MARCH 1992

of the

INTERNATIONAL. ISSUE NO. 1, MARCH, 1992

AN IN1RODUCTION FROM TilE EDITOR

soczety As editor, I would like to welcome all our readers to this first publication of the International L Oak Society Journal. Given adequate time and opportunity, I anticipate that many more are to follow. Most of the articles included are of an introductory nature, to ease our way into the horticultural arena before getting involved with exact specifics ancl scientific debate. Since this is an international organization, I have tried to include a diversity of material that might circumspect the continuity of the whole. But I feel strongly that the articles are stimulating and worthy of bringing together in this flfSt Steven Roesch, Founder & Seed Distributor issue. It was also important to get this journal published so that more people could get involved and 14780 Kingway Drive, New Berlin, WI, contribute their knowledge on the wonderful genus Quercus. 53151, U.S.A. The I.O.S. evolved out of a very informal correspondence and seed exchange between Steven Roesch Susan Cooper, Co-Founder in America and Susan Cooper in England. As they exchanged miscellaneous seeds, their requests centered Churchfields House, Cradley, Nr. Malvern, around on species in particular, namely oaks, and thus began the I.O.S. Mr. Roesch took it upon himself Worcester, WR13 5LJ, England to contact people around the world who were interested in oakS and to set up a network of seeds. When I got involved in tbe I.O.S. I saw the need for centralization and some kind of literature that could unite its Guy Sternberg, Co-Organizer members. I sent letters to addresses that Steven Roesch had given me, asking for help and contrioutions Starhill Forest Arboretum, Route 1, Peters­ to what was at first suggested as the I.O.S. Journal. burg, ll- 62675, U.S.A. On future publications, we hope to spotlight at least on oak species and try to involve ourselved more M. Nigel Wright, Journal Editor thoroughly into the science of propagating and growing oaks. We would also like to promote our seed 1093 Ackermanville Road, Pen Argyl, PA, exchange and encourage our readers to write to each other and explore the numerous species of oaks 18072, U.S.A. available. We - the members of the International spring. as with most Oaks) and if moved Oak Society - arc very excited about the AMERICAN OAKS IN THE LANDSCAPE when two inches or less in diameter. it newly named National Tree of the United recovers quickly. Once established. it is States: the genus Quercus! 1f you are quite drought resistant. concerned ahoutglobal warming. you prob­ ably know that planling more trees is some­ The fast-growing Q. ntbra can be­ thing that we all can do to help. llowever. come one of our largest deciduous trees in a even with mass1ve reforestation efforts. our relj~tively short time. It is amenable to most climate situation will deteriorate fuxthcr average soils, but will respond best to its before it begins to stabilize. During the favorite - rich. well drained. moist, cool Quercus lyraJa expected lifetimeoftheshade trees that you clay-loam. l be acorns are variable in size might plant nellt spting. our antbl"opogenic and shape from provenance to provenance greenhouse effect may force U1e natural and from tree to tree. I cunenlly am testing ranges of many mesic tree species norU1 into progeny at Starhill f orest from individual Canada. if they survive at all. So. if you live wcll-fonned trees with large acorns (for in an area where such trees may be in jeop­ mast production) as well as some with small ardy, increase your odds by planting tougher acorns (for smaller birds and for landscape species U1at arc ada peel to the projected shift use with minimal litter problems). and sev­ in climate isopleths -- PLANT OAKS l eral researchers are making selections for limber production as well. Oak trees are an ancient aud diverse having its pendent. persistent lower limbs erymen now recogniZe lbts market and I eel tribe comprised of species that coUecti vely usurp the entire lawn. Its low. twiggy growU1 comfortable investing in the production of This species is one of our hardiest will thrive in the best but handle many of frequently becomes a traffic hazard in bou­ such species. As tbe public becomes ever Oaks. growing naturally (with somewhat t.be worst. planting sites we have to offer. levard paintings. more aware of true "value" landscaping. the reduced stature) as far nort.h as Lake St. As early as 1924, the famous Oak student. supply/demand spiral will bring slill more John, Quebec. For more southerly regions. William Trelease. had recorded 371 Quercus The species also is notoriously intol­ diversity to tbe Quercus sections of nursery and especially where poor soil or imperfect species in the Western llcmisphere. Most erant of high pH soils. a trait which fre­ catalogs. drainage is a concern. Q. slwmardii of U1em occur in Ole Nearctic Realm. crueny quently is not expressed until the tree is well (Shumard Oak) is an almost identical sub­ in the United S tates and Mexico. The genus established in the landscape with its roots stitute. AnoUler closely related. beautiful OAKS FOR TODAY - BLACK OAKS includes ecological generalists U!at are exploring beyond the l!ansplanted. acidic southern species useful in poor. dry soiJs is t.Suhgenus Erytllrobt1lanus) broadly adapted as well as specialists tai­ nursery soil ball. Suddenly one swnmer. Q. falcata. the Southern Red Oak. which lored to some ofour most severe sites. f rom perhaps with U1e catalytic effect of the has particularly attractive foliage on se­ a landscape horticulture perspective. let's drought, the hapless homrowner might dis­ 1l1e Black (or Red) Oak subgenus is lected individuals. For those dry soil concli­ review some of the better known and most cover that he bas planted a chlorotic invalid purely American. being endemic to the tions of the North, Q. velutina (Eastern promising examples. of a tree that must be acidified, chelatcd. Western Hemisphere. It includes many of Dlack Oak) is a hardy tree with spectacular injected or replaced. Except for thvse who Ole faster growing and most color.ful species foliage, from scarlet budbreak Lhrough AN OAK FROM YESTERDAY have moist, acidic soil and plenty of ground­ of Quercus. One of Ole earliest Oaks to glossy maturity to runber sensecence. It is level growing space to accommodate its follow Q. palustris into populruity through­ more prone to decay than some others, In the past. "Oak" unfortunately has drooping lower branches, the overused Q. out much of the United States has been Q. U10ugh. and should be trained when young meant "Pin Oak" (Quercus pt~lustris) to pt~lustris should be considered the Oak of rubra. the Northern Red Oak. It is a band­ into a strong growth form with a single many people. Quercus palustris is a the past. some, pollution-resistant species with a clean dominant leader. nurseryman's l!ee: easy to propagate; easy branching pattern, good crimson or ocher to transplant; fast growing; and naturally For the 1990's and beyond. there are fall color and attractive dark bark that devel­ Those who seek a tree more reminis­ blessed with a marketable. excun-entgrowth oilier Oaks that truly are outstanding per­ ops smooth tidges which almost appear as cent of the conical Q. polrmris might try Q. habit. Jlowever, the tree must be pruned formers. Demand for quality landscape stripes on vigorous specimens. The tree is coccinea (Scarlet Oak) on upland or sandy into a lollipop to fi t the average yard without trees is increasing so that progressive nurs- relatively easy to trao.~plant (in the early sites, or the fast-growiug Q. nutallii (Nuttall Oak) on heavy soils and low ground. when brought into cultivation at a young many landscapes, from prairie groves and well here in lllinois under cultivation. It Both trees are brilliantly colored in autumn age or grown from seed; do not attempt to savannas to both upland and riparian for­ will be interesting to compare their sizes and closely resemble Q. palustris in form transplant wildings of any size, though, ests, it ranges from the Texas Gulf coast to and growth forms in a few hundered years! and foliage. unless you are equipped to dig to China! the latitude of Reindeer Island in Lake Other ''scrub" Black Oaks, including Q. Winnipeg, Manitoba! Throughout this vast Quercus macrocarpa is named for the Another very good choice within sub· ilicifolia (Bear Oak), Q. georgiana (Stone range, Q. macrocarpa is the archetype of tangerine-sized fruits ofsome southern prov­ genus Erythrobalanus for landscape use is Mountain Oak) and Q. laevis (furkey oak) permancence and venerability. enances, particularly those in the Wabash Q. imbricaria (Shingle Oak). Admittedly also can be domesticated into attractive small ; Valley of Dlinois and Indiana. However, inferior for timber purposes, this species trees where they are adapted and available It begins life as a slow-growing, awk­ like those of Q. rubra, the acorns vary seems to have been created purely for orna­ locally. They all have beautiful fall color, ward, sparsely branched sapling - the ugly considerably in size among different ceo­ mental horticulture. Its uniform, dense oval ranging from russet·orange of Q. duckling ofOaks. Then it attains a diameter types. They can be so sweet that selections growth habit also is comparible to Q. marilandica to scarlet in some of the oll1ers of about three inches and starts a transfor­ have been made for nut tree orchard plant­ palustris, but more rounded and less pendu­ and are impervious to drought For those so mation into a rugged, massive monarch ing. Obviously, these acorns will not con­ lous. It becomes a medium-sized tree, more inclined, these diminutive species might with a potential lifespan of many centuries. stitute a serious litter problem in the main· suited to the scale of residential suburbia serve well as subjects for miniature culture The characteristic corky bark and pictur­ tained landscape if squirrels and other wild­ than our largest Oaks. Its acorns are small as Bonsai or Penjing, for topiary, or as esque form improve as the tree matures, and life, livestock or health food enthusiasts, and inoffensive from a litter standpoint, anchor~ for the shrub border. old age can be associated with immense size have access to them! siftingdownamongbladesofgrassorchunks in the more hospitable portions of its range. of mulch until they are claimed by birds or Favorable growing conditions also can coax This species should be grown from squirrels. MORE OAKS FOR TODAY the tree into episodic flushing (buds break­ seed, transplanted when small, or tended as THE WHITE OAKS ing summer dormancy and adding a second a spontaneous volunteer ifpossible . Larger Quercus imbricaria is as easily trans­ (Subgenus Lepidobalanus) year's growth the same Year). This tends to specimens can be moved with a mechanical planted as any oak and is one of the most compensate to some extent for its usual transplanter that will dig a deep, corneal adaptable of generalists to a variety of The White Oak subgenus, which is slow growth rate. rootball, or hand-dug if they were undercut exporsures and soil types. Its fall color is considered by many authorities to include by the nurseryman when young. The root interesting but not always understanding, several minor European and Asian sections, The leaves of Q. macrocarpa are de­ physiologists who claim trees don't have varying from greenish-gold to crimson to a classified as separate subgenera by others, prived of the brilliance that enlivens many taproots (based upon research in claypan warm russet-brown. Many ofits leaves may includes the species with the greatest stat­ other Oaks in autumn, but they are dark and soils) have never dug a Q. macrocarpa persist through most or all of the winter, ure, longestlifespans, sweetest acorns, most lustrous all summer, with contrasting ab­ grown in good loam; a three-inch tree can adding to its ornamental, screening and wild­ durability, and slowest growth rates of the axial surfaces that flash in the wind. Q. have a carrot sixteen feet long! life value. While Q. imbricaria is hardy Oaks. Due to the absence of significant macrocarpa is undaunted by heat, cold, throughout most of the central and eastern peroxidase enzyme incompatibilties (per Dr. drought, flash floods, prairie fires, a wide If you like Q. macrocarpa but need a states, southerners also might try the simi­ Frank Santamour), this subgenus is much soil pH range, climbing boys, and city con­ tree that's easier to transplant, or more toler­ lar, narrower-leaved Q. phellos (Willow easier than Erythrobalanus to propagate ditions. The only serious threats affecting it ant of soggy soil, try some of its first cous­ Oak) or the equally popular and highly asexually by grafting, so horticultural selec­ are lightning and "bulldozer blight," both of ins: Q. Iyrata (Overcup Oak) or, in cold variable Q. nigra (Water Oak). Both are at tions of some species already are available which frequenlly are fatal to old patriarchs. climate areas, Q. bicolor (Swamp White home in wet, sandy or tight soils and have in the nursery trade. Oak). Quercus lyrata is a round-headed, foliage and habit akin to Q. imbricaria. While local provenances are recom­ lustrous, southern swamp substitute which As Andrew Jackson Downing wrote mended in general for planting all trees, I can be grown at least as far north as central Quercus marilandica (Blackjack Oak) in 1847 of "our finest and hardiest Oaks - am successfully growing Q. macrocarpa Dlinois from northern seed types. The more is a "scrub" species that can be attractive, rich in foliaage and grand in every part of individuals from seed sources several hun­ northerly Q. bicolor reputedly is the easiest dense, small tree for those who have less their trunks and branches" his description dred miles north and south of my location. ofthe White Oaks to transplant; it has attrac­ room. Although often slow growing and singles our most precisely the tree that I Such trees appear quite distinct from their tive peeling bark on its smaller branches, unkept in its rigorous n alive habitiats, which consider to be the standard-bearer for the local counterparts, in evidence of the clinal and color·contrasting ("bicolored" leaves, range from dune sand to adobe clay, this entire WhiteOak subgenus -Q.tnacrocarpa. variation (or introgrcssion) for which the which shimnler in the wind like those of Q. species makes a pleasant, tough litlle tree the Bur Oak. An adaptable inhabitant of species is well known, but they are growing macrocarpa. Along with Q.lyrata, it toler-

