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Universidade De São Paulo UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS JUDAICOS E ÁRABES SORAYA MISLEH DE MATOS Qaqun: história e exílio de um vilarejo palestino destruído em 1948 EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO DE ACORDO: Profa. Dra. Arlene Elizabeth Clemesha Orientadora São Paulo – SP 2013 SORAYA MISLEH DE MATOS Qaqun: história e exílio de um vilarejo palestino destruído em 1948 EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Judaicos e Árabes do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Língua, Literatura e Cultura Árabes. DE ACORDO: Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Arlene Elizabeth Clemesha São Paulo – SP 2013 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Nome: M. MISLEH, Soraya Título: Qaqun: história e exílio de um vilarejo palestino destruído em 1948 Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Língua, Literatura e Cultura Árabes. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr.____________________Instituição_______________________________ Julgamento__________________Assinatura______________________________ Prof. Dr.____________________Instituição_______________________________ Julgamento__________________Assinatura______________________________ Prof. Dr.____________________Instituição_______________________________ Julgamento__________________Assinatura______________________________ Dedico este trabalho ao meu pai, Abder Raouf. Aos milhares de refugiados palestinos. AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus filhos Yasmin e Leo, por dividirem o pouco tempo que seria deles com as pesquisas, livros e escrita desta dissertação. Ao Leo, ainda, meu agradecimento pela ajuda na tradução de textos do inglês para o português. Ao meu pai, Abder Raouf, grande responsável pelo meu gosto pelos estudos, interesse pelo tema da Palestina e por eu ter me aventurado por esse caminho. A ele, ainda, meu agradecimento por ter compartilhado suas memórias. A minha mãe, Sara, pelo incentivo à leitura. A ela, ainda, assim como à minha irmã, Soad, e ao meu cunhado, Fabiano, pela presença inabalável em momentos difíceis, que me ajudou a prosseguir. Ao meu tio Adnan, pelo entusiasmo demonstrado com minhas pesquisas, que muito me incentivou. Aos demais tios, primos e amigos, pelo apoio e torcida, mesmo que de longe. A minha orientadora Arlene Clemesha, pelas dicas valiosas, por acreditar em mim e abrir as portas da universidade. Aos membros da banca de qualificação, Mamede Mustafá Jarouche e Miguel Attié, pela orientação, críticas e gentileza. Aos professores das disciplinas cursadas ao longo do mestrado, pela indicação de textos que me ajudaram a compor esta dissertação e pelos ensinamentos. Aos colegas da disciplina de orientalismo, cujos debates em sala de aula foram muito enriquecedores. Aos contribuintes de São Paulo, pela oportunidade de desenvolver este trabalho em uma instituição pública. Ao Instituto da Cultura Árabe, que me levou a descobrir o mundo acadêmico. A Ilan Pappé e Eitan Bronstein, pela gentileza na concessão de entrevistas, pelo interesse e ajuda. A Tawfiq Abder Rahim e Abu Adnan, pela contribuição fundamental para que a memória de Qaqun não seja esquecida. A Maria Luzia, pelos conselhos em meus momentos de dificuldade no desenvolvimento deste trabalho e pelos livros emprestados. Ao seu marido Eric, pela paciência em acompanhar as longas e repetitivas conversas sobre pesquisas acadêmicas. A Isabelle Somma, pela concessão de trabalhos, textos e ajuda dedicada. A Hasan Zarif, pela concessão de materiais para esta dissertação e pela tradução de entrevista do árabe para o português. A ele ainda, assim como a Muhamad Kadri e Ibrahim, por dividirem tensões e afeto na fronteira com a Palestina. A Rita Casaro, pela compreensão e ajuda inestimável para que pudesse atender às demandas da academia. A Luís Henrique e Monique Alves, pela ajuda no escaneamento e ajuste das imagens que compõem este trabalho. A Dirceu Travesso, pelo privilégio que tive em visitar a Palestina pela primeira vez ao seu lado. A Silvinha, por me acompanhar na ida a Qaqun e pelos bons conselhos. A Pedro Charbel, por ter me presenteado com o livro que tinha o depoimento de Abu Adnan. A Arturo Hartmann, por ter me apresentado a Eitan Bronstein. A Maria Célia, pela oferta generosa e torcida entusiasmada. A Daniela Auad, Claudia Lahni e Michel Sleiman, pelas dicas para a defesa e encorajamento. A Fabio Bosco, pela atenção e carinho dedicados durante a fase de desenvolvimento deste trabalho, bem como pela ajuda nas pesquisas. Aos patrocinadores de minhas viagens à Palestina e à Jordânia. Aos demais companheiros de todos os dias, Lourdes, Rosângela, Eliel e Fábio, pela torcida e ajuda. Aos companheiros de jornada, Gabriela, Lola, Talitta, Ryan, Luís Gustavo e muitos outros, pelo interesse nas pesquisas e por acreditarem. A todos aqueles com quem divido sonhos, por lutarem para transformar a realidade. Ao meu marido Wilson Roberto de Matos (in memoriam), pelo incentivo, torcida e afeto, saudades eternas. A todos e todas, shukran! RESUMO M. MISLEH, S. Qaqun: história e exílio de um vilarejo palestino destruído em 1948. 