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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76684-5 - The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume III: Civil Society Edited by Jay Winter Index More information

Index

Cumulative index for Volumes I, II, and III.

Abadan I.299–300 Africa I.131, 423–6 Abd al-Malik I.447 and the Ottoman Empire I.447 Abdu’l Baha III.426 black nationalism in I.430–1, 432 Abdulhamid II (red sultan) I.598, II.18 diseases I.442 Abdullah, son of Hussein I.419 economy I.449–53 aborigines (Australian) III.165 eﬀect of war upon I.434–5, 450–2 absolutism II.577–8, 584–93, 605 governance of II.10 determinants II.578–9 see also conscientious imperialism in I.433–4 objectors imposition of colonial structures I.453 Abyssinia II.605 inﬂuences I.445 Académie des Sciences II.450, III.404 Land Act (1913)I.450 War Committees II.443 post-war division of/repercussions Adamello range I.267 I.456–8 Adams, Jane II.595 pressed labour I.440 Adams, John Estremont III.425 reaction to Treaty of Versailles I.181 Adamson, Agar III.15 recruitment of troops from I.82, 442–5 Adana I.594–6 settlement of accounts between colonial Addams, Jane II.595, 596, III.112 powers in I.452–3 Adil, governor of Edirne province use of aircraft in I.407, 431–2 I.471, 475 African Queen, The (1951)I.437 Adler, Friedrich II.13, 42 African soldiers I.407, 414–15, 428, 640–1, Adler, Victor II.13, 42, 646 III.627 adolescence III.29 commemoration of III.553–4 adolescents, recruitment of III.31–2 cultural unfamiliarity of European Adréani, Henri III.495 war/war experience I.455–6 Adrian, Louis II.248, 265 racism and segregation I.454–5 advanced dressing stations (ADS) III.294–5 recruitment of/conscription I.442–5 AEG II.307, 315 African Americans I.430, 522, III.163–4 Aerial Division (French) I.371 mutiny II.197–9, 202 aerial photography I.208–9 Afrikaner Rebellion (1914–15)I.436, 445–6, aerial warfare II.374–7 III.427 laws relating to I.580–2 Agadir Crisis (Moroccan Crisis) (1911)I.621, Afghanistan I.31 II.15

696

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76684-5 - The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume III: Civil Society Edited by Jay Winter Index More information

Index

Agamben, Giorgio III.258 Junkers I.367 agrarian economy, state intervention II.383–95 Nieuport biplanes I.360 Ahmed Cemal see Jemal Pasha R-planes (Riesenflugzeuge)I.367 aide des colonies à la France, L’ (Henri Rumpler C-types I.366 Desfontaines, 1917) III.487 Salmson 2A2 radial-engined biplane I.371, 372 Aimer, Kenneth Walter III.63–4 SE5 I.363 air warfare I.40, 208–9, 318, 366, 367, 373–5, SE5AI.366 398–9, III.124 Sopwith biplanes I.363 attacks on industrial targets I.359 Sopwith Camel I.363, 366 bombing of London I.337, 356, III.106 Sopwith triplanes I.366 discussions on legitimate use of I.350 SPAD fighters I.360, 365, 366, 369 dog fights II.169 Voisin biplanes I.353, 355, 360 ground attack I.370 airships I.349–52, 581–2 see also Zeppelins Turk’s Cross campaign I.367 Aisne, River I.118, 152 aircraft I.641, II.164, 168–9 Aitken, Major General A. E. I.423–4 development of II.245 Aizsargi (Latvian) II.657 evolution during 1917 I.369–70 Akhmatova, Anna III.413, 448 German units I.361, 366, 367 Aksakal, Mustafa, The Ottoman Road to War in invention of I.349 1914 (2008)I.411 raid on Folkestone I.337 Aktion, Die (magazine) III.411, 452, 473 research II.445–6 Alain (Émile-Auguste Chartier) III.401 seaplanes/flying boats I.353, 368 Alanbrooke, Lord I.120 testing armed I.351 Åland Islands II.571 use of in colonial domination I.406–7, Albania II.556, 557, 566 431–2 forced labour III.273 aircraft carriers II.245, 255 Albert I of Belgium I.387, II.79, 497, 665, Airship Destroyer, The (1909) III.476 III.141 aircraft models Albert-Birot, Pierre III.338 AEG armoured infantry plane I.367 Albertini, Luigi I.40, II.66 Albatros armoured infantry plane I.367 Aldington, Richard III.471 Albatros D1 twin-gun fighter I.361 Death of a Hero (1929) III.465 Albatros D3 fighter I.366 ‘The case of Lieutenant Hall (extracts from Blériot XIII II.241 a diary)’ (1919) III.174, 176 Breguet 14 fighters I.360, 369, 371, 372 Aleppo I.160, 318 Bristol F2 I.363 Alevi I.610 Bristol fighters I.366 Alexander, King of Greece II.20 Caproni Ca1 bomber I.358, 369, 373 Alexander I, King of Serbia II.19, 75 Curtiss biplane II.241 Alexander III, Tsar II.11 De Havilland DH-4 I.363 Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of DH4 bomber I.368 Russia I.350 Farman biplanes I.355, 360 Alexandra (Feodorovna) of Hesse (wife of First Bombardment Group (GB1)I.353 Tsar Nicholas II) II.12, 29, 38, 102–3 Fokker monoplane fighter I.355, 360 Alexejev, General I.257 Fokker D7 I.371, 372 Alexinsky, Dr Tatiana III.130–1 Fokker DR1 I.366 Alexis (son of Tsar Nicholas II) II.12 Fokker Eindecker I.359 Algeria I.448 Gotha twin-engine bombers I.337, 367 recruitment from I.443 Halberstadt biplanes I.366 Ali Dinar I.448 Handley-Page 0/100 twin-engine night Ali Fuad I.609 bombers I.363 Ali Riza (Ottoman soldier) I.467 Hannoverana biplanes I.366 All Quiet on the Western Front (film, 1916) Hansa-Brandenburg I.367 III.465, 468, 469, 471, 638, see also Il’ia Muromets biplane I.352, 353, 375 Remarque, Erich Maria

697

Index

Allantini, Rose, Despised and Rejected (1918) amnesia III.326 III.113–14 Ampezzano III.191 Alleman, Jacques, Melancolia III.543 Amritsar massacre I.181, 429, 430, II.139, 200–1 Allen, Clifford II.588–9, 599 Amsterdam Fortress II.562 Allenby, General Edmund I.160, 315, 316–19, anarchism III.418 385, 422–3 Anatolia I.462–3, 478, 607, II.216–17, 627, enters Jerusalem I.476, III.424 629–30 Allied Maritime Transport Committee Andenne I.569 II.306 Anders, Günther III.522 Almanach Dada III.524 Andersen, Hans II.79 Alphonso XIII, King of Spain III.340 Anderson, Dr Louisa III.129 Alps I.267, see also Carnic Alps Andler, Charles III.404 Alsace (film, 1916) III.495 Andrade, Mário de I.336 Alsace, expulsion of civilians I.192 Andrej, Bishop of Ufa III.425 Alsace-Lorraine II.504, 505, 509–11, 514–16, 533, Angell, Norman, I.113, II.596, 598–9 535, 537, 611–12, 617 The Great Illusion (1910)I.25 al-Sanusi, Sidi Muhammad Idris I.448 Anglican Church III.421 Alsthom electrical works (St-Ouen) III.86 demonisation of the enemy III.423–4 Alston, Edith III.369 Anglo/German naval arms race I.26–30 Altrichter, Friedrich II.175 Anglo-Palestine Bank I.477 Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE) Anglo-Persian Oil Company I.420 II.330, 338, 339 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty II.553 Amara (Mesopotamia) I.312–13, 420 animals Amara, Michael III.199 commemoration of/used for III.544, 556 Amasya Circular (22 June 1919) II.215 provision for II.226–8 ambulances III.141–51, 297 see also horses âme du bronze, L’ (1917) III.496 annales de la guerre, Les (No. 13) (documentary) American Battle Monuments Commission III.479–80 III.551, 573, 579 Annamite (Indo-Chinese) troops I.413 American City, The III.533 Annaud, Jean-Jacques, Noirs et blancs en couleur American Civil War I.381, 382, II.95, 198, 296, (Black and White in Colour)(1976)I.435 590, III.628 Annemasse III.188 casualties III.561 Ansky, Solomon (Shimon) I.566, III.269 prisoners of war II.270 anti-Bolshevism II.643–50, 662 American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) I.149, Antier, Chantal III.132 392, 519–20 Anti-Preparedness Committee II.601 logistics II.221–2, 232–4, 237, 238–9 anti-Semitism I.428, II.361, 393, 645–6, 662, American Legion III.602 III.226, 228, 239 American Peace Foundation II.600 Antwerp I.213, 353, II.557 American Peace Society II.580 civilian departures from III.189–90 American Psychological Association Anzac Cove (Gallipoli) I.303–6, 307–8, 309, III.407 310–12 American soldiers, distinction from European Anzac Day I.420, III.67 soldiers I.520 Anzac Fellowship of Women III.529 American Union against Militarism II.601 Anzacs I.413, 414 American Women’s Hospitals III.133 at Gallipoli I.300, 303–7, 419–20 Amiens I.153–4, 169 Apollinaire, Guillaume III.267, 338, 350, 449, German defences I.229 457, 464, 507, 518 railway junction I.226 death of III.522 significance as BEF supply centre II.235–6 ‘La petite auto’ III.507–9 Amish III.433 in Picasso’s Trois musiciens III.526 Amman I.318 propaganda work III.453 ammonia, Haber-Bosch process II.445 Appert, General III.86

698

Index

Aqaba (Sinai) I.316–17 Armenians II.627, III.186, 218, 239 Arab Bureau I.421 conversion to Islam I.609–10 Arab Revolt I.316, 422, 423, 460, 474, elite, arrest and interrogation of I.604 II.78, 111 massacre of (1895)I.597–8, 609, II.19 famine and I.462 massacre of Muslims I.610, 611 Arabian army I.316–17 in Ottoman army III.233 Arabian Peninsula I.299 peace negotiations II.631 Arabs I.461 resistance and religion III.428 in Ottoman army I.469 wars with Georgia and Azerbaijan I.611 peace negotiations II.630–2 Armistice Day II.380, 381, III.373, 597 arbitration I.620–1 Armistice negotiations see peace Arc de Triomphe II.379, III.546 negotiations Architectural Review III.532 armoured car II.241 Ardahan I.472 arms race, naval I.26–30 Ardant du Picq, Colonel Charles Jean Jacques Army Nurse Corps III.288 Joseph II.175 Army of Salonica II.18 ardennais de Paris et de la banlieue, L’ III.199 Arnaud, Émile II.576–7, 600 Arendt, Hannah III.257 Aron, Raymond II.92 Arequipa (Peru) I.545 Arras I.107, 118, 119, 121, 169, 219 Argentina I.554, II.542 aerial warfare I.366–7 displays of charitable support in I.538 Battle of I.519, II.183 economy I.542 casualties II.183 European immigration I.536 use of tanks II.170 exports I.543 Arrow Cross movement (Hungarian) II.660 French mobilisation I.537 art exhibitions III.511 and League of Nations I.551 artillery, II.156–7, 221 neutrality I.548–50, II.558, 572–3 Big Bertha I.581 Sáenz Peña law (1912)I.549 changes in use of I.126–7 social unrest I.544–5 effects of II.248 trade with I.535 German in spring offensive I.224 Argonne, Battle of the III.443 heavy railway guns II.245 Arizona I.526 increasing reliance on I.392–3 Arkhangelsk II.558 new techniques I.223, 227 armaments, production of I.89–90 problems with I.207–11 Armenia II.629, 631 production of shells II.242, 448 Armenian concentration camps III.270–2 shortage of at Gallipoli I.308 Armenian genocide I.65–7, 77–8, 89, 196, Soixante-Quinze (75 mm) field gun II.221, 418–19, 576–7, 585, 586–91, 602–11, 642–3, 242, 244 II.112, 124, 128–9, 669, III.225–6, 270–2, artists 281, 630–1 demobilisation III.523–6 concentration camps III.270–2 on the front line III.511–14 death toll I.610 home front III.510–11 prosecutions for I.583–4 and memorials III.532 refugees from I.187, 188, III.202–9 mobilisation/enlistment III.509–10 rescue of children III.61–2 and religion III.520–3 sanctions against Turkey for I.637–8 representations of war II.664–5 second phase/deportation I.588, 609–10 Artois I.67, 68, 210 treatment of children III.42–3 air warfare at I.366–7 Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) use of gas I.70 I.597–601 arts, the, pre-war development in I.24 Armenian soldiers, I.607, III.233 Asia animosity towards/‘accidental’ shooting of colonialism in I.21 I.460, 468 effect of Spanish flu III.336

699

Index

Asia (cont.) Social Democrats II.41 hopes for a new world order I.510 spring offensive (1916)I.279 reaction to Treaty of Versailles I.181 strikes I.135 Asia Minor I.598 war aims I.269–70 removal of Armenians from I.604–7 war strategies I.269–70 askaris I.438–40, 453 Austria-Hungary I.33 Asquith, Herbert Henry I.57, 106, 217, 309, 396, in 1917 I.135 422, 423, II.17, 24–5, 56–7, 508, III.49, 224 agrarian economy II.386–8, 393, 394 Asquith, Raymond III.49 annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina I.411 Assyrian Christians, massacre of I.76 break-up of I.161 Assyro-Chaldeans I.188 civil−military relations II.113–16 atheism III.418, 421 confinement of merchant fleet II.465 Atlantic, Battle of the (Second World War) cosmetic victory of Caporetto I.288–9 I.322 credit II.408 atrocities III.159–60 declares war on Serbia and Russia I.39 attrition, strategy of I.392–3 economy II.299 Aube, Admiral II.256 expenditure, estimated total costs II.415 Aubers Ridge I.209–10 and the fall of Przemysl I.246–8 Auckland Memorial Museum III.63–4 financial mobilisation II.412–13 Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane III.125, 616 food shortages I.155, II.133, 480, 612, III.17, Augspurg, Anita II.596 88–9 Augustow, Battle of I.235 government II.13–14, 28–9 Austerlitz I.381 and international law I.628 Australia I.429 and the Italian Front I.158, 266 commemorative sculptures III.542 Italians, evacuation of III.190–1, 195, 201–2, German animosity in III.263–4 213–14 peace movement II.589 Jewish refugees in III.204 recruitment of troops from I.82 Kriegs-Getreide-Verkehrsanstalt (War war experience and national identity I.184 Grain Agency) II.387, 393 war memorials III.528–9, 537, 548 lack of combined war plan with Germany War Precaution Act III.265 I.388–9 Women’s Peace Army II.596 military influence I.271 Australian Imperial Force (AIF) I.414 monarchy II.620–1, 623 Australian War Memorial II.381 mutinies II.133, 204–7 Austria I.40–1 peace associations II.582–3 Ballhausplatz II.70–2, 80 peasants, discontent II.387–8 China declares war on I.491 political reasons for losing war I.167 Christian Democrats II.41 public expenditure, pre-war II.409–11 food shortages I.158–9 public reaction to Peace Treaty (1918)I.138–41 historiography I.294–5 recruitment system I.270–3 home front I.290 refugees III.198 House of Deputies II.40–1, 43 revolution in II.132–4 House of Lords II.40–1 role of in the July 1914 crisis I.41–52, 54–6, Imperial Council (Reichsrat) II.40–1, 42–3 59, 63 Imperial Council for Bohemia and Moravia Romanian enmity II.546 II.41 shortage of armaments and men I.277–8, 289 national war effort I.280–1 signs Armistice II.30 new boundaries II.622–3 strategic war plans I.386 Parliament II.40–3, 64 strikes II.133, 609 post-war finances II.425–6, 431–2 taxation II.418, 431 Provisional National Assembly of German- Wilson recommends break-up of II.524 Austria II.43 Austrian Peace Society II.582 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of II.621–3 Austrian-Hungarian Bank II.418

