L'attivita' Di Guerin Serac E Dell'aginter Press L'attivita
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Secrets and Bombs: the Piazza Fontana Bombing and the Strategy of Tension - Luciano Lanza
Secrets and Bombs: The Piazza Fontana bombing and the Strategy of Tension - Luciano Lanza Secrets and Bombs 21: TIMETABLE – A Basic Chronology (with video links) January 29, 2012 // 1 2 Votes Gladio (Italian section of the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC), founded in 1951 and overseen by SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe) 1969 25 April — Two bombs explode in Milan: one at the FIAT stand at the Trade Fair and another at the bureau de change in the Banca Nazionale delle Communicazione at Central Station. Dozens are injured but none seriously. AnarchistsEliane Vincileone, Giovanni Corradini, Paolo Braschi,Paolo Faccioli, Angelo Piero Della Savia and Tito Pulsinelliare arrested soon after. 2 July — Unified Socialist Party (PSU), created out of an amalgamation of the PSI and the PSDI on 30 October 1966, splits into the PSI and the PSU. 5 July — Crisis in the three-party coalition government (DC, PSU and PRI) led by Mariano Rumor. 5 August — Rumor takes the helm of a single party (DC — Christian Democrat) government. 9 August — Ten bombs planted on as many trains. Eight explode and 12 people are injured. 7 December — Corradini and Vincileone are released from jail for lack of evidence. Gladio 12 December — Four bombs explode. One planted in the Banca Nazionale dell’Agricoltura in the Piazza Fontana in Milan claims 16 lives and wounds a further hundred people. In Rome a bomb explodes in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, wounding 14, and two devices go off at the cenotaph in the Piazza Venezia, wounding 4. Another bomb — unexploded — is discovered at the Banca Commerciale in the Piazza della Scala in Milan. -
0714685003.Pdf
CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics. -
Different Shades of Black. the Anatomy of the Far Right in the European Parliament
Different Shades of Black. The Anatomy of the Far Right in the European Parliament Ellen Rivera and Masha P. Davis IERES Occasional Papers, May 2019 Transnational History of the Far Right Series Cover Photo: Protesters of right-wing and far-right Flemish associations take part in a protest against Marra-kesh Migration Pact in Brussels, Belgium on Dec. 16, 2018. Editorial credit: Alexandros Michailidis / Shutter-stock.com @IERES2019 Different Shades of Black. The Anatomy of the Far Right in the European Parliament Ellen Rivera and Masha P. Davis IERES Occasional Papers, no. 2, May 15, 2019 Transnational History of the Far Right Series Transnational History of the Far Right Series A Collective Research Project led by Marlene Laruelle At a time when global political dynamics seem to be moving in favor of illiberal regimes around the world, this re- search project seeks to fill in some of the blank pages in the contemporary history of the far right, with a particular focus on the transnational dimensions of far-right movements in the broader Europe/Eurasia region. Of all European elections, the one scheduled for May 23-26, 2019, which will decide the composition of the 9th European Parliament, may be the most unpredictable, as well as the most important, in the history of the European Union. Far-right forces may gain unprecedented ground, with polls suggesting that they will win up to one-fifth of the 705 seats that will make up the European parliament after Brexit.1 The outcome of the election will have a profound impact not only on the political environment in Europe, but also on the trans- atlantic and Euro-Russian relationships. -
Introduction to Part I
2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 17 Part I Villains? The Judicial Truth 2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 18 2_BULL-INTRO1P017-028 3/10/07 15:04 Page 19 Introduction to Part I Stragismo, as discussed in Chapter 1, refers to a bombing campaign which started in the late 1960s and lasted for several years, causing a high toll in terms of the number of people killed and wounded. Initially, investigations targeted extreme- left, especially anarchist, groups (the so-called ‘red trail’), since the available evi- dence appeared to point in their direction. Later investigations started to probe an alternative path, the so-called ‘black trail’, which pointed the finger at extreme- right groups as the culprits for the massacres, albeit acting in ways that would pin the blame upon the extreme left. In connection to this discovery, investigating