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Rural Energy in Fiji : a Survey of Domestic Rural Energy Use and Potential

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Rural Energy in Fiji : a Survey of Domestic Rural Energy Use and Potential The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutrition sciences; health sciences; information sciences; social sciences; and communications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. ©1981 In~ational Development Research Centre Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada KlG 3H9 Head Oft'ic~-: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa Siwatibau, S. IDRC-l57e Rural energy in Fiji : a survey of domestic rural energy use and potential. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 1981. 132 p.: ill. /IDRC publication/, /energy consumption/, /energy utilization/, /energy sources/, /households/, /farms/, /rural/ /Fiji/ - /appropriate technology/, /equipment/, /food preparation/, /wood/, /petrol/, /methane/, /agricultural wastes/, /biodegradation/, /capital costs/, /recommendation/, I statistical tables/, references. UDC: 620.92(961. l) ISBN: 0-88936-256-4 Microfiche edition available IDRC-157e Rural Energy in Fiji: A Survey of Domestic Rural Energy Use and Potential Suliana Siwatibau A report to the Fiji Government with financial assistance from the International Development Research Centre. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of IDRC. Contents Acknowledgments 4 Summary 5 Introduction 13 Purpose of the survey 14 Need for the survey 14 Aims of the survey 14 Methods 16 Methods of assessing present energy use 16 Methods of identifying alternative energy sources 19 Biogassurvey 20 Exploration of means of energy conservation in rural cooking 20 Duration of field work 20 Survey results and discussion 21 Village case studies 21 Farm case studies 29 General impressions 29 Present energy use 30 Rural energy needs and wants 38 Indigenous energy sources and potential 45 Detailed reports 55 Survey of biogas digesters 55 Comparative tests of selected cookers for rural and semirural areas 70 Electrification by small autogenerators for rural communities 82 Social assessment 93 Appendix 1. Contributors to field work 100 Appendix 2. Allowances for depreciation and improvements (amendment) instructions, 1976 101 Appendix 3. (a) Solar energy resources 103 (b) Fiji meteorological service reports 104 Appendix 4. Guideline to biogas production and consumption 107 Appendix 5. Valuation of the effluent from digesters as a fertilizer 108 Appendix 6. Analysis of digesters at present loading and usage 109 Appendix 7. Analysis of digesters at full loading and different levels of use by an average rural family 122 References 131 3 Acknowledgments This project was made possible by a generous grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), with supporting grants from the Fiji Government and the University of the South Pacific's Centre for Applied Studies in Development (CASD). Originally, the work was planned to cover ten months of field data collection with one month for a literature survey and one month of report writing. However, there was a cost and time overrun and I am particularly grateful to CASD for covering my salary over an extra three months and to the General Planning Office (Fiji Government) and the Hans Seidel Foundation of Munich for meeting the costs of printing the first draft of this report and other overhead costs. This project was managed by the CASD and was executed by the following CASD staff: S. Siwatibau, Principal Researcher and Project Leader and L. Vaganalau and P. Chand Lal, Research Assistants. The CASD is indebted to the University's natural scientists, the Director of the Fiji Government's Central Planning Office and his staff, and the following members of the Advisory Committee who gave of their valuable time to make invaluable comment and give advice: D. Medford, Chairman, CASD; J. Cavalevu, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Fijian Affairs and Rural Development; P. Johnston and M. Sturton, Central Planning Office, Fiji Government; J. Atkinson, Fiji Institute of Technology; and B. Ponter, University of the South Pacific. Guidance and support from Mr Medford and Mr Johnston were extremely valuable to me. Mr Medford was particularly helpful in assisting with the benefit/cost analysis. Mr Johnston's many helpful comments, and his kindness in bringing to notice so much information that would have otherwise been missed, are gratefully acknowledged. My two research assistants, Mr Vaganalau and Mr Lal, gave unstintingly of their time and energy. To them I am indebted, for without their help much of this work would not have been accomplished. I acknowledge the willing contribution and cooperation to field work of senior students of the University, village elders, farmers, and government officials who helped in so many ways. Those who gave notable and repeated contributions to field work are listed in Appendix 1. The difficult task of typing the manuscript fell to the lot of the overworked Secretary ofCASD, Mrs Seru Ravonu, to whom I am most grateful. Suliana Siwatibau 4 Summary The project's aims were to survey current energy use and needs in selected rural areas of Fiji and to evaluate alternative sources of energy supply. In particular, an assessment was to be made of the advisability of expanding the use of biogas and the possibility of improving conditions of domestic cooking, notably through conservation. The project used a variety of secondary sources to supplement primary data obtained in field surveys carried out from a sample of the 115 households in four representative villages and seven isolated homesteads. A brief survey of a periurban area near Suva was also made for comparison. A summary of our main observations and conclusions leading to specific recommendations fo Hows: (1) Fuelwood Consumption Observation Of the homes surveyed, 92% cook with wood over an open fireplace. Of the mean 506 kg (oven-dry weight) of wood consumed annually by a rural person, 353 kg is consumed by home cooking and food preservation. Measurements of fuelwood stands available to our case study populations reveal that these can sustain at least 5- 13 times the present rate of consumption; however, agricultural clearing will diminish fuelwood foraging. Assuming a minimum 5-year fallow period before reuse of land for shifting cultivation, a 15-year regeneration period for secondary bush trees, and a 2.5% annual rate of population increase in Fijian villages, expected periods of attaining a critical level of demand on the land vary from 4.3 to 72.6 years for our case study villages. Conclusion Most rural peoples will continue to use wood for cooking because it has no financial cost and is readily available. In a few areas, however, supplies will become critical within the next 10 years. Recommendation • That government identify suitable, fast-growing fuelwood species, such as Leucaena leucocephala or Gliricidia sepia, and consider means of incorporating fuelwood cultivation within existing agricultural systems where pressure on the land is becoming critical. (2) Stove Design Observation Cooking over an open fire is inefficient. Tests showed that open fire cooking is only 5- 10% efficient; it is also unhealthy. Although direct medical 5 evidence is not available, greater frequency of chest complaints in Fijian populations may be influenced by sleeping in, and sustained exposure to, a smoky atmosphere. The proportion of women interviewed who complained of eye irritation by smoke ranges from 33% to 91 % in our various case study settlements. Conclusion There is a need for a cheap, clean, wood-burning stove for rural cooking. Of all women interviewed, 83. 3% desire better cooking facilities. Recommendations • That the ongoing development of a cheap, clean, wood-burning stove by the Fiji Forestry Department and the University of the South Pacific should continue to be supported and monitored. Greater involvement of women's organizations and rural women should be solicited before final specifications are made. • That whatever stove design finally evolves should be made available in at least three forms to cater to different income levels in rural situations. These three forms need to be: (1) a completed stove ready for installation in institutions, such as schools, and better-off homes; (2) completed stove parts that can be readily assembled in the home - for those of more limited means; and (3) molds of parts that can be made available to villages and rural homes for those who prefer to make their own stoves. Molds must be made available in sufficient quantities and clear instruction sheets in all three major languages should be provided with them. (3) Home Heating Observation Temperatures at interior villages of Viti Levu fall sufficiently low to justify log fires in Fijian "bures" (homes) for periods ranging from 1 to 6 months but averaging 5 months every year. Those homes with corrugated iron roofs are not warmed because of copious condensation on the iron roof interior surface. Wood used for warming homes was not monitored because a second visit during the cold season had to be canceled. Conclusion Of interior rural peoples interviewed, 100% would welcome some means of keeping their homes warm without having to sleep in smoky, thatched bures. Recommendation
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