2 ates tight or wct soil and thrives on better sites when planted in the landscape. but Many interesting Oaks. both trees and Several Oak hybrids arc beginning to neilber tree shares the tolerance of Q. shrubs. also inhabit semi-arid portions of appear in the nursery trade already. as seed macrocarpa for high pi I. the Southwestem United States and Mexico. or r2 seed! ings. One of the most promising Many r.r.- evcrgreen and someofthose which for future release as r I clonal material is a Quercus miclrau.xii. the Swamp Chest­ occur at high elevations may have potential selection of Quercus x saulii (Q. prinus nut Oak. is a tree of similar habits. It has for selection or breeding for cold tolerance pistallate x Q. alba staminate) which dis­ fiery autwnn color. which shows to advan­ farther north. Perhaps evergreen Oaks will plays brilliant fall color over an extended tage against i L<> nearly white bark. and de­ be a possibilly for mid-latitude areas of the season on a tree with outstanding form, velops into a tall and majestic specimen. If United States in the future. foliage and vigor. Another is not yet a you need one oft he Chestnut Oaks for drier determined cross of Q. alba by Q. sites. Q. prinus. tbe Rock Chestnut Oak. is OAKS FOR TOMORROW macrocarpa ancVorQ. m11elrle11bergii. which a tough and colorful tree available at many Tl IE CLONES ANO HYDRJI)S exhibits all of the bestqualitiesofQ. alba on nurseries. And if extremely high pll soil is a tree with exceptionally fast growth. Sev­ your concern. whelber wet or dry. choose It seems that horticulturists never are eral hybrids of American Lepidobal{mlls Quercus muelllenbergii. the Yellow <.."'ntent with plant species, no matter how species with European and Asian species Chcstnus Oak or Chinkapin Oak - nolbing Quercus stellaLa diverse and useful those species might be. also show tremendous promise. else will do as well. All of the trees in this We all want to find something special. or be group have sweet acorns. attractive bark spaces. Quercus stel/ata (Post Oak) can creative and tinker with nature. Now that This introductory :u·ticle has merely and foliage, and interesting branching pat­ become fairly large but usually is a me­ cloning and grafting problems with Oaks scratched the surface of the potential terns. dium-sized tree. It bas heavy, glossy foliagc are being overcome, Quercus can serve as Quercus, the United States' National Tree. that may yield good color over an extended an endless source for such'delights. While it seldom is advisable to encourage ·Ibe real comparison for all White faU season. Once established. the species is exclusive use of any genus as a monocul­ Oaks (and all other Oaks as well) is Quercus drought irrununc. but it is extremely slow to Individual trees of many species can ture. Oaks should become a primary com­ alba. the Eastem White Oak. An ancient, develop and cannot be transplanted easily in be highly variable, inviting selection for ponent of lhe Americas' nucleus of trees for dramatic. open-!!I'Own Q. alba is a Druid's larger sizes. various horlicultural qualities. And with lbe future.~ dream and probably was the actual inspira­ (but not between) !heir respective subgen­ tion for Downing's 1847 admiration. Nearly Still smaUer species include Quercus era. Oaks seem to be almost universally as hardy and picturesque as Q. macrocarpa. prinoitles. the Dwarf Chestnut Oak of the mterfertilc -- spontaneous hybrids arevery­ this species· population has a more eastem midwestern and eastern states, Q. gambelli where, and serious plant breeders can foster concentration (and was very common in the (Utah White Oak) of the Rocky Mountains. thousands more by planting allopatric spe­ Hudson Valley that Downing knew so well) and many olbcrs of the dt!ep South. South­ cies in close proximity or by intervening but shares much of the central range of west and far West. They make intere.o;ting directly with lransfer of pollen from distant Querms macrocarpa also. Qrtercus alba is pets for the small garden and have the same areas. We are just beginning to explore the a superior timber tree and has excellent fall potential for creative pruning as the shrubby possibilities of artificial pollination ofOaks. color, among the best of its subgenus. The Erythrobalanus species. tree is limited horticulturally by immiti­ I lybrid Oaks can offer three major gable slow growth and difficulty in trans­ Around the milder maritime fringes of advantages: planting, and has a preference for acidic the United States, several outstanding na­ soil: but. like Q. macroca17Ja, it will be the tive Oaks are adapted locally, TI1e magnifi­ I. The opportunity to garnish good species living legacy we leave for our great-grand­ cent Q. viginiaiana (Southern Li ve Oak) with special qualities from related species children when lesser trees have followed us and its evergreen counterparts in California. 2. The introduction of heterosis ("hybrid to the grave. together with the awesome Q. Lobato (Val­ vigor") for fa~tcr growth, better color. etc. . ley Oak). Q. tlouglasi (Blue Oak). and Q. than that expressed by eilher plant. As with subgenus Erythoba/anus. the garryana (Gary Oak) are White Oaks which 3. The excitement of exploring the un­ should be preserved where they occur and known and the potential for discovery. ranks of subgenus Lepidobaltmrts include Quercus 1nacrocarpa some species that :u·e scaled down to smaller pl:u1ted where they are adapted.

