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377281 Vol1.Pdf THE ROLE OF CHINA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; THE IMPACT OF IDEOLOGY ON FOREIGN POLICY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONS (1949-1986) VOLUME ONE by ISMAIL DEBECHE Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department Politics of t University of York February 1987 To the nartyrs of the Algerian Revolution (1954 - 62). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................... : ABSTRACT ............................... ............... xii INTRODUCTION .............................................. PART I CHINA'S WORLD VIEW BEFORE 1949 CHAPTER 1 REVOLUTION 35 CHINA: SEMI-COLONIALISX AND ................. 35 1.1. China's Experience of Semi-Colonialism ........ 1.2. The Development of the Chinese Revolution: From the Taiping Insurrection to the May 4,1919 Movement 47 .......................... CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CCP'S WORLD VIEW: 59 1921-1949 ............................................... 5C-) 2.1. A General Overview ............................ 67 2.2. Characteristics of the Chinese Revolution ..... 73 2.3. The Chinese Revolution (1921-35) .............. 2.4. The Civil War and the Final Stage of 100 the Chinese Revolution ....................... PART II THE DEVELOPXENT OF CHINA'S ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 1949-86 CHAPTER 3 CHINA AND THE WORLD 1949-86: A GENERAL OVERVIEW 111 ....... CHAPTER 4 ALIGNMENT WITH THE SOVIET UNION, CONSOLIDATION OF THE CHINESE REVOLUTION AND UNIFICATION OF CHINA: 1949-55 128 ...................................... 4.1. 'Leaning One Side' 130 to ........................ 4.2. Diplomatic Contacts 133 .......................... 4.3. The Korean War (1950-53) 135 ..................... CHAPTER 5 CO-EXISTEXCE WITH ANTI-COLONIALIST FORCES: 1955-59 157 ..... CHAPTER 6 THE THIRD WORLD: A REVOLUTIONARY BASE FOR CHINA'S DUAL OBJECTIVE: 1959-1966 .............................. 191 6.1. The Third World Base 191 as a'Revolutionary ...... 6.2. A Second Intermediate Zone 198 ................... CHAPTER 7 t CHINA' S CHALLENGE TO THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL ORDER: THE IMPACT OF THE GREAT PROLETARIAN 204 CULTURAL REVOLUTION 1966-69 ............................ ii CHAPTER 8 CHINA'S DIPLOXACY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS SINCE 1969..... 213 8.1. China's Foreign Policy since the Cultural Phase 214 Revolution: the Fifth (1969-76) ....... 8.2. Sino-American Relations 227 ...................... 8.3. China the Third World 239 and .................... 8.4. The 'Three Worlds Theory' 242 ..................... 0 CHAPTER 9 MODERNIZATION WITHIN AND CO-OPERATION WITH THE ADVERSARIES 259 OF THE SOVIET UNION WITHOUT (1975-86) ...... 9.1. China Moves Closer to the Capitalist Developed World 261 .............................. 9.2. China the Soviet Union 264 and ................... PART III RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND AFRICA: 1949-86 CHAPTER 10 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE QUESTION OF ANTI- COLONIALISM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 274 AFRICA ........... 10.1. The United States and the Anti- Colonialist Forces in Africa 278 ................. 10.2. Communism and Anti-Colonialism 294 in Pre-War Africa ........ .................... 10.3. National Liberation in Africa: Soviet 299 and Chinese Views ............................ iii CHAPTER 11 RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND AFRICA BEFORE THE CONFERENCE 308 BANDUNG ...................................... CHAPTER 12 THE FIRST PHASE 1955-59 323 ................................ 12.1. Bandung Conference and the Beginning Sino-African 325 of Relations .................... 12.2. State-to-State Rdlations between China and African States or 'United Front From Above ................................... 330 12.3. People-to-People Relations or 'United 372 Front From Below' ............................ CHAPTER 13 SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONS: THE SECOND PHASE (1959-66) OF INTENSIVE INTERACTION 428 ................................ 13.1. Sino-Soviet Dispute and National 432 Liberation Movements ......................... 13.2. People-to-People Relations or 'United Front From Below' 438 .................... 13.3. China and Africa: State-to-State Relations 'United Front 547 or From Above' ....... v iv CHAPTER 14 SELECTIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN CHINA AND AFRICA: THE THIRD PHASE <1966-69) IN SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONS.... 748 14-1. People-to-People Relations or. 'United Front From Below' .................... 748 14.2. State-to-State Relations or 'United Front From Abovel 7720 .................... CHAPTER 15 RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND AFRICA: THE-FOURTH PHASE (OF BROADER UNITED FRONT) (1969-76) 832 .............. 15.1. State-to-State Relations or 'United Front From Above' 834 .................... 