700

Index

Austro-German-Russian front II.152 Baku I.601 Austro-Hungarian army I.270–3 Balderston, Theo I.517 Fourth Army I.235–41, 253 Baldwin, Frederick II.241 Seventh Army I.259 Baldwin, Roger II.591 burial of casualties III.570–1 Balfour, Arthur I.106, 357, 422, II.84, 86, 470 desertion from II.180 letter re Jewish home I.460 discipline and punishment II.178 and science II.444 and dissolution of the Habsburg Empire Balfour Declaration I.319, 477, II.86, 509, 628 II.133–4 Balfourier, General I.95 Jews in III.232 Balkan front minority groups in III.230, 233–5, 239–40 Austro-German success on I.72–3 morale I.282–3 trenches II.154 poor leadership of I.391–2 Balkan League I.32, 47, 411, II.15 propaganda and morale II.101–2 Balkan wars (1912–13)I.33, 297, 411, 592, II.128, 153 shortage of armaments and men I.277–8 (1912–15)I.572, 572, 621, II.15–16, 506, 625, treatment and use of prisoners of war II.267 III.631 treatment of Serbian civilians I.571–2 use of machine guns II.155 use of chaplains II.191–2 violations of international law I.634 Austro-Hungarian Compromise (Ausgleich) Balkans I.409 (1867) II.40 attacks upon civilians I.74 Austro-Hungarian navy I.323–4, 327 crises in I.411 dreadnoughts II.254 Russian refugees I.187 mutiny II.205 Ball, Albert (pilot) I.364 Sankt Georg (cruiser) II.205 Ball, Hugo III.524 Austro-Italian front I.71, 266, II.152 trenches Balla, Giacomo III.516 II.154 Ballard, Admiral George A. I.398 auxiliaries III.140–51, 628 Ballin, Albert I.30 Azerbaijan II.629 Baltic Sea II.465, 558, 563 Banat II.502 Bâ, Amadou Hampaté I.179 Bank of England I.451, II.409, 413–14 Baarenfels, Eduard Baar von II.653, 654 Bank of France II.413 Bab, Julius III.450 Bank of the Netherlands II.414 Babel, Isaak III.466 banking crisis (2008) III.621 Baby 600 (Gallipoli) I.308 Bara, Joseph III.31 Bad Homburg conference (1918) II.84 barbed wire I.66–7, 206, 210, II.161, 166, III.259 Baden I.581 ‘barbed wire disease’ III.225 Baden, Prince Max von I.162–3, 164, II.30, Barbusse, Henri I.294, III.448, 467, 472 49–50, 122, 531–2 Le feu (Under Fire)(1916) III.13, 454, 455, 472, Baden-Powell, Sir Robert I.408 638 Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF) II.452, Barcelona, food protests II.367 479 Bardach, Dr Bernhard I.641 Baghdad I.131, 299, 312, 313–14, 420–1, II.630 Barker, Pat III.60–1 Bahaeddin S¸akir I.597, 601 ‘Regeneration’ trilogy III.328 Bahrain I.299–300 Barlach, Ernst III.531 Baijna Bashta III.61 The Avenging Angel III.509 Baines family, grief of III.381 Barocek, Karel III.280 Bainsizza I.267, 284 Baroni, Eugenio, Monumento al Fante III.372–3 Baïonnette, La III.517 Barral, Pierre III.58 Baker, Ernest III.403 Barratt, General Sir Arthur I.300 Baker, Herbert III.572 Barrault, Jean-Louis III.61 Baker, Mark II.401 Barrès, Maurice III.414, 437, 456–7, 463 Baker, Newton I.519, 527, II.108 Les diverses familles spirituelles de la France Baker, Philip II.585 (1917) III.440

701

Index

Barry, John III.348, 350 Belgian Committee for the Help of Refugees Barthel, Max III.455 III.189, 194 Barthélemy, Joséphine III.102 Belgian Étappes III.247–8 Barthes, Roland I.639 Belgian Labour Exchange III.197 Barthou, Senator Louis III.172 Belgium I.111 Baruch, Bernard II.108 African territories I.457 Basra I.300–1, 312–13, 470 attacks upon civilians I.569–71, 582 war cemetery III.627 conflict with Britain over African territories bataille syndicaliste, La III.123 I.418–19 Battisti, Cesare III.462 French refugees in III.189 Battle of the Frontiers I.204 geographical location of II.574 Battle of the Somme, The (film, 1916)I.525, III.490 Germany’s Flemish policy (Flamenpolitik) battlefield pilgrimages III.376–8 III.409 Battleship Hill (Gallipoli) I.308 hunting of collaborators in I.155 Batumi I.472 invasion of I.57, 59, III.245–6 Bauer, Captain Hermann II.265 National Committee for Relief III.248 Bauer, Colonel I.246 neutrality, German violation of I.629–31, Baum, Peter III.462 II.497, 555–6, 557, 574 Bavaria I.45, II.538 occupation of I.75 religion in III.422 population exodus III.189–201, 215 Bavarian Peasants League (Bayerischer reconstruction of III.604 Bauernbund) II.388 support for international law on conduct in Bayer II.452 war I.564 Bazili, N. A. II.80 ‘tax on the absent’ III.190 Beatty, Admiral Sir David I.328, 334–5 Wilson’s proposals for II.611 Beatty, Bessie III.123 Belgrade I.72, 75 Beauchamp, Leslie III.362 city council III.249 Beaumont I.94 suppression of news II.372–3 Beaumont Hamel (Somme) I.94, 107–8, Beliaev, General III.262 III.490 Bell, A. C. II.472 casualties I.108 Bell, Johannes I.174 Newfoundland battlefield memorial III.553 Bellows, George III.513 Beauvais, meeting at I.399 Belorussia II.657, III.212 Beauvoir, Simone de III.35, 611 Below, Otto von I.285 Béchereau, Louis I.360 Belt strait II.563 Beck, Max von III.195 Beltring, Hans III.640 Becker, Annette III.536, 541, 551, 616 Belzer, Allison III.134 Becker, Jean-Jacques I.41, II.55, III.447 Benda, Julien II.458, III.416–17 Beckmann, Max III.327, 511, 514, 520, 522 Benedict XV, Pope I.79, II.83, 515, III.62, Beer, George Louis I.429 429–30, 443 Beersheba I.131, 301, 317 Bénès, Edvard II.206, 525–6, 608–10 equestrian monument III.626 Bengoechea, Hernando de I.540 Beethoven, Ludwig van II.370 Benjamin, Walter III.467, 509, 642 Fifth Symphony III.510 Bennett, Arnold III.402 Behrmann, Theodor I.244, 247 Benoist-Méchin, Jacques III.472 Bei unseren Helden an der Somme (With our Beogradske novine (newspaper) II.372 Heroes on the Somme)(film, 1917) III.490–1 Berchtold, Count Leopold I.41, 44, 45, 51, II.13, Beijing (Peking) I.491, 506–7 14, 70, 72 Beirut I.474 bereavement III.37–8, 44–5 Belarus I.171 see also Belorussia Berezovka prisoner-of-war camp II.279 Belcourt, Napoléon I.525 Bergen I.337 Belfast Peace Agreement (1998) III.625 Berger-Levrault (publisher) III.455

702

Index

Bergson, Henri III.399, 404, 406, 418 Polish proclamation I.262 Berlin III.621 relationship with military commanders air show II.374–5 II.27, 28 cultural propaganda II.369 on Russia I.243 food rationing II.365, III.109 September Programme II.506–7 food riots II.366–7 von Moltke’s memorandum to I.62–4 Neue Wache II.381 vote of no confidence II.44 strike I.156–7, II.349, 352 Biernacki, Tadeusz, My, Pierwsza Brygada (We Unknown Soldier memorial III.612 Are the First Brigade) III.449 war exhibitions II.370 Bieser, Hubert, III.297, 328 Berlin, Treaty of (1918)I.611, II.521 Bild-und Filmamt (BUFA) III.481, 490 Article 61 I.598 Binet-Valmer, Guillaume III.449 Berlin Academy II.443 Binyon, Laurence III.505, 545 Berlin Congress (1878)I.598 biologists II.457 Berlin Council of Workers and Soldiers I.166 Birdwood, General Sir William I.305, 309 Berlin University III.404 Birmingham, refugees in III.61, 198 Berliner Tageszeitung III.450 Bismarck, Otto von II.11, 94–6, 583 Bern Accords II.272–4 colonialism I.19–20 Bernal, J. D. II.458 nationalism I.19 Berne II.581, 596 Bissing, Moritz von III.247 Bernegg, Theophil Sprecher von II.569 ‘bite and hold’ technique I.222, 308 Bernhardi, Friedrich von, Germany and the Blache, Joseph Vidal de la III.407 Next War I.24 Black Army II.648 Bernhardt, Sarah III.495 Black Sea I.329, 602, II.18, 556, 558 Bernstorff, Count Johann von II.76 blockade II.465, 480–1, 488 Berthelot, Philippe II.77, 81 raid I.472 Bertie, Sir Francis II.86 Blackadder Goes Forth (BBC TV series) III.328 Bertry II.277 Blackmore, J. A. III.369 Besant, Annie I.502 blackouts II.375 Beseler, Hans von III.247, 249 Blackpool III.192 Bessarabia I.143 Blast (magazine) III.394 Bessel, Richard I.155 Blaze o’ Glory (film, 1929) III.471 Bethlehem Steel II.483 Blériot, Louis I.337 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von I.36, 256, Blixen, Karen III.267 607, II.14, 16, 46, 116–21 Bloch, Ivan S. I.113, 349 acknowledges violation of international law The Future of War in its Technical, I.629–30 Economic and Political Relations (1899) alliance with Ober Ost I.245 I.24–5, II.382 on Belgian neutrality II.555–6 Bloch, Marc II.156, 158, III.342 Bette, Peggy III.20, 27 blockade I.79–81, 84, 87, 155, 323, 327, 562, 564, Bettignies, Louise de III.123 II.461–6, III.630 Bettingen, Frida III.380 after the Armistice II.534–5 Beurrier, Dr I.641 after unrestricted submarine warfare Bialystok III.212 announced II.466–7 Bickersteth family III.53, 606 aims of II.463–5 Bieberstein, General Marschal von I.625 applications of rules relating to I.578–80 Central European Economic Union II.500 Black Sea II.465, 480–1, 488 diplomatic negotiations II.79 as cause of German hunger II.471–5 dismissal II.48 condemnation of I.632 on Dutch imports II.470 diplomatic issues II.78–9 and the July crisis I.45, 47–58, 55–6, effect on agrarian economy II.384–6 57–8, 60 effect on German trade II.477–9 on naval blockade I.579, 632 effect on Middle East I.460, 474

703

Index

blockade (cont.) Born, Max II.455–6 myth of I.343–5 Boroevic´ von Bojna, Field Marshal Svetozar neutral states and II.466–70 I.159, 160, 277, 285 policy II.465, 466 Borsi, Giosué III.421–2, 437 regulation of I.626–7 Bosch, Carl II.479 Bloem, Walther III.453 Boselli, Paolo I.280, II.26 Blok, Alexander III.473 Bosnia-Herzegovina, Blomfield, Reginald III.572 annexation of I.33, 53, 411, II.19, 583 Cross of Sacrifice III.536, 553, 573, 581 population I.42 Menin Gate memorial III.552 refugees from III.201 Bloomsbury Group III.410 Boston Globe III.150 Bloxham, Donald I.466, 577 Botchkareva, Maria (Yashka) III.123, 151–2 Blue Rider Almanac III.506 My Life as a Peasant, Officer and Exile (1918) Blunden, Edmund III.445, 637 III.146 Bluntschli, Johann Caspar I.634, II.483 Botha, Louis I.326, 445 Boasson, Marc (French soldier) I.110 Bo¨ttrich, Lieutenant Colonel I.606 Boccioni, Umberto III.521 Boudot, Edouard II.600 Boelcke, Oswald I.360–1, 364 Boulanger, Lili III.510 Boer War (South African War, 1899−1902) Boulanger, Nadia III.510 I.23, 407, 434, 441, II.153, 155, 262 Bourassa, Henri III.428–9 Boggende, Gijsbert Den III.432 Bourbon Parma, Prince Sixtus von II.513, 516 Bohain-en-Vermandois III.277 Bourgeois, Léon I.624–5 Bohemia II.613 bourgeois revolution II.126 Boine, Giovanni III.394 Bourgin, Hubert III.406 Bois des Caures I.94 Bourke, Joanna II.276, 311 Bokovoy, Melissa III.375 Bousson, Marc (French soldier) I.110 Bolimov, Battle of II.259 Boutroux, Émile III.404 Bolivia I.554, II.572 Boutry, Edgar, Melancholia III.543 breaks relations with Germany I.547 Bovec I.267, 281, 285 exports I.543 Bowman, Isaiah III.408 and League of Nations I.551 Boxer Rebellion I.491, II.11 Bologna II.404 boy scouts I.408–9 Bolsheviks, I.130, 137, II.30, 36, 122, 210, 604, Boyd, Thomas III.471 610, 656, III.633 Boyd, William, An Ice-Cream War alleged influence on Nazis II.643 (1982)I.437 citizen-soldiers II.208–10 Boylston, Helen III.171–2 coup I.116–17, II.84, 103, 130 Bradford, war memorial III.129, 538 and Jews I.142–3 Braga, Teófilo III.398 military exemption provision II.592 Bragg, Sir William II.444, 454 peace negotiations II.609–10 Brancusi, Constantin III.643 socialist pacificism II.599–600 Brändström, Elsa II.273 support for the war II.37 Braque, Georges III.516 Bolshevism, fear of II.661–2 Bra˘tianu, Ion II.20, 546–7 Bomberg, David III.512 Braunau III.191 Bon, Gustave Le III.407 Braunschweig, strikes II.349 Bonar Law, Andrew I.309, II.57 Brazil I.554, 618 Bone, Phyllis III.544 declaration of war I.547–8, 550 Bonnet, Emile II.592 economy I.325–8 Boorowa, war memorial III.643 exports I.543 Booth, Walter R. III.476 German newspapers in I.537–8 Bordeaux Conference (1914)I.83 immigration I.536 Borden, Mary III.173 and League of Nations I.551 Borden, Sir Robert I.520, 521–2 Liga Brasileira pelos Aliados I.540

