Labiatae Family in Folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2005) 2: 63-79 Copyright © 2005 by School of Pharmacy Received: February 2005 Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Accepted: October 2005

Original Article

Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

Farzaneh Naghibi*, Mahmoud Mosaddegh, Saeed Mohammadi Motamed and Abdolbaset Ghorbani

Traditional Medicine & Materia Medica Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Scineces, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Labiatae family is well represented in Iran by 46 genera and 410 species and subspecies. Many members of this family are used in traditional and folk medicine. Also they are used as culinary and ornamental plants. There are no distinct references on the ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of the family in Iran and most of the publications and documents related to the uses of these species are both in Persian and not comprehensive. In this article we reviewed all the available publication on this family. Also documentation from unpublished resources and ethnobotanical surveys has been included. Based on our literature search, out of the total number of the Labiatae family in Iran, 18% of the species are used for medicinal purposes. Leaves are the most used plant parts. Medicinal applications are classified into 13 main categories. A number of pharmacological and experimental studies have been reviewed, which confirm some of the traditional applications and also show the headline for future works on this family.

Keywords: Labiatae; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Folk medicine.

Introduction diterpenoids in its members. These plants have been surely used by humans since prehistoric The Labiatae family (Lamiaceae) is one times. Evidence from archeological excavations of the largest and most distinctive families of shows that some species of this family, which flowering plants, with about 220 genera and are now known only as wild plants, had been almost 4000 species worldwide. This family cultivated at local scales in the past (4). This has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Some family is one of the major sources of culinary, genera like Nepeta, Phlomis, Eremostachys, vegetable and medicinal plants all over the world. Salvia and Lagochilus have a great diversity in Species of Mentha, Thymus, Salvia, Origanum, the Mediterranean and C/SW Asia (1-3). Coleus and Ocimum are used as food flavorings, Labiatae are best known for the essential oils vegetables and in industry. Also several species common to many members of the family. Many of family are used in traditional and modern biologically active essential oils have been medicine. isolated from various members of this family. Iran has a very honorable past in traditional The family is also famous for the presence of medicine, which goes back to the time of Babylonian-Assyrian civilization. One of the * Corresponding author: most significant ancient heritages is sophisticated E-mail: [email protected] experience of people who have tried over F Naghibi, M Mosaddegh, S Mohammadi Motamed and A Ghorbani / IJPR 2005, 2: 63-79

80 52%

70 Total Species Endemic 60 26%

40 35%

Number of Species 30

36% 20 35% 13%33% 50% 16% 10% 10 85% 37%55% 75% 33%33% 33% 100% 50% 0 Bal Oto Zhu Mic Lav Cyc Lag Der Hym Mar Sat Teu Thy Ere Phl Scu Sta Sal Nep Genus Figure 1. Percentage of endemism in the Labiatae in Iran Teu= Teucrium; Scu= Scutellaria; Lav= Lavandula; Mar= Marrubium; Nep= Nepeta; Der=Deracocephalum; Hym= Hymenocrater; Ere= Eremostachys ; Phl= Phlomis; Bal= Ballota; Sta=Stachys; Sal= Salvia; Thy= Thymus; Oto= Otostegia; Lag= Lagochilus; Mic= Micromeria; Cyc= Cyclostegia; Sat= Satureja; Zhu= Zhumeria millennia to find useful plants for health student’s these are reviewed and documentation improvement, with each generation adding its from unpublished resources and ethnobotanical own experience to this tradition. Because of the surveys have been included. high rate of species diversity and endemism in Labiatae, many species are used in traditional Chemistry of Labiatae: and folk medicine in Iran. Unfortunately, there This family contains a wide variety of are no distinct references on the ethnobotany chemicals, but discussion in this regard and ethnopharmacology of the family in Iran and is beyond the scope of this article and these most of the publications and documents related compounds would only briefly discussed. A to the uses of these species are both in Persian wide range of compounds such as terpenoids, and not comprehensive. In this article we tried iridiods, phenolic compounds and flavonoides to bring some of these scattered publications have been reported from the members of the together. We have also attempted to identify family (5-7). Some of the short chain terpenoids the scientific names of some of these species in in essential oils are responsible for odor and order tomake them accessible for the scientific taste in these plants. Lavandula species contain community. In addition, some pharmacognosy several pleasant-smelling terpenoid compounds Plant part used 120 100 80 Root Stem 60 Whole plant 6% Leaves 2% 40 6% 30% Number of uses 20 Seed 0

14% r C.N.S Others

Flower Systemic Ophtalmic Circulatory nti-infective Aerial parts Respiratory

13% A Urinary-genital Dermatological Cardiovascula

29% Gastrointestinal Musculoskeletal Figure 2. Distribution of plant parts used in the Labiatae Figure 3. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses family in each category.

