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A Phonological Study of the Tegem Language Ahmed Sosal Altayeb

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A Phonological Study of the Tegem Language Ahmed Sosal Altayeb A Phonological Study of the Tegem Language Ahmed Sosal Altayeb Mohammed Ali SSLAHM002 Main supervisor: Prof. Rajend Mesthrie (University of Cape Town) External co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Anne Storch (University of Cologne) A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Linguistics Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2018 University of Cape Town DECLARATION This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Date: 24 November 2018 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Abstract This study describes the phonological structure of the Tegem language, a little-known Niger-Kordofanian language spoken by around 2000 people in Sudan. The research follows the basic linguistic theory in identifying the segments, investigating their phonotactic pattern, and identifying their functional role in meaning distinction. The study is based on lexical items collected from two Tegem language speakers via wordlists elicitation sessions. That provides the core basis for a detailed foundational description of the phonetic and phonological features of consonants, consonant sequences, vowels, syllables, and tones in Tegem. The description includes a brief account of relevant morphophonemic phenomena such as the voicing assimilation, consonant labialization and noun class sound alternations. Tegem consonants and vowels phonemes are categorized into two and three categories respectively. The consonants comprises of five obstruent and nine sonorant phonemes out of 20 phones. The vowels include four front, two central, and four back vowels phonemes out of 12 phones. Both the consonants and vowels are very common to occur in a phonologically (and morphologically) complex clusters. There are phonotactic constrains on such sequences conditioned by the environment where they occur. The study explored those sequences as bisegmental structures of adjacent segment sequences. The suprasegmental analysis found six closed and seven open syllables in Tegem where the monosyllabic lexemes of CVC and CVV are the most salient among its 13 syllable types. The research also recognized a pattern of backness (±back) vowel harmony in the disyllabic nouns and adjectives. The syllable is determined as the bearing unit of the lexical tone in Tegem, i.e. change in the syllable tone is contrastive. The lexical tones include two level tones: high (H) and low (L), and four contour tones: falling (F), rising (R), falling-rising (FR), and rising-falling (RF). The amount of the linguistic data in this study and its description form a solid foundation for further investigation of this poorly documented language. ii Table of contents List of tables and figures.……………………………………………………………………. vii Acknowledgements.………………………………………………………………………….. viii Abbreviations and symbols………………………….………………………………………. x 1. Introduction.……………………………………………...…………………………… 1 1.1. Tegem settlements, neighbouring groups, and livelihood…………. 1 1.2. The Tegem language speakers.……………………………………….. 3 1.3. The language name…………………………………………………….. 4 1.4. Language situation and varieties.…………………………………….. 5 1.5. Language classification.……………………………………………….. 6 2. Literature review.……………………………………………..………………………… 9 2.1. Sources on Tegem and other Nuba Mountains languages………….. 9 2.2. Thesis statement.……………………………………………………….. 11 2.3. Research questions and objectives……………………………………. 12 2.4. Significance of the research.…………………………………………… 13 3. Fieldwork and methodology.………………………………………………………….. 14 3.1. Language consultants.…………………………………………………. 14 3.2. Research ethics clearance.…………………………………………….. 15 3.3. Fieldwork and instruments……………………………………………. 15 3.4. Analysis approach……………………………………………………… 16 4. Data analysis………….…………………………………………………………………. 17 4.1. Tegem Consonants……………………………………………………... 17 4.1.1.1. The consonant inventory......................................................... 17 4.1.1.2. Obstruent consonants.............................................................. 18 4.1.1.2.1. The bilabial stops [b]and [p]....................................... 18 4.1.1.2.2. The dental stops [t̪] and [d̪]......................................... 19 4.1.1.2.3. The retroflex stop [ʈ].................................................... 21 4.1.1.2.4. The palatal stops [c] and [ɟ]......................................... 22 4.1.1.2.5. The velar stops [k] and [g]........................................... 