DOCSLIB.ORG

West-Side Prairies & Woodlands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
West-Side Prairies & Woodlands Washington State Natural Regions Beyond the Treeline: Beyond the Forested Ecosystems: Prairies, Alpine & Drylands WA Dept. of Natural Resources 1998 West-side Prairies & Woodlands Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems West-side Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems in Grey San Juan Island Prairies 1. South Puget Sound prairies & oak woodlands 2. Island / Peninsula coastal prairies & woodlands Olympic Peninsula 3. Rocky balds Prairies South Puget Prairies WA GAP Analysis project 1996 Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems San Juan West-side Island South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems Oak Woodland & Prairie Prairies Ecosystems in Grey Grasslands dominated by Olympic • Grasses Peninsula Herbs Prairies • • Bracken fern South • Mosses & lichens Puget Prairies With scattered shrubs Camas (Camassia quamash) WA GAP Analysis project 1996 •1 South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems Mounded prairie Some of these are “mounded” prairies Mima Mounds Research Natural Area South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems Scattered shrubs Lichen mats in the prairie Serviceberry Cascara South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems As unique ecosystems they provide habitat for unique plants As unique ecosystems they provide habitat for unique critters Camas (Camassia quamash) Mazama Pocket Gopher Golden paintbrush Many unique species of butterflies (Castilleja levisecta) (this is an Anise Swallowtail) Photos from Dunn & Ewing (1997) •2 South Puget Sound Prairie Ecosystems Fire is an important & natural part of ecosystems Garry Oak Woodlands • Often associated with prairies • Riparian corridors in prairies • Extensive in Islands & BC Quercus garryana Photo from Dunn & Ewing 1997 Garry Oak Woodlands Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems: Human Impacts Current prairie cover is about % of its historical extent in South Puget Sound Important Habitat Causes of Prairie Loss Hall (1995) Urban development % Forest invasion % Tacoma Agriculture % Olympia Mazama pocket gopher Mardon skipper & other Streaked horned lark Western gray squirrel butterflies Crawford & Hall 1997 South Sound Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems: South Sound Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems: Protected Areas Protected Areas •3 Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems: Human Impacts Fort Lewis & McChord Air Base: Protected Areas > 75,000 acres of training grounds Invasive Species are another threat Tacoma 86,000 acre reservation Fort Lewis Olympia Scot’s Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Fort Lewis Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems: Human Impacts Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Control of Scot’s Broom These prairies & woodlands exist within the same climate as the surrounding sea of evergreen forest. WHY? A central question: What prevents the forest Burning from existing here? Pulling What Restricts Forest Cover? What Restricts Forest Cover? PLANT INVESTMENTS Wood becomes a luxury in droughty conditions Sugar Sugar Herbaceous Woody Plant Herbaceous Woody Plant Plant Plant leaves wood roots leaves roots leaves wood roots leaves roots NOW IMAGINE DROUGHT CONDITIONS This suggests herbaceous plants will do better in drier locations Which can better support its leaves with drought? Are these prairies & woodlands in drier locations? •4 Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Development of Puget Prairies To understand if our west-side prairies are in dry sites 18,000 YBP we must understand the history of the ground beneath ! 15,000 YBP Glacier recedes 12-15,000 YBP Coarse, droughty substrate Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Development of Puget Prairies Development of Puget Prairies 10,000 YBP 10 - 12,000 YBP Grasses & Soil holds more water forbs & nutrients establish Trees & shrubs begin to establish 7 - 10,000 YBP 9 - 10,000 YBP Organic matter Climate shift: added; HYPSITHERMAL Soil building Too warm & dry for trees; prairies remain Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Development of Puget Prairies Development of Puget Prairies 5 - 7,000 YBP Climate cools & 5 - 7,000 YBP Climate cools & becomes more wet becomes more wet Trees & shrubs begin Trees & shrubs begin to establish again to establish again Humans arrive Humans arrive 200 - 7,000 YBP 200 - 7,000 YBP FIRE We would expect: Native Americans Soil OM builds use fire to keep trees rapidly & shrubs out – Forest establishes maintaining prairie •5 Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems West-side Prairies & Woodlands Development of Puget Prairies Post European settlement Fire suppression allows forest succession to 1. South Puget Sound prairies & oak woodlands proceed 2. Island / Peninsula coastal prairies & woodlands How do we maintain these unique ecosystems in the face of natural succession to forests? Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems Prairies in San Juan Islands, NE Olympic Peninsula & Coastal Bluffs Rainshadow of the San Juans & NE Olympic Peninsula Just a little different Inches of • Coarse, dry post-glacial soils annual • Rainshadow – low precipitation precipitation Oak Woodland & Prairie Ecosystems West-side Prairies & Woodlands Prairies in San Juan Islands, NE Olympic Peninsula & Coastal Bluffs Just a little different • Coarse, dry post-glacial soils 1. South Puget Sound prairies & oak woodlands • Rainshadow – low precipitation 2. Island / Peninsula coastal prairies & woodlands • Wind exposed 3. Rocky balds • Unusual soil chemistry •6 Rocky Balds: another west-side ecosystem not West-side Prairies & Woodlands dominated by trees South Puget Sound prairies & oak woodlands Island / Peninsula Windswept resistant bedrock coastal prairies & woodlands outcrops Rocky balds What is the common reason all of these ecosystems exist? More common on San Juan Islands How is that different from the factors that tend to control Unique, rare species ecosystem existence for our more extensive ecosystems? Lord Hill, Snohomish County •7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taylor's Checkerspot (Euphydryas Editha Taylori) Oviposition Habitat Selection and Larval Hostplant Use in Washington State
    TAYLOR'S CHECKERSPOT (EUPHYDRYAS EDITHA TAYLORI) OVIPOSITION HABITAT SELECTION AND LARVAL HOSTPLANT USE IN WASHINGTON STATE By Daniel Nelson Grosboll A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Studies The Evergreen State College June 2011 © 2011 by Daniel Nelson Grosboll. All rights reserved. This Thesis for the Master of Environmental Study Degree by Daniel Nelson Grosboll has been approved for The Evergreen State College by ________________________ Judy Cushing, Ph.D. Member of the Faculty ______________ Date Abstract Taylor's checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori) oviposition habitat selection and larval hostplant use in Washington State Taylor’s checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori (W.H. Edwards 1888)), a Federal Endangered Species Act candidate species, is found in remnant colonies between extreme southwestern British Columbia and the southern Willamette Valley in Oregon. This butterfly and its habitat have declined precipitously largely due to anthropogenic impacts. However, this butterfly appears to benefit from some land management activities and some populations are dependent on an exotic hostplant. Oviposition sites determine what resources are available for larvae after they hatch. Larval survival and growth on three reported hostplants (Castilleja hispida, Plantago lanceolata, and P. major) were measured in captivity to determine the suitability of hostplant species and to develop captive rearing methods. Larvae successfully developed on C. hispida and P. lanceolata. Parameters of oviposition sites were measured within occupied habitat at four sites in Western Washington. Sampling occurred at two spatial scales with either complete site censuses or stratified systematic sampling on larger sites. Within the sampled or censused areas, oviposition sites were randomly selected for paired oviposition/adjacent non-oviposition microhabitat measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Species: Cytisus Scoparius, C. Striatus
    Species: Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/cytspp/all.html SPECIES: Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus Table of Contents Introductory Distribution and occurrence Botanical and ecological characteristics Fire ecology Fire effects Management considerations References INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS Scotch broom Portuguese broom © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's © 2005 Michael L. Charters, Sierra Madre, College CA. AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Zouhar, Kris. 2005. Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2007, September 24]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: CYTSCO CYTSTR CYTSPP 1 of 54 9/24/2007 4:15 PM Species: Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/cytspp/all.html SYNONYMS: None NRCS PLANT CODE [141]: CYSC4 CYST7 COMMON NAMES: Scotch broom Portuguese broom English broom scotchbroom striated broom TAXONOMY: The scientific name for Scotch broom is Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link [48,55,57,63,105,112,126,132,147,154,160] and for Portuguese broom is C. striatus (Hill) Rothm. [55,63,132]. Both are in the pea family (Fabaceae). In North America, there are 2 varieties of Scotch broom, distinguished by their flower color: C. scoparius var. scoparius and C. scoparius var. andreanus (Puiss.) Dipp. The former is the more widely distributed variety, and the latter occurs only in California [63]. This review does not distinguish between these varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Native Oak in the Pacific Northwest. Gen
    United States Department of Agriculture Planting Native Oak Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest Research Station Warren D. Devine and Constance A. Harrington General Technical Report PNW-GTR-804 February 2010 D E E P R A U R T LT MENT OF AGRICU The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Pesticide Precautionary Statement This publication reports research involving pesticides.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Rosids! ! Rosids! !