magistrates also brought to light the existence of a strategy, which became widely known as the Strategy of Tension, whose aim was to create an atmosphere of sub- version and fear in the country so as to promote a turn to an authoritarian type of government. Since the strategy was mainly directed at containing communism in Italy (especially in the light of the formation of centre-left governments from 1963, and increasing unrest on the part of students and workers in 1968 and 1969), it was an essential part of this strategy that the threat of political subversion should be seen as coming from the left, not from the right. This explained to many why much of the early evidence had appeared to point in the direction of anarchist groups. -
Lobster18.Pdf
• Right-wing Terrorists and the Extraparliamentary Left in Post-World War 2 Europe: Collusion or Manipulation? • The SAS, their early days in Ireland and the Wilson Plot • AMBUSH: the war between the SAS and the IRA • The Pinay Circle and Destabilisation in Europe • Pinay 2: Jean Violet • Gordon Winter: Inside BOSS and After • Telecommunications at the End of the World • Print Lobster is Steven Dorril (0484 681388) and Robin Ramsay (0482 447558). David Teacher is European Correspondent. All written correspondence should be sent to Lobster 214 Westbourne Avenune, Hull, HU5 3JB. UK Right-wing Terrorists and the Extraparliamentary Left in Post-World War 2 Europe: Collusion or Manipulation? Jeffrey M. Bale In this essay, and the notes and sources that accompany it, there are many words from languages - French, Spanish, Portugese etc - which should have various accents on them. These accents have been omitted to simplify type-setting. This essay was first published in the Berkeley Journal of Sociology and is reprinted here with their permission. Right-wing terrorism is one of the most poorly-understood political phenomena of our time, so much so that many highly educated and knowledgeable people seem to be entirely unaware of its existence. There are two main reasons for this dangerously high level of ignorance. To some extent it is simply an inevitable by-product of the general absence of serious scholarly work devoted to the activities and ideologies of the extreme right since the end of World War 2, a lacuna that is almost invariably commented -
Politics, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar Es Salaam C
A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87426 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Politics, decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar es Salaam c. 1965-72 by George Roberts A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of Warwick, Department of History, September 2016 Politics, decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar es Salaam, c. 1965-72 Acknowledgements 4 Summary 5 Abbreviations and acronyms 6 Maps 8 Introduction 10 Rethinking the Cold War and decolonisation 12 The ‘Cold War city’ 16 Tanzanian history and the shadow of Julius Nyerere 20 A note on the sources 24 1 – From uhuru to Arusha: Tanzania and the world, 1961-67 34 Nyerere’s foreign policy 34 The Zanzibar Revolution 36 The Dar es Salaam mutiny 38 The creation of Tanzania 40 The foreign policy crises of 1964-65 43 The turn to Beijing 47 Revisiting the Arusha Declaration 50 The June 1967 government reshuffle 54 Oscar Kambona’s flight into exile 56 Conclusion 58 2 – Karibu Dar es Salaam: the political geography of a Cold War city 60 Dar es Salaam 61 Spaces 62 News 67 Propaganda -
Ma Quale Pino Rauti “Fascista”!
MA QUALE PINO RAUTI “FASCISTA”! di Maurizio Barozzi Molti che ci seguono e sono attenti alle nostre osservazioni, chiedono un parere su Pino Rauti (classe 1926), un personaggio scomparso nel 2012, che avendo gravitato nell’agone politico e in una certa area, non può evitare un giudizio, giusto o sbagliato che sia, storico ed appunto politico. Parlare di Rauti, onorevole, uomo politico, intellettuale, scrittore, giornalista del “Tempo” di Roma e a capo di un movimento politico e Centro Studi, finito spesso nelle cronache giudiziarie degli anni passati, ma fucina anche di ottimi camerati, ci dà l’occasione di accennare all’area della destra neofascista e di precisare, una volta per tutte certe posizioni. Si da il caso che, a suo tempo, avendo noi militato nella FNCRSI (Federazione Nazionale Combattenti della RSI) e NON nei gruppi e movimenti di quell’area pseudo “neofascista” di destra, né tanto meno nel MSI, riteniamo di poter dare un giudizio squisitamente politico, scevro da sentimentalismi o condizionamenti. Premettiamo subito che le nostre valutazioni divergono da chi considera Rauti un “fascista”, etichetta questa che, a prescindere da partecipazioni nel periodo bellico, nel dopoguerra per ragioni di percorso e convenienza politica, si è ritagliato lui stesso, anzi ammiccando un pò al “nazista”, ma soprattutto gliela hanno affibbiata gli antifascisti, così come avvenne per quel tal Giorgio Almirante, sodale di Rauti. Personaggi che sarebbe stato più esatto ed opportuno definire di “destra” che non fascisti. Del resto oramai nel gergo comune viene dato del “fascista” a qualunque reazionario, o dittatore: dal Caudillo Franco al macellaio Pinochet. “Guerra delle parole”. -