704

Index

Brazil (cont.) damaged relations with France I.121 loans to I.541 debate to send reinforcements to Gallipoli military support I.548 I.308–9 naval support I.548 decision to go to war I.38 neutrality II.555 declares war on Germany I.39, 57 Brecht, Bertolt III.36 demobilisation I.172–3 Breguet, Louis I.360 Department of Scientific and Industrial Bremen II.132 Research (DSIR) II.449, 451 strikes II.349 development of aircraft I.352, 363 Bremerhaven II.132 diplomatic service II.71, 73–4 Breslau (Wrocław) II.361 diplomats II.68 Brest I.337 divorce III.28 Brest-Litovsk I.72 in Egypt I.470 negotiations II.84, 122 enlistment of physicists II.443 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of I.117, 134, 137–44, 264, expenditure, estimated total costs II.415 335, 342, II.353, 513, 520–1, 536, 608–10, 628 financial demobilisation II.429 German disagreement over II.49 financial mobilisation II.413–14 German military and II.28 financial support and trade with US German territorial gains following III.245, 252 I.512–14 Soviet walk-out II.30 financial support from US II.419 Breton, André III.505, 526 fiscal system I.86 Brett, Dorothy III.363 Food Production Department II.392 Briand, Aristide II.22, 23–4, 31, 77, 81, 83, 498, food queues II.335 509, 511, III.615–16, 617 food rationing II.365 secret negotiations II.514–15 General Strike (1926) II.429 Briand−Lancken affair II.515 German community in III.222–5, 227 Briant, Colonel I.94 Germany’s challenge to naval superiority Briefs, Goetz III.90 I.26–30 Brighton Beach (Gallipoli) I.303 government/Parliament II.17, 24–5, 55–9, Brion, Hélène III.112 64–5 Britain grand strategy I.384, 396–7 aerial policy I.364, 370 House of Commons II.55–9 Afghanistan I.31 House of Lords II.55–6 African colonies I.457 imperialism and colonialism I.429, 430–1 aid to veterans and families I.183 Indian labourers I.494 air raids II.376 industrial chemists II.444 Aliens Restriction Act (1914) III.222–3, 262 Industrial Revolution I.17–18 American aid I.105 industry II.307–8 anti-German riots I.603 initial support of France I.59 anti-Semitism in III.229 interest in Turkey I.297–8 Belgian refugees III.190, 192, 194–201, 236 internment III.224–5, 268 and Canadian munitions industry I.514 introduction of the tank I.105–6 Chinese labourers I.492–4 invasion of Mesopotamia I.131, 299 cinema III.482–4 and the Italian Front I.159 civilian mortalities II.487 joint political−military strategy with civil-military relations II.99–100 France I.397 coal-mining industry II.310 Labour Party II.56–9, 83, 347, 580, 599 Committee of Imperial Defence I.384, lead-up to war I.57–9, II.17 396, 407 Liberal Party II.56–9 conscription II.57, 99, 330–1 as a major military power I.90 Conservative Party II.56–9 manufacturing industry II.311 credit II.421 Maurice debate II.58 and Cyprus I.470 Medical Research Council II.451

705

Index

Britain (cont.) British Admiralty merchant shipping II.305 blockade strategy II.463–4 military strategic command of Dominions Board of Invention and Research II.444 I.397–8 frustration at contravention of blockade military v. civilian leadership I.393–4 II.467 Ministry of Munitions I.83, 373, II.311, 329, 444 Naval Intelligence Department II.463 mobilisation II.303 Room 40 I.334, II.448 munitions production II.444, 449 Trade Division II.464 munitions requirements II.297 British army offensive on the River Somme I.100–9 adaptation to flooding in Mesopotamia opinion of Serbia I.57 I.300 and the Ottoman Empire I.419, 430–1 cavalry I.219, 223, 315 peace movement II.577–8, 579, 584–9, 597–9 conscientious objectors II.588 post-war finance II.430–2 demobilisation I.182 production of armaments I.90 discipline and punishments II.178–9 public expenditure, pre-war II.409–10 enlistment campaign II.24–5 rationing I.155 executions for desertion III.166 realisation of war aims II.535 in Ottoman Empire II.629 rebuilding I.172–3 Indian I.299, 420–1 recruitment of troops/compulsory infantry at the Somme I.216 conscription I.82 Irish in III.232 refusal to use African soldiers in Europe I.414 Jews in III.231 regulation of maritime warfare, attitude to men of German origin in III.230–1 I.626–7 motivation II.181–2 Representation of the People Act (1918) officer corps II.188–9 II.58–9 recreation II.187–8 reprisals against prisoners of war II.275 Spanish flu III.301 Reprisals Order (1915)I.80 treatment of wounded III.294–5 ‘Scheme S’ II.565 use and treatment of prisoners of war I.221, shipping II.219–20 II.267 signs alliance treaty with Japan (1902)I.481 British army formations social unrest II.135 First Army I.150, 230 and South African gold mines I.451–2 Second Army I.150 standard of living II.341–5 Third Army I.148, 230 state control of railways II.304–5 Fourth Army I.103, 104, 229, 230, 231 strikes I.156, II.56–7, 310, 331, 349–55 Fifth (Reserve) Army I.103–4, 107, 148, 221, suffragette movement II.56 II.234 support from Japan I.426–8 III Corps I.102, 229 support from the Empire I.169 IV Corps I.209–10 taxation II.421, 430 Australian Corp I.103–4, 229, 397 trade unions II.56–7, 58, 329–31, 338, 339–40, 6th (Poona) Division I.299, 312, 314, 345–8 420–1 Trading with the Enemy Acts III.223 12th Irish Division I.312 Treasury Agreement II.311 16th Irish Division III.625 Two-Power Standard I.26 29th Division I.303 Union of Democratic Control II.83 36th Ulster Division III.625 US propaganda campaign I.514–15 38th Welsh Division I.103 use of immigrant labour III.235–6, 240 46th Division I.162 War Committee I.106–7 1st Gordon Highlanders II.277 war economy I.83, 86 5th Light Infantry (Indian) II.199–200 war memorials III.533–4 9th Regiment III.545 War Office Cinema Committee (WOCC) Anzac Mounted Division I.315 III.483 Australian Light Horse I.317, 318

706

Index

British army formations (cont.) HMS Argus (aircraft carrier) II.255 Desert Column I.315 HMS Audacious I.327 Durham Light Infantry II.183 HMS Bellerophon I.322 Gurkhas I.311 HMS Cardiff I.345 Gold Coast Regiment I.444 HMS Crecy I.327 Indian cavalry I.103, 413–14 HMS Dreadnought II.253–5 Indian infantry I.413–14 HMS Hogue I.327 King’s African Rifles I.438, 443 HMS Howe I.348 Rhodesia Native Regiment I.444 HMS Indefatigible I.334 Royal Naval Division (RND) I.303 HMS Inflexible I.329, 642 South African Scottish Regiment III.548 HMS Invincible I.329, 334 West Indies Regiment II.201 HMS Jonquil I.310 British Declaration for India (1917)I.503 HMS Queen Mary I.334 British Expeditionary Force HMS Sydney I.330 logistics II.224–39 HMS Warspite I.336 offensive at Amiens I.153–4 SS Mendi III.556 British Fact and German Fiction (documentary, British West Indies I.431 1917) III.483–4 British Western Frontier Force I.448 British Legion III.555, 602 Britnieva, Mary Bucknall, One Woman’s Story Women’s Section III.599 (1934) III.136–7, 138–9 British Medical Journal III.321 Brittain, Vera III.358, 365–7, 370, 460, British (Royal) Navy I.26–30, 79–80, 348 596, 611 Brazilian support II.564 Testament of Youth (1933) III.341 command structure I.398 Britten, Benjamin III.523 control of the North Sea I.334–6 Brixton cemetery (South Africa) III.548 convoys for protection of merchant Broadberry, Stephen II.211 shipping I.339–42, 347, 516–17, II.487 Broch, Major Rudolf III.570–1 decryption I.328 Brock, Peter II.591 in the Dardanelles I.301 Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich Graf II.87, 619 informal strategic plans I.386 Brocklesby, Bert II.589 integration of Brazilian Divasão Naval em Brockway, Fenner II.587, 588–9, 599 Operações de Guerre (DNOG) I.548 Brodie, John L. II.249, 265 Japanese assistance I.426, 503 Bröger, Karl III.455 King George V-class battleships I.348 bronchitis II.487, III.345 ‘Landships Committee’ II.263 Broodseinde, Battle of I.125, 222 in Latin America I.533 Brooke, Major-General Alan I.219 protection of dreadnoughts I.28–9 Brooke, Rupert III.379, 450, 460–1 protection to North American colonies ‘The Soldier’ (1915) III.459, 460 I.516 brothels II.133, 668, III.104–5, 117, 159–60 reluctance to incorporate limits on conduct Brown, Robert I.521 of war I.564 Bruchmüller, Colonel Georg I.127, 146 submarines I.80, 115, 116, 154, 155, Bruges III.190 324–5, 328, 333, 336, 343, 347, 503, 579, 632, Brumaire submarines II.258 II.256 Brunschvig, Cécile III.85–6 British Royal Army Medical Service (RAMC) Brusilov, General Alexei I.99–100, 116, 257–64, III.288, 297 III.145 training manual III.306 Brusilov offensive I.113, 167, 256–64, 287, 389, British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) I.354, 356, 397, II.103 368–9, 372 casualties II.160 British ships Romanian support for II.546 Brazilian I.548 strategic command at I.379 HMS Aboukir I.327 tactics II.160, 166 HMS Anson I.348 Brussels Conference (1874)I.625, 627

707

Index

‘brutalization thesis’ II.641 Cabanes, Bruno III.607 Bryan, William Jennings II.601 Cabaret Voltaire III.523 Bryant, Louise III.123, 148 Cabinet of Dr Caligari, The (film, 1920) III.325 Bryce, James I.577 Cable & Wireless ships I.44 Buber, Martin III.435, 443 Cadore I.267 Buchan, John II.86 Cadorna, General Luigi I.159, 269, 271, Bucharest, Battle of (1916)I.235 273–4, 277, 279–80 Bucharest, capture of I.261 at Caporetto I.264–5 Bucharest, Treaty of (1918)I.143–4, II.520–1, challenge to civilian political strategic 536, 610 authority I.394 Buckler, William II.85 dismissal of I.288, II.26 Budapest II.609, 623, 654 and politicians II.101 soldiers return to II.653 post-war correspondence I.294 Buek, Otto III.411 spallate (shoves) I.284, 285 Buelens, Geert III.465 Cahalan, Peter III.236 Buenos Aires I.544–5 Cai Yuanpei I.501 Buk, Yakov III.147 Caillaux, Henriette I.56 Bukharin, Nikolai I. I.137 Caillaux, Joseph I.56, II.511, 513, 516 Bukovina I.292, 571, 577–8, II.502 Cairo I.474 refugees from III.201 Calais I.353 Bulair, landings on the beaches at I.303–7 conferences at I.397 Bulgaria I.32, 72, 81, 143, II.19, 502, 547–8 Calcutta II.365 armistice I.171, II.530 Calhoun, Frederick S. I.530 alliance with Ottoman Empire II.625–6 California I.526 defeat/forced out of the war I.135, 160, 162 California Institute of Technology II.442, 447 food shortages I.155 Callister, Sandy III.362 mourning and commemoration III.375–6 Calmette, Joseph I.56 Neuilly, Treaty of II.625–7 Calvinism III.427–8 at Ottoman border I.471 Cambon, Jules II.81–2 population exchange with Greece II.626 Cambon, Paul I.48, II.81–2, 510 surrender II.30 Cambrai I.128, II.166 territories lost II.626 Cambrai, Battle of I.111, 128, 146, 223 war crimes I.565, 572, III.252–3 use of tanks II.170 ‘Women’s Revolt’ II.604–5 Cambridge Magazine II.447 Bulgarian Front II.152 Cambridge, Christian peace gathering II.586 Bulletin des écrivains de 1914 III.457 Cameron, Anna M. III.135–6 bullets, exploding I.616, 622 Cameroon (Kamerun) I.423, 435, 457 Bulow, Bernhard, von I.28, 29–30, II.14 Camp Devens, flu epidemic III.346–7 Bülow, General Karl von I.391 Camp Funston (Kansas) III.337 Bund Neues Vaterland (New Fatherland Campbell, W. W. II.447 Alliance) II.602, III.411 Camus, Albert III.61 Bunin, Ivan III.397 Canada I.429 Burcur, Maria III.374, 382 Art Memorial Fund III.529 Burian, Stephan (Istvan) I.52, 161, II.80 British cultural ties and nationalism I.515, Burnet, F. M. III.354 531–2 Burnley, war memorial III.538 conscientious objection II.579, 591 Burritt, Elihu, II.577 conscription II.591 Burt, Thomas II.597 contribution to war I.511 Busse, Carl III.450 divorce III.28 Butterfield. Herbert I.58 draft resistance in I.518–19 Buxton, Dorothy III.62 economy I.514 Byng, Admiral John I.334 French-Canadian opposition to war Byron, Lord George III.460 I.515–16

708

Index

Canada (cont.) Carnegie Foundation III.605 internment III.266 Carnia I.276, 285 mail to III.11–12 Carnic Alps I.267 munitions industry I.514 Carol I, King of Romania II.19–20, 546 perception of wartime influence I.520–1 Caroline Islands I.326–7, 329, 426 recruitment of soldiers I.518–19 Carpathians I.72, 391 regular army I.517 battle in I.235 relationship with US I.524–5, 532 choice to attack I.251–2 reliance on British trade I.517 importance of equipment and supplies southern border defence I.523 II.232–3 strikes I.186 weather conditions II.159 suppression of bilingual schools I.522–3 Carranza, Venustiano I.526–7, 528–9, 549 war memorials III.539 Carrère, Jean III.500 Canadian Battlefield Memorial Commission Carrick, Alexander III.300 III.552 Carrier Pigeon Unit Ostende (Brieftauben Canadian Corps I.120, 219, 229, 397, 413, 414, Abteilung Ostende)I.354 517–18, 519–21 Carso II.168 Canadian Expeditionary Force Cartagena (1741)I.332 Battle of Mount Sorrel III.15–16 Cartier, Denise III.105 ethnic composition I.523 Case of Sergeant Grischa, The (film, 1930) leave III.21 III.471 Princess Patricia’s Light Infantry III.15 Caselli, Guiseppe III.514 see also Canadian Corps Casement, Roger II.287 Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force II.201 Casey, Private Edward III.166–7 Canadian War Records Office I.520 Cassin, René I.183, 188, III.64–5, 603 Canberra II.378, 381 Castelnau, General Noël de I.95, III.49, 441 Cannadine, David III.382 Castle, William Ivor II.664 Canudo, Ricciotto III.449 Castro, General Pimenta de II.20 Cape Coronel I.561 casualties, I.68–9, 152, II.171, III.48, 563–7 Cape Helles (Gallipoli) I.303–6, 307 African I.131 British Memorial to the Missing III.551 American I.518 Cape Horn Australian I.103–4, III.65 Cape of Good Hope I.436 Austro-Hungarian I.71, 161, 277, 280, 284, capitalism I.23, 24 289, 291 Caporetto, Battle of (Twelfth Battle of the British I.102–3, 104, 108, 125, 148, 149, 150, 151, Isonzo) I.111, 127–8, 135, 158, 270, 281, 216, 217, 223, 313, III.65 285–7, 369, 394, II.102, 122, 166, 204 Canadian I.518 casualties I.280, 286 civilian III.563 evacuation following III.191, 201, 214 French I.98–9, 108, 121, 149, 150, 151, 211–12, Italian surrender following II.172, 181, 277, 211, III.565 III.174 German I.98–9, 108, 125, 148, 149, Caproni, Gianni I.352, 369 150, 151, 152, 154, 211, 217, 226–7, 247, Caproni factory I.363, 369, 373 III.564–5 Capus, Alfred III.172 German attack on I.151–2 Caras y Caretas (Buenos Aires) 552 Hungarian I.259, 284 Carden, Admiral S. H. I.301–2 Indian I.489–90 Carinthian Defensive Battle II.622 Italian I.71, 127, 277, 280, 284, 289, 291 Carles, Émilie III.78 Ottoman I.308, 313, 420, 468 Carli, Mario III.449 Polish III.563–4 Carlier, Dr III.276–7 Russian (1915)I.72, 254, 255 Carnegie, Andrew II.600 Serbian II.136 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace use of gas I.70 I.565, II.358, 600 use of knives I.69

