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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 5 Introduction 9 Opening remarks 11 Appreciation of the currencies mentioned in the book Toponyms and surnames CHAPTER ONE: THE GENESIS OF THE CONGO FREE STATE AND THE GORDIAN KNOT IMPOSED ON LEOPOLD II 15 I The Historical Background for the Genesis of the Congo Free State (CFS).... 15 II Belgium's Appearance on the International Stage 17 III Leopold I and the First Attempts at Colonial Expansion 19 IV Leopold II Pursuing the Action of His Father 22 V Leopold II and Livingstone's Legacy 26 VI The Action of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck 28 VII Great-Britain's Indifference Towards Stanley, Whom Leopold II Recruits.... 29 A -Stanley's Journey Across the African Continent 29 В -British Reaction -Interest on the Part of Leopold II : 31 VIII Leopold II and the Free Confederation of Black People project 33 IX The Texas Flag Flies Over the Congo Bassin 34 X Treatees Between the CFS and Traditional Authorities Along the River 38 XI The Rivalry with Savorgnan de Brazza 41 XII Birth of the Congo Free State and International Conflict at the Mouth of the River 45 XIII The Berlin Conference and the Application of the Status of the Danube ....49 XIV Leopold II : Souvereign in One Country, Constitutional King in Another ...56 CHAPTER TWO: CFS PUBLIC POWERS AND THE ACTION IN CHINA 61 I The Institutional Situation in the Congo Free State (CFS) 61 II How the Public Powers Were Organized 64 III The Legislative and Executive Powers 65 IV Organization of the Executive Power: the CFS Central Services 68 V Public Services in the CFS Capital in Africa 69 VI The Territorial Administration of the CFS 71 VII The Relationship Between Territorial Administration and Traditional Organization 72 VIII The Judicial Power and Its Organization 73 A - Application of the Written Law 73 В - Traditional Law in the CFS 76 IX Liaison and Means of Communication between CFS Authorities 78 617 Weerd, Guido de digitalisiert durch: The Congo Free State IDS Basel Bern X Personnel in the CFS Public Services 81 XI Secretary of State van Eetvelde and the King-Sovereign's Collaborators 82 XII Belgium's Actions in China and Their Impact On the CFS 90 A - The early days of activity in Imperial China 90 В - The Extraordinary Life of the Belgian Mandarin and His Role With Respect to Belgium 90 С -Charles Ursel's Planning Mission r. 92 D - The Action of Adolphe Joostens, Ambassador and Patron 94 £ - The Participation of Chinese Workers in the Construction of the Railway in the CFS 96 F - Epilogue of the Expansion Towards Imperial China 97 XIII The Myth of CFS and Leopold II Archives 98 A - Jules Van Praet's Work and Archives : 98 В - The Mystery Surrounding Leopold II's Archives 100 ADDENDUM - THE ORGANIZATION OF THE JUDICIARY IN RUANDA-URUNDI 103 A - Written Law 103 В - Customary Law 105 CHAPTER THREE: THE POPULATION OF THE CONGO FREE STATE 109 I The Impossible Task of Carrying Out a Census or Population Count 109 II The Different Estimates of the CFS Population 110 III Composition of the CFS Population 114 IV The Issue of Social Cohesion Across Particular Socio-cultural characteristics 116 V The 1885 General Act of Berlin and Choosing An Institutional System for the CFS 118 VI Demographic historical data of the population 120 CHAPTER FOUR: PUBLIC ORDER AND THE CONGO FREE STATE PUBLIC FORCE 121 I The Constraints of Public Order and the Specter of Balkanization 121 II The Genesis and International Dimension of the Public Force 122 III Implementing the Supervisory Staff of the CFS's Public Force 125 IV Birth of the CFS Public Force in the area of Lingala 127 V The Recruiting Process and CFS Public Force manpower 130 VI Regular CFS Troops and the Occasional Backups 131 VII Public Force manpower from 1889 to 1914 132 VIII Growth of British Law Enforcement Manpower from 1883 to 1903 133 IX Growth of CFS Manpower Under Contract From 1883 to 1901 134 ъ CHAPTER FIVE: SETTING THE BORDERS OF THE CONGO FREE STATE . 135 I The physical outline of the Congo basin 135 II Emergence of the Sphere of Influence Concept in the World of International Politics 136 618 TABLE OF CONTENTS III The Sphere of Influence Concept and the Setting the Boundaries of the CFS 137 A - The German Sphere of Influence at the Eastern Border 137 В - The British Sphere of Influence At the Eastern Border 138 С - The Main German Concerns With Respect to Border Demarcation 139 D - The Main British Concerns With Respect to Border Demarcation 140 E - Heligoland: A British Thorn in the Foot of Germany and a Foreshadowing of WWI 140 F - The "Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty," Which Changed European and African Borders 141 IV Demarcation of the Northern Border of the CFS 144 A - The Colonial Powers and the Link-up Between the Congo and Niles Basins 144 В - The Conflict in Bahr el Gazai, the River of Gazelles in Equatoria 146 