Parafascism and the US Peter Dale Scott
Transnationalised Repression; Parafascism and the U.S. • Preface • Tolerated Crime and Tolerated Murder • The CIA-Mafia-Narcotics Connection and the U.S. Press • Protection for Intelligence Assets • Assassins, Narcotics and Watergate • Domestic Repression and DEA Narcotics Enforcement • CIA, DEA, and Their Assassination Capacity • DEA, Crime and the Press Today • The U.S.A. and Transnationalised Repression • Drugs and Parafascism: Orlando Bosch and Christian David • Post-war Nazi Networks and the United States • The Case of Otto Skorzeny • Fascism and Parafascism • Transnational Parafascism and the CIA • The U.S., Chile and the Aginter Press • After Watergate: the Chilean-Cuban Exile Alliance • World Parafascism, Drugs and Crime • International Fascista in Action • World Parafascism and the U.S. Chile Lobby • The CIA and the Politics of Countervalence • Post-war Disposal Problems: De Gaulle and Watergate • Disposal as a Flight from Public Control: Thailand • Suppression by Proxy: the Superclient States • Economic Recession and Arms Sales Increases • Conclusions • From 'Political' to 'Human': the Lessons of Watergate and Vietnam The British Right -- Scratching the surface • The British Right - scratching the surface • Digression No. 1: Don Martin • Common Cause • The Monday Club • Digression 2: Gerry Gable • Society for Individual Freedom • The World Anti-Communist League and its British Connections • Digression 3 • The anti-union/strike-breaking organisations • Edward Martell - the bridge Transnationalised Repression; Parafascism and the U.S. Peter Dale Scott Preface This essay was written in the summer of 1977. I lost track of it in subsequent summers, when I first suffered a major illness, and then was side-tracked into preparation of a trade book on the Kennedy Assassination (Beyond Conspiracy) that was eventually killed by its publisher on the eve of its appearance. -
Terrorism in Western Europe: an Approach to NATO’S Secret Stay-Behind Armies
Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO’s Secret Stay-Behind Armies by Daniele Ganser INTRODUCTION Recent research has revealed secret armies have existed across Western Europe during the Cold War.1 Coordinated by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), they were run by the European military secret services in close cooperation with the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the British foreign secret service Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also MI6). Trained together with US Green Berets and British Special Air Service (SAS), these clandestine NATO soldiers, armed with underground arms-caches, prepared against a potential Soviet invasion and occupation of Western Europe, as well as the coming to power of communist parties. The clandestine international network covered the European NATO membership, including Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey, as well as the neutral European countries of Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland.2 The existence of these clandestine NATO armies remained a closely guarded secret throughout the Cold War until 1990, when the first branch of the international network was discovered in Italy. It was code-named “Gladio,” the Latin word for a short double-edged sword. While the press claimed the NATO secret armies were “the best-kept, and most damaging, political-military secret since World War II,” the Italian government, amidst sharp public criticism, promised to close down the secret army. 3 Italy insisted identical clandestine armies had also existed in all other countries of Western Europe. This allegation proved correct and subsequent research found that in Belgium, the secret NATO army was code-named SDRA8, in Denmark Absalon, in Germany TD BDJ, in Greece LOK, in Luxemburg Stay-Behind, in the Netherlands I&O, in Norway ROC, in Portugal Aginter, in Switzerland P26, in Turkey Counter-Guerrilla, and in Austria OWSGV. -
