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Secrets and Bombs: the Piazza Fontana Bombing and the Strategy of Tension - Luciano Lanza
Secrets and Bombs: The Piazza Fontana bombing and the Strategy of Tension - Luciano Lanza Secrets and Bombs 21: TIMETABLE – A Basic Chronology (with video links) January 29, 2012 // 1 2 Votes Gladio (Italian section of the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC), founded in 1951 and overseen by SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe) 1969 25 April — Two bombs explode in Milan: one at the FIAT stand at the Trade Fair and another at the bureau de change in the Banca Nazionale delle Communicazione at Central Station. Dozens are injured but none seriously. AnarchistsEliane Vincileone, Giovanni Corradini, Paolo Braschi,Paolo Faccioli, Angelo Piero Della Savia and Tito Pulsinelliare arrested soon after. 2 July — Unified Socialist Party (PSU), created out of an amalgamation of the PSI and the PSDI on 30 October 1966, splits into the PSI and the PSU. 5 July — Crisis in the three-party coalition government (DC, PSU and PRI) led by Mariano Rumor. 5 August — Rumor takes the helm of a single party (DC — Christian Democrat) government. 9 August — Ten bombs planted on as many trains. Eight explode and 12 people are injured. 7 December — Corradini and Vincileone are released from jail for lack of evidence. Gladio 12 December — Four bombs explode. One planted in the Banca Nazionale dell’Agricoltura in the Piazza Fontana in Milan claims 16 lives and wounds a further hundred people. In Rome a bomb explodes in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, wounding 14, and two devices go off at the cenotaph in the Piazza Venezia, wounding 4. Another bomb — unexploded — is discovered at the Banca Commerciale in the Piazza della Scala in Milan. -
0714685003.Pdf
CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics. -
Introduction to Part I
2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 17 Part I Villains? The Judicial Truth 2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 18 2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 19 Introduction to Part I Stragismo, as discussed in Chapter 1, refers to a bombing campaign which started in the late 1960s and lasted for several years, causing a high toll in terms of the number of people killed and wounded. Initially, investigations targeted extreme- left, especially anarchist, groups (the so-called ‘red trail’), since the available evi- dence appeared to point in their direction. Later investigations started to probe an alternative path, the so-called ‘black trail’, which pointed the finger at extreme- right groups as the culprits for the massacres, albeit acting in ways that would pin the blame upon the extreme left. In connection to this discovery, investigating magistrates also brought to light the existence of a strategy, which became widely known as the Strategy of Tension, whose aim was to create an atmosphere of sub- version and fear in the country so as to promote a turn to an authoritarian type of government. Since the strategy was mainly directed at containing communism in Italy (especially in the light of the formation of centre-left governments from 1963, and increasing unrest on the part of students and workers in 1968 and 1969), it was an essential part of this strategy that the threat of political subversion should be seen as coming from the left, not from the right. This explained to many why much of the early evidence had appeared to point in the direction of anarchist groups. -
L'attivita' Di Guerin Serac E Dell'aginter Press L'attivita
L’ATTIVITA’ DI GUERIN SERAC E DELL’AGINTER PRESS L’ATTIVITA’ DELL’AGINTER PRESS PREMESSA GENERALE L’APPUNTO S.I.D. DEL 16.12.1969 Nel maggio del 1974, un gruppo di militanti appartenenti al nuovo Governo portoghese, nato dalla Rivoluzione dei Garofani dell’aprile precedente, faceva irruzione nei locali di un’agenzia di stampa al civico 13 di Rua des Pracas, a Lisbona, dove un funzionario della PIDE, l’ex polizia politica del regime salazarista, aveva rivelato celarsi, sotto la copertura dell’agenzia AGINTER PRESS, una centrale di informazioni che aveva lavorato per la PIDE stessa. Nei locali semi-abbandonati dell’agenzia, frequentata saltuariamente solo da un impiegato dopo gli eventi del 25.4.1974, veniva rinvenuta, oltre a un enorme archivio con documenti e microfilm riguardanti ogni Continente e Paese del mondo, un’officina per la fabbricazione di falsi documenti, comprese tessere di giornalisti e di poliziotti, di numerosi Paesi nonchè visti e