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Alma Mater Studiorum – Università Di Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Cooperazione Internazionale e Politiche per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile International Cooperation and Sustainable Development Policies Ciclo XX SPS/14 Il Progetto Good Water Neighbors nella pratica quotidiana: il people to people approach alla prova delle comunità israeliane, palestinesi e giordane L’acqua quale strumento di pace e di empowerment sociale nel quadro del conflitto arabo-israeliano Presentata da Simona Benfenati Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Andrea Segré Marcella Emiliani Esame finale anno 2009 INDICE INTRODUZIONE Letteratura esistente……………………………………………………………………………p.9 Metodologia di studio e analisi……………………………………………………………….p.11 Struttura della tesi…………………………………………………………………………….p.12 CAPITOLO 1 - LE RISORSE IDRICHE TRA SCARSITA’ ED INIQUITA’ Idrologia globale e risorse idriche…………………………………………………………….p.16 I dati della crisi………………………………………………………………………………..p.17 La guerra dei numeri………………………………………………………………………….p.19 Il bacino del Giordano………………………………………………………………………..p.21 Descrizione fisico-geografica………………………………………………………….....p.21 L’offerta idrica complessiva del territorio israelo-palestinese: fonti di superficie e sotterranee…………………………………………………………………………………….p.25 La domanda d’acqua e i consumi settore per settore…………………………………………p.29 Israele e i Territori palestinesi di fronte ad una grave crisi idrica……………………………p.36 A) Pompaggio eccessivo………………………………………………………………….p.36 B) Inquinamento e infiltrazioni saline……………………………………………………p.37 C) La crescita della popolazione palestinese e israeliana…………………………….…..p.39 D) La costruzione del Muro……………………………………………………...……….p.41 Figura 1 - Distribuzione globale dell’acqua sulla Terra……………………………….…….p.17 Figura 2 - Ciclo idrologico………………………………………………………………….. p.18 Cartina 1 - Il corso del fiume Giordano………………………………………………………p.22 Cartina 2 - Livello delle precipitazioni nel territorio israelo-palestinese…………………….p.23 Cartina 3 - Bacini idrici sotterranei in Israele e Palestina…………………………………….p.27 Tabella 1 - Consumo tra il consumo idrico annuo e quello giornaliero tra Israele e i Territori occupati……………………………………………………………………………...………..p.31 Tabella 2 - Consumo idrico nel settore agricolo in Israele (anno 2001) e nei Territori occupati (anno 2003)………………………………………………………………………………..….p.32 Tabella 3 - Consumo idrico dei coloni ebraici nei Territori palestinesi……………………...p.34 Tabella 4 - Popolazione palestinese nei Territori occupati, censimento 1997 e 2007………..p.39 Tabella 5 - Popolazione israeliana, dati 1997 e 2007………………………………………...p.39 CAPITOLO 2 - LA STORIA IDRICA ISRAELO-PALESTINESE: IDEALI DI COMPORTAMENTO, SCELTE DI GESTIONE E IL PROCESSO DI PACE Il Sionismo, la terra e l’acqua………………………………………………………………..p.45 Le aspirazioni sioniste: l’ampliamento territoriale e l’iniziale controllo delle risorse idriche………………………………………………………………………………………...p.48 2 1948-1967: politiche, progetti e scontri………………………………………………………p.51 1967-1995: l’era del dominio israeliano sulle fonti idriche della West Bank……………..…p.55 Il prezzo dell’acqua: l’ulteriore elemento di discriminazione………………………………..p.61 Le conseguenze delle politiche israeliane nei Territori occupati……………………………..p.63 L’economia palestinese ritardata…………………………………………………………..…p.63 Danni ambientali e sanitari nei Territori………………………………………………….p.67 Il Processo di pace: speranze idriche per la pacificazione del territorio israelo-palestinese…p.68 Approcci diversi ai negoziati sulle risorse idriche……………………………………………p.69 L’acqua nell’Accordo di Oslo I del 1993…………………………………………………….p.71 Il Multilateral Working Group sulle risorse idriche………………………………………….p.71 La Dichiarazione dei Principi (Oslo I)………………………………………………………..p.72 L’Accordo Gaza-Jericho First………………………………………………………………..p.73 Le risorse idriche nell’Accordo di Oslo II……………………………………………………p.74 L’amministrazione idrica palestinese………………………………………………………...p.77 Valutazione degli Accordi di Oslo: quale futuro per il settore idrico?……………………….p.79 Cartina 1 - I confini secondo l’armistizio del 1949…………………………………………..p.50 Cartina 2 - I territori occupati nella Guerra del 1967…………………………………………p.56 Tabella 1 - Il contributo del settore agricolo palestinese al PIL (%)……………………...…p.65 Tabella 2 - La percentuale degli occupati palestinesi nel settore agricolo………………...…p.65 CAPITOLO 3 - TEORIA DEL PEACEBUILDING AMBIENTALE NEL MEDIO ORIENTE DI ISRAELE, PALESTINA E GIORDANIA Peacebuilding ambientale: approcci teorici…………………………………………………..p.82 Il concetto di conflitto e cooperazione………………………………………………………..p.83 Il concetto di peacebuilding …………………………………………………………………..p.84 Perchè utilizzare l’ambiente per costruire la pace………………………………………...