64 Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

16 14 12 14 10 12 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 Number of uses 2 Number of uses 2 0 0 Dysuria Diuretic Malaria Excessive Sinusitis Impotence Measles Influensa Pertussis Smallpox Antiseptic Urinary tract Urinary Abortifacient inflammation Vermifuge Kidney stone Kidney mensturation Uterian pains Uterian ntiparasitic Bladder stone Tuberclosis Emmenogogue A Dismensturation Women infertility Pregnancy pains Pregnancy Common cold Leishmaniasis Throat infection Local antifungal Infectious dieases Figure 4. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses Figure 5. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses in in anti-infective category. urinary-genital category. and are used in perfumes and for deterring Iran (1-3, 10). Nepeta (76 sp.), Salvia (56 sp.), moth damage in stored clothing (5). Lebdan Stachys (34sp.), Scutellaria (19 sp.), Phlomis diterpenoids are found in 20 genera of the (17 sp.), Eremostachys (16 sp.), Thymus (16 family including Ballota, Coleus, Lagichilus, sp.) and Teucrium (12 sp.) are the largest genera Leonotice, Marrubium and Sideritis. Coleon in Iran. In addition there is a monotypic genus, compounds (tri-cyclic diterpenoids), found in Zhumeria majdae, occurring in the southern leaves and inflorescence of Plectoranthus and parts of Iran. A comparison of endemic species other genera, have some antioxidant properties with the total number of species of some genera (8). Iridoides are also found in the family and and the percentage of endemism is presented in have taxonomic importance. The family is figure 1. also a rich source of plant species containing large amounts of phenolic acids. For example, The importance of Labiatae family rosmarinic acid occurs in species of the subfamily Members of the family are used for different Nepetoideae and it is absent in the Lamioideae purposes, but we can group their uses into three subfamily (sensu Erdetman). This compound main categories; 1) medicinal; 2) ornamental has anti-bacterial, anti-viral, antioxidant and and 3) aromatic plants which are used as anti-inflammatory properties. More and more culinary herbs, vegetables and in the perfume studies carried out in numerous research centers industry. show that the complex pharmacological activity of some medicinal plants of the family is strictly a) Medicinal uses: connected with the presence of phenolics (7). Many species are used in traditional and Flavonoides also occur in the Labiatae in a modern medicine and recent investigations have variety of structural forms including flavones, proven the basis of the medicinal uses. There are flavonols, flavanones, dihydroflavonols and diverse uses of the family members in traditional chalcones (9). ways in different parts of the world. Based on our literature search, more than 81 species have Labiatae in Iran: been documented for medicinal uses in Iran, of With 46 genera and 410 species and which 16 species are not naturally grown in Iran. subspecies, Labiatae have great diversity and These species are listed in table 1, including distribution in Iran. From these species, 124 their vernacular names, plant part used, uses and species and subspecies (30%) are endemic to mode of preparation and administration. Out of

2.5 12 2 10 1.5 8 6 1 4 0.5 Number of use Number of use 2 0 0 f Itch llergy sthma Acne Cough A Warts A Cattarha Dyspnea Eczema Hair loss Dandruf Bronchitis complaints Expectorant Skin allergy Chest & lung Skin disorders Figure 6. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses in Figure 7. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses in dermatological category. respiratory category.

65 F Naghibi, M Mosaddegh, S Mohammadi Motamed and A Ghorbani / IJPR 2005, 2: 63-79

30 25 12 10 20 8 15 6 10 Number of use 4 5

number of use number 2

0 r r 0 r r tonic Coliti s Live ppetize Stoma c Chill Nausea Vomiting A Jaundice nexity intestinal disorders Dysentery Heartburn Diarrhoea Gall stone Gall Flatulence Colic ulce Toothache Dyspepsia Stomach & Hiccup Tremo A Gastrodini a Chologogu e Constipatio n Migraine Sedative Stimulant Dementia Headache Depresion naesthetic Obsession Nerve tonic Nerve A Nervous disorders Figure 8. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses in Figure 9. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses Gastrointestinal category. in C.N.S category. the total number of the Labiatae family in Iran, also in toothpaste and chewing gum industry. 18% of species are used for medicinal purposes. Other species of Mentha such as M. aquatica Leaves are the most widely used plant parts L. and M. longifolia (L.) Hudson are used as (figure 2). Medicinal applications are classified wild vegetables and culinary herbs. Satureja into 13 main categories. Statistical description hortensis L. and S. mutica Fisch & C. A. of the total number of their uses related to the Mey. are used as flavoring plants. Ocimum, type of illness treated and details of their uses Origamum and Melissa species are cultivated within each organ system are presented in figure as vegetables. Species of Thymus (Avishan) are 3 to 10. used as culinary herbs and as tea in many parts As could be concluded from figure 3, Labiatae of Iran. Ziziphora tenuior L. is a common teapot species are mainly used for the ailments related herb. In addition other species of the genus to the digestive system, especially flatulence and like Z. clinopodioides Lam. are very popular as dyspepsia. The second and third most common teapot herbs. These species are available in local applications are for the treatment of body markets or in Attaris (traditional medicinal plant problems such as reconstituent and infection, stores). Species of Lavandula, which contain respectively. aromatic terpenoid compounds, are also used in culinary and perfumery. b) Aromatic and culinary uses: Species of Mentha, Thymus, Lavandula, c) Ornamental uses: Ocimum, Origanum, Melissa and Satureja are Several genera of the family grow as also used as culinary and flavoring plants. These ornamentals, including Lavandula, Mentha, uses are mostly due to the presence of essential Molucella, Nepeta, Perovscia, Stachys, oils common to the family. The Mediterranean Teucrium, Salvia and Thymus. Many species of region has been the main center for domestication Stachys, Thymus and Satureja are used as rock and cultivation of Labiatae and many cultivated garden plants. Many of the decorative new world species are derived from wild ancestors of this species of Salvia are cultivated throughout the region. world. Nepeta cataria L., N. grandiflora, and Lallemantia iberica Fisch. & C.A. Mey. was cultivated in Iran and southern parts of 35 the former USSR as an oil-seed plant (11). 30 Mentha spicata L. is used as a culinary herb and 25 20