709

Index

casualty clearing stations (CCS) III.295 Chadderton (Manchester), war memorial III.538 catarrhal epidemic III.345 Chagall, Marc, Homage to Apollinaire (1912) Catherine the Great I.465, II.241 III.506 Catholic Peasants League II.388 Chalon-sur-Marne cemetery III.571 Catholicism III.419, 420 Chamberlain, Austen I.313, III.615 opposition to conscription III.429 Chambers, John Whiteclay Jr. I.409 and peaceful mass resistance III.428–9 Champagne I.67, 68 Catholics, mourning and III.381, 382 Chantilly, inter-Allied conferences I.73, 92, Cattaro mutiny II.205, 217, 609 107, 397 Caucasus mountains I.418–19, 592, II.629 chaplains III.440 Cavell, Edith I.74, 192, 575, III.123, 254, 426–7, Chaplin, Charlie III.403, 485, 487, 498 440, 541 Charleroi, Battle of II.263 Caverne du Dragon (Chemin des Dames) I.118 Charles (Karl) I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary Çay (Gallipoli) exploding shell incident at I.284, II.28–9, 30, 31, 42–3, 582, III.234 I.459–60 and Armistice II.621 Cecil, George III.595 military relations II.115–16 Cecil, Lady Violet III.595–6 peace initiative II.83, 85, 513–14 Cecil, Sir Robert II.78, 86 resignation II.43 Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, III.467 Chateau-Thierry III.133 Voyage au bout de la nuit ( Journey to the End of Chayanov, Alexander, Theory of the Peasant the Night)(1932) III.327, 465 Economy (1923) II.406 Cemal Pasha see Jemal Pasha I.461, 472, 475 Chemical Society of London II.443 cemeteries III.378, 552, 570–86, 602, 642 Chemical Warfare Service II.451 American III.573–4, 579–83 chemical weapons research II.444–5 Australian and New Zealand III.578, 581 Chemin des Dames (Nivelle offensive), Battle Austro-Hungarian III.570–1 of I.41–52, 111, 115, 118–24, 132, 150, 219–20, British III.574, 579–83 219, 226, 364, 391, II.98, 514–15 French III.579–83 casualties I.121 German III.583–5 mutinies following II.202–4 Italian III.583–5 use of colonial soldiers at I.415 Cendrars, Blaise III.326, 350, 449 use of tanks II.170 Cenotaph (London) III.373, 537–9, 544 chemists II.444, 445, 451, 454, 457 cenotaphs II.380, III.63–4, 538 Chen Duxiu I.506–7 censorship II.663, III.98 Chesterton, G. K. III.397 of letters III.12–13, 15, 21, 22, 210 Chevalier, Gabriel III.300 literary figures and II.512, III.452–3 La peur (1930) III.465 cinema I.185, 546, II.188, 193, 370, 664, III.185, Chicago Peace Society II.601 326, 403, 473–505, 534, 638, 671, 683 Chicherin, Georgy II.89 Central America I.554 Chickering, Roger II.448, 471–2, 582, 584,III.421 economy I.544 Chiesa, Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista trade with US I.535 della see Benedict XV Central Organisation for a Durable Peace II.596 childhood III.29 Central Powers, children III.29–45 attempts to win over neutrals II.501–6 educational mobilisation III.33–4, 43 in defeat III.612–13 effect of damaged fathers/loss of fathers diplomatic negotiations between II.499–501 III.59–61 secret negotiations II.512–16 effect of separation and bereavement war aims II.506–7, III.249–53 III.29–30, 36–8, 44–5 Centrale des Métallurgistes Belges III.198 effect of war violence on III.40–3 Centre Party (Zentrum) I.157, 162 employment of III.38 cerebro-spinal meningitis III.352 forced labour III.42 CGIL (Confederazione Generale Italiana dei gender barriers III.34–5 Lavoro) II.345, 347 humanitarian aid III.61–2

710

Index

children (cont.) Christians, persecution of I.77 lack of food and provisions III.38–40 Chunuk Bair (Gallipoli) I.308, 309, 311 orphanages III.59, 61 Church of Christ III.443 tales of heroic III.125–6 Church, James Robb III.169–70 used as incentive for mobilisation III.31 churches war discourse aimed at III.32–6, 43 appearance of patriotism III.425–6 Chile I.548, II.542 promotion of acceptance of war III.420 division within II.572 wartime pressures on III.440–1 exports I.543 Churchill, Winston I.70, 100, 107, 145, 152, 211, immigration I.536 386, II.453 location and neutrality II.558 use of aircraft to subdue colonies I.380 saltpetre to Germany II.475, 477 air strikes on German crops I.357 Chilembwe, John I.445, III.428 on Amritsar massacre II.200 China I.426–7, 431, II.670 blames Jews for European revolutions belief in President Wilson I.506–7 II.646 Communist Party I.506 on the blockade II.465 declaration of war I.491, II.552–3 on Chinese I.494 diplomatic service II.69 decision to attack Dardanelles I.419 economic advantages of war I.504 Gallipoli II.100 experiences of the labourers sent to and Imperial War Graves Commission Europe I.501 policy III.575 governance II.10 naval matters I.332, 335, 348 Japanese ambitions for I.482, 490–1, II.105 use of navy to influence war in Turkey May Fourth Movement I.507, 509 I.301–2 neutrality I.484, II.552–3 ‘New Liberalism’ II.463 the opportunities of war I.483–5 and science II.444, 451, 456, 457 and origins of Spanish flu III.340 submarines II.257 recognises need for change I.482–5 on submarine warfare II.486 representation at the Paris Peace support of aviation I.350, 352 Conference I.180–1, 505–7, 509–10 tanks II.263 supply of labourers to Europe I.492–4 CIAMAC III.603 supply of labourers to Western Front I.416 Cine-Journal review III.478 supply of rifles I.503 cinema III.471–2, 475, 638 Tiananmen Square III.632 documentaries and newsreels III.476–93 war with Japan (1894–5)I.480–3, II.104 fiction III.493–6 war policy I.491–2 pre-war III.476 Chinese Labour Corps II.665 ‘citizen soldiers’ II.190, 195, 204, 208–10 Chinese labourers I.414–15, 492–4 Citroën Quai de Javel factory, female workers and gender identity III.164–5 II.334, 337 exhumation and reburial of remains III.577 production-line work II.338 expertise I.494–5 City of London I.451, II.409, 413–14 influence of European experiences I.501 loans to Germany II.468 killed by Spanish flu III.642 civilians popularity with Frenchwomen I.497–8 artistic depiction of III.519 relations with Africans I.500 attacks upon/mistreatment of I.73–8, 87, relations with Vietnamese I.500 569, 642–3, III.245–6, 631–2 resilience to cold I.496 death rates III.49–50 Chisholm, Mairi III.127, 141 displacement of III.268–70 Chittenden, Russell II.450 effect of occupying regimes upon III.253–6 chlorine gas I.212, 642, II.168, 259, 260, 445 internment I.575, III.257–81 cholera, Spanish flu mistaken for III.343 religious faith III.439–40 Christadelphians II.589, III.433 repatriation of III.188 Christian X, King of Denmark II.563 see also refugees

711

Index

Civilisation (ﬁlm, 1916) III.496 economy I.544–5 Clam-Martinic, Heinrich II.42 exports I.543 Clark, E. III.354 neutrality I.548 Clarke, J. H., England Under the Heel of the Jew colonial soldiers, III.627 (1918) III.229 accusations of barbarity I.568 Class, Heinrich III.252 experiences of I.179–80 Clausewitz, Carl von I.234, 255, 391, II.196, 202, relationships with white women III.117 208, 539 use of I.413–18, 428 on policy and war II.91–3 colonialism I.19–21 paradoxical trinity I.382 economies of I.21–2 Von Kriege (1832) III.155 Colorado I.526 Clemenceau, Georges I.45, 53, 151, 163, 366, 371, Combes, Henri II.600 393, 399, II.22, 24, 85, 87, 263, 511, 516, 535, commemoration II.377–81, III.358, 592, 595, 665, 669, 670 628, 638–9 aims at the Paris Peace Conference II.616 Australia III.67 and Austria-Hungary II.524, 527–8 Books of Remembrance III.549 ‘defeatism’ speech II.24 Italy III.551 and Emperor Karl (Charles I) II.115 in schools III.41 handling of generals I.394 writers, poets and III.464, 474 industrial relations II.352 see also war memorials on civil v. military relations II.91, 96, 98–9 commemorative sculptures III.539–44 on German unity II.538 Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine at the Paris Peace Conference II.619 (1815)I.624 see Imperial War Graves peace negotiations II.88 Commission plans for Russia II.537 Commission of the Danube (1856)I.624 recognition of Russia’s foreign nationals II.529 Committee for Refugees of the Department of recruitment of African soldiers I.416–17 the Nord III.193 religious contempt III.442 Committee for the Relief of Belgium II.558 Rhineland policy II.537–8 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) speech 11 November 1918 II.535 (Ottoman Empire) I.463, 592, 597–610, Syrian agreement II.630 II.109–11, 124, III.202 and the Treaty of Versailles I.174–6, 633 common-law couples III.9–10 visits to front I.386–7 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Clémentel, Étienne II.510 III.578 Cleutt, Frances III.296 communication technology I.381–2, 390–1 clothing II.230 communism, fear of I.186, 193–4 Clyde Workers’ Committee II.348 Compton, Karl II.454 Clydeside Compton-Hall, Richard II.257 industrial dispute II.339, 352, 355 History of Spiritualism (1926) III.382 shipbuilding II.340 concentration camps I.575, III.191, 257–81, 546 union activity II.348 culture and creativity within III.278–80 coal-mining industry II.309 Concert of Europe, collapse of II.506, 516–17 Coates, George III.641 conﬂict resolution I.620–1 Cobden, Richard II.579, 580 Congar, Yves III.273 Coblenz II.535 Congo Basin, exploitation of I.18–19, 20, 21 Cochin, Denys II.23, 24 Congo Conference (1884)I.20 Cocteau, Jean III.526 Congregationalists III.432 Coissac, Georges-Michel III.500 Congress of Berlin (1878)I.42 Cold War III.620, 628 Congress of Vienna (1815)I.535, II.517, Collette (Willy) III.496–7 606, 634 Colmo, Alfredo I.540 Connolly, James III.428 Cologne II.535 Conrad (Austro-Hungarian commander) see Colombia I.337 Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad von

712

Index

conscientious objectors II.577, 578, 579, 584–93, croix de bois, Les (film, 1931) III.471 605, III.113–14, 158, 432–3 Croix de Feu movement II.660 Japan II.583 Crowe, Eyre I.58 Consenvoye German War Cemetery III.584 Crowl, Philip I.331 Constantine I, King of Greece. II.19, 20, 503, Cru, Jean Norton III.447, 450, 470–1, 473 548–9 Du témoignage (1930) III.470, 471 Constantinople I.71, 160, 302, 309, 329, 332, 465 Témoins (1929) III.470 British occupation of II.214–16, 629 Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia) I.73, 314, 421 coup (1913)I.297 Cuba Russian plans to control I.412 concentration camps III.259, 280 troops positioned near I.299 declaration of war I.547 Constitutional Democrats (Kadety) (Russia) immigration I.536 II.35–6, 39 military service I.550 Constructivists III.637 Cuban missile crisis III.621 contraband II.466–9 Cubists/Cubism III.508, 515–17 laws relating to I.626–7 cultural demobilisation I.172, III.615–16 Cook, Tim III.32 Cultural Federation of German Scholars and Cooper, John Milton, Jr. I.513, 526 Artists (Kulturband Deutscher Gelehrter Cooper, Sandi E. II.581 und Künstler) III.397 Copenhagen Convention (1857) II.563 cultural genocide I.590–1 Copenhagen Fortress II.562, 563 cummings, e. e., The Enormous Room (1922) Copp, Terry I.519 III.468 Coppée, Baron II.83 Cunningham, Admiral Sir Andrew I.348 Coppées (father and son), trial of I.173 Cunningham, Ebenezer II.586 Corbett, Julian I.327, 339 Curie, Marie II.435, III.133, 142, 401 Corfield, Frederick and Mary III.19, 20–1, 23 Currie, General Arthur I.120, 519 Corfu III.122 Curtiss, Glen I.353, 368 Cormons III.139 Curzon, Lord I.407, II.444 Coronel, Battle of I.329 Cuttoli (Corsica) III.347 Cortright, David II.578 Cuxhaven II.132 Cossacks I.595, II.648 cyclists, commemoration of III.545 Costa Rica, declaration of war I.547 Cyprus I.470 Côte 304 (Verdun) I.96–7 Czech Legion II.206–8, 288, 613 Côte d’Ivoire I.444, 446 Czech national aspirations I.137 Cotta (publishers) III.454 Czech National Committee/Council I.78, Council of Workers and Soldiers (Soviet) II.525–6, 613 II.40 Czech Republic, established II.43, 622 Courland I.72, 141 Czechoslovakia I.292, II.527–8, 622, III.614, 624 Court of Arbitration I.621 Czernin, Count Ottokar Graf von I.158, 160, Cove, Ethel III.18–19 II.29, 42, 83, 84–5, 115, 515, 516 Cove, Wilfrid III.13, 18–19 Czestochowa I.571 Coventry food queues II.335, 352, 380 D’Annunzio, Gabriele I.195, II.101, III.394, 449, strikes in II.331 608 Coventry Ordnance III.81 La beffa di Buccari (1918) III.372–3 Cramon, General von I.252 d’Aosta, Duc III.134, 583 Crayford Works, strike II.354 D’Esperey, General Franchet I.160 Creel, George III.403 Dada movement III.473, 523–5, 526–7, 637 creeping (rolling) barrages I.216, 219, 221–2, Dadeshkeliani, Princess Kati III.144 227, 229, II.166 Dahomey I.435 Crimean War I.592 Daily Mail II.373, III.158 Crna Ruka (The Black Hand) /Ujedinjenje ili Daily Mirror II.666 Smrt (Union or Death) I.43 Daimler II.356

