DOCSLIB.ORG

Country Profile 2005

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Country Profile 2005 Sudan This Country Profile is a reference work, analysing the country’s history, politics, infrastructure and economy. It is revised and updated annually. The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Country Reports analyse current trends and provide a two-year forecast. The full publishing schedule for Country Profiles is now available on our website at http://www.eiu.com/schedule The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The Economist Intelligence Unit delivers its information in four ways: through its digital portfolio, where its latest analysis is updated daily; through printed subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through research reports; and by organising seminars and presentations. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent St The Economist Building 60/F, Central Plaza London 111 West 57th Street 18 Harbour Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, US Hong Kong Tel: (44.20) 7830 1007 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2585 3888 Fax: (44.20) 7830 1023 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.eiu.com Electronic delivery This publication can be viewed by subscribing online at www.store.eiu.com Reports are also available in various other electronic formats, such as CD-ROM, Lotus Notes, on-line databases and as direct feeds to corporate intranets. For further information, please contact your nearest Economist Intelligence Unit office Copyright © 2005 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. All information in this report is verified to the best of the author's and the publisher's ability. However, the Economist Intelligence Unit does not accept responsibility for any loss arising from reliance on it. ISSN 0269-705X Symbols for tables “n/a” means not available; “–” means not applicable Printed and distributed by Patersons Dartford, Questor Trade Park, 151 Avery Way, Dartford, Kent DA1 1JS, UK. EGYPT RED SEA LIBYA Halaib L. Nuba Wadi Halfa Nubian Desert Libyan Desert Abu Hamad Port Sudan . R Dongola e Suakin Nil Sinkat Karima Merowe Berber CHAD Atbara El Damer . R A ile t N Shendi b a r a R Omdurman Khartoum North ERITREA KHARTOUM B SUDAN l Kassala u e N i le R Sodiri . Wad Medani Al Gezira El Fasher El Dueim Gedaref Geneina Sennar El Obeid Jebel Marra Kosti Singa EnEl Nahud Umm Ruwaba Gallabat Nyala . Dilling R e l i El Damazin N e ETHIOPIA t i Babanusa h Kadugli W Kurmuk l R. aza Gh Malakal Bentiu Aweil Gogrial Jonglei Canal Nasir W h i t CENTRAL Wau e N i le AFRICAN REPUBLIC R . Rumbek Main railway Bor Main road International boundary International airport Maridi Capital Yambio Juba Kapoeta Major town Yei Other town DEMOCRATIC Nimule February 2005 REPUBLIC OF CONGO 0 km 100 200 300 400 UGANDA 0 miles 100 200 KENYA ' The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2005 Comparative economic indicators, 2004 Gross domestic product Gross domestic product per head US$ bn US$ ’000 Saudi Arabia Qatar Iran United Arab Emirates Israel Kuwait United Arab Emirates Israel Algeria Bahrain Egypt Saudi Arabia Morocco Oman Kuwait Lebanon Iraq Libya Tunisia Tunisia Libya Algeria Qatar Iran Oman Jordan Syria Morocco Sudan Iraq Lebanon Syria Yemen Egypt Jordan Yemen Bahrain Sudan 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit estimates; national sources. Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit estimates; national sources. Gross domestic product Consumer prices % change, year on year % change, year on year Iraq 35.9 Iran Qatar Yemen Kuwait Egypt Sudan Iraq Iran Sudan Jordan Algeria United Arab Emirates Qatar Bahrain Tunisia Algeria United Arab Emirates Tunisia Jordan Saudi Arabia Libya Libya Bahrain Israel Syria Morocco Morocco Lebanon Lebanon Egypt Kuwait Syria Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman Oman Israel 0246810 -4 0 4 8 12 16 Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit estimates; national sources. Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit estimates; national sources. Country Profile 2005 www.eiu.com © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2005 Sudan 1 Contents Sudan 3 Basic data 4 Politics 4 Political background 5 Recent political developments 15 Constitution, institutions and administration 16 Political forces 19 International relations and defence 25 Resources and infrastructure 25 Population 26 Education 27 Health 28 Natural resources and the environment 28 Transport, communications and the Internet 32 Energy provision 33 The economy 33 Economic structure 35 Economic policy 42 Economic performance 44 Regional trends 44 Economic sectors 44 Agriculture 48 Mining and