6 15 5 10

4 Number of records 3 5 2

Number of uses 1 0 0 r r C.N.S Gout Goite Systemic ntioxidant Ear pain ntibacterial A A Insect bite Snake bite Phelegmasia Cardiovascula Musclo-skeletal Galactogogue Gastrointestinal Insect repllent Wound healing after childbirth Flavoring agent Most recorded activities Figure 10. Frequency distribution of uses by type of illnesses Figure 11. Assessed pharmacological activities in the main without any special category. categories of health problems.

66 Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

N. sibrica, with big blue flowers are among reduction in pain responses in comparison common ornamentals. Also N. speciosa Boiss. with the controls. Presence of limonene and & Noe., N. menthoides Boiss. & Buhse., N. alpha-terpineol can be responsible for anti- haussknechtii Bornm. and N. betonicifolia C. A. nociceptive properties of these essential oils Mey. have potential to be used as rock plants (8). (15). There is no literature on some species Species of Lavandula are also used in parks as used traditionally in Iran such as Lallemantia ornamental plants. Rosmarinus officinalis L., a royleana (Benth. in Wall.) Benth., L. iberica medicinal shrubby plant from the Mediterranean (Stev.) Fisch & C. A. Mey. and Hymnocrater region, is cultivated in Iran for medicinal and elegans Bunge. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. ornamental purposes. is taken for the treatment of inflammation, coughing, and digestive problems and as a B- Experimental pharmacology: sedative. Experimental assays show anti- Many species of the family have been inflammatory (Carragenin test) and analgesic experimentally studied and the efficiency of (formalin and acetic acid induced writhing some traditional applications was confirmed test) properties (16). Marrubium vulgare L. is by these works (figure11). For example, the traditionally used for digestive and respiratory anti-bacterial characteristie of Thymus spp. problems (Table-1). Experimental works have (thyme) is due to the occurrence of thymol also shown hypotensive, anti-nociceptive and in this genus. This substance can be used as a anti-inflammatory properties (17, 18). Nepeta disinfectant. Many other mints have also been cataria is used as a sedative, blood depurative shown to be anti-bacterials. These properties and anti–obsession drug. Experimental works are due to the mono- and sesquiterpene in the have shown an anti-microbial activity against essential oils of these plants, but, it is becoming gram- positive bacteria (19). Medicinal increasingly apparent that other compounds properties of Nepeta species are related to (eg. diterpenoids) may be responsible (5). terpenoids and flavonoides. Compounds such Lavander oil, which contains terpenoid as 1-8-cineale, are very common in Nepeta and compounds, is used for dandruff and scalp hair have expectorant, antiseptic and anthelmintic re-growth and also possesses antimicrobial, activities (8). Acetone fractions of Satureja antiviral and antifungal properties. Extract of mutica C.A. Mey. and S. macrantha were active Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. from aerial parts, against the epimastigotes of Trypanosoma has proven to be effective in the improvement cruzi, the ethological agent of Chagas disease of patients suffering from anxiety disorders. (20). Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen has This could be attributed to the presence of extensive traditional applications, mostly for anti-anxiety compounds Apigenin and Luteolin digestive problems. Pharmacological studies in the plant (12). Dracocephalum moldavica demonstrated anti-bacterial, hypotensive L., which contains linalool, linalyl acetate, and cardiotonic effects for this plant. A high neural, geranial, geraniol and geranyl acetate, aromatic compound content of the phenol- has been used for liver and stomach diseases in rich oils (carvacrol & thymol), which are Mongolian medicine. In Zabaikalie medicine found in aerial parts of the plant, seems to be it is used for nephritis, gastro-enteritis and accounting for the strong antibacterial activity as gargle for stomatitis. In clinical tests it (21, 22). An interesting result, which comes has been found that a decoction shows good from comparison of recorded traditional uses results in curing children’s pyelonephritis (13). and experimental works, is that despite the high Deracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. is traditionally rate of recorded traditional application, for consumed as analgesic and for the treatment gastrointestinal uses, few experimental works of fever and rheumatism. Experimental works have been performed on this aspect (figure have implicated that an alcoholic extract of 16). This could be due to the known properties aerial parts of the plant has analgesic, anti- of essential oils on gastrointestinal problems. inflammatory and antipyretic activities (14). Most of the works had been carried out on Also, the essential oils induce a significant systemic and antibacterial properties.

