Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Fiji

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Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Fiji Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Fiji December, 2018 Programme Partners: ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. Implemented in Partnership with UNDP www.developmentminerals.org Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Fiji December, 2018 Programme Partners: ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. Implemented in Partnership with UNDP www.developmentminerals.org Copyright © 2018 by the United Nations Special additional thanks to the many people throughout Development Programme Fiji who contributed their time, knowledge and experience to the study, including: Malakai Finau, Permanent Secretary UNDP Pacific Office in Fiji of Lands and Mineral Resources; Salaseini Daunabuna, Level 8, Kadavu House Permanent Secretary of Employment, Productivity and 414 Victoria Parade Industrial Relations; Peni Toga, Mineral Resources Suva, Fiji Department, Fiji Ministry of Lands & Mineral Resources; Leba Ph: + (679) 331-2500 Gaunavinaka, Department of Lands, Fiji Ministry of Lands & www.developmentminerals.org Mineral Resources; Kamal Chetty and Tuma Greig, Investment Fiji; The Water Authority of Fiji; Visvanath Das, Fiji Revenue and Customs; Carmine Piantedosi, Land Transport Authority; All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Aram Goes, Paula Salabula and Samueala Tawakedrau, Fiji reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in Roads Authority; The Ministry of Waterways; Artika Devi and any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Bimlesh Krishna, Bureau of Statistics; Tevita Kuruvakadua, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. Solomoni Nata and Epeli Ravula, iTaukei Land Trust Board; Authors: Robert Smith, Gary Lee, Akuila Tawake, Epeli Sigatoka Town Council; Lami Town Council; Tavua Town Waqavonovono, Ken Chambers, Tevita Bukarau, Christine Council; Dip Narayan, Ba Town Council; Nadi Town Council; Prasad, Donato Roqica, Isireli Nagata, Timaima Nainoca, Ville National Archives of Fiji; Fiji Development Bank; Harvey Peltovuori, Priya Devi, Josefa Caniogo, Mihaela Stojkoska, Probert, Chairman, Mining and Quarrying Council; Hector Lacina Pakoun, Caroline Ngonze and Daniel M. Franks Smith, The Road Haulage Association; Cama Raimuria and Mitchell Chand, IXOM; Fiji National University; Stephen Series editors: Daniel M. Franks, Lacina Pakoun, Caroline Hallacy, Construction Industry Council; Dick Watling, Nature Ngonze Fiji; Cecil Browne and Ashleigh Matheson, Bank of the South Pacific (BSP); Russell Howorth; Sarah Beavis, Australian About the authors National University; Paulo Vanualailai; The Fiji Times; Nouzab This study was designed by the ACP-EU Development Fareed, Fijian Holdings Ltd; Valebasoga Quarries Ltd; Peter Minerals Programme and performed by the Pacific Watts, Fulton Hogan Hiways Ltd; Bula Earth Quarries Ltd; Community (SPC), GEM Division. Robert Smith led the Pacific Humes Industries Ltd; Azard Construction Company Ltd; Community research team and is lead author of the report. Hanif Industries Ltd; Natural Gift Carriers Ltd; Hussains Daniel Franks led the study design and is the Chief Technical Quarry Ltd; Quality Quarries Ltd; Kashmir Transport Ltd; Advisor and Programme Manager of the ACP-EU Development Digtrac Crushers Ltd; Fairdeal Ltd; Titi’s Sand Supplies Ltd; Minerals Programme. Chands Concrete Industries Ltd; Surya and Sons Ltd; Ambika Prasad and Sons Ltd; Pioneer Concrete Industries; Waimanu R.S, G.L, A.T, E.W, K.C, T.B, C.P, D.R, I.N, T.N, V.P, J.C, L.P., C.N. Trucking Ltd; Niko Buke and Atunaisa Nayago, Goldrock Ltd; and D.F. designed the research; R.S, G.L, A.T, E.W, K.C, T.B, Winstone Aggregates Ltd; Standard Concrete Industries Ltd; C.P, D.R, I.N, T.N, V.P, P.D performed the research; R.S, G.L, A.T, Concrete Solutions Ltd; Flametree Development Ltd; Fushun E.W, K.C, T.B, C.P, D.R, I.N, T.N, V.P, P.D, J.C, L.P., C.N. and D.F Quarry Ltd; All Earthworks Ltd; Nands Civil Contractors Ltd; analysed the data; R.S, G.L, A.T, E.W, K.C, T.B, C.P, D.R, I.N, T.N, Ashik and Shazad Investment Ltd; B&Y Investment Ltd; V.P, J.C, M.S, L.P., C.N. and D.F. wrote and edited the study. Draubuta Quarry Ltd; Petra Industries Ltd; Prataps Civil and Ashphalt Quarries Ltd; Raseru Investment Ltd; SD Transport Cover design: Ana Beatriz Dominguez Organero Ltd; TF Jan Ltd; Tulsi and Sons Ltd; Vinjay Vakash Hire Ltd; Cover Photo: Dawasamu River. Toll Construction Ltd; Fletchers Construction Ltd; Artwave Photo Credit: Poate Degei. Construction Ltd; Abbco Builders Ltd; David Johnston, Island Quarries Ltd; Juicy’s Taxi Ltd; Sowani Tuidrola, Pacific Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge Cement Ltd; Roy Singh, Hotspring Hire Services Ltd. the important contributions of the Fiji Standing Committee on Natural Resources, comprising Hon. Joeli