semi-processing 52 Manufacturing 53 Construction 54 Financial services 55 Other services 55 The external sector 55 Tra d e i n go od s 57 Invisibles and the current account 58 Capital flows and foreign debt 60 Foreign reserves and the exchange rate 61 Regional overview 61 Membership of organisations 67 Appendices 67 Sources of information 68 Reference tables 68 Population (m) 68 Government finances 68 Money supply 69 Gross domestic product © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2005 www.eiu.com Country Profile 2005 2 Sudan 69 Prices and earnings 69 Labour force 69 Area, output and yield of selected crops 70 Livestock numbers 70 Animal and dairy production 70 Cotton crops 70 Consolidated balance sheets of the deposit money banks 71 Foreign trade 71 Main exports fob 71 Main imports cif 72 Main trading partners 72 Main composition of trade 73 Balance of payments, IMF series 74 External debt, World Bank series 74 Foreign reserves 74 Exchange rates Country Profile 2005 www.eiu.com © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2005 Sudan 3 Sudan Basic data Land area 2,506,000 sq km Population 33.61m (2003, IMF estimate) Main towns Population in ’000, 1993 census Khartoum (capital) 925 El Obeid 228 Port Sudan 305 Wad Medani 219 Kassala 234 Gedaref 189 Omdurman 229 Juba 115 Climate Northern Sudan: hot and dry September-May, rainy season April/May to September/October depending on latitude (average annual rainfall 100 mm). Southern Sudan: long rains April-October (average annual rainfall 1,000 mm) Weather in Khartoum Hottest month, May, 26-42°C; coldest month, January, 16-32°C; driest months, (altitude 390 metres) January-April, usually no rainfall; wettest month, August, 72 mm average rainfall (average annual rainfall 200 mm) Languages The official language is Arabic, which is spoken by about 60% of the population; English is also widely spoken in the south. There are an estimated 115 tribal languages, of which over 27 or more are each spoken by more than 100,000 people Measures Metric system. Some local measures are also used: 1 diraa=58 cm; 1 feddan=0.39 ha; 12 keilas=1 arde=1.98 hl; 100 rotl=1 canter (cotton, small)=44.93 kg; 315 rotl=1 canter (cotton, large)=141.5 kg Currency The Sudanese dinar officially replaced the Sudanese pound in 1999. The value of the dinar was set at SD1=S£10. The average official exchange rate in 2004 was SD257.8:US$1 Time 2 hours ahead of GMT Public holidays In addition to Islamic holidays, the following public holidays are observed in government-controlled areas: January 1st, Independence Day; June 30th, Revolution Day. © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2005 www.eiu.com Country Profile 2005 4 Sudan Politics Lieutenant-General Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Beshir has been president of Sudan since he gained power in a coup d’état in June 1989. Although head of state, for much of this period he was the junior partner to Hassan al-Turabi, the founding father of the ruling National Congress (NC!known as the National Islamic Front until January 1999) and former speaker of the National Assembly (parliament). With the support of the military, Mr Beshir mounted a de facto palace coup in late 1999, imposing a state of emergency and sidelining Mr Turabi. Mr Beshir was re-elected to serve a second (and theoretically final) five-year term as president in December 2000. Since mid-2002 peace talks with the southern rebel group, the Sudan People"s Liberation Army (SPLA), have dominated the political agenda, and an agreement was finally concluded in January 2005. It remains overshadowed, however, by continuing unrest and violence in the western province of Darfur. Political background Mahdism and British control The present-day borders of Sudan have their origins in the land administered in the early 19th century by Egyptian rulers and the subsequent Mahdist state. From 1819 Egypt ruled Sudan with the help of a small number of British administrators. An uprising, led by the Mahdi (the head of the Ansar, an Islamic sect), succeeded in freeing Sudan from foreign control in 1885. However, the British regained control in 1899, ostensibly in partnership with Egypt. Independence and the Following considerable nationalist protest in Sudan, the UK effectively relin- problem of integration quished control of the country in 1954, although formal independence was delayed until 1956, by which time the northern Arab urban elite were firmly entrenched in power. The first episode in what became an intractable civil war in southern Sudan occurred with a mutiny by southern forces in 1955, following months of unrest and dissatisfaction at growing northern dom- ination.
Recommended publications
  • Sudan a Country Study.Pdf

