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Archeological Survey Archaeological Assessment for the Alaka‘i Protective Fence Project Waimea and Wainiha Ahupua‘a, Waimea and Hanalei Districts, Island of Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 5-8-001:001 & [4] 1-4-001:003 Prepared for The Nature Conservancy in Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i Program Prepared by Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. and David Shideler, M.A. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. Kailua, Hawai‘i (Job Code: WAINIHA 1) March 2008 O‘ahu Office Maui Office P.O. Box 1114 16 S. Market Street, Suite 2N Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734 Wailuku, Hawai‘i 96793 www.culturalsurveys.com Ph.: (808) 262-9972 Ph: (808) 242-9882 Fax: (808) 262-4950 Fax: (808) 244-1994 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAINIHA 1 Report Reference Archaeological Assessment for the for the Alaka‘i Protective Fence Project, Waimea and Wainiha Ahupua‘a, Waimea and Hanalei Districts, Kaua‘i Island Project Number Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) Job Code: WAINIHA 1 Location Waimea and Wainiha Ahupua‘a, Waimea and Hanalei Districts, Island of Kaua‘i, TMK: [4] 5-8-001:001 & [4]-1-4-001:003 Date Submitted March 2008 Agencies State Historic Preservation Division DLNR, Kaua‘i County, The Nature Conservancy Hawai‘i (TNC) Development The Nature Conservancy, along with cooperating landowners of the Project Description Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance, including McBryde Sugar Co., Ltd. (the and Acreage “McBryde Property”), and the State of Hawai‘i (the “State Property”) will oversee the construction of a feral pig and feral goat proof fence across the Alaka‘i Plateau from Wainiha Pali south-east to the Summit Bog Fence. The proposed fence alignment would traverse the McBryde Property and State Property boundaries. Both McBryde Sugar Co., Ltd. and the Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Division of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘i, have agreed to allow the protective fence project. Area of Potential The Alaka‘i Plateau from Wainiha Pali south-east to the Summit Bog Effect (APE) Fence. The proposed fence alignment would traverse the McBryde Property and State Property boundaries. Document Purpose The project requires compliance with the State of Hawai‘i environmental review process [Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 343]. This document was prepared to support the proposed project’s historic preservation review under HRS Chapter 6E-42 and HAR Chapter 13-13-284, as well as the project’s environmental review under HRS Chapter 343. It is also intended to support any project-related historic preservation consultation with state and county agencies or with other consulting parties. Fieldwork Effort Fieldwork was conducted by David w. Shideler M.A. under the overall supervision of Hallett H. Hammatt ) Ph.D. on October 23-25, 2007. The CSH archaeologist inspected the entire proposed fence line. Number of Historic None near the project corridor. The Ka‘awakō Shrine by Lake Properties Identified Wai‘ale‘ale that has a certain fame as the summit heiau of Kaua‘i lies approximately 500 m NE of the SE end of the fence line. Historic Properties None near the project corridor. The Ka‘awakō Shrine by Lake Recommended Wai‘ale‘ale may be eligible to the State and National Registers but it Eligible to the lies 500 m away. Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places (Hawai‘i Register) Archaeological Assessment for the Alaka‘i Protective Fence Project, Kaua‘i ii TMK [4] 5-8-001:001 & [4]-1-4-001:003 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAINIHA 1 Effect Based on the current investigation, there are no historic properties Recommendation within the project’s APE. CSH recommends the proposed project will have no effect on significant historic properties; a project specific effect determination of “No historic properties affected” is warranted. Mitigation No mitigation needed for the APE. However, approximately 500 m Recommendation north of the east end of the proposed fence line is site understood as a heiau. It is recommended that those involved with the planning for the fence line project consider steps to avoid or minimize any adverse impact to this site. It may well be that a low-key approach would be best. Archaeological Assessment for the Alaka‘i Protective Fence Project, Kaua‘i iii TMK [4] 5-8-001:001 & [4]-1-4-001:003 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAINIHA 1 Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................1 1.2 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION.........................................................................................................1 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................................2 Section 2 Methods .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 FIELD METHODS.............................................................................................................................7 2.2 LABORATORY METHODS ...............................................................................................................7 2.3 DOCUMENT REVIEW ......................................................................................................................7 2.4 CONSULTATION..............................................................................................................................7 Section 3 Background Research ............................................................................................. 8 3.1 TRADITIONAL POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF KAUA‘I AS THEY RELATE TO THE ALAKA‘I PLATEAU...8 3.2 PRE-CONTACT TRADITIONS OF THE EASTERN ALAKA‘I PLATEAU ................................................8 3.3 EARLY HISTORIC ACCOUNTS OF THE EASTERN ALAKA‘I PLATEAU..............................................9 Section 4 Previous Archaeological Study............................................................................. 10 4.1 EARLY WORK OF THRUM AND BENNETT.....................................................................................10 4.2 LATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE ALAKA‘I PLATEAU......................12 4.3 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON THE KA‘AWAKŌ SHRINE ...............................................................15 Section 5 Community Consultations .................................................................................... 17 Section 6 Field Work Results ................................................................................................ 20 Section 7 Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................ 27 7.1 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................27 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................................27 Section 8 References............................................................................................................... 29 Archaeological Assessment for the Alaka‘i Protective Fence Project, Kaua‘i iv TMK [4] 5-8-001:001 & [4]-1-4-001:003 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAINIHA 1 List of Figures Figure 1. U S Geological Survey map showing protective fence line project area location ...........3 Figure 2. Tax Map Key Plat 1-4-001 showing protective fence project area..................................4 Figure 3. Land ownership map in the vicinity of the proposed protective fence.............................5 Figure 4. Map showing relationship of the Alaka‘i project area to the proposed protective fence.6 Figure 5. Historic properties (archaeological sites) in the vicinity of Kōke‘e State Park .............11 Figure 6. General view of bog area, central portion of proposed fence line..................................22 Figure 7. Highly unusual view for the presence of stone by stream crossing ...............................22 Figure 8. General view of mountainous terrain .............................................................................23 Figure 9. General view of mountainous terrain .............................................................................23 Figure 10. View back towards Kōke‘e, east portion of proposed fence line.................................24 Figure 11. View of pig through exclusion fence, east portion of proposed fence line ..................24 Figure 12. Ka‘awakō Shrine (500 m NNE of east end of proposed fence line), Lake Wai‘ale‘ale in background, view to south.............................................................................................25 Figure 13. Ka‘awakō Shrine(500 m NNE of east end of proposed fence line),meteorological station on summit of small peak at upper left, view to southeast ......................................25 Figure 14. Ka‘awakō Shrine(500 m NNE of east end of proposed fence line), view of coral scatter .................................................................................................................................26 Figure 15. Ka‘awakō Shrine(500 m NNE of east end of proposed fence line), close-up view of coral scatter ........................................................................................................................26 List of Tables Table 1. Previous Archaeological Studies in the Vicinity of the Alaka‘i Swamp.........................12 Table 2 Community Contacts ........................................................................................................18
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