2013. 158 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. Este trabalho investigou o que aconteceu em 1948 na aldeia palestina de Qaqun. Para tanto, apresentou o contexto histórico em que se inseriu a transformação do vilarejo à época, bem como conceitos e documentos que possibilitassem essa compreensão. Recorreu à história do vilarejo e à memória de seus habitantes, além de fotos, mapas, documentos e duas entrevistas, uma delas com Ilan Pappé, um dos denominados “novos historiadores israelenses”. Com base nas pesquisas, foi possível observar que os habitantes de Qaqun saíram de suas terras e propriedades mediante métodos planejados para forçar sua expulsão. Esses acontecimentos se enquadram em definições sobre limpeza étnica, inclusive à dada pela Organização das Nações Unidas, também apresentada neste trabalho. As pesquisas e estudos realizados apontam a importância do reconhecimento histórico do que aconteceu em Qaqun e em outras aldeias palestinas para que esses acontecimentos não mais se repitam e se alcance uma solução justa para a chamada “questão palestina”. A pretensão não foi esgotar o tema, mas contribuir nesse sentido, para que mais pesquisas sejam feitas. Palavras-chave: Qaqun; Palestina; 1948; história; memória. ABSTRACT M. MISLEH, S. Qaqun: the story of a Palestinian village destroyed in 1948. 2013. 158 f. Dissertation (Master’s) - School of Philosophy and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo, 2013. This dissertation investigates events which occurred in 1975 in the Palestinian Village of Qaqun. Historical background is provided, through which one sees the transformation of the village as well as concepts and documents which allow for a more in-depth understanding. The story of this village and its inhabitants is recounted through photographs, maps, documents and two interviews, one of which is with Ilan Pappé, commonly referred to as one of the “new Israeli historians”. Upon consulting of research and available historical data, it was clear that the inhabitants of Qaqun were systematically expelled from their land and property. The circumstances involved in these events fall under the definition of ethnic cleansing, including that given by the United Nations, also presented in this dissertation. Research and studies highlight the importance of an historical acknowledgement of what occurred in Qaqun and in other Palestinian villages so that these events do not repeat themselves and so that a just solution is found for the so-called “question of Palestine.” The intension is not to belabor the topic, but to contribute to it, so as to encourage more and more research. Keywords: Qaqun; Palestine; 1948; history; memory. SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO .......................................................................................................................... 11 INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................................ 15 PARTE 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 20 PARTE 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 20 O sionismo moderno .................................................................................................................. 20 Orientalismo ................................................................................................................................ 27 A Palestina sob jugo otomano ................................................................................................. 31 O mandato britânico .................................................................................................................. 33 Mapeando as vilas ..................................................................................................................... 39 Transferência .............................................................................................................................. 42 Segunda Guerra e partilha ......................................................................................................
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