3 THE ORIGIN, HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARBORETUM TROMPENBURG, ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND straight ditches were dug, each about 45 BY J.R.P. van HOEY SMJTII meters apart. "Trompenhurg" consisted of three plots, 45 meters wide but 350 meters The history of the arboretum statted in long. In 1820 when the house was built, 1820 when a small counn·y seat was builL in only the middle plot was laid out as a garden the village of Kralingen, now part of and the other plots remained meadows. Rotterdam,4 Jan from thecenteroftbecity. The owners had their pennanent house and Our soil consists of a layer of good work in Rotterdam, but the weekends were disintegrated mud of about 50 em and on a spent at Kralingen. The house was not built layer of heavy impenetrable clay of about on poles, as is the custom now, but on casks 30 em. AU this clay on the 20 m of loose with long willow branches in them. These light peat. Theclay must bekeptcarefully, were put vertically on the earth and loaded. because when this is removed, the oxygen whereby the willow twigs bend outwards enters the peat, which disintegrates and the and so give a considerable carrying capac­ soil collapses. This circumstance means ity. This old-fashioned way of making that only a small but very fertile layer of foundations is a consequence of the weak garden soil is available and in dry periods structure of the underlying soil. we have to water often, as nothing comes up from below and roots cannot penetrate the by huge dredgers a canal, removing all the Quercus robur 'Heterophylla' Forty percent of Holland, also clay. And this in a country of plenty of peat down to the original sand 20 meters Photograph by M. Nigel Wright Rotterdam, lies under sea level, our arbore­ water, where the water is controlled so care­ below and after that, filling the canal with tum by four meters! During the noods of fully. We know this from experience as a and again. Both methods are very expen­ The opportunity arose from a circum­ 1953, the dykes were half eaten away by the former head gardener once thought it would sive and one may be astonished that we stance at the time considered a disaster, water before the tide turned and saved us. be a very good thing to remove the clay from nevertheless have good roads. namely, the Dutch Elm disease. I .ooking Originally, the Rhine Maas an area of 10 x 10 meters. Still now, 40 years back, we may now consider this to be a Delta consisted of peal swamps and in the later, we have to bring in, each year, new Trompt!nburg was bought by James blessing to the arboretum, aJthough else­ Middle Ages, and also later, these were used soil, the old having sunk away. Smttb, a Rotterdam shipowner and agent in where it remains a disaster, as there has not commercially and the peat was removed for 1850. His grandfather had come from En­ yet been found an equivalent substitute for buming. Of 20 to 30 meters of soft peat, 4 The Romans built through the swamps gland more than a century earlier and he stiJ I planting roads and dykes. Imagine, U1at if meters were removed and the rest flooded cordouroy roads, which were discovered in bad both the Euglish and Dutch nationali­ the 400 large elms were still growing then again a teach tide. So, a smalllayerofheavy Holland in severa.l places. These were built ties. He immediately extended the house only a forester could enjoy the long straight 1iver clay covers the tllick peat layer and from wooden sticks 2 m long and with a and in 1870 ordered the well-known Dutch stems under which not even. grass would mud was deposited on top. 'The peat still diameter of I 0 em, connected to each other garden architect, Zocher, to Jay out the west­ grow. contains many stems of oaks, birches, and and in this way formed a reliable road. We ern parl. His son, William, planted a long alders. When digging our swimming pool, brought sand on to our roads and when the alley on the edge of the eastern part in 1900. James van 1-loey Smith managed the the stem of a heavy oak had to be removed. road sagged, new sand was put on top. The James van Hoey Smith got the opportunity garden from his father's death in 1919 until 'll1e wood was still in perfect condition and more sand, the quicker sagging went on. to lay the basis of the present arboretum and 1950 when he retired to his country seat. used for repairing a Viking ship: uncovered Now the modem method of building roads his son now completes his work. William His son took over, extended the oak collec­ by the reclaiming Zuiderzee. Furthermore, in Holland is by one of two systems: remov­ added the name "van Hoey" for his son in tion, already started by him, changed more a reclaimed area with dykes around is called ing all the sand and replacing that by hales order to prevent confusion in the shipping meadows into gardens and started several a "polder" and when the water was pumped of peat moss, then covering by business to England, where the name James new collections, such as the rhododendron out of the polder Kralingen, long asphalt, or, the second method, digging and Smith being too common. collection, which contains now 800 species 4 and hybrids. Also the succulent collection. prepared for removal and photographs of started by J am~ van Hoey Smith just after the event appeared in the Rotterdam news­ World War I. as a result of a visit to the papers. Canary islands. is continued and extended by the writer. Every spring the big speci­ James van lloey Smith was the first to mens arc removed from the greenhouse into plant interesting trees on a larger scale with the opcu and so conuibute to the general the positive intention of starting an arbore­ interest and atu·action of the Aborctum. As tum. l}.s stated before. only after all elms specialization we grow 350 taxa of succu­ bad been removed. could he carry out these lent £uplror1Jia. plans. From 1928 onwards every year he ordered plants from I Jesse. Gennany and 1be yearly rainfall is 760 mm. The Vilmorin, Prance, apart from local nurser­ climate is more continental than in England ies. Every Sunday. together with his sons. and We have l0°P more frost. 'The J0° jUSt he visited some nurseries and ordered plants. prevents us from growing the beautiful His son. the writer o f this article, went on rhododendronsofhardiness3 and even some ordering. but now also from Messrs. Hillier. of hardiness 4 in the R.I I.S. Rhododendrons England. Moreover. he himself ts collect­ llandbook are doubtful. From 1963 on. ing, ordering seeds and scions and getting many big-leaved rhododendron have been plant material from all over the world. tried. but that year was the last with a severe winter. Rhododendron jictolacteum now­ The Arboretum consists of five parts. Conifer Garden frqm South creel last year for the first time. The soil is laid out atdifferenttimes. Originally. there very fertile. pi I about4.5. ideal forrhododcn­ were only three plots. The fourth and fifth clrons. Araucaria araucana. although grow­ plots were added in I 965: ing in several places in Holland. always fro1.cat Trompcnburg. Now a specimen has I. In 1820 the center of the three original been planted on top of a hole filled with old parts was laid out as a garden in Engli~h bricks and roofing tiles in a small quantity of landscape style. We find here a couple of soil. This specimen has grown slowly. common oaks left from the plantings of this way. Qnercrtscocciferra, definitely not 1820: the elms having been cut down. '(he hardy in the normal way. was planted on top orchards. vanished by their original shape. of a low hrickwall and also in this way have been maintained. Now it is trans­ grows slowly but will be hardier. I nst«..'

The first planlings of ct.mdrological IT The western part of the original plots was inLCrest were made about 1870. Before that laid out, also in English landscape style, in date from the original plantings of 1820, 1870 by Zocher. who also laid out the only some oaks remain. From the 1900 Rotterdam municipal park and many other plantings. we still have a Gymnorladus famous gardens. Apart from a 11111ja plicata dioicus and a Fraxinus xantllo.A-yloides var. and a Taxodium distichum, only some ashes. dumosa. The latter had to be mov'-'CI 80 old laxus, a Gingko and a I 00 year old group meters. which was done with complete suc­ of orange-red azalea, R. japonicw11 remain Goldjrsh Pond cess with a frozen ball of 4 meters in diam­ of tbe 1870 plantings. A meadow with Photographs by J.R.P. van Hoey Smith eter. During three years everything was sheep attracts visitors. In 1928 part of the 5 meadow was made iJ1tc.> a pinetum. MAP OF THE ARBORETUM TROMPENBURG m. The eastern part of the original plots was Legend edged in 1900 by an avenue mainly of elms 1. Entrance 9. Succulents with some interesting trees in between. After 2. Pony meadow 10. Forcing House lhe First World War, a herbaceous border, 3. Pinetum 11. Succulent Hothouse rose garden, goldfish pond, heather garden 4. AUas Cedar Hill 12. Nursery and succulent house were laid out on this 5. Evergreen Oaks 13. Open-a1r theatre plot and the original vegetable garden was 6. Rose Garden 14. Perenhof made a nursery for woody plants only. 7. Goldfish Pond 15. Woudesteyn 8. Heather Garden 16. Dahlias IV. "Perenhof," situated eastofPlotill, was transferred to the management of the arbo­ retum in 1965 in order 10 synchronize its maintenance with that of the arboretum. It was also laid out around 1820 in English landscape style but bad been terribly ne­ glected. It has been reorganized completely, maintaining lhe English style. Fraxinus xantlwxyloides var. dumosa, 90 Many visitors ask how we have suc­ extension to the nursery assortment, as they V. "Woudesteyn," situatedeastofPlotiV, years old, most 20 years ago. ceeded in collecting such an assortment. keep their dense fastigiate habit very well. was leased also some years ago from the Picea omorika 'Expansa' found by the Indeed, a great deal we have received in an They are now available under the names of municipality of Rotterdam in order to ex­ writer 50 years ago. unusual way. A witch's broom that we F. sylvalica 'DawyckPurple, 'DawyckGold,' tend the Arboretum. During wartime it was Pinus pumila, 'Dwarf Blue' the plant fi·om found in a Picea sitcltensis, gave a new andRed Obelisk'. allotment gardens, but these were given up which Mr. deu Outden described this dwarf-sitka spruce Picea sitchensis afternolhing had been done and the clearing form. 'Strypemonde'. When driving from the air­ Our Arboretum of only 5 hectares ( 13 was tremendous work. At the present time Quercus pontica, 50 years old. port to the city of Hamburg, I saw a nice acres) bas limited possibilties. Therefore, it has shrub borders also the dahlia collec­ Quercus dentata, 50 yeara old. umbrella-shaped shrub. It proved to be a we have to make use ofevery inch. Special­ tion is planted there. Quercus pontica x dentara. 35 years old, weeping oak, a much better form than the izing is essential under such circumstances, Of special interest to visitors are: (Q. 'Pondaim'). existing one. This shrub is tbemotherofour not only in species, but also from a selected l. Collection of oaks, 94 species and 100 Quercus macramhera xfrainetto, 35 Quercus robur 'Pendula' over the pergola. species only the interesting and nice trees culitvars; of these 20 are evergreen. years old, (Q. 'Macon'). are kept Moreover, our principle is that the 2. Collection of beeches, 50 taxa. Fagus sylvatica 'Aureopendula', 40 years From Fagu~· sylvatica 'Zlatia', the trees must grow in aesthetically justified 3. Collection of rhododendrons, old. golden beech,! got several plants with leaves circumstances. This means that we cannot 325 species and 475 hybrids. Qutrcus robur 'Pendula', 40 years old. ranging from yellow to green, deep purple plant too close, that we do not plant sin1jlar 4. Gingko biloba with 13 cultivars. Liriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum', to yellow-brown. Prom Fagus sylvatica trees next to each other. Asked for by 5. Liriodendron in 2 species, 8 cultivars. 50 years old. 'Rohanii'l got many incised fo1ms in colors visitors what is our system of management., 6. Cedrus, 4 species and 24 cultivars Liriodendrontulipifera 'Mediopicwm'. also between green, purple-green and yel­ I always answer, "My system is having no 7. Chamecyparis, 7 species, 135 cultivars 40 years old. low (F. sylvatica 'Rohan Gold'). Fagus system." But I have four guidelines: 8. Pinus, 40 species and 145 cultivars. Liriodendron Tltlipifera 'Crispum', sylvmica 'Dmvyck', thought to be sterile, l. I mix as much as possible, evergreens and 40 years old. fruited and 40 percent were fastigiate. These deciduous, so that in winter the garden is The above is only a small part of the Liriodendron tulipifera '/ntegrifolium', 40 percent consist of mainly the original also beautiful. total collection of over 3,000 woody plants 40 years old. green form, but also some in dark-purple · 2. 1 give much attention to colors, not among which outstandiug items are: and yellow. Now, 20 years later, these planting next to cacb other two different seedlings are I 0 m high and are a welcome pinks.