timbri relativi alle principali frontiere europee. Venivano anche rinvenuti documenti commerciali concernenti transazioni di notevole entità e libri contabili riguardanti i pagamenti di singoli militanti indicati con sigle e nomi cifrati. L’esame della documentazione proseguiva presso la Commissione di smantellamento della PIDE e, secondo i risultati di tale inchiesta, l’AGINTER PRESS era stata, sino all’aprile 1974, un centro di eversione internazionale, finanziato non solo dal Governo portoghese ma anche da altri Governi europei, dietro cui si celava: - un centro spionistico legato ai servizi segreti portoghesi e ad altri servizi segreti occidentali quali la C.I.A. e la rete tedesco-occidentale GEHLEN; - un centro di reclutamento e di addestramento di mercenari e terroristi specializzati in attentati e sabotaggi soprattutto nei Paesi del Terzo Mondo; - un’organizzazione fascista internazionale denominata “ORDRE ET TRADITION” e il suo braccio militare O.A.C.I. -
The Development of the British Conspiracy Thriller 1980-1990
The Development of the British Conspiracy Thriller 1980-1990 Paul S. Lynch This thesis is submitted to the University of Hertfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. January 2017 Abstract This thesis adopts a cross-disciplinary approach to explore the development of the conspiracy thriller genre in British cinema during the 1980s. There is considerable academic interest in the Hollywood conspiracy cycle that emerged in America during the 1970s. Films such as The Parallax View (Pakula, 1975) and All the President’s Men (Pakula, 1976) are indicative of the genre, and sought to reflect public anxieties about perceived government misdeeds and misconduct within the security services. In Europe during the same period, directors Costa-Gavras and Francesco Rosi were exploring similar themes of state corruption and conspiracy in films such as State of Siege (1972) and Illustrious Corpses (1976). This thesis provides a comprehensive account of how a similar conspiracy cycle emerged in Britain in the following decade. We will examine the ways in which British film-makers used the conspiracy form to reflect public concerns about issues of defence and national security, and questioned the measures adopted by the British government and the intelligence community to combat Soviet subversion during the last decade of the Cold War. Unlike other research exploring espionage in British film and television, this research is concerned exclusively with the development of the conspiracy thriller genre in mainstream cinema. This has been achieved using three case studies: Defence of the Realm (Drury, 1986), The Whistle Blower (Langton, 1987) and The Fourth Protocol (MacKenzie, 1987). -
A" Time When Principles Make Best Politics"? the Western Response To
A “Time When Principles Make Best Politics”? The Western Response to “Genocide” in East Pakistan by Richard David Pilkington A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of PhD-History Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Richard David Pilkington 2016 A “Time When Principles Make Best Politics”? The Western Response to “Genocide” in East Pakistan Richard David Pilkington PhD-History Department of History University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This study examines the formulation of and interplay between the US, Canadian, and British policies generated in response to the mass atrocities perpetrated by Islamabad authorities in East Pakistan during 1971. It focuses on the reactions of these three closely-connected North Atlantic powers to the gross human rights abuses, analyzing the decision-making processes in Washington, Ottawa, and London during the crucial first few months of the crisis, identifying the forces at play in determining policy, and investigating the nature, development, and resolution of debates over national interests and ethical concerns. The analysis is built primarily upon documentary evidence from the US National Archives, the Nixon Presidential Materials Project, Library and Archives Canada, and the National Archives of the United Kingdom. In Washington, President Richard Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, exerted great personal influence over the determination of policy and favored a strategy of appeasement. Importantly, their secret initiative to secure rapprochement with China, which only sprang into life at the end of April, did not drive their thinking during the vital first month after the clampdown began as Kissinger has previously claimed. -
Ma Quale Pino Rauti “Fascista”!