23 4.1.1.2.6. The glottal fricative [h] .………………………………… 24 iii 4.1.1.3. Sonorant consonants.…………………………………………….. 25 4.1.1.3.1. The bilabial nasal [m].................................................. 25 4.1.1.3.2. The alveolar nasal [n].................................................. 26 4.1.1.3.3. The palatal nasal [ɲ].................................................... 26 4.1.1.3.4. The velar nasal [ŋ]....................................................... 27 4.1.1.3.5. The alveolar central liquid [r]...................................... 28 4.1.1.3.6. The retroflex central liquid [ɽ]..................................... 29 4.1.1.3.7. The alveolar lateral liquid [l] and velarised [ɫ]............ 30 4.1.1.3.8. The alveolar lateral liquid [l]....................................... 30 4.1.1.3.9. The velarised alveolar lateral liquid [ɫ]........................ 30 4.1.1.3.10. The bilabial glide [w]................................................... 31 4.1.1.3.11. The palatal glide [j] .…………………………………….. 32 4.1.1.4. Consonant sequences.……………………………………………. 32 4.1.1.4.1. [bb] and [bbw] .………………………………………….. 33 4.1.1.4.2. [mb]and [mbw] .…………………………………………. 33 4.1.1.4.3. [bw]~[pw] .………………………………………………. 34 4.1.1.4.4. [t̪t̪] and [d̪d̪].……………………………………………… 34 4.1.1.4.5. [t̪w]...………………………………………………………. 34 4.1.1.4.6. [nd̪].………………………………………………………... 34 4.1.1.4.7. [ʈʈ] and [ʈʈw] .…………………………………………….. 35 4.1.1.4.8. [ʈw] .……………………………………………………….. 35 4.1.1.4.9. [nɖ] and [nɖw] .………………………………………….. 35 4.1.1.4.10. [cc] and [ɟɟ]…..…………………………………………… 35 4.1.1.4.11. [ɟw] and [cw]...…………………………………………… 36 4.1.1.4.12. [nɟ] and [nɟw]..…………………………………………… 36 4.1.1.4.13. [kk]..……………………………………………………….. 36 4.1.1.4.14. [kw] and [gw] ]..………………………………………… 36 4.1.1.4.15. [ng] and [ŋg] ].…………………………………………… 37 4.1.1.4.16. [mm]...…………………………………………………….. 37 4.1.1.4.17. [mw]……………………………………………………….. 37 iv 4.1.1.4.18. [rr]…………………………………………………………. 37 4.1.1.4.19. [rw] ……………………………………………………….. 38 4.1.1.4.20. [ll] and [ɫɫ] ………………………………………………. 38 4.1.1.4.21. [lw].……………………………………………………….. 38 4.2. Tegem vowels..…………………………………………………………. 42 4.2.1.1. The vowel inventory……………………………………………... 42 4.2.1.2. The front vowels [i], [ɪ], [ɛ], and [e]………………………….. 42 4.2.1.3. The back vowels [u], [ʊ], [o], and [ɔ]………………………… 43 4.2.1.4. The central vowels [æ], [a], [ʌ], and [ɑ]……………………… 44 4.2.2. Vowel length………………………………………………………….. 47 4.2.3. Extra-long/short vowels…………………………………………….. 48 4.2.4. Vowel sequences.…………………………………………………….. 49 4.3. Tegem syllable structure and surface tone………………………….. 51 4.3.1. Syllable structure…………………………………………………….. 51 4.3.2. Syllable types…………………………………………………………. 51 4.3.3. Consonants and vowels distribution patterns…………………….. 52 4.3.4. Segment sequences in a syllable……………………………………. 53 4.4. Syllabic consonants……………………………………………………. 56 4.5. Tone …………………………………………………………………….. 59 4.6. Morphophonological alternations……………………………………. 61 4.6.1. Phonologically conditioned alternations…………………………... 61 4.6.1.1. Voicing assimilation……………………………………………… 62 4.6.1.2. Labialization……………………………………………………… 62 4.6.2. Morphologically conditioned alternations………………………… 63 4.6.2.1. [bb] and [bbw] ………………………………………………….. 63 4.6.2.2. [mb] and [mbw] ………………………………………………… 64 4.6.2.3. [bw]~[pw] ………………………………………………………. 65 4.6.2.4. [t̪w] ……………………………………………………………….. 65 4.6.2.5. [nd̪]………………………………………………………………… 66 4.6.2.6. [ʈʈ] and [mm] ……………………………………………………. 67 v 4.6.2.7. [mw] and [ʈw] …………………………………………………… 67 4.6.2.8. [nɖ] and [nɖw] ………………………………………………….. 68 4.6.2.9. [kw] and [gw] …………………………………………………… 68 4.6.2.10. [ng] and [ŋg] ……………………………………………………. 69 4.6.2.11. [rw] ………………………………………………………………. 70 4.6.2.12. [lw] ……………………………………………………………….. 70 5. Conclusions and findings…………………………………………………………….... 71 5.1. Tegem consonants phonemes………………………………………… 71 5.2. Tegem consonant sequences phonemic pattern…………………….. 74 5.3. Tegem vowel phonemes………………………………………………. 75 5.4. Tegem syllable patterns……………………………………………….. 76 5.5. Tegem tone types………………………………………………………. 77 5.6. Some morphophonological features…………………………………. 78 5.7. The importance of the study…………………………………………. 78 References…………………………………………………………………………………….. 80 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………. 83 vi List of tables and figures Table 1. Sound correspondences between proto-Talodi and Tegem (roots)………….. 11 Table 2. Final medial-vowel alternation in proto-Talodi and Tegem………………….. 12 Table 3. Consonant inventory of Tegem………………………………………………… 17 Table 4. Consonant sequences in Tegem………………………………………………... 39 Table 5. Distribution of consonant sequences………………………………………….
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