713

Index

Dalbiez Law (1915) II.328–9 Dehmel, Richard III.448, 453 Dalmatia I.269 Zwischen Volk und Menschheit (1919) III.472 Damascus I.160, 318, II.630 Del Rey, General III.428 Damousi, Joy III.595, 616 Delbrück, Clemens von II.79 Daniel, Ute III.75, 89, 90 Delcasse, Théophile II.22, 81 Danilov, General I.237 Dellmensingen, Krafft von I.285 Danube I.72 post-war correspondence I.294 Danzig II.617 Delluc, Louis III.475, 496 strikes II.352 Delta hospital ship III.136 Dardanelles I.70–1, 77, 323, 603, 642, III.631 Delville Wood, South African memorial III.553 Armenian soldiers I.607 DeMille, Cecil B. III.485 Britain’s decision to attack I.419–20 The Little American (1917) III.102 failures of strategic command I.396 demobilisation I.182–3 naval attack I.301 demographic change I.18–17 Darfur I.448 demonisation of the enemy III.423–4, 427 Darrow, Margaret III.125, 126, 132 Dene, Edmund II.71 Darwin, Charles I.406, III.418 Denhoff-Czarnocki, Wacław III.449 Darwinism, social I.483, 487, 612,III.258, Denikin, Anton, General II.645, 648 260, 418 Denmark II.394, 542 Das Tagebuch des Dr. Hart (1916) III.495 defensive plans II.563 Dauzat, Albert III.343 geographical location and neutrality II.558 David, Eduard II.45 Grosserer Societet (Merchants’ Davies, H. W. C. III.403 Guild) II.48 Davis, Belinda II.471–2, III.88, 91, 109 Industriråd (Industrial Council) II.567 Davy, Georges III.370 military arrangement with Germany II.569 daylight saving time II.668 pacifism II.593 Deak, Istvan II.205 trade and home consumption negotiations Dean, Warren I.542 II.567 death/the dead III.48–50, 561–3 trade with beligerents II.559–60 burials III.568–73 US exports to II.422, 469 calculating numbers III.563–7 Dent, Olive, A V.A.D. in France (1917) III.169 effect on the living III.594–8 Der Heimat Schikengrab (The Trenches of Home) exhumation and reburial of III.576–8 III.485 informing families of III.567–8, 574 Der Kinematograph III.490–1 poets and III.458–64 Der Sturm (magazine) III.461–2 the unidentified or missing III.579, 583, Der Zor I.609 597–8 Derby, Lord II.330 see also cemeteries Derby Scheme II.330 Death’s Head Hussars I.417 Dersim I.610 Deauville, Max III.472 desertion II.179, III.166 Jusqu’àl’Yser (1918) III.468 Desfontaines, Henri III.479, 487 La boue des Flandres (1915) III.469 Despeara (The Awakening) III.452 Debelyanov, Dimcho III.461 Desruelle, Felix III.543 Debout le morts! (1916) III.495 Desvallières, George III.523 Debs, Eugene II.670 Deuringer, Alois III.16 Debussy, Claude III.515, 516 Deutsch-Chilenischen Bund (German-Chilean ‘La berçeuse héroïque’ (1914) III.510 League) II.572 ‘Noël pour les enfants qui n’ont plus de Deutsche Bank II.483, III.223 maison’ (1915) III.512–13 Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft (DLG) III.481 Declaration of London II.464 Deutsche Reichsbank III.451, 482 ‘defence in depth’ tactic II.163, 167 Deutscher Landarbeiter-Verband (DLV) II.404 Degrelle, Leon II.660 Devambez, André III.514 Degrutère, Maria III.104 Devarenne, Alexandre III.486

714

Index

Deventer, General Jaap van I.453 Dogger Bank I.79, 328 Dexter, Mary III.126 Battle of the I.334 Diagne, Blaise I.414, 416–17, 429 ‘Dollar-Sterling-Block’ II.419 Diana, Princess of Wales III.556 Dollard, Catherine III.9 Diaz, General Armando I.159, 161, 288, 290, Domansky, Elizabeth III.56–7 II.26, 102 domestic violence III.174 Diaz, Jean (film character) III.325–6, 498 Dominican Republic Dieppe I.455 breaks of relations with Germany I.547 Diesel, Rudolf II.256 trade with US I.535 Diller, Baron III.248 Dominions, recruitment of troops from I.82 Dilman, Battle of I.602 Donaldson, Walter III.174 Dimitrievic, Colonel Dragutin I.43 Donato, Rosa III.124 Dimitrova, Snezhana, III.375 Donnan, F. G. II.443 Dimmel, Georg III.406 Donson, Andrew III.155 Dinant I.569 Dorgelès, Roland III.453 diphosgene gas I.146 Les croix de bois I.184, III.23, 471, 598 Direction de Service Automobile III.142 Dormans French National Cemetery III.582 Directorate for the Settlement of Tribes and Dorr, Rheta Childe III.123 Immigrants (Ottoman Empire) I.592 Doty, Madeleine III.123 Dirr, Pius III.400 Douai I.210, III.189 discipline, military II.177–81, 195 Douaumont, Fort (Verdun) I.92–3, 94–5, 97, workforce III.86 98, 213 diseases III.289, 292, 300–3 Douaumont ossuary III.551, 580, 598, 625 in Africa I.442 chapel at III.582 among prisoners of war II.278, 283 Douchy III.487 in Britain II.487 Douglas internment camp III.225 in concentration camps III.271 Douhet, Major Giulio I.352, 358, 363, 369, 373 in Italy II.481 The Command of the Air (1921)I.361–2 prevention III.302–3 Doukhobors II.579, 591 related to hunger and malnutrition II.461 Doullens meeting (26 March 1918)I.226, 399, research II.446 II.24 venereal II.668, III.25 Doumergue, Gaston II.82 Disraeli, Benjamin II.69 Dover Castle I.337 divorce III.28, 50 Doyle, Arthur Conan I.408,III.397, 402, 436, 598 Dix, Otto III.327, 511, 514, 516, 519, 641 Draffin, Malcolm Keith III.63–4 (The Butcher’s Shop) III.525 dreadnoughts I.28–9, 34, 39, 298, 327, II.242, Rue de Prague III.525–6 253–5 Diyarbekir, removal of Armenians from I.607–8 non-deployment of II.244 Dmitrieff, Elizabeth III.124 Dresdner Bank III.223 Dmitriev, General I.252, 254 Duan Qirui I.484, 491 Dmowski, Roman II.525–6, 529 Dublin see Easter Rising (Dublin) Do Broni (‘To Arms’) III.449 DuBois, W. E. B. I.429 Döblin, Alfred II.638 The Crisis II.198 Dobruja II.610, 625, 626 Duchamp, Baptiste III.322 doctors, III.288–9 Duchamp, Marcel III.517–18 authority of III.291–2 Duchamp-Villon, Raymond III.509 exhaustion and pressures/standards of care Duchêne, Gabrielle II.597 III.296–7 Duchess of Westminster’s War Hospital extra duties of III.290 (Le Touquet) III.315 women as III.128–40, 300 Duchy of Kurland and Semigallia III.249 Doehring, Bruno III.420 Dufy, Raoul, The End of the Great War (1915) Doenitz, Admiral Karl, wolf-pack tactics III.509 I.339, 347 Duguit, Léon I.189

715

Index

Duhamel, Georges III.472 sickness and medical care III.292–3 Duhem, Pierre III.405 see also Tannenberg, Battle of; Gorlice- Duma (Imperial) (Russian Parliament) II.13, Tarnów, Battle of; Przemysl, fall of; 29, 34–40, 102 Brusilov offensive Dumas, Jacques I.634–5 Eastman, Crystal II.601 dumdum bullets I.406 Ebert, Friedrich I.164, II.31, 212, III.49, 613 Dumesnil, J. L. I.365 Eccles, Henry II.218 Dumoulin, George II.354 Echo de Paris III.457 Dunant, Henry I.617 Eckardt, Heinrich von I.546 Dunbar-Kalckreuth, Frederick Lewis III.230 economic warfare II.462–70, 477, 488–9 Dunkerley, William Arthur see Oxenham, German II.483–7 John see also blockade Dunkers III.433 economies, II.295–6, 321–4, 423 Dunkirk I.353 agrarian II.383–95 Dunnico, Herbert II.586, 599 business structures II.314–16 Dunsmore (Warwickshire) III.545 colonial (pre-war) I.44 Durandin, Catherine II.19 commodity trade and II.306–9 Dureau, Georges III.478 immediate impact of war on I.82–7, 129–30, Durkheim, André III.369–70 II.300–2 Durkheim, Émile II.453, III.49, 369–70, 402, 403 and manpower needs II.302–4 on religion III.418 political II.318–21 Durova III.124 post-war III.609–11, 633–4 Durst, Ruth III.171 state and industry II.309–14 Düsseldorf I.353, II.375 transport and II.304–6 Dutch navy I.322 weight and allocation of resources II.316–18 Dutil, Patrice A. I.522 Ecuador, breaks off relations with Germany Dwinger, Erich Edwin III.474 I.547 Dyer, Brigadier General Reginald E. H. II.139 Eddington, Arthur II.458 dysentery I.467, 478, II.283, III.289, 293, 302 Ede refugee camp III.195 Dyson, Will III.519 Edgerton, David II.437 Edinburgh, commemoration in II.380 East Africa I.423–5, III.628 Edinburgh Memorial Chapel III.546, 548 campaign I.437–40, II.123–4 Edirne I.475 economy I.417 Edward Arnold (publisher) III.455 environmental hazards I.440 Egypt I.300–1, 430, 470, II.670 food shortages I.441 invasion of Libya, by Senussi brotherhood Maji-Maji rebellion (1905−7)I.441 I.425 malaria III.289, 292 Nationalist Party I.474 East Asia I.426–8 revolution in II.138–9 East Prussia I.235–41, 571, II.617 Egyptian Empire scheme I.421–2 rail network II.232 Egyptian Expeditionary Force I.160 refugees from (interned in Russia) III.201, Ehrenburg, Ilya III.466 267 Ehrlich, Paul III.398 East-Central Europe, post-war conflicts Eichhorn, General von III.255 II.639–43 Eindhoven III.197 Easter Rising (Dublin) II.135, 139, 377, III.220, Einstein, Albert I.470, III.411, 413 233, 428, 625 Eisner, Kurt II.388, 646 Eastern Crisis (1875–8)I.592 Ekaterinoslav III.206 Eastern Front I.66, 235, 264–5, 286, 641 El Arish I.315 Austro-German success on (1915)I.71–2 El Demócrata (Mexico) I.541 battle and tactics II.158–60 El Salvador, breaks off relations with civilian attacks I.74–5 Germany I.547 prisoners taken II.269 El Universal (Mexico) I.624

716

Index

Electrical Trade Union (ETU) II.340 exhibitions II.370–1 electrotherapy III.321–4 Exploits of a German Submarine U-35, The Elgar, Sir Edward, The Spirit of England (La croisière de l’U-35)(film, 1918) III.493 III.505 Expressionist movement III.461 Eliot, T. S., The Waste Land (1922) III.358 Elizabeth, Queen III.556 Fabrication des bombes Wanderen (torpilles) aux Emden, Richard Van III.32 usines Niclausse (film) III.486 Encephalitis lethargica (sleeping sickness/Von Fackel, Die (The Torch) (magazine) III.412 Economo’s disease) III.352–3 Fage, Andre III.198 Endell Street Hospital III.129 Fairbanks, Douglas III.485 Engels, Friedrich II.620 Faisal, King II.630 Engineering Employers’ Federation II.339 Falkenhayn, General Erich von I.47, 100, 205, English Channel I.205 214, 389, 395, II.118–19 Englishwoman III.123 on alliance with Vienna II.500 Enloe, Cynthia III.121 on artillery bombardments II.448 Entente Cordiale (1904)I.28, 326, II.616 attack on Verdun I.90–3, 96, 97–9, 101, 109, enteritis III.301 392, II.119 Entringen (Germany) memorial III.545 and Battle of Gorlice-Tarnów I.248–55 Enver Pasha I.297, 298, 463–4, 470–3, on defence of the mountains I.268 600, 602, 606, II.18, 30, 74, 110–13, Ottoman hatred of II.113 551 paper on Grand Strategy I.90–1 epidemics I.76 replacement of I.113, 260–1 Epp, Franz von II.654 Somme I.104, 390 Ernst, Max III.526 strategic command I.392 Erzberger, Matthias I.164, 611, II.27, 47, 83 on success against Russia I.245–6 Catholicism III.431 support from Kaiser Wilhelm II I.387 murder of II.213 on trenches I.67 Erzincan I.467, 469, 610 Falkland Islands I.533 Erzurum I.601, 602, 610, II.215 Falklands, Battle of the I.642, II.485 Esat Pasha, Brigadier-General I.389 families Escande, Mathieu III.21 affected by mortality III.48–9 Essad Effendi III.427 authority/balance of power in III.56–8 Essen, II.359 effect of damaged veterans on III.59–61 air attack on I.353, 355–6 family history, interest in I.3 Esser, Johannes III.307, 473 importance of finding missing relatives Estienne, Colonel Jean-Baptiste II.262–3, 265 III.65–7 Estonia I.133, II.656–7 importance of letters III.52–6 Etaples, III.341 informed of deaths III.567–8, 574 mutiny II.201–2, 217 post-war III.41, 119, 173–5 Ethiopia, Italian invasion of (1935)I.432 public aid for III.61–2 ethnic cleansing I.591–2 reclaiming of bodies III.573–6 eugenics I.407 state aid for III.107–8 Eupen-Malmedy II.617 state involvement in III.58–9 Euphrates, River, I.420 Far East I.326–7 flooding caused by I.300 Farewell to Arms, A (film, 1932) III.471 Europäische Bibliothek (European Library) Fargniers III.606 III.472 Farman, Henri I.350 Europe, pre-war cultural mood I.22 Farnborough, Florence III.126, 137–8 Evans, Richard III.378 Farrar, Geraldine III.485 Evert, General I.257 Farrar, Lancelot I.37 Evian III.188, 220 fascism II.660, III.614, 624 Excelsior, L’ III.484 fascist movement II.405, III.607, 608 executions/death penalty III.166 Fashoda I.384