6 3. I keep tbe vista~ open. Rouerdam citizens. who look for a nice. Quercus alba. the common American Quercus cnsumeifolia from Caucasus. 4. ·n,e axe (now chainsaw) is my paint­ quiet place to relax from the tunnoil of the White Oak. growing from Eastern Canada Persia has cen-is-like buds with long narrow bn.lsh. Ro uerdam city. wiU1 its harbors. industry. to rlorida. The name alba refers to Ule while scales. The leaves are larger than Q. cerris Also visitors many times ask why they see oil refineries. etc. ·Jbcy all enjoy the bless­ bark. Jn Europe they do oot grow to the size wilh sharp pointed teeth. Like cerris it and how we manage to produce only beau­ ing of this oasis of green. they reach in America. where 50 m tall is not grows very well in chalky soil. It is difficult tiful specimens in nice s urro undings. The unw;ual. In autumn the deeply lobed leaves to buy a true specimen! ru1swer is very simple: we cut vigorously In 1991 we had 45.000 visitors and for color from red to purple-red. Jl\con~s im­ every plant that is growing badly. This 1992 four gardening groups from the US/\ ported from America are often infested with Quercus cerris from Southern Europe especially refers to some conifers. which already hooked for a guided lour. wormsandaiJ acorns with round bolcssbould and Turkey is a large tree and grows fast in grow well when young. As soon as they be destroyed immediately. No doubt that all soils. It is very wind-resistant. The are around 30 years old. they get thin and QUERCUS GENUS IN some st!lection done with seed from the wild leaves arc very variable. 'The large acorns leggy. We cut them and replace them by ARBORETUM TROMI'ENBURG or with seed from one of the few European have cups with long scales. "!be reason why young ones. Abies and Pice a in our climate trees will result in a well growing clone. this tree is never used in forestry is l11atthe ru1d in our Arboretum have to be replaced In the Arboretum Trompcnburg we lbe wood is ofthe same good quality as our trunk easily splits in winter. which makes it generally after such a term and specialists grow in the park. and in the nursery 93 common oak. of no value. I L~ cv 'Variegata"is a small tree declared U1at the reason is U1at ow· climate species and 84 cultivars and have more or witJ1 creamy-white margined leaves. does not give them enough rest in winter. less a reference coll ection. We also grow Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata from ·They need lower temperatures then and in oaks of minor interest. I Jowever. having ut China. Korea and Japan bas toothed leaves Quercus coccifera from the Mediter­ summer. in dry periods. our air lacks the our disposal only 5 hectares, we are obliged of 1.5-20 em. It is a deciduous but smaller ranean is a slow growing, dense. evergreen moisture they always have in the moun­ to specialize. We do not grow the many tree. shrub. T he small leaves are very prickly and tains. Pinus and Juniperus. however. do not local forms of Q. robur and Q. patraea. I in Turkey and Morocco they ru·e Ule main suffer at alI. simply have to select (by lack of space) in a Quercus bicolor from eastern North food for goats. In those countries whole very personal way and with a personal taste. America. lt is a large tree with leaves grey areas are covered by this oak and after Moreover. just after lhe elm disease. which is of course very unscientific. I low­ beneath and can be easily recognized by the having been eaten down every year. they many large specimens of common trees ever, all differences arc easily visible and in many dead young shoots in lhe crown and a show a great varietyoftopiaryshapes. Plants were planted in order to give shelter. Now that way I can show everyhody the specific bark peeling off like a birch. grown from seed collected in cool areas are these have done their duty and can be re­ features of the oaks we grow. moved. We do this very slowly. in order not to disturh the public. who also. in I lolland. The full list of 177 oaks is available to protest agains t every tree cut down. Some­ anyone asking for it. Delow you find in times. we have to make a choice between alphabetical sequence only those which grow two trees when they touch each other. Do­ well and have proved to be of interest for ing noU1ing is also a decision. which often parks and ganlens: results in two ugly trees instead of one nice one. Quercus acwa from Japan. an ever­ green species with big leaU1e1-y leaves. needs In 1956 a foundation was formed with protection when young. Now we can only lhc purpose of securing the Arboretum for cover the lower pariS of U1e trunk and the 25 future generations. The foundation, partly year old 6 m tall bush fruits yearly. financed by the van Hoey SmiU1 family and partly by tbe f oundation Volkskrachl. in Quercus acutissima from Japan. Ko­ 1970. also got support from U1e Rollerdam rea and China is of medium size. cl<.:ciduous Municipality and so its importance was of­ and the sen-ate leaf resembles that of ficially confinned. •tbis was important as Castanea, but is naJTOW and --contrary to our Arboretum is visited not only by bota­ Quercus variabilis -- is bright green under­ nists 3J1d dendrologists. but also by many neath. Photograph by J.R.P van Hoey Smith Quercus .r Macon 7 should have a cultivar name and is always Quercus denlala from Japan, Korea felted beneath, persist in the winter, and propagated vegetatively. Some years they from Japan, together with Q. aliena var. and China makes a smaller tree with re­ many leaves then turn and show their white produce acorns abwtdantly and one can acuteserraJa suffers with us from die-back markable large leaves, sometimes 30 em make selections with still deeper cut double­ side against the dark brown of other leaves. of young branches, as do several other East long and 18 em wide. They often remain on The acorns are black with yellow stripes. lobed leaves. However the clone we usually Asiatic species. Both are very similar and the tree wttil next spring. ll has, however, grow is so nice and makes such a good tree, have large and wide serrate leaves. Al­ very small round acorns of 1 em diameter that further selections are a waste of energy. Quercus imbricaria, also from east­ though both are said to be medium size and fruits abundantly in Trompenburg. The em U.S.A. is another favourite of mine. I trees, at Trompenburg it looks as ifat matu­ yowtg shoots are yellow-brown and downy. planted a specimen when I was 17 in 1939 Quercus garryana from western North rity they will reach a considerable size. It is one of my favorites. From America and now it is already a large treeofl8 m tall America, especially Oregon. This oak is of carne a cultivar with deeply cut leaves. medium size with a short stout trunk and a and thetrunkhasadiameterof60cm at 1.70 Quercus myrsinifolia from China and They arrived grafted on Q. macrocarpa m . The leaves are entire, narrow, oval and wide-spreading crown. The leaves are shiny Japan is a beautiful small densely branched, stock. In the next year, the stock threw off dark green. Although Hillier says that is has dark green above and deeply cut into oblong evergreen. compact tree. The shining leaves the scion. Two other importations did ex­ rich autumn colours, this has not been our lobes. This beautiful oak, one of the few in are lanceolate, green above and grey be­ actly the same. Then we imported scions experience. It produces many good acorns, America, which with Q. alba belongs to the neath. Although said to be tender, it has and grafted them on Q. robur. No success. which come fully true. I can recommend White Oaks, should be planted much more survived the last three severe winters un­ The following year on Q. denlata own seed­ this tree for every purpose. frequentlyandgrownfromseed. Will nurs­ damaged lings. No success. The next year on Q. erymen please see to it that it becomes pon1ica own seedlings. No success. We Quercus libani. In its native habitat, readily available'! Quercus palustris from eastern North nearly did not dare to ask our American Syria and Turkey, it is a medium size tree, America is said to grow in wet conditions. friends for more scions. However, then the with us only a large shrub. ~ts small, serrate, Quercus glmululifera from Japan, My experience is that it grows best in dry grafts on own seedling Q.ITUlcraruhera and narrow leaves are as conspicuous as the Korea and China is one of the oaks from places and even in a street it is a success. Q. M aeon F .2. were successful and we now which in 1951 acorns were collected in Kew large acorns. AtTrompenburg ithybridized The deep cut, pointed leaves are very simi­ await to see which will prove to be the best with Q. cerris and all those hybrids are and one grew at Trompenburg into a beau­ lar to those of Q. coccinea but they are stock. After 8 years experimenting, we now tiful large tree. The leaves are small with named Q. x libanerris. One of them I am smaller and sometimes the autumn colour is have three ye.ar old specimens. gland-tipped teeth. discussing in the hybrid-section of this ar­ as good. Unlike Q. rubra and Q. coccinea ticle. the treedoesnotmake the large size branches, QuercusfalcaJa. From seeds received Quercus ilex from the Mediterranean but grows into a column. Also the many from Eastern U.S.A. in we selected a Quercus ITUlCranthera from the 1959, grows in England into a large tree. In dead small branches in lhe crown. which are Caucasus and North Persia is a fast growing specimen with the typical leaf with two long Central Europe it is generally only a large very persistent, are a help to its recognition. pointed lobes. It moreover has a good medium to large tree. It can be easily shrub. This evergreen tree with leaves like conical habit. It has not the red autumn recognized by its stout one year shoots Dex is not hardy here when grown from Quercus petraea has its habitat in all clothed with a yellow-brown velvety to­ color like many other red oaks. It is aston­ acorns collected in a London park, tltose Europe and Turkey. It grows more colum­ ishing that in their native habitat red oaks mentum. The young bark can be grey with will be hardy. Either those trees, already nar than Q. robur and the bark is less fur­ seldom hybridize, although they grow to­ long wide plates and only a few furrows. introduced in the 16th Century, are from a rowed. Unlike Q. robur the leaves have a gether in the wild. Occasionally, however, Tllis robust looking tree has an interesting selected hardier clone, or they have adaped 1 em petiole, the vein is yellow, the fruits are they do and in the Monographic des Chenes dense compact appearance. themselves to colder weather. In England­ sessile and the buds are pointed. Owing to of the French Professor Camuz one fmds -called Holm Oak--it is found in every park the taller trunk, the timber is more valuable many. We have Quercus x ludoviciana (Q. Quercus ITUlrilandica from eastern than that of Q. robur and is often used for and larger garden and it should be planted phel/os x facata) but why is the hardiness United States is a small slow growing tree of plywood. In forestry, especially in Ger­ widely both on thcEuropean Continent and insufficient'! spreading habit. The dark green glossy many, Q. petraea is mostly growing in in America. leaves arc triangular and tawny yellow be­ mountain areas and the famous Spessard­ Quercus frainetlo. In the wild the neath. The clone from nurseries is a selec­ Oaks are all petraea. Even standing alone it Quercus ilicifolia from eastern U.S.A. leaves are very variable from petraea-shape tion with really magnificent leaves, which never has the wide-spreading habit of Q. is a spreading shrub. In the Arboretum justify its planting in the garden. to our frainetto from the nurseries. One Tervueren near Brussels, it lines groups of robur. Q. robur is robust, Q. petraea is should realise tl1at our usualfrainetto is a large trees. The leaves of the Red oak­ eleganL Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata beautifu1 double-lobed selected clone, which allhougll, notcol ouring in autumn--are white 8 Several cultivars are available: growing species is very rare. I like it so Q. rubra 'Aurea'. It was found in 1878 in It is a semi-evergreen tree and whenjust out, Quercus pelraea 'Columna' is fastigiate much because of the leaves. Holland between seedlings and comes true the leaves are a beautiful pink and have a with leaves likeQ.p. 'Mespilifolia'. Quercus from seed for a good percentage. Planted petiole like Q. petraea. petraea 'Mespilifolia' can reach a large size Quercus robur is too common to give against a dark background of large conifers, and has a narrow 15-20 em, most entire much auention. However, it has many cul­ it can make a marvelous sight. This article would not be complete dark, glossy green leaves. It is a solitary tivars, of which I would recommend the ' without mentioning some of the hybrids as beauty in a park. Quercus petraea following: Quercus robur 'Atropurpurea' Quercus sadleriana from Oregon and well and I restrict myself to only those, 'LacinieaJa Crispa' is most interesting. The is a very slow growing purple-leaved oak, California is sometimes creeping, but can in which are interesting to grow. In the leaves of the first shoot are long and very mostly not larger than a shrub, suitable for a the wild reach a heightof2 in. It has small Monographic des Chenes of Camus many narrow,like threads. The second, St. John's small garden. Quercus robur 'Concordia' pontica-like leaves on stout branches. It is hundreds of hybrids are described, but these shoot, has more or less normal leaves. generally also remains a yellow-shrub, but fully hardy and one of the smallest oaks. are mostly of no interest and not available Consequently it then makes a very untidy I have seen larger fruiting specimens in anywhere. IIee and is more peculiar than beautiful. eastern Europe. From seed of one of these Quercus trojana- old name Q. the Arboretum Trompenburg has a promis­ macedonica--is very similar to Q. libani. It HYBRIDS Quercus phellos, the Willow Oak, ing normal-growing specimen. Quercus grows in the Balkans and in Turkey. The from eastern United States is a large tree robur 'Cristata' has deeply lobed, folded small leaves, however, are glossy dark green Quercus x hispanica is a group of with small entire willow-like leaves. It is a and curled leaves. Our specimens are from and they remain in brown colour on the tree seedling-hybrids of Q. cerris and Q. suber. striking IIee with a good shape. 1951 Kew acorns and also our present crop all winter. That accounts for its very com­ These species hybridize very easily and the comes true from seed for 50 percent. pact impression. seedlings are very variable. The leaves vary Quercus phillyreoides is the eastern Quercus robur 'Fastigara' is well-known, from both parents to every thinkable inter­ Asiatic form of Q. ilex and is hardier. It although not always grafted from a good Quercus variabilis from China, Ko­ mediary form and the bark does the same. grows to a large shrub. The leaves of this specimen. Therefore, more selection work rea. Formosa and Japan has serrate leaves The second generation seedling (F.2.) are evergreen are oval. leathery bronze-green is needed, so that only fust class material similar to Q. acurissima, but they are white even more variable. Out of this enormous with minute teeth. It should always be becomes available. Quercus robur beneath. The bark is corky and is very quantity of hybrids, some have been given planted in a groups, to get acorns, cross­ 'Pecinata' only reaches large shrub size. beautiful when mature, as seen at Kew. The cultivar names and these should be propa­ pollination is required. This oak is ideal The leaves ~e very deeply cut and only hardiness is a problem and consequently the gated vegetatively. From Q. suber all inher­ when an evergreen shrub is required. long, narrow, pointed lobes are all that are origin of the seed is very important. Acorns ited the evergreen leaves and sometimes the left We IIied one thousand acorns and not from Eastwood Hill in New Zealand pro­ corky bark. From Q. cerris originates the Quercus ponJica from Armenia. one came true. Quercus robur 'Pendula' has duced seedlings, which freeze down to the large size. Best known. already in 1763, is Caucasus and North East Turkey, generally drooping branches, but grows to a large ground every year. A plant from acorns Q. x hispanica 'Lucomheana', a full size grows as a large shrub and can in 20 years size. It is very suitable to train over a collected at high altitude in Mount Omei, tree. 'Diversifolia', has very peculiar leaves reach 6 m tall and 6 m wide. The large pergola. Quercus robur 'Salicifolia' is a China, however, is doing very well. and 'Amhrozyana' originates from Mlyany, leaves are very similar to those of Castanea very interesting oak. Hillier puts it in the the estate of Count Ambrozy in Czechoslo­ sativa. but wider. The large sessile acorns peiiaea-group, because of the petioles of the Quercus warburgii is of uncertain vakia. fall early in September and the shrubs start leaves. The very small acorns, however, origin. The only original tree is growing in fruiting when 1m tall. This IIee by itself in have very long petioles. l?te leaves on a the Botanical Garden at Cambridge, En­ Quercus x Ieana is Q. imbricaria x Q. a lawn as in Trompenburg is quite a sight. young lice still have some lobes, but mature gland, and I doubt very much whether it is a velutina. The leaves are long and lanceloate Grafting is difficult and from seed it grows IIees have only entire leaves. From seed it species or a cultivar. Seedlings could solve like imbricaria, however, with a few, sharp very slowly. It is one of my most beloved comes true for 100 percent. Its origin I do that problem, but at Cambridge the acorns pointed lobes. They are leathery like IIeasures. not know. It was known in Germany in are always collected by birds and squirrels velutina. The latter property distinguishes it 1873 and I doubt whether it grows any­ before ripening. However, my young graft from Q. x heterophylla(imbricariax rubra), Quercus pyrenaica grows wild in S.W. where else in the wild. I would not object had some good acorns two years ago, but the which has the same, but thin leaves. Europe and Italy to a medium to large sized when it attains species-rank. seedlings of one year old look very uniform lice. The deeply cut, lobed leaves are pu­ andverysirnilartoQ.robur. Theywillhave Quercus x libanerris ( libani x cerris) bescent on both sides. In nurseries gener­ Quercus rubra is too common for to be examined for several more years, originates from the Arboretum ally the cv. 'Pendu/a' is sold and the normal comment, but has one outstanding cultivar, before any conclusion can be drawn. Trompenburg. The leaves are intermediate 9 THE GENUS QUERCUS IN ROMANIA BY DR. STEUAN RADU

