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NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS EDITED BY Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS EDITED BY Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI AUTHORS Prof. Dr. Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL Post. Doc., Researcher Negar VALIZADEH Prof. Dr. Fatih SEYİS PhD. Fatemeh AHMADİ Prof. Dr. Hüsrev MENNAN Lecturer Emine TONUS Prof. Dr. Kamil COŞKUNÇELEBİ Msc. Esmaeil NEGİN Prof. Dr. Serdar MAKBUL Undergraduate Ali Kemal BAHRAM Prof. Dr. Tolga KARAKÖY Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra UÇAR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Erhan EROĞLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya DOĞAN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya KAYNAR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuraniye ERUYGUR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fırat PALA Assist. Prof. Dr. Amir RAHİMİ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayça TAŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ebru YABAŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine YURTERİ Assist. Prof. Dr. İsmet MEYDAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI Assist Prof. Dr. Gülşen GÜÇLÜ Assist. Prof. Dr. Meryem YEŞİL Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohsen MIRZAPOUR Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadiye Ayşe ÇELİK Assist. Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KOÇAK Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamdullah SEÇKİN Res. Assist. Aysel ÖZCAN AYKUTLU Res. Assist. Haydar KÜPLEMEZ Res. Assist. Tansu USKUTOĞLU Copyright © 2021 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2021© ISBN: 978-625-7636-90-2 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA May / 2021 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16x24 cm CONTENTS PREFACE Assist Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI………………………………………...…1 CHAPTER 1 EXAMINATION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS CULTIVATED IN TURKEY IN TERMS OF YEARS, REGIONS AND PROVINCES Assist. Prof. Dr. Meryem YEŞİL ……….......................................................3 CHAPTER 2 THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN MEDICINAL PLANTS-A REVIEW Post. Doc., Researcher Negar VALIZADEH Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohsen MIRZAPOUR…...……………………………....39 CHAPTER 3 WEED PROBLEM IN MEDICINAL PLANTS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Firat PALA Prof. Dr. Hüsrev MENNAN…………………………………………….….67 CHAPTER 4 ANALYZES IN MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadiye Ayşe ÇELİK……………………………………...89 CHAPTER 5 EVALUATION OF SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF KENGER (Gundelia tournefortii L.) Assist. Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KOÇAK Assist. Prof. Dr. İsmet MEYDAN ………………………………………..111 CHAPTER 6 LIPID PEROXIDATION, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Crataegus orientalis PLANT GROWING IN THE VAN REGION Assist. Prof. Dr. İsmet MEYDAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamdullah SEÇKİN…………………………………….129 CHAPTER 7 EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF Salvia virgata Jacq. GROWN IN SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS Prof. Dr. Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL Res. Assist. Tansu USKUTOĞLU………………………………………..145 CHAPTER 8 THE CARYOLOGICAL STUDIES ON Salvia sclarea L., Salvia aethiopis L. AND Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) IN TURKEY Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Erhan EROĞLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya DOĞAN Res. Assist. Tansu USKUTOĞLU Prof. Dr. Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL….. ………………………………..…173 CHAPTER 9 BIO-FERTILIZERS EFFECTS ON QUALITATIVE AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DENAYI THYME (Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis Celak) Assist. Prof. Dr. Amir RAHİMİ PhD. Fatemeh AHMADİ Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI MSc. Esmaiel NEGİN ………………………………………………..…..191 CHAPTER 10 EFFECT OF WEED CONTROL TIME ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN Lallemantia iberica L. Assist. Prof. Dr. Amir RAHİMİ Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI PhD. Fatemeh AHMADİ MSc. Esmaiel NEGİN ..……………………………………………..……219 CHAPTER 11 ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION IN DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS OF Scorzonera acuminata Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine YURTERİ Prof. Dr. Serdar MAKBUL Prof. Dr. Kamil COŞKUNÇELEBİ Prof. Dr. Fatih SEYİS ………………………….........................................243 CHAPTER 12 PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS OF Viburnum opulus AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine YURTERİ Res. Assist. Haydar KÜPLEMEZ Ali Kemal BAHRAM Res. Assist. Aysel ÖZCAN AYKUTLU Prof. Dr. Fatih SEYİS ………………………………………………...…..265 CHAPTER 13 IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND NUTRITIONAL CONTENT VALUES OF GOJI BERRY (Lycium barbarum L.) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra UÇAR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuraniye ERUYGUR Assist. Prof. Dr. Ebru YABAŞ Prof. Dr. Tolga KARAKÖY ……………………………………………...287 CHAPTER 14 EFFECTS OF Papaver somniferum L. ON CANCER Assist Prof. Dr. Gülşen GÜÇLÜ ………………………….........................299 CHAPTER 15 COLORING CHARACTERISTICS AND FASTNESS DEGREES OF LICORICE (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya KAYNAR Öğr. Gör. Emine TONUS ……………………………………………...…315 CHAPTER 16 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF RANUNCULUS SPECIES Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayça TAŞ…………………………………………...…..333 NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS | 1 PREFACE Anatolia is a biodiversity hotspot and rich in plants species due to climatic, geographic and cultural diversity. Medicinal and aromatic plants are natural resources for health care and perfumery since antiquity. They are one step beyond the basic instinct of human; eating. Demand for herbs and aromatic products is increasing every year worldwide. Quality is an important issue in the production and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants. Stress is an important trigger for production of secondary substances and minor components, helps to increase content and modify chemical balances in mixtures. Cropping species outside the adopted ecology is a stress factor. Also intra and inner-species diversity is very high in medicinal and aromatic plants which may help to utilise these crops in abiotic stressed soils. A series of research including production, analyses, antioxidant activities and dye properties of medicinal plants, their use and utilization in alternative areas, and the determination of the chemical components of different species are included in this book under the name of "NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS" in order to contribute to this process. I would like to thank the respected and valuable scientists who have contributed to this book, which includes new and up-to-date data, and I pay my respects with the hope that the work will be useful for the scientific world. Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI EDITOR 2 | NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS | 3 CHAPTER 1 EXAMINATION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS CULTIVATED IN TURKEY IN TERMS OF YEARS, REGIONS AND PROVINCES Assist. Prof. Dr. Meryem YEŞİL1 1 Ordu University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Crop and Animal Production, Ordu, Turkey. ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9246-2362, e-mail:[email protected] 4 | NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS | 5 INTRODUCTION The use of medicinal and aromatic plants in disease treatment is as old as human history. Our ancestors have always used the natural substances they could find in their environment to heal. This approach has brought the treatment with herbs to the present day, and has made 80% of the world population trust medicinal plants today (Mathe et al., 2015). However, when the developments in the production and use of medicinal and aromatic plants in the twentieth century are examined, the innovations brought by technology and social and political changes at the beginning of the century caused the use of herbs as medicine to decrease rapidly. The synthesis of organic chemicals in the 1930s and 1940s encouraged the production of synthetic drugs in addition to medicinal plants. Economic and social changes following World War II and new definitions of plants and treatments caused a decrease in the use of plant extracts and plants until the end of the 1970s in western countries, which modernized with industrial advances as a result of the acquisition of synthetic chemical drugs (Craker et al., 2003; Faydaoğlu & Sürücüoğlu, 2011). Since the 1980s, people's awareness of health has increased and their desire not to be exposed to the effects of chemicals has increased the demand for natural and organic products and brought the treatment with herbs on the agenda (Göktaş & Gıdık, 2019). In addition, the side effects of synthetic and chemical-containing drugs on human health has been another reason for the orientation to medicinal plants. As a result, medicinal and aromatic plants have become a rapidly growing market in the world (Bayraktar et al., 2017). Turkey has different vegetations and rich floristic diversity due to its 6 | NEW DEVELOPMENT ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS geographical location, geographical structure, soil types and climate factors (Yıldıztekin et al., 2019). There are a total of 422,000 plant species in the world, 52,885 of which are used for medicinal and aromatic purposes. The highest number of medicinal and aromatic plant species was detected in China with 4,941, followed by India with 3,000, USA with 2,564, Vietnam with 1,800, Malaysia with 1200 species and Indonesia with 1,000 species. The number of medicinal and aromatic plant species in Turkey
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  • Lamiaceae) Species from Iran Alireza Dolatyari & Asghar Kamrani