    Sudan a Country Study.Pdf

    A Country Study: Sudan An Nilain Mosque, at the site of the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile in Khartoum Federal Research Division Library of Congress Edited by Helen Chapin Metz Research Completed June 1991 Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Thomas Ofcansky) Early History Cush Meroe Christian Nubia The Coming of Islam The Arabs The Decline of Christian Nubia The Rule of the Kashif The Funj The Fur The Turkiyah, 1821-85 The Mahdiyah, 1884-98 The Khalifa Reconquest of Sudan The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1899-1955 Britain's Southern Policy Rise of Sudanese Nationalism The Road to Independence The South and the Unity of Sudan Independent Sudan The Politics of Independence The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64 Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69 The Nimeiri Era, 1969-85 Revolutionary Command Council The Southern Problem Political Developments National Reconciliation The Transitional Military Council Sadiq Al Mahdi and Coalition Governments Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (Robert O. Collins) Physical Setting Geographical Regions Soils Hydrology Climate Population Ethnicity Language Ethnic Groups The Muslim Peoples Non-Muslim Peoples Migration Regionalism and Ethnicity The Social Order Northern Arabized Communities Southern Communities Urban and National Elites Women and the Family Religious
  • Slavery in the Sudan: a Historical Survey 23

    Slavery in the Sudan: a Historical Survey 23

    Durham E-Theses Domestic slavery in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century northern Sudan Sharkey, Heather Jane How to cite: Sharkey, Heather Jane (1992) Domestic slavery in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century northern Sudan, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5741/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Domestic Slavery in the Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Northern Sudan by Heather Jane Sharkey A thesis submitted to the University of Durham in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Modem Middle Eastern Studies. Centre for Middle Eastern & Islamic Studies University of Durham 1992 ? 1 Dec 1992 Table of Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv A Note on Orthography and Transliteration v Chapter 1: The Subject and the Sources 1 Chapter
  • Country Report Sudan at a Glance: 2003-04

    Country Report Sudan at a Glance: 2003-04

    Country Report June 2003 Sudan Sudan at a glance: 2003-04 OVERVIEW The peace process between the government and the leading southern rebel force, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, will be kept alive by international pressure, although little of substance will be agreed in the short term. A ceasefire remains in effect until the end of June, while talks have been suspended until July. A US presidential report to Congress on the commitment of the Sudanese government to peace avoided calling for sanctions, signalling US support for ongoing dialogue. A significant rise in oil exports and a recovery in non-oil exports in 2003 are expected to ensure strong real GDP growth of 5.9%, slowing marginally to 5.3% in 2004. The current-account deficit, however, will widen over the forecast period to US$1.74bn by end-2004 (9.6% of GDP). Key changes from last month Political outlook • With halting progress in the peace talks, the political outlook is dependent upon the continued commitment to negotiations. Many obstacles remain, not least the role of the opposition groups not included in the talks and the growing unrest in the west of the country. Economic policy outlook • The government will not veer from its commitment to IMF-led policies, although expenditure may stray beyond agreed limits. Economic policy will continue to centre on balancing the budget through subsidy cutting and raising taxes. These measures, combined with a revised oil price forecast, will result in a reduced budget deficit of SD5.5bn (US$21.1m; 0.1% of GDP) in 2003, which will then widen in 2004 to SD33bn.
  • 2002-04-07 ASSOCIATE PARLIAMENTARY GROUP On

    2002-04-07 ASSOCIATE PARLIAMENTARY GROUP On

    ASSOCIATE PARLIAMENTARY GROUP ON SUDAN Visit to Sudan 7th - 12th April 2002 Facilitated by Christian Aid, Oxfam GB, Save the Children, Tearfund, and the British Embassy, Khartoum ASSOCIATE PARLIAMENTARY GROUP ON SUDAN Visit to Sudan 7th - 12th April 2002 Facilitated by Christian Aid, Oxfam GB, Save the Children, Tearfund, and the British Embassy, Khartoum Associate Parliamentary Group on Sudan 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We visited Sudan between April 6th and 13th 2002 under the auspices of the Associate Parliamentary Group for Sudan accompanied by HM Ambassador to Sudan Richard Makepeace, Dan Silvey of Christian Aid and the Group co-ordinator Colin Robertson. Our grateful thanks go to Colin and Dan for their superb organisation, tolerance and patience, to Christian Aid, Oxfam GB, Save the Children and Tearfund for their financial and logistical support, and to Ambassador Makepeace for his unfailing courtesy, deep knowledge of the current situation and crucial introductions. Our visit to southern Sudan could not have gone ahead without the hospitality and support of Susan from Unicef in Rumbek and Julie from Tearfund at Maluakon. As well as being grateful to them and their organisations we are enormously impressed by their courage and commitment to helping people in such difficult and challenging circumstances. Thanks to the efforts of these and many others we were able to pack a huge number of meetings and discussions into a few days, across several hundred miles of the largest country in Africa. The primary purpose of our visit was to listen and learn. Everyone talked to us of peace, and of their ideas about the sort of political settlement needed to ensure that such a peace would be sustainable, with every part of the country developed for the benefit of all of its people.
  • In Muslim Sudan