MA QUALE PINO RAUTI “FASCISTA”! di Maurizio Barozzi Molti che ci seguono e sono attenti alle nostre osservazioni, chiedono un parere su Pino Rauti (classe 1926), un personaggio scomparso nel 2012, che avendo gravitato nell’agone politico e in una certa area, non può evitare un giudizio, giusto o sbagliato che sia, storico ed appunto politico. Parlare di Rauti, onorevole, uomo politico, intellettuale, scrittore, giornalista del “Tempo” di Roma e a capo di un movimento politico e Centro Studi, finito spesso nelle cronache giudiziarie degli anni passati, ma fucina anche di ottimi camerati, ci dà l’occasione di accennare all’area della destra neofascista e di precisare, una volta per tutte certe posizioni. Si da il caso che, a suo tempo, avendo noi militato nella FNCRSI (Federazione Nazionale Combattenti della RSI) e NON nei gruppi e movimenti di quell’area pseudo “neofascista” di destra, né tanto meno nel MSI, riteniamo di poter dare un giudizio squisitamente politico, scevro da sentimentalismi o condizionamenti. Premettiamo subito che le nostre valutazioni divergono da chi considera Rauti un “fascista”, etichetta questa che, a prescindere da partecipazioni nel periodo bellico, nel dopoguerra per ragioni di percorso e convenienza politica, si è ritagliato lui stesso, anzi ammiccando un pò al “nazista”, ma soprattutto gliela hanno affibbiata gli antifascisti, così come avvenne per quel tal Giorgio Almirante, sodale di Rauti. Personaggi che sarebbe stato più esatto ed opportuno definire di “destra” che non fascisti. Del resto oramai nel gergo comune viene dato del “fascista” a qualunque reazionario, o dittatore: dal Caudillo Franco al macellaio Pinochet. “Guerra delle parole”. -
Ordinanza 18 Marzo 1995
TRIBUNALE CIVILE E PENALE DI MILANO Ufficio Istruzione sez.20^ N.2643/84A R.G.P.M. N.721/88F R.G.G.I. Procedimento penale nei confronti di AZZI Nico ed altri.- R E P U B B L I C A I T A L I A N A In nome del Popolo italiano Il Giudice Istruttore presso il Tribunale Civile e Penale di Milano, dr. Guido Salvini, ha pronunziato la seguente S E N T E N Z A - O R D I N A N Z A nel procedimento nei confronti di: 1) AZZI Nico, nato a Serravalle Po (MN) il 31.7.1951 e residente a Milano in Via Fratelli Ruffini n°1; (difeso di fiducia dall'avv. Patrizia D'Elia del Foro di Milano). 2) ROGNONI Giancarlo, nato a Milano il 27.8.1945 ed ivi residente in Via Brusuglio n°47; (difeso di fiducia dall'avv. Benedetto Tusa del Foro di Milano). 3) MARZORATI Mauro, nato a Milano il 17.4.1954 e residente ad Assago (MI) in Via Duccio da Boninsegna n°11/f; (difeso di fiducia dall'avv. Luciano Merlini del Foro di Milano). 4) DE MIN Francesco, nato a Milano il 31.3.1951 ed ivi residente in Via San Dionigi n°30; (difeso d'ufficio dall'avv. Roberto Peccianti del Foro di Milano). 5) BATTISTON Pietro, nato a Milano il 29.5.1958 e già ivi residente in Via San Vincenzo n°1, allo stato - I R R E P E R I B I L E - (difeso d'ufficio dall'avv. -
Thatcher Papers
Thatcher Papers Catalogue of material open for research (March 2004) Andrew Riley Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge 2. © Churchill Archives Centre, 2004 Version 1:2 (18.3.04 – AR/CRC) Font: Adobe Minion Pro Thatcher Papers: catalogue of material open for research 3. Overview Digitalised material indicated in red (available for purchase on CD-ROM). pp5-48 Pre-1979 personal papers (THCR 1) [all filmed] 49-50 Correspondence with Howe, Joseph and Lawson, 1975-9 (THCR 2/1) [all filmed] 51-130 Political subject files, 1975-9 [279 folders] (THCR 2/6/1) [partly filmed] 131-52 General election material, 1979 (THCR 2/7/1) [partly filmed] 153-58 Economic briefings, [1962]-79 (THCR 2/12) [all filmed] 159-64 Engagement diaries, 1962-78 (THCR 6/1/1) [partly filmed] 165-70 Papers relating to visit to USA and Canada in September 1975 (THCR 6/4/1) [partly filmed] 171-76 Press cuttings, 1949-80 (THCR 7/1) 177-91 Appendix: Thatcher Digital Archive [stored on CD-ROM; available for copying on CD-ROM] Technical specifications of filming programme by Margaret Thatcher Foundation & copy prices (1) List of Thatcher Papers available on CD-ROM Thatcher Papers: catalogue of material open for research 4. (THCR AS 10/1) (2) List of documents from other collections available on CD-ROM (eg, Reagan Library) (THCR AS 10/2) (3) Archived material from margaretthatcher.org, the official website of the Margaret Thatcher Foundation (THCR AS 10/3) Certain items remain closed at present as they contain copies of official papers supplied to Margaret Thatcher in Opposition or on data protection grounds. -
Cercle Pinay and Its Complex of Groups