С - The Attempt to Link the Congo Basin to the Nile Basin. Stanley's Expedition To Rescue Emin Pasha 148 D - A New Attempt To Expand the CFS Towards the Nile 158 E - Consolidation of the Northern Position and the Seeds of Mutiny 162 F - The Chaltin Column Heading For the Nile 163 G - Captain Marchand's Congo-Nile Mission and the Fashoda Syndrome 164 V Demarcating the Katanga Border 166 A - Annexing the Katanga Province: Britain's Splendid Blunder 166 В - The CFS's Southern Border Before Friction Over Border Demarcation 170 С -Mwami Msiri's Conquest of the Katanga 172 D - Britain's Last Attempt At Annexing the Katanga Province 174 E - The Dramatic and Definite Conquest of the Katanga Province by CFS Forces : 177 F -Hamadi bin Malum, Who Saved the Katanga Expedition 182 G - The seeds of the secessionist spirit of Katanga 183 CHAPTER SIX: THE SLAVE TRADE IN THE CONGO BASIN 187 I Historical and Geographical Aspects of Slavery 187 II The Extent of the African Trade Slave 194 III The Harsh Plight of the Slaves 197 IV The Fight Against Slavery: the Abolitionist Movements 203 V Lavigerie, Beernaert and the 1889 Anti-Slave Trade Conference 204 VI Events in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Move the Slave Trade To the CFS ...209 VII Premises of the Wars Against the Afro-Arab Slave Traders 214 VIII Emin Pasha's Assassination 217 IX Members of the Hodister Mission Handed Over As Food To Starving Slaves 223 CHAPTER SEVEN: CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE SLAVE TRADERS IN THE CONGO FREE STATE 229 I The Territorial Integrity of the Congo Free State vis-à-vis the Bastions of the Arab Slave traders 229 II The Slave Trader Presence 232 A - The Transition from the Foundation of the Crown to the Niederfüllbach Foundation 348 В - The Niederfüllbacher Stiftung 350 К The Royal Donation and the Dynastic Preservation of the Property Portfolio 354 CHAPTER TEN: MISSIONNARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONGO FREE STATE 359 I A Historical Overview of Missionary Presence in the Congo Free State ....359 II History of the Presence of Protestant Missions 360 A - The Presence of Protestant Missions Before the Advent of the Congo Free State 360 В -Baptist Missionaries in the Congo Basin 361 1 - The Livingstone Inland Mission and the American Baptist Foreign Mission ..361 2 - The Family of Guinness, the Irish Brewer, and the Congo-Balolo Mission 363 3 - The Work Carried Out by the Famous Explorer and Baptist, Reverend George GrenfeU 365 С - History of the Other Protestant Missions Present in the Congo Free State.367 III History of the Catholic Church's Missionary Institutions in the Congo Free State 368 A - Arrival of the First Portuguese Missionaries At the Mouth of the Congo River 368 В - The Arrival of Catholic Missionaries in the Congo Basin 370 С - First Contact with the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) or Scheut Congregation 371 D - The First Apostolic Vicariates in the Congo Free State 372 E -A Preference For Missionary Congregations With Mother Establishments in Belgium 372 F - The Founding and Temporary Abandonment of the Missionary Station at the Mouth of the Kasai River 374 G - The Founding of the Missions in New Antwerp and Luluabourg and the Tragedies That Unfolded There 376 IV The Domanial Issue and the Conflict With British Protestant Missions 378 V Collaboration Between the State and The Missionary Institutions 381 A - The Respective Concerns of the State and The Missionary Institutions 381 В - The Main Aspects of the Regulations Defining the Action of the State and the Missions 382 С - Objectives of the School Settlements and the Participation of the Missions 384 D - The Overall System of the State's School Settlements 385 E - The Training Program 386 VI The Nature of the Missionary Work Carried Out by Protestant Churches .387 VII The Nature of the Ministry Carried Out By the Catholic Missions 388 A - The Ministry Approach Used as a Model by the Other Catholic Institutions 388 1 - General Characteristics of the Ministry Approaches Used as Models 388 2 - The Nature of the Ministry Carried Out by the CICM Missionaries 389 3 - The Nature of the Ministry Carried Out by the Jesuits 389 622 TABLE OF CONTENTS G - Victory Once More for the Dhanis Column 305 H - Appreciation for Dhanis 306 IV The Uprising Spreads in the Shinkakasa Fortress (Boma) 308 A - Ngongo's Former Warriors Transferred to Boma 308 В - Construction of the Shinkakasa Camp 308 С - The Social Environment in the New Camp 309 D - The Seeds of the Shinkakasa Uprising 309 £ - The Angolan Slave Traders and their Links To the Insurgents 311 CHAPTER NINE: THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, THE PRIVATE DOMAIN, AND THE CROWN ESTATE 313 I The domanial issue: between populist legend and historical truth 313 II What Belongs and Does Not Belong To the State 315 III Vacant and Ownerless
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