Cawaki, This study is published as part of the publication series: Hon. Alevereti Nabulivou, Hon. Kiniviliame Kiliraki, Hon. Development Minerals in Africa, the Caribbean and the Josefa Dulakiverata and Hon. Samuela Vunivalu. The study Pacific. benefited greatly from the support of: Maximin Emagna, ACP Secretariat; Sergio Piazzardi, European Commission, About the ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme: The International Cooperation and Development; Degol Hailu, ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme is an initiative Godefroid Bigirimana, Asan Amza, Isikeli Valemei, Olita of African, Caribbean Pacific (ACP) Group of States, Antonio and the operational and support staff, UNDP; and coordinated by the ACP Secretariat, financed by the European was guided by feedback from the Neglected Development Commission and United Nations Development Programme Minerals Technical Working Committee: Marika Ritova, (UNDP) and implemented by UNDP. This €13.1 million Sakiusa Waqanisau, Makereta Takala, Raijeli Taga, Apete capacity building program aims to build the profile and Soro, Onisiomo Fonmanu, Sereima Koli, Christine Prasad, improve the management of Development Minerals in Africa, Kitione Raratabu, Laikini Waqanisau, Josateki Savu, Aram the Caribbean and the Pacific. The sector includes the mining Goes, Emani Tawake, Andrew Coriakula, Alfred Atalifo, of industrial minerals, construction materials, dimension Stephen Hallacy, Nunia Thomas. stones and semi-precious stones. Baseline Assessment of Development 3 Minerals in Fiji TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Key Definitions 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 7 Executive summary 10 Introduction 11 Study methodology 18 Component 1: Profile of the Sector 62 Component 2: Assessment of the Legal and Policy Framework 72 Component 3: Assessment of the Institutional and Technical Operating Context 101 Component 4: Environmental, Community, Occupational Health and Safety and Socio- Economic Impact Analysis 138 Component 5: Market and Value Chain Analysis 150 Conclusions and recommendations 157 References 163 APPENDIX 1: Questionnaire for Extraction Sites 167 APPENDIX 2: Questionnaire for Beneficiation Sites 174 APPENDIX 3: Socio-Economic Questionnaires 180 APPENDIX 4: Questionnaire for Consumers 184 APPENDIX 5: Digitised and georeferenced quarry resources identified in 1957 Baseline Assessment of Development 5 Minerals in Fiji Key Definitions Beneficiation: any process adding economic value to Development Minerals, such as, crushing and screening construction aggregate into different sizes, pulverising limestone to produce agricultural fertilisers, cutting granite to form dimension stones, and polishing of semi-precious stones for jewellery. Development Minerals: Development Minerals are minerals and materials that are mined, processed, manufactured and used domestically in industries such as construction, manufacturing, and agriculture. Development Minerals are economically important close to the location where the commodity is mined and include industrial minerals, construction materials, dimension stones and semi-precious stones (Franks, Pakoun, Ngonze, 2016).1 2 1 Industrial minerals: substance of economic value, exclusive of metal ores, mineral fuels, and gemstones (e.g. barite, bentonite, borates, calcium carbonate, clays, diatomite, feldspar, granite, gypsum, industrial sand, kaolin, silica, soda ash, talc, wollastonite and zeolite). Construction material (a sub-category of industrial minerals sometimes called ‘industrial rocks’): substances used in the construction of infrastructure, housing and other built structures (e.g. gravel, limestone (cement), construction sand, aggregate, scoria, glass, ceramics, bricks). Dimension stones (a sub-category of industrial minerals and construction materials): rock quarried for the purpose of obtaining blocks or slabs that meet specifications as to size (width, length, and thickness) and shape (e.g. granite, marble, slate, sandstone). Semi-precious stones: a mineral crystal or rock that is generally cut and polished to make jewelry, but that does not include diamond, ruby, emerald and sapphire (precious stones). Examples of semi-precious stones include quartz, amythyst, garnet, aqua-marine, opal and pearl. 2 Franks, DM, Pakoun, L and C Ngonze. 2016. Development Minerals: Transforming a neglected sector in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. United Nations Development Programme. 6 ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. Implemented in Partnership with UNDP Acronyms and Abbreviations ACP: African Caribbean Pacific Nations EU: European Union DoL: Department of Lands EIA: Environnemental Impact Assessment EMA: Environnent Management Act 2005 iTLTB: iTaukei Land Trust Board FBoS: Fiji Bureau of Statistics FCEF: Fiji Commerce and Employers Federation FRA: Fiji Roads Authority FRCA:
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