Salazar a Silva Pais: “Nem Uma Palavra Sobre O Assunto”
Salazar a Silva Pais: “Nem uma palavra sobre o assunto” [A operação de cerco e aniquilamento do general Humberto Delgado ] 1.Remodelação qualitativa da PIDE em 1962 …Com o início da guerra colonial, ultrapassado o sobressalto das eleições de 1958 e da candidatura do general Humberto Delgado, o regime passa à ofensiva, fortalecido pelo esmagamento das tentativas de golpes militares da Sé, de Botelho Moniz e de Beja, e pela desarticulação das manobras conspirativas em redor do anterior presidente da República, marechal Craveiro Lopes. …É assim que, em 1962, ascende ao poder na PIDE uma nova estrutura dirigente: o major Silva Pais, nomeado director em Abril, leva consigo Barbieri Cardoso, que abandonara temporariamente a polícia por divergências com o anterior director. Reorganizam os serviços de informações, que passam a ser dirigidos por Pereira de Carvalho – e para os quais chamam três elementos que em, em 65, farão parte da brigada que assassina Delgado: Rosa Casaco, Tienza e Lopes Ramos. …A reorganização visa estancar as incapacidades demonstradas pela PIDE e é marcada pela introdução de métodos “modernos”, importados da colaboração com serviços estrangeiros congéneres. Data também dos inícios dos anos 60 o relacionamento da PIDE com elementos estrangeiros da extrema-direita (oriundos da OAS [Organisation de l’Armée Secrete]), dando lugar à criação da Voz do Ocidente na Emissora Nacional e à instalação em Lisboa, mais tarde, da Aginter Press, para além do recrutamento e envio de mercenários para diversos países africanos. 2.A operação contra Delgado – uma prioridade …Instalados na António Maria Cardoso, os novos chefes da PIDE lançam logo em moldes renovados as operações contra o general Humberto 1 Delgado, recorrendo ao recrutamento de informadores que o pudessem vigiar e, se possível, influenciar. -
LNS) - - M Ilan, Ita Ly
(See graphics to accompany th is s to ry .) PORTUGUESE DOCUMENTS REVEAL JOURNALISTIC COVER FOR the April 25 coup. Robert Leroy surfaced re INTERNATIONAL FASCIST GROUP; LINK GROUP TO BOMBINGS cently in an interview in an Italian paper. ....... ..I COUNTER INSURGENCY AND ARMS TRAFFIC Several weeks la te r , Yves G u illo u gave an in terview to the French magazine "Paris Match," LIBERATION News Service;* in which he denied involvement in fascist ac (Editor's note: The following was compiled t i v i t i e s . largely from reports in "Liberation," an indepen "I am only an anti-communist journalist, dent French le ftis t daily. Some information came naturally," he daid. "As for Aginter, it is from Le Monde and the New York Times.) merely an organization for ideological struggle. NEW YORK (LNS) - - M ilan, Ita ly . December 12, I have never worked fo r PIDE and s t i l l less have 1969: a bomb explodes in a Milan bank, leaving I ever received money from it." sixteen people dead and over one hundred wounded. The Formation of Aginter Press Some days later, several le ftists are arrested and charged w ith the bombings. They are to spend the But the Portuguese documents t e l l a d iffe re n t next two years in ja il on false convictions. story. According to them, Aginter was formed in 1962 la rg e ly by former members o f the German Ges Late in 1971, an investigation by the Italian tapo and the French Secret Army Organization (OAS). -
Ordinanza 18 Marzo 1995
TRIBUNALE CIVILE E PENALE DI MILANO Ufficio Istruzione sez.20^ N.2643/84A R.G.P.M. N.721/88F R.G.G.I. Procedimento penale nei confronti di AZZI Nico ed altri.- R E P U B B L I C A I T A L I A N A In nome del Popolo italiano Il Giudice Istruttore presso il Tribunale Civile e Penale di Milano, dr. Guido Salvini, ha pronunziato la seguente S E N T E N Z A - O R D I N A N Z A nel procedimento nei confronti di: 1) AZZI Nico, nato a Serravalle Po (MN) il 31.7.1951 e residente a Milano in Via Fratelli Ruffini n°1; (difeso di fiducia dall'avv. Patrizia D'Elia del Foro di Milano). 2) ROGNONI Giancarlo, nato a Milano il 27.8.1945 ed ivi residente in Via Brusuglio n°47; (difeso di fiducia dall'avv. Benedetto Tusa del Foro di Milano). 3) MARZORATI Mauro, nato a Milano il 17.4.1954 e residente ad Assago (MI) in Via Duccio da Boninsegna n°11/f; (difeso di fiducia dall'avv. Luciano Merlini del Foro di Milano). 4) DE MIN Francesco, nato a Milano il 31.3.1951 ed ivi residente in Via San Dionigi n°30; (difeso d'ufficio dall'avv. Roberto Peccianti del Foro di Milano). 5) BATTISTON Pietro, nato a Milano il 29.5.1958 e già ivi residente in Via San Vincenzo n°1, allo stato - I R R E P E R I B I L E - (difeso d'ufficio dall'avv.