Petiole Anatomy of Some Lamiaceae Taxa
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Pak. J. Bot., 43(3): 1437-1443, 2011. PETIOLE ANATOMY OF SOME LAMIACEAE TAXA ÖZNUR ERGEN AKÇIN¹, M. SABRI ÖZYURT² AND GÜLCAN ŞENEL³ 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, ²Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, ³Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey Abstract In this study, anatomical structures of the petiole of 7 taxa viz., Glechoma hederacea L., Origanum vulgare L., Scutellaria salviifolia Bentham, Ajuga reptans L., Prunella vulgaris L., Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum, Salvia verbenaca L., Salvia viridis L., Salvia virgata Jacq., belonging to the Lamicaceae family were examined and compared. In all the studied taxa, some differences were found in the petiole shape, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, hair types and the presence of collenchyma. G. hederaceae, S. virgata and O. vulgare consist of a total of 3 vascular bundles, with a big bundle in the middle of the petiole and a single small vascular bundle in each corner. P. vulgaris has 5 vascular bundles. S. verbenaca has a total of 11 vascular bundles, with a big bundle positioned in the middle. L. purpureum L. var, purpureum consists of 4 vascular bundles. S. salviifolia has 3 vascular bundles. A. reptans has a total of 9 vascular bundles, with 1 big bundle in the middle. S. viridis consists of 7 vascular bundles. Petiole has glandular and eglandular hairs. Eglandular hairs consist of capitate hairs, whereas peltate hairs are only found in S. salviifolia. Introduction were coated with 12.5- 15 nm of gold. Coated leaves were examined and photographed with a JMS-6400 Scanning The Lamiaceae is a large family. Most of the species have Electron Microscope. great importance due to their economic values. Lamiaceae is represented by about 258 genera and 3500 species in the world Result and Discussion (Duarte & Lopes, 2007). Turkey is accepted as a gene center for this family (Başer, 1993). With their pleasant fragrance, Glechoma hederacea L.: Petiole is sulcate with obtuse many species of Lamiaceae have been used as herbal teas in margins (Fig. 1A). In transverse section, the adaxial and Turkey. Many of species are used as raw material in cosmetic abaxial epidermises of the petiole consist of single layer cell of industry. Some species are traditionally used as medicinal rectangular and oval cells. Epidermis cells are 17.75±3.42 x plants (Baytop, 1984). Some Ajuga L., and Salvia L., species 14.75±2.48µ. Both epidermises are covered with a smooth are cultivated as ornemantal plants (Baytop, 1984; Özdemir & cuticle. Collenchyma is 2-3 layers under both epidermises in Şenel, 2001; Akçin et al., 2006). the middle part of the petiole. Multilayered collenchyma is present at the margins. Chlorenchyma cells are especially seen Rich chemical contents of the Lamiaceae species have at the abaxial side. Vascular bundles are located in the been investigated by many researchers (Werker, 2006; Kaya & parenchyma tissue and this tissue occupies large parts of the Kutluk, 2007). The morphology and anatomy of some species petiole. Petiole consists of a total of 3 vascular bundles, with a have been studied (Tahir et al., 1995; Özdemir & Şenel, 2001; big bundle in the middle of the petiole and a single small Baran & Özdemir, 2006). The most important features of vascular bundle in each corner. The big bundle is arc-shaped. Lamiaceae taxa are glandular hairs distributed in vegetative Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath cells. and reproductive organs (Werker, 2006). These hairs are Median vascular bundle is surrounded by parenchyma cells source of etheric oils and their structures have been examined (Table 2, Fig. 2). anatomically and micromorphologically (Hanlidou et al., Glandular and eglandular hairs are evident on both 1991; Vrachnakıs, 2003; Kaya et al., 2007). In recent years, epidermises. Eglandular hairs are multicellular and long or anatomical characters have been used in taxonomy (Agbagwa unicellular. Glandular hairs are of capitate types. Capitate hairs & Ndukwu, 2004; Kharazian, 2007). The structure of petiole consist of 1-2 stalk cells and 1-3 head cells (Table 3, Figs. 11, shows differences between genera and species. Thus, useful 12, 26 A). petiole anatomic characters are determined in designated taxonomical structures of some species (Olowokudejo, 1987; Origanum vulgare L.: Petiole shape is broadly sulcate with Shaheen, 2007; Eric et al., 2007). Anatomical structures of the obtuse margins (Fig. 1B). The adaxial and abaxial epidermises petiole are very important in family Lamiaceae (Metcalfe & of the petiole consist of single layer cell of oval, rectangular Chalk, 1972). The main object of this study was to investigate and 16.75±2.09 x 12.5±3.34µ cells. The adaxial and abaxial the anatomical