    Phylogeny of Rosids! Rosids! ! ! ! ! Eurosids I Eurosids II Vitaceae Saxifragales Eurosids I:! Eurosids II:! Zygophyllales! Brassicales! Celastrales! Malvales! Malpighiales! Sapindales! Oxalidales! Myrtales! Fabales! Geraniales! Rosales! Cucurbitales! Fagales! After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374! Phylogeny of Rosids! Rosids! ! ! ! ! Eurosids I Eurosids II Vitaceae Saxifragales Eurosids I:! Eurosids II:! Zygophyllales! Brassicales! Celastrales! Malvales! Malpighiales! Sapindales! Oxalidales! Myrtales! Fabales! Geraniales! Rosales! Cucurbitales! Fagales! After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374! Alnus - alders A. rubra A. rhombifolia A. incana ssp. tenuifolia Alnus - alders Nitrogen fixation - symbiotic with the nitrogen fixing bacteria Frankia Alnus rubra - red alder Alnus rhombifolia - white alder Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia - thinleaf alder Corylus cornuta - beaked hazel Carpinus caroliniana - American hornbeam Ostrya virginiana - eastern hophornbeam Phylogeny of Rosids! Rosids! ! ! ! ! Eurosids I Eurosids II Vitaceae Saxifragales Eurosids I:! Eurosids II:! Zygophyllales! Brassicales! Celastrales! Malvales! Malpighiales! Sapindales! Oxalidales! Myrtales! Fabales! Geraniales! Rosales! Cucurbitales! Fagales! After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374! Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family) ! Fagaceae - 9 genera/900 species.! Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region ! Leaves simple, alternate; often lobed, entire or serrate, deciduous
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Trees of Portland
    Heritage Trees of Portland OREGON WHITE OAK (Quercus garryana) FAGACEAE z Native from southern B.C. to central California. z Height can be greater than 150'. z Leaves very dark green, leathery, 5-7 rounded lobes; brown leaves remain well into winter. z Acorns 1" long, ovoid, cup is shallow. z Somewhat common in Portland; a few 150-200 yr olds saved from development. #19 is perhaps the largest in the city. #179 was saved from developer’s ax in 1998. 4 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 2137 SE 32nd Pl* H 40, S 80, C 14.7 8 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 7168 N. Olin H 80, S 96, C 15.17 10 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) NW 23rd & Overton* H 80, S 86, C 14.33 19 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 1815 N. Humboldt* H 80, S 97, C 20.08 21 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 1224 SE Sellwood* H 65, S 78, C 15.83 23 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 825 SE Miller* H 80, S 75, C 15.33 27 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 5000 N. Willamette Blvd*, University of Portland H 50, S 90, C 13.75 71 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 9107 N. Richmond* H 80, S 75, C 15.5 75 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 4620 SW 29th Pl* H 60, S 100, C 16 141 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 4825 SW Dosch Park Ln* 142 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 4825 SW Dosch Park Ln* H 73-120, S 64-100, C 12-12.4 143 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 4825 SW Dosch Park Ln* 157 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) SW Patton Rd, Portland Heights Park H 87, S 94, C 17 171 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) SW Macadam & Nevada, Willamette Park H 102, S 72, C 17 179 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) SW Corbett & Lane, Corbett Oak Park H 73, S 73, C 13.3 198 Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) 199 200 7654 N.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of the Golden Paintbrush in British Columbia
    Status of the Golden Paintbrush in British Columbia by Michael Ryan and George W. Douglas Wildlife Bulletin No. B-91 March 1999 British Columbia, Canada’s most westerly province, has a bounty of biological diversity. British Columbia’s snowclad peaks, rain-drenched forests, arid grasslands, all sizes of rivers, lakes, and wetlands, and a long and rugged coast provide habitats for more species of living organisms than are found anywhere else in Canada. However, this very diversity means that there is much to be discovered about these organisms — their distribution, abundance, habitat requirements, and interrelationships with their environment. Increasing our knowledge of this biodiversity will help us with the complex task of sustainably managing our land and waters. In 1992, the Provincial Government initiated a co-operative biodiversity research program with funding from the Corporate Resource Inventory Initia- tive, the British Columbia Ministries of Forests (Research Branch), Environment, Lands, and Parks (Wildlife and Habitat Protection Branches), and Tourism and Culture (Royal B.C. Museum); and the Forest Resource Develop- ment Agreement (FRDA II). In 1996, funding from Forest Renewal BC (FRBC) was received for a biodiversity research extension proposal. One goal of the original research program, and more recently the FRBC extension project, is to extend information to scientists, resource managers, and the public through biodiversity publications. These publications are intended to increase awareness and understanding of biodiversity, promote the concepts and importance of conserving biodiversity, and communicate provincial government initiatives related to biodiversity. We hope that they will be used as tools for the conservation of British Columbia’s rich, living legacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Paintbrush (Castilleja Levisecta)