Seven species of oaks, belonging to the family group Cerris (Spach. & Oaerst) and Lepidobalanus (Endl. & Oesrt) subge­ nus, are spontaneously growing in Roma­ nia. All together, they roughly cover 2,970 acres, which represents about 19 percent of forested land. Another 20 exotic oaks were inlroduced and cultivated in forests and parks. systems, abusive forest pasture, prolonged Due to their silvicullural importance, and frequent droughts, strong defoliations tlle Romanian native oaks were thoroughly and finally, air pollution and acid rains - studied during the past 50 years from differ­ produced an appreciable weakness of some Photograph by J.R.P. van Hoey Smith Quercus x libanerris ent points of view: botanical, ecological, oak ecosystems. between U1c parents, but it has the growth 'Westcolumn' bas 'Columna'leaves, is 8 m genetic, typo logical, edaphic, mensuration aI , and will grow the si:t.e of cerris. The first tall and 60 em wide. Q. petraea diseases and pests control, including tl1e l be so-called 'dieback' ('deperis­ seedling was named Q. x libanerris 'Eastcolumna' is the same size, but only o ne wood properties and uses. Abundant Ro­ sement') of oaks, frequently recorded in Trompenburg'. Later a seedling appeared leader on top, much smaller leuves. conse­ manian literature is available on these top­ Europe during the last decades, is noted also with the same good gn>wth, but serrate quently tlle first impression is better. ics. in Romania, particularly in European and leaves. exactly the size of libani and acorns sessile oaks, and sometimes on other spe­ even larger tllan those of libani. lbis out­ Quercus 'Pondaim' (pomic(l xdemara). For a short and general note, addressed cies. "The oak forests are subjected to so­ standing cultivar I named Q. x libanerris at Trompenburg the parents grow near each to the International Oak Society members, phisticated sylvicultural systems, relying 'Roflerdam' and tlle vigorous narrow habit other and between pontica seedlings this we have tried to compile some !>asic data. on natural regeneration. But seed crops are, makes it very suitable for street-planting. oak appeared, which is intermediary be­ The nomenclature, occurence, soil require­ unfortunately, rare, particularly in last de­ tween tbe parents. The leaves are very large, ments and uses of Romanian oaks are listed cades. Quercus 'Macon' (macranthera x but sen·ate like pontica and the growth and in the foUowing table. frainetto) alsoorigiuates from Trompenbw·g. size are that of dentata. lt keeps the leaves In tbe frame of scientific cooperation The leaves are frainello-like, but the in winter. A very remarkable tree indeed. The great diversity of sites and com­ and exchanges of biological materials, our indumcnturn of the young shoots and tht: positions of stands, formed by these spe­ research station is able to locate seed crops buds are pure macrrmt!lera . Howt:ver, tlle Quercus x lllmeri (ilex x robur), in cies, is well reflected iLl existing classifica­ for these species and to organize the collec­ acorns are 3-4 em long and only 0.5-0.8 em Dutch nurseries this was the only available tions. Therefore, oak forests were studied tion and dispatching through the post (with wide. It makes a beautiful n-ee. evergreen oak, at the time under the name Q. and described: 141 forest types (J>urcelean, necessary documents of provenance and ar1stri(lca sempervirans and Q. x. trmreri Pascovschi, 1968), 104 site types (ChiJ·ita, phytosanitary certiticates) of some small. Quercus petraea 'Colw111Ul' is the hy­ var.pseudotumeri. Itcangrowtoamcdium Stanescu, 1990). quantities of acorns, in exchange of Nortll brid of Q. petmea 'Muscaviensis' and Q. size, but;s very wide. The green leaves fall American or Asiatic forest and amenity tree robur 'Fastigiara'. When young, the habit is down in spring when the buds open. It w:-.s Producing high quality wood, tlle oak seeds. Special requests must be directed in good, but it starts broadening after 15 years. raised in the nursery of Mr. Turner of Essex, forests exert multiple productive (climatic, advance to: Forest Research Station & At Trompenburg it fruited already abun­ England, in tl1e late 18th Century. lt is the hydrological, and erosion control) functions. Arboretum, str. B iscaria, l Jud. Hunedoara, dantly and then it mcndels back to tlle par­ hardiestof all evergreen ()aks, even when in But during the centuries, the natural oak R-2625, Sirneria, Romania. A catalog of ents, but between them we found two with a a severe winter it drops its leaves at very tow forests endured a strong antropic pressure. seeds and plants for exchange is published l'Cttcr compact fasUgiatc shape. Q. pet raea lempe~atures. t:. 'lbe dt!forestations, application of coppice annually by our research station. t:. 10 NOMENCLATURE, OCCURENCE, SOIL REQUIREMENTS • E ~pl anait ion of Soil Rcctuircmcllls: I • TROI'J IICITY: l=poor; 2--middlc: 3=rich: O=widc variability AND USES OF ROMAINIAN OAKS n · ACIDITY: l=ncitl: 2=modcrntc acid; 3=wcak acid: 4=ncutrnl; 5=alkaline Ul · IIUMlDlTY: l=xcrophyte: 2=n1esoxerophyte; 3=mczophytc; 4=mcsohygrophytc: 5=hygrophyte: O=wide