717

Index

fathers/fatherhood III.53 Fischer, Emil II.435, 452, III.390, 398 mourning of III.367–70 Fischer, Fritz, I.36, 46, 47, 56, III.620 Fatima, appearance of the Virgin Mary at Griff nach der Weltmacht (1961)I.40–1, III.430–1 II.66 Fay, Sydney I.40 Fisher, Admiral Sir John I.28, 335, 382, II.253, Fayolle, Émile, Cahier Secret III.441 255, 464 Federal Reserve Bank II.422 Fisherman’s Hut (Gallipoli) I.305 Federated Hungarian Soviet Socialist Fiske, General H. B. I.520 Republic II.623, 649 Fiume II.20, III.608 Federation of British Industries II.316 flame-throwers I.69–70, 94, 97, 642 Federterra II.404–5 Flanders I.100, 118, 124–6 Fedorenko, Vasia III.162 declared independent III.249 Fedortchenko, Sofia III.472 Flasch, Kurt III.451 Feisal I.180, 316, 319, 419, 422, 423 Flers I.105 Feldbauer, Max III.513 Flers-Courcelette, Battle of I.216 Feldman, Gerald D. II.382, 431, 433, 435, fleur des ruines, La (1915) III.494 III.610 Foch, Ferdinand I.117, 119, 148, 226, 230, 380, Felixmüller, Conrad III.641 II.24, 87, 98, 237, 535 Fell, Allison, III.132 armistice terms I.164 Fellowship of Reconciliation II.586, III.432 becomes General-in-Chief of Allied Armies femme française pendant la guerre, La (1919) I.399–400 III.486 on Chinese labourers I.495 Fénéon, Félix III.506 on the importance of morale II.174 Ferchaud, Claire III.423 religious faith III.441 Ferdinand I, Emperor II.12 on technology II.240–1 Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria II.19, 30, 626 Foden, Giles Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Ferdinand I, King of Romania II.546 Bizarre Battle of Lake Tanganyika (2004) Ferguson, Niall I.155, 178, II.276, 311 I.437 Ferry, Jules I.19, 21 Fodoreanu, Jeana Col. The Woman Soldier fertility III.51 (Femeia-Soldat, 1928) III.127, 176 Fery-Bognar, Marie von III.128 Foerster, Friedrich Wilhelm III.411 Fescout, Henri III.476 Foerster, Wilhelm Julius III.411 Festubert I.413 Folkestone, air raid I.337 Feuillade, Louis III.494, 499 Fonck, René I.365, 372 Fiat Lingotto factory III.92 food queues II.335–6, 366, 667–8 FIDAC III.603 food shortages II.364, 667–8, III.17–18, 88–93, Fielding, Rowland III.15 109–11 Figaro, Le II.372, III.172, 404 effect on children III.38–40 film industry III.475 Germany, causes of II.471–6 films see cinema food, soldiers requirements II.224–5 finance II.408–9 forced labour III.251, 271, 272–5 credit II.416–23, 430–1 Ford (Hueffer), Ford Madox III.452–3 demobilisation II.424–30 The Good Soldier III.452–3 estimated total costs of the war II.415 Parade’s End III.453, 468 gold standard II.412–14, 425, 428–9 Ford, Henry II.601 mobilisation and II.409–14 Ford, Lena Guilbert, III.96 post-war II.430–3 Forward (newspaper) II.372 pre-war public expenditure II.409–11 Forward (Scottish ILP journal) II.603 public II.430 France taxation II.416–31 activity immediately prior to the outbreak Finland I.141, II.634, 649 of war I.56–7 civil war (1919) II.289, 649 aerial policy and politics I.363–4, 370, 371 Fischer Controversy II.495 African colonies I.457

718

Index

France (cont.) joint political−military strategy with agrarian economy II.390–1, 394 Britain I.397 alliance with Russia I.53, 59, II.15–17 lack of confidence in the war I.121–4 and the Italian Front I.159 Manual of International Law for the Use of and the Volta-Bani War I.425–6 Army Officers (1893)I.627 armaments, production of I.89–90, martial law II.97 II.245–6, 297 military strategy I.383–4 Army Commission II.54, 64 military v. civilian leadership I.393–4 attacks upon civilians in I.569–71, 582 Ministry of Armaments III.86 Belgian refugees III.190, 192–201 mobilisation II.245–6, 303 Chamber of Deputies II.50–4 munitions production II.312–13 Charte des sinistrés (Victim’s Charter) (1919) nationalism I.19 I.183 observation squadron I.360 Chinese labourers I.492–4 pacificist associations II.600 cinema III.476–80, 484, 486–7 Parliament II.50–5, 64–5 civilian mortality rate II.482 peace movement II.582, 592–3 civil−military relations II.96–9 peasants II.391, 394 Colonial Labour Organisation Service I.416 Plan XVII I.204, II.222 colonialism I.21 policy of laicité (religious indifference) II.51 Comité d’Études de Paris III.407 policy on restoration of bodies to families commemorative statues III.542–3 III.575–6 Committee for War Studies and post-war objectives II.535–6 Documentation (Comité d’Études et president (position of) II.50–1 Documents sur la Guerre) III.403–4 public expenditure, pre-war II.409–11 concerns over effectiveness of blockade radicalism II.582 II.468 reaction to German armament I.33 Confédération générale du Travail (CGT) reaction to Sarajevo attack I.45 II.52 rebuilding I.172–3 credit II.419–20 recruitment and exemption from military culture of victory III.613–14 service II.327–8 demobilisation I.172–3 recruitment of troops I.82 desire for vengeance I.185–6 religion/Catholicism III.421, 422–3 development of bomber forces I.355, repatriation of soldiers’ bodies I.181–2 359–60, 366, 371 reprisals against prisoners of war II.275–6 Dreyfus Affair II.35–6, 51, III.239 return of soldiers/veterans to I.183–4 economy II.317 Sacred Heart issue III.422–3, 436 effect of Nivelle offensive on British scientific research laboratories II.452 relations I.121 Senate II.50–4 evacuations and displacement of civilians SFIO (socialist party) II.582, 600 III.187 social unrest II.134–5 expenditure, estimated total costs II.415 socialist movement II.97–8 financial mobilisation II.413, 427 standard of living II.341–5 fiscal system I.86 strikes I.123, 156, 186, II.349–55 food shortages I.155, II.364 support for international law on conduct in foreign workers II.332 war I.564 German occupation of I.75 support from the colonies I.169 government II.15–16, 21–4 Supreme Council of National Defence I.396 implementation of international law I.628 taxation II.420 imports and exports II.482–3 trade unions II.345–9 in Syria I.470 use of airplanes to dominate North Africa industrial chemists II.444 I.432 industry II.308 use of colonial labour I.415–16 internment/internees III.262, 267–8 use of immigrant labour III.237–8, 240

719

Index

France (cont.) Spanish flu III.335 use of prisoners of war II.332 Three Year Law (1913)I.59–60 Vietnamese labourers I.494, 495–500 treatment of prisoners of war II.267 war economy I.83–4, 86 in Turkey I.303 war memorials III.13, 537, 547, 553–4 French army formations Franck, Richard III.409 Seventh Army I.151 Franco-British War Time Commission II.231 XX Corps I.95 Francois, General I.240 XXX Corps I.94 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1)I.22, 37, 382, 535, 22nd Regiment of Colonial Artillery (RAC) II.94, 95, 582–96 III.335 Franco-Russian Alliance (1891–3) II.517 French Association of Surintendantes (factory Frank, André Gunder I.542 welfare supervisors) III.85 Frank, Leonhard III.298 French Étappes III.247–8 Frank, Ludwig III.229 French National Labour Office (ONT) Frankfurt, effect of Spanish flu III.351, 353 III.197 Frankfurt, strikes II.352 French navy I.322, 348 Frankfurter Zeitung I.133–4 dreadnoughts II.254 Franz-Ferdinand, Archduke I.51, 53 informal strategic war plans I.386 assassination of I.41–3, 46–9, 411, 534, and submarines II.256 II.11, 620 French Sudan I.444 as martyr III.394 French, Sir John I.101, 212, 381, II.25, 99 retaliation for assassination of I.571 strategic command I.377, 379 Franz-Joseph, Emperor I.46, 51, 61, II.11, 12–13, French-Canadians dissent amongst I.516, 522 14, 28, 31, 113, 114 Freud, Sigmund I.23, 24, 565–6, III.323–4, 331, death of I.267, II.42, 115, 204 405, 594 and parliament II.41 Frey, Daniel, three dimensions of neutrality Frederick II (the Great) I.243, 324, II.11 II.557 Freiburg II.365 Fried, Alfred II.584, 602 air strike I.353, II.376–7 Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia III.49 blackout II.375 Friedrich, Ernst II.635 Freie Soldat, Die III.323 War against War III.10 Freikorps I.193–4,II.212–14, 217, 656–7, Friends’ Ambulance Unit II.585, 588 III.176, 608 Friends’ Service Committee II.585, 588 French army Friez, Otto III.513 African soldiers in I.408, 413, 414–15 Fritzsche, Peter II.371 at the Somme I.100–1 Friuli I.267 Bureau for Military Information (BIM) Fromelles III.477 Battle of III.66 Cinematographic Section (SCA) III.477 cemetery III.65–6 death penalty/execution II.666 mass graves III.578 demobilisation I.182 Fromkin, David II.633 faith of leaders III.441 Fulda, Ludwig III.397 first airplanes I.350–1 funerals III.359–60 Jews in III.231–2 Furnes III.141 mutinies II.134–5, 202–4 Fussell, Paul III.380, 446, 447, 471, 550 nettoyeurs des tranchées (trench cleaners) The Great War and Modern Memory (1975) II.276 III.636 officer corps II.189 Futurists (Italian) III.394, 508, 516, 521, 637 Photographic Section (SPA) III.477 Initial Manifesto III.507 Plan ‘H’ II.565 Fyn (Funen) II.563 reconnaissance aircraft I.351 refusal to attack I.220 Gaba Tepe (Gallipoli) I.303–6 retake Soissons I.153 Gaffron, Prittwitz von I.238

720

Index

Gal, Yann Le III.328 Gaumont, Léon III.477 Galicia I.72, 292, 571, II.79, 208 Gaunt, David I.608 Jews in I.75, 577–8, II.103 Gay, Hannah II.451 refugees from III.201 gaz mortels, Les (1916) III.494 Russian treatment of civilians in I.577–8 Gaza I.131, 315–16, 317 Gallieni, General II.23, III.142 Geddes, Eric II.234 Gallipoli peninsula I.70, 77, 89, 299, 303–12, 389, Geissen University, psychiatric hospital III.296 418–19, II.152, 628, III.627 Gemelli, Agostino III.406 casualties I.420 gender identity III.153–77 cemeteries III.581 gender, reinforcement of barriers III.34–5 debate to send reinforcements to I.308–9 Geneva Conventions I.562, 564, 566, 583–4, difficulty of amphibious landings at I.331–3, 622–3, 628, 634, 638, II.270–1, 289 603 Genevoix, Maurice III.562 evacuation from I.311–12 genocide I.577, 585–91 landing of troops I.71 contribution of concentration camps to political intervention II.100 III.270–2 sickness and medical care III.289, 292 destruction (of groups) concept I.590–1 trenches II.154 potential for I.596 use of reinforcements at I.309–11 see also Armenian genocide Galloway Kyle (Erskine Macdonald Ltd) Gentioux, war memorial III.550 (publishers) III.455 geographers II.457, III.407–8 Galopin, Alexandre III.197 geologists II.446, 449–50, 456 Galsworthy, John III.397 George V, King I.458, II.17, III.442, 483, 545 Galtier-Boissière, Jean, The Victory Parade I.184 George, Stefan III.394 Gambetta, Léon I.382 Georgia I.143, II.629 Gambiez, Fernand II.240 Germain, José III.472 Gamio, Manuel, Forjando Patria (1916) German Americans I.516, 523, III.220–8 I.552 German army Gance, Abel I.185, III.325–6, 494, 498–9 accused of war crimes I.582–3 Gandhi, Mahatma (Mohandas K.) I.429, 488, airplanes and airships I.351–2, 351, 581–2 509, II.139, 200 Alpenkorps I.275 García Calderón, Jose I.540 attacks upon civilians (1914)I.569–71 García Menocal, President Mario I.550 cinemas and morale III.487 Garçon, M. I.633 consumption of munitions II.297 Garric, Robert III.611 demobilisation I.182 Garrison, William Lloyd II.580 desertion from II.180 Garros, Roland (pilot) I.74 discipline and punishments II.178–9 gas I.69–70, 87, 89, 97, 127, 146, 212, 213, 603, final attacks on and surrender I.152–4 642, II.168, 259–61, 445 high level of insubordination I.385 consequences of III.138–9, 140–1 illness III.301 dropped by airplanes I.430 infantry I.224–6 speed of introduction of counter-measures Jews in III.231 II.247 logistical problems II.238 use of and international law I.568–9 Militarische Film- und Photostelle III.481 at Ypres I.519, II.259–60 mobilisation of/expansion I.32–3 gas gangrene III.300 morale I.152–4, 170, II.130–1 gas masks I.70, 97, 212, 568, II.260 motivation II.181–2 Gatrell, Peter II.644 officer corps II.189 Gauchez, Maurice III.465 ‘Patriotic Instruction’ II.192–3 Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri III.521 shock/storm troops (Sturmtruppen)I.146, Gaulle, Charles de II.286 224–6, II.166, 660, III.608 Gault, Hamilton and Marguerite III.24 Spanish fluI.152 Gaumont (film company) III.482, 493, 499 surrender I.150

721

Index

German army (cont.) Germanophobia III.226, 238–9 treatment of prisoners of war I.566 German-speaking populations (Central/ treatment of wounded III.295–6 Eastern Europe III.218 use of Russian prisoners of war II.267 Germany German army formations aerial policy I.364, 370–1 Second Army I.148 African colonies I.423–4, 436–7, 456–7 Fourth Army I.150 agrarian economy II.384–6, 393, 394 Fifth Army I.152, 213 air raids II.376 Sixth Army I.150 anti-Semitism III.229 Seventh Army I.152 armaments production I.89 Eighth Army I.237–8 and Armenian reforms I.600 Eleventh Army I.253, 389, II.233 ‘blank cheque’ I.46, II.72–3 Seventeenth Army I.148 Bundesrat II.13, 43–4, 118 Eighteenth Army I.148, II.235 ‘Case J’ II.565 58th Brigade (Sixth Army) I.566 Catholicism/Catholic influence in III.418, German High Seas Fleet I.325 431–2 Bluecher (ship) I.334 Central Pacific colonies I.326, 329, II.104, 105 East Asian flotilla I.329 Centre Party II.44, 47 in the North Sea I.334–6 China declares war on I.491 reluctance to accept humanitarian cinema III.480–2, 484–5 restraints I.563–4 civil−military relations II.116–24 surrender of I.345–6 coal-mining industry II.309–10 German Historical Museum (Berlin) III.623 colonialism I.19–20 German Imperial Navy commemorative statues III.543 dreadnoughts I.28–9, 34, II.254 conscription II.120 expansion of I.26–30 control of rail network II.305 failure against British I.79–80 Council of People’s Deputies II.50 in Turkey I.298 credit I.86, II.417–18, 468, 568 mutiny I.163–4, 395, II.131–2, 211 culture of defeat III.597, 612–13, 623–4 policy II.484 deaths relating to hunger and malnutrition SMS Breslau (Midilli)I.298, 329, 472, II.18, II.461 465, 552 decision to declare war on Serbia I.33–6 SMS Emden (German cruiser) I.330, II.485 declares war on Portugal II.554 SMS Gneisenau (German battleship) I.329, declares war on Russia and France I.39 II.485 decline in trade II.477–9 SMS Goeben (Yavuz Sultan Selim)I.298, 329, Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (Fatherland 472, II.18, 465, 552 Party) movement I.157, 166, 167, II.48, SMS Karlsruhe (German cruiser) I.355, 581, III.252 II.484 development of airplanes I.371, 372 SMS Scharnhorst (German battleship) I.329, diplomatic service II.71, 74 II.485 diplomats II.68 SMS Viribus Unitis II.651 dispute over use of men as workers or submarines II.257 soldiers II.328–9 Zeppelin raids I.362 divorce rate III.28 see also submarine warfare economic pressures I.129–30 German Occupation of Historic Louvain, The economic warfare II.483–7 (newsreel) III.483 economy II.317 German Peace Society II.584, 602 effect of blockade I.80–1, 84, 155 German Society for Internal Medicine III.304 Eltzbacher commission II.471, 475 German War Graves Commission employment of immigrants III.237, 240 (Volksbund deutsche employment of prisoners of war II.332,III.89 Kriegsgraberfursorge) III.552–3, 584 employment of women III.89–90 German Wars of Unification I.382 expenditure, estimated total costs II.415