    In Muslim Sudan

    Downloaded from Nile Basin Research Programme www.nile.uib.no through Bergen Open Research Archive http://bora.uib.no Trade and Wadis System(s) in Muslim Sudan Intisar Soghayroun Elzein Soghayroun FOUNTAIN PUBLISHERS Kampala Fountain Publishers P. O. Box 488 Kampala - Uganda E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.fountainpublishers.co.ug © Intisar Soghayroun Elzein Soghayroun 2010 First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-9970-25-005-9 Dedication This book is dedicated to my father: Soghayroun Elzein Soghayroun, with a tremendous debt of gratitude. iii Contents Dedication..................................................................................................... iiv List.of .Maps..................................................................................................vi List.of .plates..................................................................................................vii Preface.......................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgement.........................................................................................xiii 1 The Land, its People and History ...................................... 1 The Physiographic Features of the Country ......................................1
  • Oil and Conflict in Sudan

    Oil and Conflict in Sudan

    Sudan Update - Raising the stakes - Oil and conflict in Sudan SUDAN UPDATE Raising the stakes: Oil and conflict in Sudan 1 Sudan Update - Raising the stakes - Oil and conflict in Sudan Reports: Oil Raising the stakes: Oil and conflict in Sudan 1 - Introduction OIL BOOM? On 30 August 1999, Sudan filled its first tanker-load of oil. A gigantic pipeline snaking up from oilfields over 1600 kilometres into the African hinterland was at last disgorging 100,000 barrels a day of crude oil at a nearly-completed marine terminal near Port Sudan, on the Red Sea. It offered fulfilment of countless promises of oil wealth that had been repeated to the Sudanese people by their rulers over the last quarter of a century. Billions of dollars had been invested, first in exploration, then pipeline, refinery and terminal construction. Now Sudan, Africa's largest country, could join OPEC and hold its head up as an oil exporter alongside Saudi Arabia and Libya, said Sudan's government ministers. Their critics replied that if it did join OPEC it would be politically insignificant alongside the major producers. Better parallels would be with the repression, sabotage, corruption and pollution encountered in Burma, Colombia or the Niger Delta. Just three weeks later, on 20 September 1999, opponents of Sudan's military regime blew a hole in the newly-completed pipeline. The explosion took place just outside the town of Atbara, the centre of Sudan's railway industry, on the river Nile above Khartoum. The location is important because - if one believed the oil companies or the government - it was so unlikely.
  • Revista XXXVII

    Revista XXXVII

    REPÚBLICA ÁRABE DE EGIPTO MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO EGIPCIO DE ESTUDIOS ISLÁMICOS EN MADRID Las ciudades de Al-Andalus ZARAGOZA Homenaje al arabista y lexicógrafo español recientemente fallecido Prof. Dr. Julio Cortés Soroa VOLUMEN XXXVII MADRID, 2009 00 Primeras paginas_Maquetación 1 29/11/11 14:02 Página 6 Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos, con ISSN 0541-8585 es una revista de periodicidad anual que fue fundada en 1953 (desde el año 53 hasta el 71 se editó con el ISSN 1132-3485 bajo el título Revista de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid). Abarca una amplia temática relacionada con las Humanidades. Sus artículos están escritos en castellano o en árabe, preferiblemente relacionados con la época histórica de Al-Andalus, aunque también se hace eco de temas relacionados con el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo. Edición: Ministerio de Educación Superior. El Cairo. R.A.E. SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES DEL INSTITUTO EGIPCIO DE ESTUDIOS ISLÁMICOS Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos C/ Francisco de Asís Méndez Casariego, nº 1 28002 MADRID Teléfono: 34 915639468 www.institutoegipcio.com Correo electrónico: [email protected] Fecha de impresión: Octubre de 2011 La Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid se encuen- tra presente en las siguientes bases de datos: Latindex, Periodical Index on Line, Index Islamicus Current Serials Source List, WorldCat, DICE. ISSN: 0541-8585 Depósito Legal: M. 1850-1961 00 Primeras paginas_Maquetación 1 15/12/11 13:19 Página 5 REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO EGIPCIO DE ESTUDIOS ISLÁMICOS EN MADRID La Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid está dirigida y coor- dinada por el Departamento de Publicaciones del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, institución dependiente del Ministerio de Educación Superior de Egipto.
  • Nigeria's Peace Keeping Role in Darfur