15.2. People-to-People Relations or 'United Front From Below' 930 .................... CHAPTER 16 SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONS: STABILITY AND ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION DURING THE CURRENT PHASE: 1976-1986 987 ....... 16.1. State-to-State Relations or 'United Front From Above' 989 ............... 16.2. People-to-People Relations or 'United Front From Below .................... 1101 f CONCLUSION 1146 ........................ %................... BIBLIOGRAPHY 1158 .......................................... V page no. Map 1.1. China under Imperialism and Semi- - Colonialism 36 ................................... 2.1. Japan, CCP Map Guomindang and .................... 95 Map 2.2. Intervention in China: 1945 96 ................. Map 4.1. Korea, Indo-China and the Polity 6 Containment of .............................. 145 Xap 8.1. Containment of China by the Superpowers: China's Diplomatic Flexibility and the Aftermath of the High Point of the Cultural 216 Revolution ......................... Map 8.2. Sino-Soviet Border Clash in 1969 217 ............ Xap 8.3. Soviet and US Xilitary Deployment in 240 Europe ...................................... Xap 279 10.1. Africa under Colonialism (as at 1946) ....... Map 11.1. Africa Colonialism 1955) 309 under (as at ....... Map 12.1. Africa Colonialism (as 1958) 324 under at ....... Map 12.2. Boundaries of Wilayas (Provinces) Divided by FLN During the Algerian War Liberation (1954-1962) of ................... 380 Map 13.1, Africa Colonialism 430 under (as at 1961) ....... Map 13.2. Areas under Control of the Revolutionary Force in Congo(L) (as 532 at 1965) .............. 660 Map 13.3. Africa under Colonialism (as at 1965) ....... 1975) 835 Map 15.1. Africa under Colonialism (as at ....... Railway 869 Map 15.2. The Tanzanian-Zambian (TanZam) ...... 1986) 1105 Map 16.1. Africa under Colonialism (as at ...... vi Page no. Table 4.1. Countries having Diplomatic Relations with China 1984) 136-142 (as at February .................. Table 4.2. China's Foreign Trade (1950-8ý) US 143 (in million $) .......................... 0 Table 8.1. Countries in Favour of PRC's Admission to the United Nations and the Expulsion of Taiwan 228 (as at October 1971) ...................... Table 8.2. Voting in the UN General Assembly China Issue 229 on the ........................ Table 9.1. Periodizaticn of China's Role in 269 International Relations (1949-86) ......... Table 12.1. African Countries with Diplomatic Relations with PRC <as at December 1985).. 342 Table 12.2. Exports from China to African Countries: 1952-1985 343 ................................. Table 12.3. Imports from African Countries to China: 1952-1985 344 ................................. Table 12.4. China's Aid and Loans to Independent 350 Countries 1955-1085 ....................... Table 12.5. Comparison of Economic Aid from 79.9RC! 'V7. 351 Socialist Countries. ..... Table 12.6. Percentage of Guinea's Imports over t Total Imports from French Zone and 367 Socialist Countries 1959-1961 ............. vii Table 12.7. African Delegations Visiting China <1958-59) ................................. 408 Table 12.8. Chinese Delegations Visiting Afeica (1958-1959) ............................... 409 Table 13.1. China and Africa (1955-1986): Ideology and the Development of a Strategy United Front.... of ............. 435 6 Table 13.2. African State Visit to PRC 574 ................ Table 13.3. African Delega-Eions Visiting China (1960-66) ................................. 575 Table 13.4. Chinese Delegations Visiting African Countries (1960-66) ....................... 576 Table 13.5. Treaties of Friendship between PRC African Countries 577 and ..................... Table 13.6. Zhou Enlai's African Tour (December 1963 to January 1964) 659 .......... Table 14.1. African Delegations Visiting China (1967-1969) ............................... 811 Table 14.2. Chinese Delegations Visiting African Countries (1967-1969) ...................... 812 Table 15.1. African Votes for Admission of PRC int. UN Against Taiwan o .................... 837 Table 15.2. Exchange of Visiting Delegations Between African Countries and China (1970-1975) 953 ............................... Table 16.1. Changes in Nomenclature of African 11 Countries 1044 ................................ 1047 Table 16.2. Arms Transfer from China to Africa ....... viii Table 16.3. Military Agreements Between Communist Countries and Less Developed Countries 1048 (1959-79) ................................. Table 16.4. Comparison Between Seven Major Recipients of Arms from China (1975-79) 1049 ................................ Table 16.5. Military Trainees from African Countries 0 in China (with comparison with the Soviet 1080 Union and Eastern Europe) (1955-78) ...... Table 16.6. African Votes on the Afghanistan Issue: UN General Assembly Resolution (14 January 1980) Calling for Withdrawal 1084 of Foreign Troops from Afghanistan ....... Table 16.7. Zhao Ziyang's African Tour 1111 (December 1982
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