67 F Naghibi, M Mosaddegh, S Mohammadi Motamed and A Ghorbani / IJPR 2005, 2: 63-79

Table1. List of various plant species along with their species traditional uses. Scientific name Vernacular Part Traditional Uses in (as) Pharmacological activity Preparation name used Administration

Ajuga Camaphytus Jaundice, Joints pain, Gout (25) chamaepitys subsp. tridactylites (Ging. ex Benth.) P.H. Davis

Ajuga reptans L. L. Reconstituent, Fever, Asthma, Gout (26) Vasoconstrictor (27)

Calamintha Faranj-e Se. Impotence, Stimulant (28) (29) Decoction graveolens mishk Acne, Eczema, Depression, Nerves tonic Soaked in Benth. (30) water

Calamintha Reyhan-e- Bronchitis, Pertussis, Dyspnea, Measles, Decoction acinos vahshi Smallpox Antiseptic for U.T. (30)

Dracocephalum Zarin giah Wh.P. Fever (31) Antihyperlipidemic (33) Decoction kotschyi Boiss. Analgesic (15) Antinociceptive (15) Infusion Rheumatism (32) Analgesic, Antipyretic Anti- inflammatory (32)

Dracocephalum Badrashbi A.p. Heart tonic (34);Reconstituent (29) (35); Antifungal (14) Distilled moldavica L. Se. Sedative (34) (36) (37);Flatulence (29) water L. (35);Vermifuge (31), Diaphoretic, Snakes Decoction bites and stings, Nausea (35)

Eremostachys Rh. Analgesic (local), Inflammation (38) Antioxidative (39) glabra Boiss

Hedeoma Pudneh A.p. Headache, Flatulence, Stimulant, pulegioides Emmenogogue Diaphoretic, Flavoring agent (28)

Hymnocrater Gol-e-serwaj Fl. Exessive menstruation (29) Decoction elegans Bunge.

Hyssopus Zofa A.p. Cattarh (28) (40), Fever, Rheumatism (28) Muscle relaxing (41) Infusion officinalis L. Gol-e-puneh Flatulence, Diaphoretic (28) (29) Inhibitory on alpha- Decoction var. angustifolia Stimulant (29), Spasm (40) glucosidase, ostprandial (M. B.) Boiss. Hyperglycemia (42)

Lallemantia Balangu Se. Fever (31); Common cold, Expectorant, Soaked in royleana (Benth. shirazi R. Coughing (43) water in Wall.) Benth. Reconstituent, Stimulant, Diuretic (14) Sap as tea L. iberica Balangu Expectorant (14) (28) (29) (Stev.) Fisch & shahri C.A. Mey

Lamium Gazaneh-e- A.p. Fever, Malaria, Warts, Constipitation, Hair Decoction galeobdolon L. zard loss Rheumatism, Dandruff, Hemorrhage (9); Depreesion, Nerve tonic (92)

Lavandula Ostokhodus Fl. Catarrh (28) (29) (26),Malaria (28) (45); Anticonvulsant, Sedative Infusion dentate L. Ossoghodus L Diarrhea, Nervous disorders, Vomiting, Antispasmodic (47) L. stoechas L. Sedative, Antiseptic for wounds (28) (29) (26), Heart tonic, Nerves tonic, Dyspepsia, Anemia (46)

Lavandula Ostokhodus L. Inflammation (16) Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Extract angustifolia Coughing, Flatulence, Diuretic, Spasm, (16) Cytotoxicity (48) Mill. Sedative (37) Neuroprotective, Miticidal, Anaesthetic (28)

68 Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

Table1. List of various plant species along with their species traditional uses. (Continued) Lavandula vera Ostokhodus Fl. Depression, Migran (49) (Lavandula officinalis) D.C. (cultivated) Se. Diuretic (50) Antiallergic (51) Angioprotective(52)