    Lamiaceae) Species from Iran Alireza Dolatyari & Asghar Kamrani

    Wulfenia 22 (2015): xxx–xxx Mitteilungen des Kärntner Botanikzentrums Klagenfurt Chromosome number and morphology of some accessions of four Lallemantia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Lamiaceae) species from Iran Alireza Dolatyari & Asghar Kamrani Summary: Lallemantia is a small genus comprising only five species. The upper corolla lip with two internal longitudinal folds differentiates the genus from closely related taxa. Uniform chromosome number and ploidy level have already been reported for the genus. In order to provide chromosomal data and to trace chromosome number changes both at inter- and intra-specific levels[Referee: Why do you expect any chromosome number changes?], we studied 10 accessions of four Lallemantia species from Iran. In accordance with previous results, we found 2n = 2x = 14 for all the accessions studied; B-chromosomes were only found in one accession of L. iberica. In addition, detailed karyotypic data are presented for each accession. The mean value of centromere indices, 0.398, demonstrated the symmetric karyotype for the whole genus. Altogether, our data indicate that Lallemantia is a karyologically stable genus. Keywords: B-chromosome, karyotype, Lallemantia, life form, Nepetoideae The mint family (Lamiaceae) has a world-wide distribution and includes 7200 species (Bräuchler et al. 2010), many of which are aromatic and medicinal. Jamzad (2012) reported from Iran 46 genera in 5 subfamilies: Ajugoideae Kostel., Lamioideae Harley, Nepetoideae (Dumort.) Luerss., Scutellarioideae (Dumort.) Caruel and Viticoideae Briq. The Nepetoideae subfamily is the largest, including 27 out of 46 Iranian genera and it is characterized by the presence of hexacolpate three-nucleate pollens (Cantino & Sanders 1986) as well as the presence of rosmarinic acid (Harley et al.
  • Salvia Virgata (Lamiaceae) Naturalized in Texas