structures and hair micromorphologies of epidermises are covered with an undulate cuticle layer. petioles of 7 Lamiaceae taxa. Collenchyma is 2 layered under the adaxial epidermis, 3-4 layered under the abaxial epidermis and 3 layered at the Materials and Methods corners. The median vascular bundle is multi-lobed and broadly arc-shaped. There is a single small vascular bundle in Plant materials were collected from different locations in each corner. Four layered parenchyma cells with chloroplasts Turkey (Table 1). Samples were fixed in 70% alcohol for are located between the collenchyma layers and the vascular anatomical studies. All measurements were realized with an bundles at the corners. Vascular bundles are surrounded by a ocular-micrometer on a light microscope (Tables 2, 3). bundle of sheathed cells (Table 2, Fig. 3). Transverse section preparations of petioles were prepared The adaxial side in this species is larger than the others. manually. The photographs of petioles and hairs were taken Hair types are glandular and eglandular. Eglandular hairs are with a Nikon FDX-35 microscope. multicellular (5- 9) and long hairs. The glandular hairs include For scanning electron microscopy, dried petioles were capitates types. Capitate hairs have 1-2 stalk cells and 1-2 head mounted on stubs using double-sided adhesive tape. Samples cells (Table 3, Figs. 13, 14, 26 B). 1438 ÖZNUR ERGEN AKÇIN ET AL., Table 1. Locaities of studies Lamiaceae taxa. Taxa Locality Glechoma hederacea L. A6 Ordu: Boztepe, road side, 450 m. Origanum vulgare A6 Ordu: Boztepe, road side, 400 m. Scutellaria,salviifolia A5 Amasya: Karaman Mountain, 550 m. Ajuga reptans A6 Ordu: Aybastı, Perşembe Plateau, road side, 1500 m. Prunella vulgaris A6 Samsun: Kurupelit, 150 m. Lamium purpureum L.var. purpureum A6 Samsun: Kurupelit, 100 m. Salvia verbenaca A6 Ordu: Perşembe, 15 m. Salvia viridis A6 Samsun: Bafra, vicinity of Derbent Dam, 350 m. Salvia virgata A6 Samsun: Bafra, Gelemen Farm, 100m. Table 2. Anatomical characteristics of studied Lamiaceae taxa. Number of collenchyma Number of Cuticle layer vascular bundle Taxa Petiole shape Chlorenchyma Vascular bundle shape structure Corner Ab. Ad. Corner Middle (pair) Glechoma hederaceae Sulcate with obtuse Smooth 2 (3) 2 (3) 4-5 + 1 1 Arc-shaped margins Origanum vulgare Broadly sulcate with Undulate 3-4 2 3 + 1 1 Broadly arc-shaped, multi- obtuse margins lobed Scutellaria salviifolia Broadly sulcate with Undulate 1 1 2 + 1 1 Arc-shaped flat adaxially Ajuga reptans Narrowly sulcate with Smooth 1 1 1-2 + 1 4 Big arc-shaped long and acute margins Prunella vulgaris Narrowly and acutely Smooth 2-3 1 5-6 _ 1 2 Big vascular bundle, 2- sulcate lobed Lamium purpureum var. Broadly sulcate with Smooth 1 2-3 + 2 1 Spherical purpureum obtuse margins Salvia verbeneca Sulcate with acute Undulate 4-5 1-2 6 + 1 5 Broadly big arc-shaped, margins multi-lobed (10-13) Salvia viridis Flat adaxially with Undulate 2 1 1-2 + 1 3 Big arc-shaped, 2 lobed erect margins Salvia virgata Flat and obtusely Undulate 3 1 5-7 + 1 1 Big vascular bundle,4-lobed adaxially sulcate Table 3. Hair characteristics of studied Lamiaceae taxa. Glandular hairs Eglandular hairs Taxa Capitate Peltate Head cell Stalk cell Unicellular Multicellular Glechoma hederaceae 1-3 1-2 _ + ++ Origanum vulgare 1-2 1-2 _ + + + Scutellaria salviifolia 1-2 1-2 + + ++ Ajuga reptans 1 1 _ _ + Prunella vulgaris 1-2 1 _ _ ++ Lamium purpureum var. purpureum 1-3 1 _ _ ++ Salvia verbeneca 1-2 1-6 _ + ++ Salvia viridis 1-2 1 _ + ++ Salvia virgata 1-2 1 _ + ++ + + = Dense, + = Few, - = Absent Scutellaria salviifolia Bentham: Petiole is broadly sulcate capitate types. Capitate hairs have unicellular or multicellular with flat adaxially. Margins are obtuse (Fig. 1C). Both head cells (Table 3, Figs. 15, 26 C). epidermises cells are single layered, small, rectangular and 15.55±1.45 x 12.8±2.44µ cells. Epidermis cells are covered Ajuga reptans L.: Petiole shape of this species is narrowly with an undulate cuticle layer. Collenchyma is single layered sulcate with long and acute margins (Fig. 1D). Both under both the epidermises and 2 layered at the corners. epidermises cell are single layered, oval or rectangular. Chlorenchymatic cells are seen at the corners of petiole. Epidermis is covered with a smooth cuticle. Collenchyma is Petiole has a single bundle in the middle and a small single single layered under both epidermises and 1-2 layered at the bundle in each corner, a total of 3 vascular bundles. The corners. Narrow and long margins of petiole are filled with median bundle is arc-shaped and surrounded by parenchyma chlorenchyma cells (1-2 layered). A. reptans has a total of 9 cells at the abaxial side (Table 2, Fig. 4). vascular bundles, with a big arc-shape bundle in the middle. In Glandular and eglandular hairs are evident on both the each corner, there are 2 small and 2 big vascular bundles.