ROGUE AGENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Habsburg, Pinay and the Private Cold War 1951 - 1991 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- by David Teacher 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Third edition, October 2011 © 1993, 2008 and 2011. All rights strictly reserved. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The author does not necessarily endorse or espouse the contents or opinions of any website which may host this article or any interpretation of this research which may be produced by third parties. He may be contacted at [email protected]. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CONTENTS (text-only version without documentary or picture annexes) Introduction (1993) … pg 3 Preface (2008) … pg 6 Foreword (2011) … pg 7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ROGUE AGENTS … … pg 8 Footnotes … … pg 179 Sources Annex … … pg 239 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Documentary Annex … … omitted Rogues' Gallery … … omitted ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NSIC Annex -
Strategy of Tension,” from Piazza Fontana, to the Italicus Bombs, to the Strategy of Tension: 1980 Bologna Massacre
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 31, Number 12, March 26, 2004 Today, several judicial and parliamentary investigations have established that a red thread goes through the “strategy of tension,” from Piazza Fontana, to the Italicus bombs, to the Strategy of Tension: 1980 Bologna massacre. The most important ones are the official Bologna investigation, the most recent investigation on Piazza Fontana started by prosecutor Guido Salvini in The Case of Italy Part 1 1992 in Milan, and the results of the Parliament Committee on by Claudio Celani the Failed Identification of the Authors of Terrorist Massacres (“Terrorism Committee”), which worked from 1994 to 2001. The Bologna trial ended with the conviction of neo-fas- cists Valerio Fioravanti and Francesca Mambro as executors, Part 1 and of freemasonic puppet-master Licio Gelli, his associate Francesco Pazienza, and several military intelligence officials The day of the Madrid bombings, March 11, Lyndon for cover-up. The Milan trial produced a life sentence for LaRouche issued a statement discarding the idea that the ter- three neo-fascists, Delfo Zorzi, Carlo Maria Maggi, and Carlo rorist attacks had been carried out either by the Basque terror- Rognoni, which was later overturned on appeal (as if it were ist group ETA or by “Islamic terrorism,” and commented that a signal, the appeal result was announced the day after the the modality of the Madrid atrocity reminded him of the 1980 Madrid bombings). The case is now going to the Supreme Bologna train station bombing and, in general, of the terrorist Court. The parliamentary committee under Chairman Gio- “strategy of tension” in Italy in the early seventies. -
Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper No. 152
Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper No. 152 University of Oxford, 2020 The Weight of Public Opinion: Tracing the Social and Political Genealogy of the British Nationality Act 1981 Carl Altaner WP-20-152 COMPAS does not have a centre view and does not aim to present one. The views expressed in this document are only those of its independent author Abstract By the time of Margaret Thatcher’s election as Prime Minister in May 1979, it was clear that the UK’s nationality and citizenship regime was no longer fit for purpose. Previous attempts to create a British Citizenship that delineated who ‘belonged’ in the UK in 1962, 1968 and 1971 failed to achieve cohesion. This paper traces the development of efforts by the Conservative Party to streamline nationality, both during its time in opposition and in office. Borrowing from Ruth Wodak’s discourse-historical approach, I examine declassified government documents, relevant speeches in the House of Commons and polling data to assemble a partial picture of the 1981 Act’s turbulent development. Polling data revealed the synonymity of immigration with race relations in public political discourse, and that the electorate is heavily opposed to further immigration. I examine how both Labour and Conservative governments attempted to address this anti-immigration sentiment, and how Thatcher’s Conservatives ultimately were able to harness a palatable yet xenophobic discourse, in the vein of Enoch Powell, in order to push through their Act. Author: Carl Altaner, [email protected] Keywords: Margaret Thatcher, British nationality, Commonwealth, Conservative Party, immigration. 1 Introduction Few scholars, regardless of partisan leaning, deny that Margaret Thatcher was one of the most important politicians of the twentieth century.