MAX. SCIENTIFIC AND OCCURENCE SOIL REQUIREMENTS• SYNONYMS VARIADILITY HEIGH"I TIMBER VALUE AMENITY VALUE OTHER REMARKS COMMON NAMES GENERAL ROMANIA (FEET) I II lli TEXTURE AND USES

ssp. petraea Europe 100(130) 0 2-3 3(4) -subf. mespilifolia deep, drained soils Q. sessiliflora -ssp. polycarpa Carpath-Balk -hiUs & piedmonts 85 0 2-3 2 (Wall.) Schw. shallow or skeleton Quercus petraea sal is I. (Schur.) 500' -Caucas. good & remarkable -f. lacimata soils (Matl.) Liebl. -ssp. dalenchampii Alps-Carpath -pure and mixed 100 0 1-3 2-3 coarse · some provenances) -f. longifolia shallow or skeleton (Sessile oak) Q. sessilis (Ten.) 500' -Balkan stands -seldom cultivate<: soils Ehrh. -climate and in parks edaphic ecotypes -v.tandiflora Czem var praecox Czem -f. fastigiata (Lam. loamy- Schw. Quercus robur L. var. robur -plain.... hills sandy.... (English Oak) Q.pendunc- var. puberulo. Europe 130(1 65) 0 1-4 0 good & remarkable -deep, loose, drained ulata Ehrh. -great variability -pure and mixed sandy-loamy some provenances) - used in parks as soils of leaves, acorns s(ands as single tree or &.hahil in groups

-forest steppe .... Quercus cerris L. Mediterranean hills good · medium (Turkey oak) 100(130) 0 1-3 1-2 sandy- (forms with white - seldom cultivated • compact or dense -pure and mixed loamy ...c layey heartwood better soils stands lhan red ones) . -forest steppe... . Quercus fraineuo Q. conferta kit Balkan hills 130 0 1-3 1-2 sandy- good -extremely -compact or dense Ten. oamy. ... clayey decorative soils (Hungarian oak) -mixed (seldom pure) stands

-loose, sandy soils Q. pedunculiflora -var. pedunculi- -forest steppe medium C. Koch [Wra Schuz. Pontic( around 130 3 3-4 2 good -seldom cultivated -subthermic sp., Black Sea) - pure and mixed coarse identified & describe< (Greyish oak) -var. virescens C. Koch - stands by Alex. Borza (1936

Q. pubescens -forest steppe.. .. skeleton, calcic soils Willd. Q. lanuginosa IMeditteranean hills 13-50 2-3 4-5 1 sandy- insignificant (Pubescent oak) Thuill. (65) loamy.... -subthermic sp. -open stands, clayed loamy shrub size

-forest seppe .... -skeleton, calcic soils Q. virgiliana !Mediterranean hills 65 2-3 4-5 sandy- reduced Ten. -open stands, loamy... . -subthem1ic · thermic shrub size claycd loamy I sp. AN OAK COMMON IN FRANCE -THE ENGLISH OAK ENGUSHOAK DURMASTOAK (Q. robur L. and Q. pedunculala Ehrh) (Q. robur L. , Q. peduncular a Ehrh.) (Q. petraea Liebl., sessiliflora Salish.) BY STEPHAN BRAME, VILLENEUVE, LECOMTE, FRANCE Shape - Irregular with curving -Less irregular with a dif­ The English Oak is fotmd in almost all In our country, the only tree able to branches. erenciated top the French territories except in the extreme overtop and to eliminate the English Oak is South (Mediterranean region) and in the Fagus sylvatica. The acorns produced by Leaves -very short petioles mountains above 1000 m high. It grows in the big trees are often abundant and are -limbs becoming wider -petioles 1 - 2 em long a large part of temperate Europe. It puts up eaten by rodents, wild boars and some spe­ near the top of the leaf -limbs becoming wider at the with different climates, in oceanic as well as cies of birds (Jay). The English Oak is able -two roWlded auricles at middle of the leaf in continent.al climates, and grows in all to live for several centuries. There is a the base -no auricles at the base types ofsoils- acid and alkaline. However, variety of Q. robur not very rare and found -dark green and some­ -shiny green, rather leathery it is often replaced by Q. pubescens in in the eastern part of France (Q. robur var. times glancous - not chalky and hot sites. The species is able to lardissimma), called here June Oak, be­ bright. not leathery colonize in the same dry or damp ground, cause it unfolds its leaves about one month but it only reaches a large si1.e (30 or 40 m after the type and is never injured by spring Acorns -ovoid cylindrical -ovoid globular high) in rather deep soils with a little damp­ frost. -borne by long peduncles -borne by very short pedWlcles ness and in lwninous exposure. Many other varieties are met in the There are many natural oak planta­ collections and I think the most striking are: tions located in very superficial grounds, -Q. robur 'variegata' - leaves variegated the roots of Q. robur are able to grow in the with white clefts of the rocky soils where, however, it -Q. robur 'condordia' - leaves bright yellow may reach a rather large size. The part -Q. robur 'asplenifolia'- leave pinnatifid played by this oak in the improvement of -Q. robur 'fastigiaJa' - of columnar shape poor soils due to the dead leaves is impor­ tant and allows the installation of a more The English Oak makes hybrids with eJtact species. The tree sprouts vigorously almost all the other oaks located in its area: after falling and then the few shoots that -Quercusxsemila.nuginosa =Q.la.nuginosa were thrown out are also able to attain a x Q. robur (=pubescens) large size. -Quercus x apenn.ina = Q. pubescens x ...... robur x sessiliflora . Although it is quite hardy here, it is -Quercus x inlermedia (Q. x rosacea) = . . frequent to see marks of frost on old trunks QJobur x Q. sessiflora . - on poor soils. It is used as a reserve of -Quercus x andegavensis = Q. robur x Q. copse because it is a very good wood for toza fuel. \ I grow in my garden a handsome small The old specimens isolated along the tree called Quercus x flick£/ii, a hybrid ~ road or in the pasture have a big and rather between Q. robur and Q. montana. short trtmk with a typical rounded cresL The large trees found in the forests produce The following comparative chart is a a more long trunk. The wood is searched for recapitulation including notes about two framework because it is very tough and not oaks often discussed: English Oak and very attacked by insects. Durmasl Oak. 6