Marrubium Gandna Wh.P Fever (31) (26), Nausea, Colitis, Bronchitis, Hypoglycemic (119) Decoction vulgare L. kouhi Inflammation, Edema (30), Heart tonic Hypotensive,Vasorelaxant Ferasuon (26); , Appetizer (30) (26) Diuretic (26), (45)(56), Antinociceptive Yol-ghutli Cholagogue (30) (53) (26), Vermifuge, (17), Anti-inflammatory (18) Expectorant (30), Dyspepsia (54), Ear pain (53); Abortifacient (36), Emmenogogue (53) (26)(36)

Marrubium It-sieg, St. High blood pressure, Cardiac pains, Spasm, Decoction anisodon Narfiz L Flatulence, Dyspepsia, Women infertility Poultice K.Koch. Yol-ghutli (54)

Melissa Barangbo Fl. Gout, Palpitations, Tremor Blood depurative Relaxant (58) Heart rate Decoction officinalis L. Badranjbuyeh St. (30) decreasing (59) Fungitoxic L. Sedative (34) (37) (26) (57) (49), Diuretic (60) Antimicrobial (61 ), Se. (34) (46) Human CNS cholinergic Flatulence (37) (53) (57) (26), Flavoring receptor binding (62), agent (37) (53) Antioxidant (63), Anti- Wound healing (37), Hair loss, Expectorant, inflammatory (64), Hiccup (53) Cytotoxic (MTT) (65) Reconstituent, Dyspepsia, Emmenogogue, Antiviral; HSV- 1(66) Joints pain Neurotropic, peripheral Diaphoretic (57), Spasm, Headache (49), analgesic– induce sleep (67), Impotence (46) Anti-HIV-1 (68) Snake bites &stings (40)

Mentha Poneh L. Rheumatism, Dysenthry, Dyspepsia (28) Infusion sylvestris L. Fudenj (29) Skin allergies, Stimulant (28), Chills (29)

Mentha piperata Naana felfeli A.p. Flatulence (30) (26), Inflammation, Antimycobacterial (69) Decoction khalvash Dyspepsia, Jaundice, Throat infections Antifungal (20,39) Diaphoretic, Diuretic (30); Reconstituent, Antimicrobial (70) Stomach tonic (26) Antiallergic (71) Virucidal (72) Antioxidant (73) Radioprotective (74)

Mentha arvensis Naana Flatulence, Constiputation, Jaundice, Spasm, Decoction L sahree Diaphoretic Diuretic (30), Reconstituent, Stomach tonic (26)

Mentha Poneh, A.P. Bladder stone, Gall stone, Rheumatism, ( M. longifolia) Decoction longifolia (L.) Bideneh L Jaundice, Diarrhoea (30); Toothache, Cyclooxygenase inhibitor Distilled Hudson Yarpuz Stomachache, Anti-infection (43) (75) HIV 1 inhibitory (76) water M. longifolia Naana Dyspnea (30) (54), Flatulence , Gastrodynia ( M. spicata) Anti- Food var. chlorodictya vahshi (34) (29) Dyspepsia, Sedative (29), Stomach inflammatory Haemostatic additive Rech. F. tonic, Reconstituent (26) (77) Infusion M. spicata L. Insect repellent (57)

Mentha Puneh, A.p. Reconstituent, Stomach tonic (26) aquatica L. Bidanah

Mentha sativa Naana sabz L. Jaundice, Dyspepsia, Diarrhoea, Cholagogue (30)

69 F Naghibi, M Mosaddegh, S Mohammadi Motamed and A Ghorbani / IJPR 2005, 2: 63-79

Table1. List of various plant species along with their species traditional uses. (Continued) Nepeta Zofa A.P. Asthma, Flatulence (34), Bronchitis, Decoction bracteata Benth. Tuberculosis, Pertussis, Dyspnea, Goiter (30), Common cold (30) (8)

Nepeta cataria Alaf-e- Spasm, Anxiety, Sedative, Obsession, Antimicrobial activity(19) L. gorbehdashti Nerves tonic Repellent activity(80) Blood depurative (30)

Nepeta Gol-e-moro Fl. Gastrodynia, Flatulence, Antiseptic (34) racemosa Lam.

Nepeta micranta Zofa A.P. Flatulence (29), Common cold (8) Infusion Bunge. N. ispahnica Boiss.

Nepeta crispa L. Culinary & medicinal agent (8) Wild.

Nepeta A.p. Common cold (8) binaloudensis Jamzad

Nepeta pungens A.p. Common cold (8) (Bunge) Benth.

Nepeta L. Bacterial & fungal disease (8) pogonosperma Jamzad & Assadi

Nepeta Ostokhodus A.p. Gastrodynia, Sedative (34), High blood Decoction menthoides pressure, Bone pain Nervous disorders, Boiss. & Buhse. Rheumatism, Blood depurative (30)

Nepeta Itch, Skin disorders (26) glumerulosa Lam.