    Golden Paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta) 5-Year Review Summary and Evaluation September 26, 2007 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office Lacey, Washington 98503 5-YEAR REVIEW Species reviewed: Golden Paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION.......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Reviewers....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Methodology used to complete the review ................................................................. 1 1.3 Background .................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 REVIEW ANALYSIS....................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Application of the 1996 Distinct Population Segment (DPS) policy......................... 2 2.2 Recovery Criteria.......................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Updated Information and Current Species Status .................................................... 5 2.4 Synthesis....................................................................................................................... 12 3.0 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 13 3.1 Recommended Classification ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Acorn Planting
    Oak Harbor Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Acorn Planting 10/09/14 by Brad Gluth Acorn Acquisition 1) Garry oak acorns have to be collected and planted in the Autumn that they are shed from the trees unless stored in refrigeration. 2) Gather acorns from beneath local trees only. Oaks hybridize easily and we are trying to preserve the genetics of the local trees. Acorn Selection 3) Float test the acorns. Place the acorns in a container of water. Remove and discard those that float. This is a density test and the floating acorns have been compromised through pests or other causes. Select the largest acorns from those that sank for planting. The larger acorns have more vigorous seedling growth. 4) Do not allow the acorns to dry out. It is best to not store them indoors. Planting Containers 5) Pots should be a minimum of 10” deep with drain holes. (Garry oaks quickly develop a deep tap root of up to 10” in the first season.) Soil Mix 6) The soil mix should be a well-draining mix. Sand mixed with potting soil works well. Planting 7) Soak acorns in water for 5 to 10 minutes prior to planting. 8) Plant 2-3 of the largest acorns on their side in each pot. Cover each acorn with about 1/4” of soil. (If more than one acorn germinates, the seedlings can be thinned, or separated from the pots for replanting.) 9) After planting, 1” of mulch should be placed on top of the soil. If available, oak leaf mulch is recommended.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Threatened Status for Castilleja Levisecta
    31740 Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 112 / Wednesday, June 11, 1997 / Rules and Regulations September 8, 1995, except for condition 3. On page 328, first column, Lacey address (telephone 360/753± Nos. 9 pertaining to non-VOC and non- instruction 13 is corrected to read ``13. 9440). NOX pollutants and expiration date of Section 101±38.401±1 is amended by SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: the plan approval. removing the introductory text, (ii) Additional Material. removing paragraph (b), redesignating Background (A) Remainder of the Commonwealth paragraph (c) as paragraph (b), and Castilleja levisecta (golden of Pennsylvania's December 8, 1995 revising paragraph (a) introductory text paintbrush) was first collected near Mill submittal. to read as follows:'' Plain, Washington, by Thomas Jefferson (B) Additional material submitted by Howell in 1880 and was described by Pennsylvania dated May 23, 1997, Dated: June 5, 1997. Jesse More Greenman in 1898 providing clarifying information related Sharon A. Kiser, (Greenman 1898). A perennial herb of to Pennzoil Products Company plan FAR Secretariat. the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae), C. approval. [FR Doc. 97±15229 Filed 6±10±97; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6820±34±P levisecta typically has 1 to 15 erect to [FR Doc. 97±15102 Filed 6±10±97; 8:45 am] spreading unbranched stems, reaches a BILLING CODE 6560±50±P height of 30 centimeters (cm) (12 inches DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (in)), and is covered with soft, sticky hairs. The lower leaves are entire and GENERAL SERVICES Fish and Wildlife Service narrowly pointed; the upper leaves are ADMINISTRATION broader, usually with one to three pairs 50 CFR Part 17 of short lateral lobes on the distal end.