12 arc dependent upon oaks. Approximately The fossil record indicates that oaks CALIFORNIA NATIVE OAKS: PAST AND PRESENT 170 species of birds use oaks at some point have been in California for at least the past in their life cycle. Fifty-eight species of ten million years. Relatives of most of the BY JAMES R. GRIFAN AND PAMELA C. MUICK lizards, snakes and amphibians are associ­ California oaks have been found in late ated with oak habitats. One hundred and Miocene sediments deposited five to thir­ Californiawhite oak acorns do not five species ofmammals, including most of teen million years ago. require a period of dormancy and gcne'rally Tree status can be considered the be­ the game species in the state, use the oak germinate in the fall or winter after drop­ ginning ofthe reproductivesfugeofan oaks's resource. There arc approximately sixty species ping. Iri fact, emerging roots are visible on life. Although timing and !Jiggering mecha­ of oaks in the United States, and an esti­ some blue oak acorns while still on the tree. nisms for sexual maturity are unclear, root Interactions between disease, wildlife mated three hundred worldwide, primarily On the other hand, black oak acorns often and shot mass, as well as vigor and crown (including feral hogs), and introduced an- in the Northern Hemisphere. Ten tree and respond favorably to a period of cold strati­ position are components. As an oak ma­ . nual plants are avenues of research being eight shrub species of Quercus grow in fication with rapid germination. tures, it begins to display its characteristic explored by contemporary researchers. California. California species fall into three bark and growth form, as well as the cycle However, research efforts are uneven across different subgenera: the white oaks, Seedling oaks are temporary. Huge and quality of mast, the acorn crop. the species in the state. Lepidobalanus; the intermediate oaks, populations of seedlings come and go fol­ Protobalanus; and the black oaks, lowing good seed crops. Seedlings suc­ The life of a tree can be divided into Approximately ten million acres of Erythrobalanus. The subgenera prefix cumb to a variety of problems including three stages: young, mature and declining. California are h!lbitat to the nineteen native Erythro is derived from the Greek word for drought, herbivory (both above- and below­ Young trees usually have a strong ability to species of oak. The California Department red. Generallu, taxonomists and foresters ground) and frre. Although physiologically sprout from the base after injury. Mature of Fish and Game Natural Diversity Data refer to the Erythrobalanus subgenus as red equipped to sprout after above-ground dam­ trees may sprout from the stumps of broken Base recongizes sixty-Se\!en different types oaks. However, in California and the north­ age, very few seedlings survive and grow to branches. However, the ability of mature. of oak habitat. Oaks dominate or co-domi­ eastern United States, this subgenus is known the next stage of maturity, the shon sapling trees to sprout from the stump is more vari­ nate in 25 plant natural communities, and as black oaks. The local usuage probably stage. able. For instance, blue oak {Q. douglasii) are characteristic members of 43 others. arises from Q. kelloggii, black oak, a spe­ . and garry or Oregon oak {Q. garryana) cies in the Erythrobalanus that is physically Shon sapling oaks have an increased appear to stump sprout well to mid-side HUMANS AND OAKS similar to the red oaks in the rest of the likelihood to survive to adulthood. Shon classes, while valley oak {Q. lobaJa) loses UnitedStates. Hybridization. whichisnatu­ saplings, under four and a halffeetinheight, this ability earlier. The black and interme­ California's human history is inexlri­ rally reslricted to crosses within a subgenus, have a woody stem and a well-developed diate oaks, as well as most of the shrub cably interwoven with its landscape and has.resulted in eleven named hybrids and root system which serves as a reservoir of species, sprout vigorously after frre. vegetation. Over millennia, native Califor­ ten unnamed hybrids. energy. Short saplings sprout readily after nians developed many uses of oaks. Acorns injuries from fire, drought or browsing, and Disease plays a large pan in the life of were a major item in their diet; acorns were may be kept in a hedged condition for de­ the adult oak. To quote the British ecologist also important for the animals they used for OAK UFE CYCLE cades. Only after the sapling's leader reaches M.J. Penistan, in his paraphrase of Dryden: food. Many native American cultures above the deer browse line does the sapling acknowledgedtheir dependence upon oaks Oaks are monoecious, bearing male proceed to the next level of maturity, the tall 'TM menarch oak, the palriarch of trees through ritual and legend. The near extinc· catkins and female flowers upon the same sapling stage. Springs rising up, tMn spread by slow degrees tion of these indigenous peoples from their individual planL Flowers are wind-polli­ One hundred years he grows, one mere M stays ancestral oak populations marked a loss of Supretn£ in state, then in one mere decays.,'' nated, and acorns mature in either one- or T all saplings, greater than four and a sophisticated understanding aboutoakstew­ two-year cycles. The acorns of the white half feet, above the browse line, gain height ardship. Today we cannot fully recover the oaks charactericstically mature in the fall of and girth rapidly. At this stage, after top WILDLIFE AND OAK HABITATS loss of oak management lore that passed the same year the flowers bloomed. In death due to burning, they may regain their away with these people. contrast, most of the black oaks exhibit previous stature within a few years. Sap­ During their long history in Califor­ delayed fertilization. similar to some of the lings gain height before adding girth, and nia. oaks have evolved strong interrelation­ When Franciscan missionaries arrived pines; acorns mature in fall of the second then develop irtto thenextstageof maturity, ships with wildlife. Today, an estimated in 1769 they often located missions in oak year. young trees. 5,000 species of insects use oaks, and 1,000 woodlands. These missions. and the assoc- 13 iated Mexican ranchos, bad a profound im­ Valley] was modified with a rapidity and and left and the starely lords ofth e forest in mer. "Nor in itselfan attractive tree the blue pacton oak woodlands. The introduction of completeness unmatched in other parts of complete possession of rile soil which was oak ,by reason of its form, color, and habit aggressive Mediterranean annual grasses the United Srares." covered with luxuriant herbage." Tbe mag­ plays a strong and nawral parr in the scen­ and forbs along with Mexican cattlecbanged nificent valley oak woodlands of the Sacra­ ery of the yellow-brown foothills. Always forever lhe nature of lhe California grass­ Throughout California, major areas of mento and San Joaquin valleys as well as the scattered about singly orin opengroves, rhe land and oak woodlands. How many cur­ oak woodland remain; but locating healthy. larger foothill valleys are noted repeatedly trees are well associated in memory with rent California residents know, orcare,lhat mature, or young regeneroting oak stands, in journals of early travelers. bleached grass, glaring sunlight, dustyrrails, much of the green woodland understory in unthrealened by agricultural or urban de­ although for a few brief days at the end of spring has been here for less than two cen­ velopment, is becoming increasingly diffi­ John C. Fremont discovered the inte­ the rainy season the white tnmks rise every­ turies? cult. Before we enter the next century. rior live oak on lhe south fork of the Ameri­ where from a many-colored cloth woven Californians should critically evaluate the can River in March, 1849, after crossing the from rile sle11derr reads ofinnumerable mil­ The arrival of vast numbers of gold role of oaks in modem society and how Sierro Nevada. Later, on a joun1ey from lions offlowering annuals." miners also had a lasting and negative effect these ancestral landscapes can be prescrv~ Sutter's Fort to Los Angeles, be passed on California oaks. Sonora and Au bum are amid rapid population growth and land thl'ough impressive interior live oak groves Jepson was also greaLly impressed with two classic examples of foothill oak wood­ speculation. on theConsumnes, Mokelumne, Stanislaus, canyon live oak (which has many common land gold mining communities. The Gold and other streams on the east side of the San names). "In the Sierra Nevada rite species Rush also adversely affected lhe Central Although it is dHficult to imagine Joaquin Valley: "The country is smooth and is most common and oflar gest si~e between Valley oak savannas where agriculture rop­ California devoid of oaks. with u·eeless foot­ grassy; rllefprest had 110 tmdergrowrh; and 1,500 anil 5,000feet being chiefly confined idly developed to support the growing popu­ hills or coastal landscapes, t11e history of i11 the open valleys or rivulets, or around to the canyons. In si~e of. individuals it lation of gold miners. Europe and the British Isles gives us pause. spring heads, the low groves of live oaks reaches grearestdevelopm(mr in Mendocino At one time Ireland, England and Wales give the appearance oforchards in an old and Htunboldr counties, where the most Even some mining ventures well up were almost entirely cover~ with trees-­ cultivated coullfry." massive trees grow on borromlands in tlte into the conifer forests seriously affected mostly oaks. f or many Californians, blue the Central Va lley riparian oak forests. Por gums and other exotic trees are not an ac­ Charles S. Sargent in 1905 described example, massive hydraulic mines above ceptable altemative for our native oaks. coastli ve oak as "A tree, occasionally eigluy Nevada City led to long-term flooding prob­ or ninety jeer high, wirh a sltort lrtmk rltree lems in the lower Sacramento Valley. Silt­ I flSTORIC GUMSPES Of to Jour or rarely six or seven Jeer in diam­ ation from the Malakoff Diggins and asso­ CALIFORNIA OAKS eter, dividing a few Jeer above rite base into ciated placer mi nes raised the Yuba River numerous great limbs often resting on rlze bed on the V alley floor well above the its Many California explorers and bota­ ground and fonning a low round-topped normal level. Graphic reminders of this nists recorded observations of the oak-tilled headfrequently I 50 jeer across .. . usually problem still occur in wet years when the landscapes t11ey encountered. Their com­ in open gr01•es ofgrea t exte11tjrom Sonoma Yuba River floods Marysville and Yuba ments remind us of the rich diversity of County southward over the coast ranges City. CaUfom ia oaks, ranging from low, arid and islands to San Pedro Marir . .. very Mojave Dcscrt slopes--to high, wet ridges abundam and of irs largest size in valleys Riparian oaks in the Central Valley in the Klamath ranges. soutlt ofSan Frtmcisco Bay and rlteircom­ were frrst cut to fud steam boats. A.'i agJi ­ monesr and clwracterisric tree; frequently cu ltureexpaoded, there was increasing pres­ George Vancouver, commander of covering with semiprosrrare and contorted sure from powerful farming interests to con­ the English ship Discovety, described val­ stems the sand dunes of the coast." trol flooding. Much of the riparian forest, ley oaks in the Santa Clara Valley in 1792: which included impressive valley oaks, was "For abow twenty miles ir could only he Willis Jepson, who hiked and rode for cleared following various flood control compared ro a park which had originally many years gathering infonnation aJldspeci­ projects. Kenneth Thompson, a great stu­ been closely planred with the rrue old En­ mensofCalifomia's wiJd plants, commented dent of Sacramento Valley riparian forest, glish oak; the tuulerwood, that had pml>­ on the blue oak in a way tl1at rings familiar Quercus kelloggii wrote "that with the coming of wltite man ably amended irs et1rly growth, had the to all who have trod the dry footl1ills in sum- the pristine ve&elarion [of rile Sacromenro appearance of lwving been cleared away