Ocimum Reyhan Se. Urinary tract inflammation (34), Chest Antimicrobial (81) Decoction basilicum L. L. & lung complaints (29) (10), Diuretic, Antioxidant (82), Anti- Infusion Reconstituent, Flatulence (26)Nerves tonic, inflammatory (83) Colic ulcer, Dyspepsia (30), Inflammation, Diarrhoea, Appetizer (37), Expectorant (34)(79), Galactogogue (79) Influenza (28) (29) (10)

Ocimum Reyhan-e- Insect repellent, Dysuria (30) Decoction minimum siyah

Ocimum canum Reyhan-e- Se. Heart tonic, Expectorant (29) ( Ocimum sanctum ) Ice drink Sims. kouhi Hypotensive (84) Antioxidant, Neuroprotective (85) Anti-ulcerogenic, ulcer- healing (66) Antithyroidic (86) Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic (87)

Ocimum Marzangush A.p Rheumatism, Eye pain, Headache (79) ( Ocimum gratissimum ) infusion majorana L. Cardiovascular (88), Wound-healing (89), Relaxant (90) Anthelmintic (91) Antidiarrhoeal (92) Analgesic, Spasmolytic (93)

70 Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

Table1. List of various plant species along with their species traditional uses. (Continued) Origanum Marzanjush A.P. Toothache (28) (53); Kidney stone (54); Inhibition of thrombin Decoction vulgare L. Kaklic-oti Flatulence (28) (34) (54) (49); Rheumatism Anticancer (94) Radical Mix with Oshomek-e- (28); Headache (28) (37); Sedative, Anxiety scavenging (95) Anti- yoghurt Kerek (30); Diaphoretic (28) (34); Emmenogogue hyperglycemic (96) Anti-H. Bath (28) (37) (26); Reconstituent (28) (34) (26); pylori (97), Antifungal (98) Flavoring agent (54), Diuretic (34) (37) (26); Antiseptic (34); Nerves tonic (30) (26) (46) Vermifuge (53); Asthma, Jaundice (26); Spasm, Diarrhoea (49); Heart tonic (46), Gastrodynia (79)

Origanum Poneh kouhi Dyspnea, Bronchitis, Allergy, Depression, Decoction dictamnus Itch, Dementia (30) Abortifacient (49)

Otostegia Goldar, Ap. Analgesic, Rheumatism, Toothache (99) Antioxidant (100,101) persica Gudar, Kas- (Burnm.) Boiss. e Goli

Perovskia Barazmbel R. Leishmaniasis (31,102) Leishmanicidal (102) Sap, applied abrotanoides directly Kar. Poultice made of crushed root

Perovskia Barazmbel R. Leishmaniasis (31) Sap/ applied artemisioides directly Boiss. Poultice made of crushed root

Phlomis L. Culinary use (26) Grilled tuberose L.

Rosmarinus Aklil-e- L. Appetizer, Migrane, Gastrodynia, Preventing liver Decoction officinalis L. kouhi Fl. Rheumatism, Nervous disorders, Antiseptic damage(103 ) Insecticid for wounds (30) (104), Antioxidant (105), Diuretic (30) (37) (26), Flatulence, Antinociceptive (106) Inflammation, Analgesic (37), Cholagogue Trypanocidal (107) Diuretic (30) (26) (108) Antiulcerogenic (109) Hyperglycemic, insulin release inhibitory (110) Relaxant (111)

Salvia aethiopis R. Flatulence, Reconstituent (26) L. Wh.P.

Salvia aegyptica Maurlin Se. Eye disorders (29), Diarrhoea (26) L.

Salvia bracteata Maryam Snake bites, Insect bites, Insect repellent, Maceration Banks & Soland goli-e- kouhi Flatulence in vinegar Antiseptic for wounds (30) Decoction

Salvia officinalis Maryam L. Dyspepsia, Diuretic, Fever, Emmenogogue Antioxidant (112) lipid L. goli-e- kouhi Fl. (26) absorption inhibitor(113) Antiseptic for wounds (26) (37) treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease(114)

Salvia Gol-e- Fl. Fever, Flatulence, Rheumatism (34), Antiplasmodial (115) Decoction hydrangea D.C. aruneh Excessive menstruation (29), Common cold, ex Benth. Flavoring agent, Diuretic (37)

71 F Naghibi, M Mosaddegh, S Mohammadi Motamed and A Ghorbani / IJPR 2005, 2: 63-79

Table1. List of various plant species along with their species traditional uses. (Continued) Salvia sclarea L. L. Reconstituent, Emmenogogue, Antiseptic Antifungal (116) Decoction Fl. (26) Antimicrobial (117)

Salvia Tokhm-e- Se. Heart disturbances during pregnancy, Syrup macrosiphon marv Phelegmasia after childbirth (28) (29) (10), Decoction Boiss. Reconstituent (28) (29), Coughing (34) (30), Pertussis, Angina, Sinusitis, Eye disorders (30) Expectorant (34)