    [Show full text]
  • Quercus Garryana Pacific University Oregon White Oak Rehabilitation Case Study Jared Kawatani, ‘17 Center for a Sustainable Society, Pacific University
    Quercus garryana Pacific University Oregon White Oak Rehabilitation Case Study Jared Kawatani, ‘17 Center for a Sustainable Society, Pacific University Introduction Quercus garryana can be found in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Some of its common names are: Gary Oak, Oregon White Oak, and Oregon Oak. They are large slow growing hardwood trees that grow in woodlands, savannahs, and prairies. They are very versatile trees as they can grown in cool climates, humid coastal climates to hot, dry inland environments. But they prefer moist, fertile sites over the very dry conditions that they can grow in as well. Unfortunately, there are multiple problems that Oregon white oaks face over all as a species on the west coast. One of those issues is that they are threatened by the encroachment of other trees because they are sun loving and have a low tolerance for shade and thus get outcompeted. Historical records show this encroachment originally started to occur due to a loss of forest fire management done by the Native Americans in the area. These fires played a part in preventing the woodlands, savannahs, and prairies from being encroached on by the surrounding forests, and prevent bugs from eating the acorns that the Native Americans preferring to eat. The oaks have adapted to the environment that the Native Americans had created. Not only are they being out competed by the Douglas firs, their habitats are being lost to development. Oregon white oaks are also threatened by sudden oak death by the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum that was found in the south range of the trees (California and southern Oregon).
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Classification for San Juan Island National Historical Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science San Juan Island National Historical Park Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603 ON THE COVER Red fescue (Festuca rubra) grassland association at American Camp, San Juan Island National Historical Park. Photograph by: Joe Rocchio San Juan Island National Historical Park Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603 F. Joseph Rocchio and Rex C. Crawford Natural Heritage Program Washington Department of Natural Resources 1111 Washington Street SE Olympia, Washington 98504-7014 Catharine Copass National Park Service North Coast and Cascades Network Olympic National Park 600 E. Park Ave. Port Angeles, Washington 98362 . December 2012 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks
    Article An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (Quercus Subgenus Quercus): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity Paul S. Manos 1,* and Andrew L. Hipp 2 1 Department of Biology, Duke University, 330 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708, USA 2 The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The oak flora of North America north of Mexico is both phylogenetically diverse and species-rich, including 92 species placed in five sections of subgenus Quercus, the oak clade centered on the Americas. Despite phylogenetic and taxonomic progress on the genus over the past 45 years, classification of species at the subsectional level remains unchanged since the early treatments by WL Trelease, AA Camus, and CH Muller. In recent work, we used a RAD-seq based phylogeny including 250 species sampled from throughout the Americas and Eurasia to reconstruct the timing and biogeography of the North American oak radiation. This work demonstrates that the North American oak flora comprises mostly regional species radiations with limited phylogenetic affinities to Mexican clades, and two sister group connections to Eurasia. Using this framework, we describe the regional patterns of oak diversity within North America and formally classify 62 species into nine major North American subsections within sections Lobatae (the red oaks) and Quercus (the Citation: Manos, P.S.; Hipp, A.L. An Quercus Updated Infrageneric Classification white oaks), the two largest sections of subgenus . We also distill emerging evolutionary and of the North American Oaks (Quercus biogeographic patterns based on the impact of phylogenomic data on the systematics of multiple Subgenus Quercus): Review of the species complexes and instances of hybridization.
    [Show full text]