14 "On the 11plonds nnd low hills east oftoll'n many parts of the state in the 1970s. Articles the Year of the Oak. and the second. con­ there is an almost inexhaustible S11pply of and news items about regeneration prob­ tained more far-reaching language. It called good oak cordwood. mul Iorge trade in lem$ of valley oak and blue oak began for every state agency with responsibility which. with San Jose and other points. is appearing in ecological and popular jour­ for oak lands to develop a plan for the carried on by medium of the Sow hem Pa­ nals. In the April, I 973 Fremont in, James protection and conservation of their oaks. cific Railroad" [Resources of California. Griffin discussed valley oak regeneration lbese plans were to be submi tted to tbe April 188 I]. These coastli ve oak forests on problems. In the April 1976 Fremomia. legislature by the fall of I 99 I . Aromas saod bills nearCastroviUedid sprout V .L llolland considered regeneration o f aod formed a new forest. I Jowever. the blue oak and the practice of removing blue resprouted forest is now being rapidly cleared oaks from foothill pastures to increase live­ . ERA or OAK MEE'ONGS for strawberry farms and new homes amidst stock forage. In September. 1978. Peter controversy over heavy '>Oi l erosion from Steinhart penned a penetrating summary of Interest in oak woodlands grew in the the steep. sandy hillsides. the oak situation in Audubon magazine en­ late 1960s. partly due to California Depart­ lttlcd "As lhc old oaks fall." illustrated with ment of f-ish and Can1e concerns about In the 1900s the charcoal industry David Cavagnaro's superb photographs. declining oak habitats. U.S. Forest Service. Quercus agrifolin began to impact the oak woodlands. San And the Octoher. 1983 issue of Fremontia University ofCa lifornia. and California State valfeys. 1'11e narrowfloor ofHupa Valley is Luis Obispo County was the major charcoal was devoted solely to the subject of oaks. University researchers wereconcemed about distinguished by its maul oaks, their great producing area in the state with lh ~: greates t adequate ouk regeneration. These issues size andport. One oftIIese trees. named Old concetllration in the Adelaide region west of During this period the Heritage Oak prompted an oak symposium at Scripps Scotty. is 95 feet /zig II and 125 across the Paso Robles. There over 1.000 acres per committee of Sacrao1ento published a clas­ College. Claremont in June 1979. It at­ crown. 'fl1e tallest trees grow on the sharp year were cleared for charcoal at the peak of sic booklet "Native Oaks; Our Valley Heri­ tracted about two hundred attendees who walls of deep cool canyons, and as such production. tage." The efforts of the committee are an heard fifty-two research reports. habirats so commonly exhibit well-devel­ outstanding example of a public service oped trees tire species is often called canyon From the 1940s and 1950s, several project carried out by Mike Weber and The success of this meeting led to a oak." federally-funded programs encouraged ag ­ others. Over 20,000 copies have been dis­ larger meeting at California Stale Polytech­ ricultural development and land clearing tributed without advertising. nic University, San Luis Obispo in Novem­ Even during Lhe late 1800s Jepson was One program, started in I 941. wa$ the War ber 1985. That event included some 500 well aware of the tremendous diversity of Food Program. Another was the Agricul­ In the fall of 1987 the organization of allendces hearing 85 research reports. Pro­ oaksin California. NotonlydoesCalifornia tural Adjustment Administration's range im­ a California Native Plant Society oak-bard­ ceedings of both meetings were published offer a wealth of oak species. but also the provement program for the Eradication and wood conunittee was announced with Pam by the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range luxury of an even greater number of inter­ Control of Destructive aod Competitive Muick and Joan Stewar( as corrunittee co­ Experiment Station. U.S. Forest Service, esting oak habitats. Plants. Between 1950 and 1980.4.8 million chairs. The commitlee defined oak policy and were instant best-sellers. These publi­ acres of forest and rangeland were con­ and met with other groups to establish re­ cations had considerable impact on the di­ verted to urban and irrigated agricultural search priorities on oak issues. rection of new oak research and on the MAJOR OISTURDANCcS IN TilE land uses. continuing dialogue about oak regulations. OAK WOODLANDS l.n 1988 the California Oak founda­ tion was created as a statewide organizati on In January 1989 an oak symposium PUBUC INVOLVEMENT to promote ''conservation. restoration, and was convened in Sacramento sponsored by As California's rural and urban popu­ IN OAK APFAIRS management of our native oak heritage the Runge Management Advisory Commit­ lations grew after the Cold Rush. there was Uwough practices that encourage its per­ tee (to the State Forestry l3oard) with many an ever-increasing demand for oak prod­ Unlike the slate's conifer resources. petuation and through focus on public edu­ co-sponsors, including CNPS. /\Lithe ma­ uct<;. Ranchers nccclc..xl fuel, fencing, and oaks inhabit private land and have received cation and coordination between the private jor interest groups were represented, aud a cleared land. The cities also created an little management scrutiny from traditional sectors." The f-oundation declared 1990 as great deal of constructive dialogue about ever-gmwing demand on oak resources. forestry interests. 1be lirst public expres­ the Year of the Oak. and was instrumental in current oak affairs took place. Regular, One early example of fuel wood harvest for sions of concern over lbe long-tenn fu ture two resolutions which were passed by the informal meetings of researchers working distant urban areas was ncar Castroville: of California's oak communities surfaced in state·s legislature. The frrst declared 1990 on oak-related topics arc held annually.

15 Titroughout the state, local workshops and living among the oaks. However, many of seminars are being held for education and these people may not initially value oak THE EXCHANGE LIST infonnation exchange. Regional meetings habitats in the same ways we do. Our only have been held at Santa Rosa, Chico, San hope for meeting the needs of the new Diego and Tuolumne County, and more are Californians and sustaining the values ofan planned. oak-filled langscape is to develop workable The following is a list of acorns of those who have acorns to offer in exchange for solutions, combining good information and those they would like to obtain. Please write directly to those with whom you wish to Finally, another symposium for oak workable policies. 1::. exchange. researchers met at Davis, October 31 through This article was reproduced from the July November 2, 1990, sponsored by the Uni­ 1990 Fremgnlia issue witlltheldnd permis­ Stephan Brame Offering: Q. ilex, toza, cerris, occidentalis, ( =suber var. versity ofCalifornia Cooperative Extension sion ofFrenwnlia and the CaliforniaNalive 12 Clos du Fosse Rouge occidental is: more hardy than the type), robur, petraea, and the Department of Forestry and Re­ Planl Society. 77174 Villeneuve le Cornte pubescens, robur var. tardissima. source ManagemenL FRANCE Wants: Q. gambelli, nigra, laurifolia, emoryi, engelmanni, hypolencoides, chapmanni, laevis, incana, myrtifolia. A QUERCUS REVIVAL tor's Note: Mr Sternberg's article was itten with the anticipation that the Oak Daniel Dumont Wants: Q. veluntia, kelk>gii, sluunardii, acerifolia, Until recently, most California resi­ ould be voted as the national tree of the 9 Rue des Chafors douglassi, nigra, laurifolia, georgiana, virginiana, dents and state agencies have taken oaks for nited States, under the National Tree Bill B 5361 Mohiville muehlenbergii, gambelli. Asian; Q. variabilis, denlata, granted. At the tum of the century, between owever, the latest repons available indi BELGIUM glandulifera, pontica, acuta, glauca, myrsinifolia, vibray­ 1890 and 1925, a number of books were ate that the bills are still in commitee eana, phyllyraeoides. Europe: Q. lustitania, canariensis, published containing natural history infor­ der the following designations: afares, macrolepsis. mation about oaks by authors such as House -H.J. Resolution #69 Kellogg, Jepson, Sudworth, Eastwood, and Senate-SJ. Resolution #113 Dave Kenderes Offering: Q. viginiana,laurilifoli.a, phellos, nigra,falcata, others. Then came a long hiatus. members and friends of the I.O.S 5007 Blave Drive marilandica, stellala. esiding in America should contact their Fredericksburg, VA 22407 For over sixty years, little auention .S. Senators and Representatives to expe was paid to oak preservation or conserva­ ite action on this matter. Advise them Lha Len Stubbs Wants: Q. meignus, macrophylla tion, although specific programs existed for e National Survey was conducted unde 426 East West Road eradicating oaks. During this time, few e auspices of the International Society o Warragul, Victoria researchers, in academia, or in state or fed­ boriculture, and that Oaks received 599 3920 AUSTRAUA eral agencies, studied Quercus. Since the otesoutof7761 castfor53genera! Uyo late 1970s, public and research interest has ould like additional infonnation about th been enhanced by two USFS-sponsored oak ational Tree Bills or the Survey, contact symposia(1979,19&5). Theseconferences, arry J. Banker of Lhe ISA at coupled with state funding, has resulted in 3 Fitzrandolph Road new generation of researchers focusing their ast Orange, NJ 07052 attention on oaks. Subsequently, our knowl­ edge about oaks has begun to increase rap­ Drawings by M. Nigel Wright idly. yping and Assistant Editor: Lis ankowy.... whosc help and devotion mad As we look towards the next century, is publication possible. we recognize that tremendous changes will . ted on Laser D Printer & Tektronix continue to occur on the landscape. baser ill using the Macintosh system. California's population is predicted to in­ or expenses' sake originals were zero xed crease by 20 million in the next twenty the future we hope to use beuer printin years. Many of these people will,like us, be

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