    Salvia Virgata (Lamiaceae) Naturalized in Texas

    Singhurst, J.R., S. Sander, J.N. Mink, and W.C. Holmes. 2012. Salvia virgata (Lamiaceae) naturalized in Texas. Phytoneuron 2012-86: 1–3. Published 19 September 2012. ISSN 2153 733X SALVIA VIRGATA (LAMIACEAE) NATURALIZED IN TEXAS Jason R. Singhurst Wildlife Diversity Program Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78704 [email protected] Susan Sander 500 Josephine Street Kerrville, Texas 78028 Jeffrey N. Mink Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas 76798-7388 Walter C. Holmes Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas 76798-7388 ABSTRACT Salvia virgata , a native of Asia and Europe, is documented from two populations as adventive in Kerr County, Texas. This mint is also known to be naturalized in California, where it is included in the state noxious weeds list. Key Words: Lamiaceae, Labiatae, Salvia, Kerr County, Texas, United States. Salvia virgata Jacq. (Lamiaceae), commonly known as wand sage or southern meadow sage (Fig. 1), is a perennial plant native to southeast Europe and southwest Asia, the distribution being essentially from Italy east to Pakistan (USDA, ARS (GRIN) 2012). In the United States, S. virgata has been documented in California, where it is included in the California State Noxious Weeds List (fide USDA, NRCS 2012). The species also is considered to be a weed by USDA, ARS (GRIN) (2012), apparently based upon the California disposition and the potential of the plant to become a seed contaminant. The species occurs at elevations between 270–830 m in the eastern Klamath Range, Cascade Range, and northern Sierra Nevada Range of California (Jepson Flora Project 2012).
  • Threats to Australia's Grazing Industries by Garden

    Threats to Australia's Grazing Industries by Garden

    final report Project Code: NBP.357 Prepared by: Jenny Barker, Rod Randall,Tony Grice Co-operative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management Date published: May 2006 ISBN: 1 74036 781 2 PUBLISHED BY Meat and Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059 Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian Government to support the research and development detailed in this publication. This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent of MLA. Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Abstract This report identifies 281 introduced garden plants and 800 lower priority species that present a significant risk to Australia’s grazing industries should they naturalise. Of the 281 species: • Nearly all have been recorded overseas as agricultural or environmental weeds (or both); • More than one tenth (11%) have been recorded as noxious weeds overseas; • At least one third (33%) are toxic and may harm or even kill livestock; • Almost all have been commercially available in Australia in the last 20 years; • Over two thirds (70%) were still available from Australian nurseries in 2004; • Over two thirds (72%) are not currently recognised as weeds under either State or Commonwealth legislation.
  • Essential Oils of Anatolian Lamiaceae - an Update

    Essential Oils of Anatolian Lamiaceae - an Update

    Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2018; 5(4):1-28 Başer & Kırımer REVIEW Essential oils of Anatolian Lamiaceae - An update Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer1* and Neşe Kırımer2 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lefkoşa (Nicosia), N. Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey 2Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey *Coresponding author Email: [email protected] Abstract In the present review, Lamiaceae genera studied for their essential oils during 2006-2017 were investigated and compiled. Acinos, Ajuga, Ballota, Calamintha (Clinopodium), Coridothymus, Cyclotrichium, Dorystoechas, Hymenocrater, Hyssopus, Lallemantia, Lavandula, Marrubium, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Nepeta, Ocimum, Origanum, Pentapleura, Perilla, Phlomis, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Satureja, Scutellaria, Sideritis, Stachys, Teucrium, Thymbra, Thymus, Wiedemannia, and Ziziphora species were comparatively listed and grouped referring to their major essential oil components. In addition, commercially important culinary and aromatic plants of Lamiaceae were also highlighted. Keywords: Lamiaceae, essential oil, aromatic plant Introduction Turkey is situated in geographically between 42°N and 36°N altitudes. She is under the influence of three different climates, namely: Mediterranean, Continental, Oceanic. Her transect is between the sea level and 5137 m (Mt. Ararat). Anatolia is a peninsula thrusting from east to west. She has land in Anatolia and Thrace being at the junction of Asia and Europe. Turkey covers ca. 0.8 million sq. km. and supports ca. 80 million of human population in the rich flora and fauna. Turkey is at the junction of three phytogeographic regions. Aegean and Mediterranean coastal areas are under the Mediterranean influence. Central and eastern parts enjoy the Irano-Turanian influence and the northern parts are affected by the Euro-Siberian phytogeography.