    Nigeria's Peace Keeping Role in Darfur

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by InfinityPress Journal of Studies in Social Sciences ISSN 2201-4624 Volume 4, Number 1, 2013, 76-91 Nigeria’s Peace Keeping Role in Darfur Arinze Ngwube General Studies Unit, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State Abstract Foreign policy of any nation serves as a mirror of its domestic reality. It begins with identification and articulation of national interests. It is very important to assert that whatever this nation‟s interest represents, serves the principal consideration in the formulation and execution of national policies both at domestic and international levels. One of the cardinal points of Nigerian foreign policy is the maintenance of peace and security in Africa .This has enabled her to play an active role in peacemaking and peace keeping in the continent since independence. Nigeria has participated in many peacekeeping and related missio ns globally. In line with her foreign policy, Darfur is not an exception. Nigeria has not only been a key actor in political efforts to mediate in the Darfur Crisis, but in addition has provided a bulk of her troops to the African-Union-United Nations hybrid peace keeping mission in Darfur. The conflict in Darfur constituted a threat to Nigeria‟s security largely because of Darfuri links to neighbouring states which are close to Nigeria. The possibility of the flow of refugees from the conflict area into Nigeria could be a problem. The implication on the security and welfare of Nigerians is an issue that cannot be ignored.
  • Rapid Change and Standstill Peacemaking, Covid-19 and Rumours in South Sudan

    Rapid Change and Standstill Peacemaking, Covid-19 and Rumours in South Sudan

    Researching livelihoods and services affected by conflict Rapid change and standstill Peacemaking, Covid-19 and rumours in South Sudan Working paper 95 Mareike Schomerus and Charles Taban July 2021 Written by Mareike Schomerus and Charles Taban SLRC publications present information, analysis and key policy recommendations on issues relating to livelihoods, basic services and social protection in conflict-affected situations. This and other SLRC publications are available from www.securelivelihoods.org. Funded by UK aid from the UK Government, Irish Aid and the EC. Disclaimer: The views presented in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies or represent the views of Irish Aid, the EC, SLRC or our partners. ©SLRC 2021. Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material from SLRC for their own publications. As copyright holder SLRC requests due acknowledgement. Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 203 Blackfriars Road London SE1 8NJ United Kingdom T +44 (0)20 3817 0031 F +44 (0)20 7922 0399 E [email protected] www.securelivelihoods.org @SLRCtweet Cover photo: Internally Displaced Persons in Juba, South Sudan. UN Photo: Isaac Billy, 2016 About us The Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium (SLRC) is a global research programme exploring basic services and social protection in fragile and conflict-affected situations. Funded by UK aid from the UK Government (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, FCDO), with complementary funding from Irish Aid and the European Commission (EC), SLRC was established in 2011 with the aim of strengthening the evidence base and informing policy and practice around livelihoods and services in conflict.
  • Rethinking Water, Climate Change and Conflict in the Sudans

    Rethinking Water, Climate Change and Conflict in the Sudans

    Global Environmental Change 29 (2014) 360–370 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Environmental Change jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloenvcha Beyond scarcity: Rethinking water, climate change and conflict in the Sudans a, b Jan Selby *, Clemens Hoffmann a Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QN, UK b Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: This article develops a new framework for understanding environment-conflict relations, on both Received 23 April 2013 theoretical grounds and through a qualitative historical analysis of the links between water and conflict in Received in revised form 6 January 2014 the states of Sudan and South Sudan. Theoretically, the article critiques the dominant emphases on Accepted 8 January 2014 ‘scarcity’, ‘state failure’ and ‘under-development’ within discussions of environmental security, and Available online 21 February 2014 proposes an alternative model of environment-conflict relations centring on resource abundance and globally-embedded processes of state-building and development. Empirically, it examines three claimed Keywords: (or possible) linkages between water and conflict in the Sudans: over trans-boundary waters of the Nile; Water over the links between internal resource scarcities and civil conflict; and over the internal conflict impacts Conflict of water abundance and development. We find that there exists only limited evidence in support of the first Climate change Scarcity two of these linkages, but plentiful evidence that water abundance, and state-directed processes of Sudan economic development and internal colonisation relating to water, have had violent consequences.
  • ONGOING USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE to SUDAN DARFUR Ongoing Programs As of 02/06/14