722

Index

Germany (cont.) mourning and commemoration in exports to US II.468–9 III.378–9 financial mobilisation II.412 mutinies II.211–14 food distribution, inequality of II.475 National Liberals II.48 food queues II.335–6 naval expansion/challenge to Britain food shortages I.80–1, 155, 343–5, II.364, I.26–30 460–76, 604, 612, III.17, 88–9 occupation of Baltic states I.417–18 forced labour from occupied regions occupied territories III.244–5 I.573–4 Office of Raw Materials of War foreign workers II.332 (Kriegsrohstoffabteilung-KRA) I.84 geopolitics I.331 oil imports II.476–7 government and Parliament II.43–50, 64, opposition to the war I.79 117–18, 120–4 pacifist movement, indifferent II.583–4, 593, grain production II.474 602–3, III.433–4 hunger strikes II.46 peasants, discontent II.385–6 Imperial Chancellor (role of) II.43, 44 post-war finances II.424–6, 430–2 Imperial Congress of Workers’ and post-war violence in I.193–4 Soldiers’ Councils II.50 pre-war culture I.22 imports, source of II.474 pre-war plans for food security II.470–1 Independent Social Democratic Party Progressive People’s Party (Germany) I.157, (USPD) (Unabhängige II.48 Sozialdemokratische Partei propaganda III.484–5 Deutschlands) I.140, 157, 162, II.46, public expenditure, pre-war II.409–10 49, 354 public reaction to Peace Treaty (1918) industrial chemists II.444 I.138–41 industry II.308–9 Qingdao, attack on I.489 instigation of Russian Revolution I.116–17 readiness for war I.40–1, 60 international law, attempts to influence rearmament/expansion of the army I.32–3 I.625 reasons for losing war I.167–71 international law, failure to adhere to refugees in I.187 I.628–33 Reichstag (Imperial Diet) (Germany) II.13, internment III.262 27–8, 43–50, 117–18, 120–4 invasion of Belgium I.57, 59, II.497, 555–6, religion III.420, 421 557, 574, III.245–6 reprisals against prisoners of war II.275–6 iron and coal II.476 response to shortages II.479–80 Japan, early relations with I.480–1 response to the demands of Treaty of July 1914 crisis I.44–64 Versailles II.619–20 Kaiser Wilhelm Stiftung für reunification III.620 Kriegstechnische Wissenschaft revolution II.130–2 (KWKW) II.452 Russian Empire, policy towards II.526–7 lack of combined war plan with Austria- signs Armistice II.30 Hungary I.388–9 social welfare III.91 Landeskundlische Kommission of Warsaw Spartacus League II.50 (1914) Kriegsgeographie (war geography spring offensive (1918)I.135–6, 145–52 movement) III.407 standard of living II.341–5 Majority Social Democrats (MSPD) II.46 state food policy II.475 Manifesto of the 93 (‘Appeal to the Civilized state intervention in industry II.313 World’) II.439–41, III.397, 398–9, 413 strikes I.156–7, 163–4, II.131, 349–55, 604 merchant fleet, loss of II.465 submarine gamble I.115–16 military power and government support of Ottoman Armenian policy II.13–14, 27 I.606–7 military v. civilian leadership I.394–5 taxation II.417, 424, 430 morale I.170, II.460–1 territories and resources lost II.617

723

Index

Germany (cont.) casualties I.254, 255 trade unions II.44–5, 345–8, 354–5 German command at I.389 trade with neutrals during blockade II.467–70 importance of equipment and supplies unrestricted submarine campaign I.398 II.232–3 war economy I.84, 86 political consequence I.255 war guilt II.617–19 Gorringe, Major General Sir Frederick I.312 war in South West Africa I.21, 436–7 Goschen, Edward II.555 Wilhelmstrasse II.89 Gosse, Edmund III.518 youth organisations I.408–9 Gotha bombers I.337, 581 Geyer, Michael I.576, II.144 Gouda refugee camp III.195 Gheluvelt Plateau I.221 Gough, General Sir Hubert I.103, 108, 125 Ghent I.618, III.190 at Passchendaele I.221 Gide, André III.193, 390 Gouraud, General II.158 Gilbert, Caroline III.549 Gourmont, Rémy de III.456, 457 Gilbert, Charles Webb III.555 Graça Aranha, José Pereira da I.540 Gillies, Harold III.307 Gramsci, Antionio III.609 Ginn, Edwin II.600 Granados, Enrique III.522 Ginzburg, Carlo III.502 grand strategy I.393–400 Giolitti, Giovanni I.272, 410–11, II.20, 26, 101 Grand-Leez, war memorial III.175 Giono, Jean III.467 Grande Illusion, La (ﬁlm, 1937) II.286 Le grand troupeau (1931) III.465, 470 Grant, General Ulysses S. I.210 Giorno, Il III.123 Grant, Duncan III.410 Girard-Mangin, Mme III.130 Gravil, Roger, I.542 Giraud, General I.308 graves III.569–73 Giraudoux, Jean III.327 marking of III.535–7 Glasgow III.61 mass III.569–70, 578, 583 protest movements I.79 religious representation on III.535–7 Gleason, Helen III.141 Graves, Robert I.197,III.166, 176, 230, 379, 471–2 Gleichen, Lady Helena III.134–5 Goodbye to All That (1929) III.153–4, 440–1 Gleichheit, Die III.123 Grayzel, Susan III.76, 172 global economy II.295–7 Graz II.652–3 Goba, Alfreds (Latvian refugee) III.212–13 Great Depression II.323, 660 Godfroy, Léonie III.126 Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)I.179, 191, 592, Goebbels, Joseph II.217 612, II.363, III.226 Goebel, Stefan (Stephan) III.372, 543 Greece I.32, II.502–3, 548–9, 625 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, Wandrers expulsion of Rûm by Ottomans I.599–600 Nachtlied (1776)I.133 government and policy II.20 Goethels, George II.234 Greek Orthodox Christians, transfer of to Gold Coast I.446 Greece I.613 Goldman, Emma III.113 population exchange with Bulgaria II.626 Goldscheid, Rudolf II.430 population exchange with Turkey II.632, Goltz, Field Marshal Colmar von der I.390, III.226 II.111, 112, III.212 Greeks III.218 Gömbö, Gyula II.654 Green, Corporal R. C. III.66 gonorrhoea III.26 Gregory, Adrian III.381 Goncharova, Natalia, Images mystiques de la grenades I.69, II.155, 250–3 guerre III.509 tear gas II.260 Gordon, Andrew I.336 Grey, Charles I.407 Goremykin, Ivan L. II.14, 35, 37 Grey, Sir Edward I.38, 48, 57–8, 313, II.17, Gorizia I.267, 278–81, 281, 397, III.134, 135–6 100, 469 Gorky, Maxim III.397, 412 diplomacy II.70, 73–4, 81, 504 Gorlice-Tarnów, Battle of I.72, 89, 211, grief III.379–80, 381, 458–64, 595–6 248–56, 603 Grierson, Hugh Cresswell III.63–4

724

Index

Griffith, D. W. III.497 Haig, Sir Douglas I.101–9, 131, 146, 148–9, 148, Grimm, Ervin III.397 152, 169, 170, 212, 230, 368, 370, 381, II.201, Gris, Juan III.516 456 Grodno I.72 attrition I.392 Groener, General Wilhelm I.163, 164, II.212, ‘Backs to the wall’ order I.150 460–1, 487 Battle of the Somme I.214–17 Gromov, Mosei Georgievich, For St George and the British Legion III.602 (1927) III.466 Cambrai I.128, 223 Groschen, Sir Edward I.630 chaplains placed for morale II.192 gross domestic product (GDP) II.298–9 Flanders offensive I.123 Gross, Lucien II.592 and Neuve Chapelle I.209 Grossman, Rudolf II.583 opposition to women’s service III.132 Grosz, George III.294, 520, 522, 643 and politics II.99–100 Grotelueschen, Mark II.221 relations with David Lloyd George I.118, Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace (1625) 217–19, 220, 393–4, II.25 I.616 religious faith III.441–2 Grouitch, Slavko III.149 strategic command I.380, 391, 396 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of I.546 Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) Guatemala, declaration of war I.547 I.219–23 guerrilla warfare I.562 Haiti I.554 Guesde, Jules II.22 declaration of war I.547 Guitton, Pastor II.592 trade with US I.535 Gulbransson, Olaf III.517 Hakkâri I.608 Gumilev, Nikolai III.413, 448 Halbmondlager (crescent moon camp) II.287–8 Guoqu Xu I.416 Halbwachs, Maurice III.401, 593 Gurkhas III.165 Haldane, J. B. S. II.455 Gurney, Ivor III.467 Haldane, Lord Richard I.29–30, 32, II.99 Gustav V, King of Sweden II.572 Hale, George Ellery II.442, 447, 450, 453, Guynemer, Georges (pilot) I.74, 360, 364, 365 III.415 Guyon, Charles III.125 Halévy, Élie II.325 Gwiz.dz., Feliks, III.449 Halil Edib I.607 Halil, General I.602, 611 Haber, Fritz I.568, II.444, 445, 452, 455, 479, Hall, Margaret III.127 III.398, 415 Hall, Richard II.128 wins Nobel Prize II.458, III.417 Hall Caine, Sir Thomas III.485 Haber-Bosch process II.445, 449, 479 Hallé, Guy III.169 Hachette, Jeanne III.125 Hallett, Christine III.132 Hachette (publisher) III.455 Hamburg I.449–50, II.132, 464 Hacker, Hanna III.137 Hamilton, General Sir Ian I.303–9, III.540–1 Hackett-Lowther ambulance unit III.126, 141 Hammarskjöld, Hjalmar II.572 Hackney, memorial III.535 Hankey, Maurice II.86, 88, 464 Hadamard, Jacques III.403 Hann, Hein und Henny (film, 1917) III.485 Haeckel, Ernst III.398 Hanover Technical Institute II.249 Hagedorn III.220 Hansa-Brandenburg works I.362 Hagop Mintzuri I.469 Hansenclever, Walter III.467 Hague, The Hara Kei II.64 Conference (1930) II.426 Hara Takashi II.106 Conventions (1899/1907)I.563, 564–84, Harcourt, Lewis I.436 619–21, 622–9, II.72, 270–4, 332, III.273 Hardie, James Keir II.599 International Congress of Women (1915) Hardinge, Sir Charles I.299, 312, 502, II.81, 88 II.596, 602, III.112 Hardy, Thomas III.402 International Criminal Court III.629 Harmsworth, Alfred I.349 Haguenin, Professor II.514, 515 Harnack, Adolf von III.420

725

Index

Harnack, Ernst von III.413 Hervé, Gustave II.582 Harper, Florence III.124 Hervil, René III.495 Harrison, Charles Yale, Generals Die in Bed Herwig, Holger I.113, 288 (1930) III.465 Herzl, Theodor I.477 Harrison, Mark II.211 Hesse, Hermann III.401 Hartlepool I.328 heterosexuality III.156–7 Hartley, Marsden III.517 Heuzé, André III.495 Hartney, Lieutenant Colonel Harold, Up and Heymann, Lida Gustava II.596 At ’Em (1940) III.167–8 Higgins, Henry Bournes III.367–8, 370 Hartwig, Nicholas (Nikolai) II.15, 72 Higgins, Mervyn Bournes III.367–8 Harwich I.328 Higham, Robin II.437 Hašek, Jaroslav III.472 Hildebrand, Klaus I.26 Hassidic Judaism III.434–5 Hill 971 (Gallipoli) I.309, 310 Haumont I.94 Hill Q (Gallipoli) I.311 Hausen, Karin III.27 Hillgruber, Andreas I.244 Haussman, Conrad I.51 Hindenburg Line (Siegfried Line) I.114–15, Havas news agency I.541 119, 152, 162, II.163 Havelberg concentration camp III.277 German defences at I.229, 230–2, 364, 575 Haverfeld, Evelina III.61 importance of logistic support in assault on Hawker, George Lanoe (pilot) I.74 II.237–8 Hawthorn Ridge (Somme) III.490 Hindenburg Programme I.168, 362, 367, Hazebrouck II.235 II.120–1 Hazebrouck junction I.150 Hindenburg, General Paul von I.90, 100, 113, health insurance III.299 134, 212, 281, 387, 389, 393, II.80, 85, 87, Healy, Maureen III.17, 88, 91 188, 448–9, III.442 Hearne, R. P., Aerial Warfare (1909)I.351 Battle of Tannenberg I.239–46 Hearts of the World (Cœurs du monde, ﬁlm, 1918) charismatic leadership I.377, II.665 III.497 on defeat III.613 Hebdo-Film III.478 establishes a Commanding General of the Heeringen, Josias von I.31, 32 Air Forces I.361–2 Heinkel, Ernst I.362, 372 increasing control over domestic Heinrich, Prince of Prussia I.350 government I.394 Heinz, Friedrich Wilhelm (Freikorps veteran) insubordination I.385 II.212 and military command II.118, 119–23 Heipel (Austrian internee) III.279–80 relationship with Bethmann Hollweg Hejaz I.316, 319 II.27–8 Hejjas, István II.654 replaces Falkenhayn I.261 helmets II.157, 243, 246 ruling of Baltic states I.417 steel II.247–50 statue of III.511 Helmholtz, Hermann von III.392 Hindus III.438–9 Helphand, (Parvus) Alexander I.601 Hine, Lewis III.641 Helsinki II.634, 649 Hinton, James II.356 Hemingway, Ernest I.294, III.472 Hintze, Admiral Paul von I.157, 162, II.86–7 A Farewell to Arms (1929) III.465, 471 Hipper, Admiral Franz von I.328, 334–5, Soldier’s Home (1925)I.182 II.211 Henderson, Arthur II.25, 57, 599 historians III.403–4 Hentsch, Lieutenant Colonel Richard I.391 Hitler, Adolf I.59, 242, 265, 338, 343, 407, 418, Herero War I.408, 436, 441 II.605, III.617, 620, 632 Hermannstadt, Battle of I.235 Mein Kampf (1924) III.458 Hertling, Georg von I.156, II.28, Hô Chi Minh I.180, 429, 487, 499, 507–8 49, 85 Hobart, war memorial III.528, 532–3 Hertz, Alice III.414 Hobhouse, Emily II.595, 603 Hertz, Robert III.414 Hobhouse, Stephen II.588–9