Salvia viridis L. Bash-ashagh Se. Eye pain, Eye cleanser (54), Stomach tonic Antibacterial (118) Moisted (26) seeds used directly for cleansing eyes

Satureja Marzeh Se. Stomach & intestinal disorders (119), Antispasmodic and Decoction hortensis L. A.P. Muscle pain (34) (120) anti-diarrhoeal (120) Sap as Rheumatism (34), Colic ulcer, Stomach Antimicrobial (121) Anti- bathing for tonic, Impotence, Depression, Nerves tonic inflammation (122) antiparasitic (30), Bone pain (30) (120), Dyspnea (30) effect (57), Anti-parasitic (31) (57), Vermifuge (30) (26)

Satureja Kemer-oti A.p Flavoring agent, Flatulence (54) Additive mutica Fisch & C.A.Mey

Satureja Marzeh A.p. Inflammation , Toothache, Common cold Antihyperlipidemic(in rat) khuzistanica khuzestani (123), Antiseptic Analgesic (123) (124) Antidiabetic, Antioxidant Jamzad (124)

Stachys Bezalagh L. Infected wounds, Cutting, (43) Decoction, byzantina K. Demulcent Koch.

Stachys Sim-kesh Wh.p. Foot inflammation, Toothache, Bronchitis, Infusion turcamanica Influenza (54) Demulcent Trautv. Vapor

Stachys Marzanjush L. Fever (31) (57), Spasm (29), Gastrodynia Anxiolytic (110) Infusion lavandulaefolia Tuklijeh, (28) (29) Decoction Vahl. Chai alafi Dyspepsia (34) (44); Sedative, Flatulence (57)

Stachys Tuklijeh Fl. Gastrodynia (28) (29), Painful menstruation Infusion germanica (28)

Stachys Asthma, Rheumatism, Infectious disease, Anti-inflammatory (126) schtschegleevii Influenza (126) Sosn. S. inflata Benth.

Teucrium Komaderios A.p. Jaundice, Bladder stone, Dyspepsia (25); Acute hepatitis due to chamaedrys Abortifacient (36) ingestion of T. chamaedrys infusions (127)

Teucrium polium Maryam- A.p. Pregnancy pains (28) (29), Flatulence (34) Analgesic, Infusion L. nokhodi (54) (29), Analgesic (34), Liver disorders Antiinflammatory (128) T. scordioides Kalporeh (54), Jaundice (53), Coughing, Abortifacient Hypoglycemic (129) Schreb. Bakhsh- (37) Antispasmodic (130) yeushan Antipyretic antibacterial (131) Hypolipidemic (132)

Teucrium Kalporeh A.p. Fever (29) stocksianum Boiss

72 Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

Table1. List of various plant species along with their species traditional uses. (Continued) Thymus Kushan-e L. Flatulence (28) (29), Expectorant (49) Antibacterial (21) Infusion serpyllum L. shirazi Additive

Thymus Rheumatism, Skin disorders (133) Antibacterial (21) Bath pubescens L. Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak T. carmanicus Jalas.

Thymus Avishan Wh.p. Fever (31), Diuretic, Vermifuge, Flatulence, ( Thymus vulgaris ) Decoction daenensis Appetizer, Toothache (37) Anti-inflammatory (134) (Subsp. Antifungal (135) Human daenensis platelet aggregation Celak ) inhibitors (136) Spasmolytic (137) inhibitory on H. pylori (138)

Thymus Avishan A.p. Gastrodynia, Joints pain (34), Common cold Antibacterial (139) Decoction kotschyanus (34) (35), Flatulence (34) (57) (26) (133), Hypotensive, cardiotonic Infusion Boiss.& Hohen Bone pain, Redness eyes, Blood depurative, (22) Vapor Stomach tonic, Antiseptic (30), Coughing, Powder Appetizer (30) (57), Kidney stones (43) (57), (additive) Reconstituen, Diuretic, Analgesic, High Blood pressure Uterine pains, Headache, Vomiting, Heartburn, Asthma, Catarrh, Inflammation & irritation of urinary organs (43), Expectorant, Emmenogogue, Spasm, Vermifuge, Sedative, Diaphoretic (133)

Zataria Avishan A.p. Fever (31); Flatulence (29) (37); Pregnancy Antinociceptive Infusion multiflora Boiss. Ab-i-sham pains (29) (10) Anti-inflammatory(140) Decoction Avishan-e- Rupture (29); Bone pain, Gastrodynia (34); Antimicrobial (141) Vapor shirazi Common cold (34) (37); Headache, Migran Oshomek-e- (30); Antiseptic (30) (140); Antiseptic, peen Heaemostatic, Diarrhoea, Vomiting (79); Spasm, Anaesthetic (140); Joints pain, Diarrhoea, Vermifuge (37); Local antifungal (49)

Zhumeria D.S.L Gastrodynia, Antiseptic, Painful Antinociceptive, Anti- Preparation majdae Rech.& menstruation (142)(143)(26) inflammatory (143) like tea Wen.