    ONGOING USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE to SUDAN DARFUR Ongoing Programs As of 02/06/14

    ONGOING USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO SUDAN DARFUR Ongoing Programs as of 02/06/14 DARFUR-WIDE EGYPT LIBYA FAO IOM NORTH DARFUR UNDP CENTRAL AND UNFPA GOAL EASTERN SUDAN CHAD Khartoum ERITREA UNHABITAT RI DARFUR UNICEF WHH WFP THE THREE AREAS WHO NORTH WFP DARFUR ETHIOPIA SOUTH C.A.R. SUDAN WEST DARFUR Kornoi Malha Tina Um Baru Concern D.R.C. KENYA UGANDA CRS Merlin Near East Foundation Kulbus SC Saya Kutum War Child Canada Fata Borno Mallit WRI Seleah El Sireaf Kafod Korma WEST Kuma Kabkabiya Ed Al Nagab El Fashir DARFUR Birkat Seira Umm Kaddada Tawila Burush El Geneina Saraf Omra Rockero SUDAN-WIDE Abata Gildo Shangil Tobay Dar Al Salam Masteri Golo IOM Mornei Sullu Niertete Wada`ah OCHA Kango Haraza Zalingei WFP Habila CENTRAL ICRC DARFUR Kass CHAD Garsila El Taweisha UNHCR Foro Baranga Nyala Bendisi Mukjar SOUTH Abou Adid Sarrow DARFUR CENTRAL DARFUR Mukjar Locality Ed El Fursan ACTED Ed Daein CRS Adila Rehed Al Birdi DRC Nyimeri EAST Near East Foundation DARFUR Tearfund Buram EAST DARFUR Merlin UMCOR Am Dafok PROGRAM KEY Bahr el Arab USAID/OFDA USAID/FFP State/PRM Locality SOUTH DARFUR Agriculture and Food Security Mine Risk Education ARC Economic Recovery and Market Multi-Sectoral Assistance Systems CARE Nutrition Food Vouchers IMC Protection Health CENTRAL Mercy Corps Refugee Assistance Humanitarian CoordinationAFRICAN Merlin and Information Management Shelter and Settlements REPUBLIC UMCOR Humanitarian Air Operations Title II Food Assistance World Vision SOUTH IDP Assistance Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene SUDAN Logistics and
  • Table of Contents

    Table of Contents

    WPF Report 26 SUDAN: POLICY OPTIONS AMID CIVIL WAR by Rachel M. Gisselquist and POSTSCRIPT by Deborah L. West Copyright © 2000 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 79 John F. Kennedy St. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Tel: 617-496-2258 Fax: 617-491-8588 E-mail: [email protected] www.worldpeacefoundation.org All rights reserved CONTENTS SUDAN: POLICY OPTIONS AMID CIVIL WAR 1 By Rachel Gisselquist A Divided State 3 The Roots of the Conflict 5 The State of Politics 6 Opposition Movements 7 The Controversy Over Oil 8 A Terrorist State? 9 Slavery/Abduction 10 The State of the War 11 The Peace Process 11 The Humanitarian Crisis 13 Policy Options for the U.S. 14 Engaging the Government 15 Disengage from the North, Engage with the South 17 Conference Participants 19 POSTSCRIPT 21 By Deborah Weinberg Conference Participants 25 WPF Report 26: Sudan: Policy Options Amid Civil War 1 Sudan: Policy Options Amid Civil War by Rachel M. Gisselquist1 Sudan, Africa’s largest country, has been at war with itself for seventeen years. The bitter civil conflict between the North and the South has claimed 2 million lives and displaced over 4 million of the country’s 28 million people within Sudan. More than 400,000 have fled to neighboring countries.2 The war maintains the desperate poverty of a once rich nation and ensures that the Sudan’s human development indicators remain among the lowest in the world. For military leaders on both sides, continued conflict may seem preferable to making concessions for peace. For most Sudanese, however, interminable insecurity and shifting battles across most of the South and parts of the West and the North remain a heavy burden.