.94 24.00 21.94 23.0 26.6 25.3 24.0 25.3 26.6 26.6 24.3 28.5 24.00 20.6 14.44 6 3 1 0 1 3 3 8 9 3

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Tambelan Islands (1 ‐ 15) Eastern Part of Bintan Criteria (16‐19) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Socio‐Economy Criteria 1. Threaten a. Save 0.00 0.00 6.36 0.00 6.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.36 0.00 6.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.36 b. Moderate 3.18 3.18 0.00 3.18 0.00 0.00 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 0.00 c. Threaten 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 0.00 0.00 1.91 1.91 1.91 0.00 0.00 2. Accessibility a. High (relatively near village) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 0.00 4.55 b. moderate 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.27 0.00 c. Hard (relatively far from 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 village) 3. Potency of conflict a. low (land idle) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 9.09 9.09 0.00 0.00 9.09 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 9.09 b. moderate (at least 1 home 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.55 0.00 0.00 4.55 4.55 4.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 stay) c. High (many human activities) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 0.00 0.00 Socio‐economy Criteria Sub 10.00 10.00 13.18 10.00 11.36 6.91 14.55 14.5 14.5 8.18 13.1 13.2 17.7 12.2 11.0 11.0 9.18 14.5 20.00 Score 5 5 8 7 3 7 0 0 5 Total Score 83.99 75.23 85.21 66.74 78.70 66.11 66.68 73.0 76.5 70.6 76.5 73.9 79.7 83.1 76.7 74.9 68.98 70.3 69.84 1 7 9 8 9 5 0 8 9 7

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*) Explanation on number of beach location scoring

No Island 1 Lintang 2 Nangka 3 Genting1 4 Genting2 5 Wie 6 Sendulang kecil1 7 Sendulang kecil2 8 Sedua kecil 9 Tanjung Kulak 10 Bungin 11 Serentang 12 Lipih 13 Jelak 14 Kepala Tambelan 15 Menggirang Besar 16 Penyusuk 17 Pantai trikora 18 Mapur 19 Sentot

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Appendix-19 List of Participants of Focused Group Discussion at Tambelan.

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Lampiran-19

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TEAM WORK PPSPL UMRAH

Name : Arief Pratomo, S.T, M.Si Work : Dosen FIKP UMRAH Address : Kampus FIKP UMRAH Tanjungpinang Job on the team on : Conservasi Specialist the team

Name : Dony Apdillah, S.Pi, M.Si Work : Dosen FIKP UMRAH Address : Kampus FIKP UMRAH Tanjungpinang Job on the team : GIS Specialist

Name : Ir. Soeharmoko, M.Sc Work : Dosen FIKP UMRAH Address : Kampus FIKP UMRAH Tanjungpinang Job on the team : Sosio-Culture Specialist

Name : M. Zarkasih Work : Dosen FIKP UMRAH Address : Tambelan – Kabupaten Bintan Job on the team : Field Assistant

Name : Dedy Akay Work : Mahasiswa FIKP UMRAH Address : Tambelan – Kabupaten Bintan Job on the team : Field Assistant & Data Entry

Name : Erpa Mardiana Work : Dosen FIKP UMRAH Address : Tambelan – Kabupaten Bintan Job on the team : Field Assistant & Data Entry