….p.86 Quatttro percorsi ambientali per arrivare alla costruzione della pace e della fiducia………...p.88 Il peacebuilding ambientale quale processo di lungo termine………………………………..p.90 Gli elementi caratteristici del peacebuilding ambientale……………………………………..p.90 1) L’importanza del futuro………………………………………………………………..p.90 2) L’importanza della fiducia……………………………………………………………..p.92 3) La creazione di un’identità condivisa………………………………………………….p.92 Comparazione tra il peacebuilding ambientale e la risoluzione dei conflitti ambientali……..p.93 Studio sul peacebuilding ambientale…………………………………………………………p.94 Teorie sociali collegate……………………………………………………………………….p.96 Processo di apprendimento sociale……………………………………………………….p.96 Il capitale sociale………………………………………………………………………….p.97 Il peacebuilding ambientale in Medio Oriente……………………………………………….p.98 Schema 1 – Elementi principali della costruzione della pace ambientale……………………p.95 3 CAPITOLO 4 - IL PROGETTO GOOD WATER NEIGHBORS Friends of the Earth Middle East……………………………………………………………p.103 Le origini dell’ong………………………………………………………………………p.103 Le caratteristiche dell’ong………………………………………………………………p.104 Il Progetto Good Water Neighbors, GWN…………………………………………………..p.106 Obiettivi…………………………………………………………………………………p.107 Comunità partner………………………………………………………………………..p.108 Approccio e metodi di lavoro…………………………………………………………...p.110 Gestione del Progetto……………………………………………………………………p.112 Finanziamenti al Progetto……………………………………………………………….p.112 Sfide e raccomandazioni………………………………………………………………...p.113 A) La costruzione della fiducia: ostacoli e giusta direzione………………………..p.114 B) Le questioni operative pratiche………………………………………………….p.115 C) Il peace dividend ………………………………………….……………………..p.116 La Fase I: conoscersi per cooperare……………………………………………………..p.117 1) Attività locali……………………………………..……………………..………...p.117 a) Iniziative di educazione e sensibilizzazione………………...………………...p.117 Le attività nelle scuole………………………………………………………p.117 Workshop e visite guidate…………………………………………………..p.119 Depliant e poster…………………………………………………………….p.120 b) Iniziative di sviluppo urbano………………………………………………….p.120 Infrastrutture ed efficienza idrica……………………………………………p.120 Partnership…………………………………………………………………..p.123 2) Attività regionali…………………………………….…………………………….p.124 a) Iniziative di educazione e sensibilizzazione...………………………………p.124 Incontri regionali, workshop e visite guidate……………………………….p.125 Delegazioni………………………………………………………………….p.127 b) Iniziative di sviluppo urbano………………………………………………….p.127 Cooperazione tra municipalità……….………………...……………………p.127 3) Attività politiche…………………………………………………………………..p.129 Petizioni...…………………………………………………………………………p.129 Iniziative cittadine di sensibilizzazione sui temi idrici……………………………p.130 Campagne…………………………………………………………………………p.131 Partnership governative…………………………………………………………...p.131 Eventi internazionali………………………………………………………………p.131 La Fase II: identificazione dei comuni problemi ambientali e la necessità di soluzioni condivise………………………………..…………………………………………...p.132 1) La bassa Valle del Giordano e la zona del Mar Morto……………………………p.133 a) Muaz bin Jabal Municipality (Giordania) e Jordan Valley Regional Council (Israele)……………………………………………………………………………p.134 b) Tabkat Fahal (Giordania), Beit Shean Valley Regional Council e Beit Shean City (Israele)……………………………………………………………………………p.139 4 c) Auja (Palestina), Deir Alla (Giordania) e Jericho (Palestina)………………….p.142 d) South Ghors (Giordania) e Tamar Regional Council (Israele)………………...p.147 2) Il bacino idrico montuoso…………………………………………………………p.151 a) Baqa al Sharqia (Palestina) e Baqa al Gharbia (Israele)………………………..p.151 b) Tulkarem (Palestina) e Emek Hefer Regional Coucil (Israele)………………...p.155 c) Tzur Hadassah (Israele) e Wadi Fukin (Palestina)……………………………..p.157 3) Le comunità del percorso nabateo: il deserto del Negev e la Striscia di Gaza……p.159 La comunità di Abasan al Kabira………………………………………………….p.160 Eshel Hanasi…………………………………………………………...…………..p.162 Eshkol Regional Council………………………………………………………….p.162 Cartina 1 – Dislocazione geografica delle comunità selezionate per la Fase I e II…………p.109 Tabella 1 – Comunità selezionate per la Fase I e II del Progetto GWN……………………p.110 CONCLUSIONI Valutazione del Progetto Good Water Neighbors da parte degli operatori locali…………..p.166 Il ruolo chiave delle comunità………………………………………………………………p.170 Sormontare le difficoltà senza arrendersi………………………...…………………………p.171 1) Non si parla con il nemico…………………………………………………………..p.171 2) Il ruolo delle comunità arabo-israeliane…………………………………………….p.173 3) Boicottaggio ed intimidazioni……………………………………………………….p.175 4) La delicata situazione dei visti per entrare in Israele………………………………..p.177 5) Il clima dell’Intifada al-Aqsa, la guerra in Libano e i “soliti” Qassam……………..p.178 Feedback sulle iniziative realizzate…………………………………………………………p.179 Nuove municipalità bussano alla porta……………………………………………………...p.180
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