Ziziphora Kakuti A.p. Fever, Dysentery (28) (29), Flatulence (144) Infusion tenuior L. Pinah koei (37) (26) Coughing (144) (37), Painful Mix with menstruation, Emmenogogue Bladder stone doogh (144), Stomach tonic (28) (29) (10) Expectorant (37) (26), Diarrhea (37); Abortifacient (36)

Ziziphora Kaklic-oti L. Flatulence, Dyspepsia(54) Infusion, persica Bunge. Decoction

Ziziphora Annakh L. Common cold, Inflammation, Antiseptic Infusion, clinopodioides Avishan-e- Fl. (34), Dyspepsia, Sedative (54), Expectorant Vapor Lam. barik (53), Migran, Depression (57) Decoction Moshk-e- Stomach tonic, Gastrodynia, Fever, Heart Maceration toramashir disorders (26)

A.p. = Aerial parts, S= Seed, L= Leave, Fl= Flower, R= Root, Rh. = Rhizome, Wh.p. = Whole plant, St. = Stem

73 F Naghibi, M Mosaddegh, S Mohammadi Motamed and A Ghorbani / IJPR 2005, 2: 63-79

C- Comments on some species: Some genera have a great number of species Many species of the family, especially and a wide range of distribution in Iran, but endemics, are used locally by indigenous people there are either no or few records of the use in different parts of Iran and there is little of the species of these genera. For example, information or documented references about Hymnocrater has 9 species in Iran, with a wide their uses. For example Maur (Salvia aegiptica range of distribution, but we found no record L.) seeds are used locally in Baluchestan for on the use of this genus. These shrubby Labiate eye diseases. The genus Salvia is well known plants have a strong odor and it seems that they for production of mucilage, when seeds are contain compounds with anti-feeding activity, wetted. The mucilaginous layer around the because in areas with a high grazing pressure, seeds contains complex polysaccharides, these plants remain intact. Another example which form a soft layer around the seeds. is the genus Phlomis, again with a relatively This layer may well have a cleansing effect, high number of species, but with only one and polysaccharides are known to be useful in record of use. This demonstrates the necessity of the treatment of inflammatory conditions and ethnobotanical studies in different parts of Iran bacterial or viral infections (23). The same use to record all the knowledge of folk medicine for seeds of Salvia viridis L. is reported in the practiced among indigenous people. Turkmen Sahra area. Nepeta pogonosperma Citation of species which do not occur in Jamzad & Assadi is used as an anti-fungal Iran may also be a result of misidentification and anti-bacterial agent by Bedouins of Alborz of these plants. The importance of a correct Mountains (8) and Leonorus cardiaca L. scientific identification of the plant can and species of Lamium are used locally in hardly be exaggerated, since it is the only Mazandaran (24). key connecting the ethnobotanical information Some species mentioned in table 1 do not gained with already existing biological and occur naturally in Iran and could have been chemical knowledge recorded in the literature. cultivated or imported from other countries However, vernacular synonyms in a literature such as India. For example, there are only two search pose a major problem. In some of the species of Lavandula growing naturally in Iran, traditional texts, it is not possible to match these L. stricta Del. and L. sublepidata Rech. K. These names with scientific names. Another problem species are not mentioned as medicinal plants in is the uncertainty regarding scientific naming references; however L. soechas L., L. vera DC., of plants, because of the different vernacular L. angustifolia Mill. and L. dantata L. have been names or a local name which is given to referred to in table-1. From the genus Ocimum, two or more species. For example, the name only the O. basilicum L. occurs naturally in Iran. Zuffa is matched with two species of Nepeta Other species may be cultivated or imported bracteata Benth. and Hyssopus officinalis L. from other countries. Based on Flora Iranica, in different references or Badi-ranj Buyeh has Calamintha graveolens and C. acinos do not been variously referred to the species of Nepeta, occur in Iran and only C. officinalis Moench, Calamintha and Melissa or the name Avishan is C. debilis (Bunge.) Benth. and C. grandiflora a common name given to different species of (L.) Moench grow in Iran. Species of Mentha Thymus in different parts of Iran. Local names are also used as vegetables and as culinary are not a reliable source for identification of herbs. M. aquatica and M. longifolia are used plants, because they differ significantly from as vegetables in most parts of Iran, especially one region to another. in the northern regions. M. arvensis L. and M. sativa do not exist naturally in Iran, based Acknowledgments on Flora Iranica. Origanum vulgare L. is an extremely variable species. In Flora Iranica, it The authors would like to thank Dr. Mohsin is represented by three subspecies which are not Raza , Dr. Rainer Bussman and Dr. Barbara Feri always clearly distinct. Origanum dictamnus L. Haller for their reviews and helpful suggestions does not occur in Iran. on this work.

74 Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology

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