726

Index

Hobson, J. A., Imperialism (1902)I.407 House of Morgan I.512–13 Hodges North, Katherine III.131, 141, 143–4 House, ‘Colonel’ Edward Mandell I.174, 521, Hodgkin, Henry II.155, 250–3, 586, 595, III.432 II.76, 87, 88, 107, 504, 550 Hoeppner, Ernst von I.361 Houston mutiny (riot), 1917 II.197–9, 202, 217 Hoff, Raynor III.542 howitzers II.156 Hoffman, Major-General Max I.138, 239–40 Hoyos, Count Alexandre I.46–7, II.14, 70, 72 Hofmannstahl, Hugo von III.394 Huddersfield, pacifism in II.589 Hohenborn, Wild von I.251 Hueffer, Ford Madox see Ford Madox Ford Holland, Canon Henry Scott III.424 Hugenberg, Alfred III.481 Holliday, Margaret III.127 Hughan, Jessie Wallace II.590 Hollings, Nina III.134 Hugo, Victor III.550 Holocaust I.589–90 Hull, Isabel I.21 Holquist, Peter I.595, II.393 humanitarian aid I.187–9, III.61–2, 93–4, Holstein, Fritz von II.11 193–4 Holsworthy concentration camp III.263, 265 humanitarian laws I.564–6 creativity within III.278 Humanité, L’ III.448 Holtzendorff, Admiral Henning von II.527–8 Humann, Hans I.606 Holzminden concentration camp II.287, Hungarian National Army II.654 III.276–7 Hungary I.167 home front, III.96–8 conscientious objectors II.593 economic stress III.17–21 new boundaries II.623–5 morality III.606–7 Transylvanian refugees II.654 state intervention III.107–11 and the Treaty of Trianon II.623–5, 657 violence on the III.100–7 see also Austria-Hungary Homes for Better-Class Belgian Refugees Hunter, Private Thomas, grave of III.546 III.94 Hunter-Weston, Major General homosexuality III.156 Aylmer I.308 Honduras, declaration of war I.547 Hurley, Frank II.664 Hoover, Herbert I.188, III.61 Hussein Ibn Ali, Sharif I.316, 319, 421–2, 477, Hoover War Collection III.408 II.78 Horne, John I.87, II.172, 347, III.159, 164 Huston, John I.437 horses I.642, II.171, 261, III.54–5 Hutier, General Oskar von I.146, II.166 provision for II.226–8 Hutterites II.591, III.433 Horthy, Miklos II.623–4, 649, 651, 654 Hutton, Dr Isabel Emslie III.151 hospital ships III.136, 298 Hyde Park, war memorial III.541 hospital trains III.298 Hyde Park Corner, Royal Artillery Memorial hospitals III.128–41, 146, 294–7 III.454, 542 hostages III.276–7 Hynes, Samuel III.447 Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad von I.34–5, 41–2, 51, 55, 61, 99, 159, 238, 272, 281, 389, II.13, Ibanez, Blasco, Les quatres cavaliers de 113–15 l’apocalypse (film, 1921) III.495 and the Battle of Gorlice-Tarnów I.250–5 Ibarguren, Carlos I.336 dismissal of II.28 Ibn Saud I.319 failure as a war manager I.391–2 Ihsan Turjman, Private I.475, 476 on the importance of morale II.174 Iliad, The III.155 plan to attack Italy I.269–70, 273, 275, 279 Illustrated London News III.151 replacement of I.284 Illustration, L’ II.666, III.151, 453 the Strafexpedition (Italy) I.260, 270, 279 Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914–16 strategic command I.378–9, 388 III.128 tactics against the Russians at Tannenberg Immelmann, Max (pilot) I.74, 360 I.245–6 Imperial College London II.451 Hough, Richard I.346 Imperial Diet (Russian) II.34–5, 37 Houlihan, Patrick III.425 Imperial Munitions Board (IMB) I.514

727

Index

Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Inoue Kaoru I.480, 481 Empire III.533 Institute of International Law I.351 Imperial Russian Navy I.324 manuals I.627 blockade of the Bosporus II.465–6 Institute of Psychical Research III.436 confinement of II.465–6 intellectuals, dissidence III.410–12 dreadnoughts II.254 Intellectuals’ Memorandum on War Aims submarines II.256, 257 (Intellektuellendenkschrift über die Imperial War Conference (1917−18)I.398, 521 Kriegsziele) III.397 Imperial War Graves Commission II.379, Interallied Sanitary Commission (1919) III.352 III.376, 552, 553, 572–3, 579–81, 586. See Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Commonwealth War Graves Commission Organization (IMRO) II.657–9 Imperial War Museum (London) II.379, III.409 International Arbitration and Peace Imperiali, Guglielmo I.274 Association II.576, 597 imperialism I.19–21, II.199–201 International Arbitration League II.597 ‘new’ I.405–6 International Committee of the Red Cross impossible pardon, L’ (film, 1918) III.495 (ICRC) I.187, 562, II.272–4, III.122, 134, Ince, Thomas Harper III.478 210, 272 Independent Bombing Force I.372–3 on imprisonment of civilians III.49, 260–1, 263 Independent Labour Party (ILP) II.587, 589, 599 planning of cemeteries III.572 India, I.431, II.670 International Committee of Women for expectations from Wilson at the Paris Peace Permanent Peace II.596 Conference I.509 International Dada Fair III.525 importance of to Britain I.407 International Labour Organisation I.174, involvement in war, importance of I.487–9 189–90, 197, II.637 nationalism I.487, 503, 509 international law I.564–6, 622–3, II.72 Non-Cooperation Movement I.429 application to states I.616–20 plans for Mesopotamia I.312–13 ‘crimes against humanity’ I.590 recruitment of troops from I.82 German violation of I.628–33 repression of nationalist movement I.181, manuals I.616 II.139 Martens clause I.623 India Home Rule League I.502 neutral rights II.542–3 Indian Army I.413–14, 489 obstacles to the effectiveness of I.623–9 in Africa I.442 sanctions for violating I.634–8 mutiny II.199–200 International Office of Public Health (1904)I.624 policing of empire I.407, 431–2 International Office of Public Hygiene (1907) Indian labourers I.624 and suffering in cold weather I.496 International Peace Bureau II.581, 595 racism towards I.497 International Prize Court I.623, 626 Indian National Congress I.509, II.139 International Research Council (IRC) II.439, Indian Ocean I.330 III.415 Indian soldiers I.502, III.627 International Scientific Unions II.439 execution of III.166 International Socialist Bureau II.581 religion and III.438–9 International Telegraph Union (1865)I.624,II.72 Indianapolis, war memorial III.546 International Women’s League II.92–3 Industrial Revolution I.17–18 International Women’sSuffrage Alliance Industrial Workers of the World I.524 II.596, III.112 industrialisation I.380–1 International Workers of the World II.602 Indy, Vincent d’ III.511, 516 internment I.575, III.224–5 infiltration tactic (German) II.166, 181 internment camps III.201, 224–5 see also influenza see Spanish flu concentration camps Ingenieros, José I.552 Iorga, Nicolae III.452 Inglis, Dr Elsie Maud III.127, 128–30 Ioteyko, Josefa III.407 Inglis, Ken III.534 IRA I.196

728

Index

Iran I.470, see also Persia trench system I.268, 277 Iran/Iraq War (1980–8) III.628 use of infiltration I.281, 285, 285–6 Iraq I.319, 430, 470, 588 Italian-Turkish War I.274, 465, 470, 471, 597 revolution in II.139 Italy I.40–1, 81, II.20 see also Mesopotamia agrarian economy II.394–5 Ireland III.625–6 air raids II.376 anti-war opposition II.100 anti-fascist resistance III.624 Catholic Church and conscription III.442 Arditi III.174, 449, 608 Home Rule campaign II.56 attack on Ottoman Empire in Libya (1911) insurrection II.135, 139 I.410–11, 470–1 minorities in III.232–3 civilian health and mortality II.481–2 RAF in I.431 civil−military relations II.101–2 violence II.670 claims for Dalmatia and Fiume II.619 see also Easter Rising competition over alliance with II.501–2 Irish Americans I.516, 523 conscientious objectors II.593 Irish Civil War I.196 decision to intervene I.248, 254 Irish National Party II.56 design and development of aircraft I.352, Irish Parliamentary Party III.233 358, 363, 369, 369, 373 Iriye, Akira I.530 entry to the war II.75–6 Iron Guard (Romanian) II.660 Fascist Party/fascist movement I.292, II.635, Isaac, Jules I.40, 54, III.417, 586 660 Isle of Man, internment camps III.225, 268 food shortages I.155, III.91–3 Isley, Jeter A. I.331 and Germany I.46 Ismail Enver Pasha see Enver Pasha government of war II.25–6 Isonzo (river) I.71, 273, II.26 historiography I.294–5 battles on I.276–7, 280, 284, 397, II.101 imports II.481–2 casualties I.71, 277, 280, 284 industrial mobilisation II.331 evacuees from III.191 martial law II.101 see also Caporetto, Battle of; Gorizia measures against foreigners III.223 Istanbul I.470 military influence I.271 Istria I.269 Ministry of Armaments and Munitions II.331 Italian army I.270–3, 275, II.101–2 national war effort I.280 demobilisation I.291–2 neutrality I.59, II.544–5 desertion and draft-dodging I.283, II.172, opposition to Serbia I.44 181, 401 peace movement II.583 discipline and punishment II.180–1 political system II.101 mobilisation of men and armaments post-war unrest and violence I.292, II.655 I.277–8, 289 recruitment system I.270–3 morale I.282–3, II.101–2 refugees in III.191, 195, 201–2 propaganda and morale II.193 ‘Regulations on Field Service’ I.627 surrender I.283, II.172, 181 signs Armistice II.30 Italian artillery, lost at Caporetto I.286–7 signs secret pact with the Entente and entry Italian Étappes III.248, 249 to the war I.274–5 Italian-Austrian Front I.19, 127–8, 295–6 social unrest II.135 alliances and I.281 strategies I.269–70 Austria-Hungary and I.158, 266 strikes II.353 battles on the I.276–7 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier III.546, 599 building (1914) trade unions II.345–8 effect of the Battle of Caporetto I.286–7 use of airplanes to dominate North Africa fatigue on I.283–4 I.432 military justice I.273–4, 283 war aims I.269–70 partial successes on (1916)I.278–80 war memorials III.377, 537 terrain I.267–8, 281 Iur’eva, Sofia Pavlovna III.127–8

729

Index

Ivanov, Nikolai I.237 jazz III.517 Ivanovo-Vosnesensk II.346 Jebb, Eglantyne I.188, III.62 Jehovah’s Witnesses II.593 J. P. Morgan Bank I.512 Jekyll, Gertrude III.572 J’Accuse (film, 1919)I.185, III.325–6, 498–9 Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John Rushworth I.327, 334, Jabavu, D. D. T. I.446 382, 516, II.486–7 Jackson, Alvin I.155 Jemal (Cemal) Pasha I.297, 301, 461, 472, 475, Jacobs, Aletta II.596 605, II.18, 30, 109–12 JaffaI.131, 476 Jerˇábek, Cˇestmír III.472 Jagger. Charles Sergeant III.541, 542 Jerusalem I.131, 187, 317, 422–3, 476, II.628, 630 Jagow, Gottlieb von I.35, 47, 57, II.14, 73, 77, food shortages II.368 79–80 suppression of newspapers II.372 Janco, Marcel III.524 Jessel, George III.156 Janowitz, Morris II.175 Jeunet, Jean-Pierre III.328 Janz, Oliver III.462 Jevdet Bey I.602 Japan I.181, 326–7, II.18, 75, 552–3, III.634 Jewish Bolshevism (Judeo-Bolshevism) ambitions for expansion in China I.490–1 I.142–3, 428 ambitions to become Western-style empire Jewish National Home I.422, 460, 470, 476–7, I.480, 510 595, 597, II.86, 509, III.208 animosity towards Germany I.480–1 Jews I.641, II.361, III.186, 217–18, 239 attack on Qingdao I.489, II.552 and Bolshevism I.142–3 civil−military relations II.102–4, 124–5 genocide (Second World War) III.630 Constitutional Association of Friends humanitarian aid for III.62 (Rikken Do¯shikai) II.63 in host armies III.231 diplomatic service II.69 in Second World War I.589–90 economic advantages of war I.504 loyalty to host nations III.434–5 economy II.106 mass expulsion of I.76–7 Emperor, role of in government II.62–3 offered a national home I.319 enters the war I.324, 481–2 in Ottoman army I.469 forms alliance with Britain I.481 paranoia relating to influence governance of II.10 of/deportation of by Russians/Russian importance of to both sides I.490 policy I.594–6, 603, III.268–70 Meiji Restoration I.480, II.62 population in Palestine I.476–7 Mukden Incident (1931) II.106 refugees III.204, 209, 211 pacifism in II.583 Russian Revolution and II.645–50, 662 Parliament II.62–4 treatment of in Galicia I.75, 642–3, II.103 and peace negotiations I.505–6, II.619 Jiang Tingfu I.501 post-war isolation II.636 Jim Crow laws (US) I.430, II.198–9, 202 prisoner-of-war camps II.269 Joan of Arc III.124–5, 162 relations with US II.105 Joan the Woman (film, 1916) III.485 support from I.426–8 Joffre, General Joseph Jacques Césare I.61, 69, treatment of Germans in I.490 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 103, 205, 209, 220, II.17, troops sent to Siberia II.106 22, 97–8, III.441 Twenty-One Demands (from China) II.80, appointment as Commander in Chief 105, 553 I.383–4, 385 women’s war effort I.503–4 attrition I.392 war with China I.480–3, II.104 carrier of Spanish flu virus III.343 war with Russia I.381, II.102–3, 153, 155, 262 Champagne offensive I.211–12 Japanese navy I.324, 329, 347, 398, 412, 503, 642, literary contribution III.510 II.221 logistics II.222 submarines II.257 planning of Somme offensive I.391 Jasic, Bishop of Ljubljana III.426 and provision of helmets II.249 Jaurès, Jean I.36, 60, II.52, 97, 582 relations with Gallieni II.23

730

Index

Joffre, General Joseph Jacques Césare (cont.) Kalgoorlie III.264 replaced by General Nivelle I.217 Kalisz I.571 sent to United States I.117 Kamara, Kande III.168–9 strategic command I.379, 380, 391, 397 Kamerun see Cameroon temperament I.377 Kancher, E. S. III.214 on the Vietnamese I.497 Kandinsky, Wladimir III.506, 507, 523–06 Vimy Ridge I.210–11 Improvisation 30 (Canonen) III.506 Johannesburg Kansas City, war memorial III.546 cenotaph III.555 Karadjordjevic´, King Alexander II.659 gold mines I.450 Karadjordjevic´ family II.19 Johannsen, Ernst, Vier von der infanterie (1930) Karl I, Emperor I.158, 160, 161 III.471 Kars I.472 Johnson, Sergeant Henry III.164 Karst (Carso) I.278–81, 279, 285, 289 Joll, James, The Origins of the First World War Kartitsch II.405 (1984)I.16–17, 485 Kato Takaaki II.75, 80, 105 The Unspoken Assumptions (1968)I.41, 61 Kato, Baron I.481, II.18 Jordan, David Starr II.600–2 Katsura Taro, General II.105 Jordan, Edwin III.354 Kattegat II.563 Jordan, River I.430 Kauders, Walter III.323–5 Jorge, Ricardo III.352 Kaufmann, Dr Fritz III.321–2 Jouhaux, Léon II.348 Kautsky, Karl II.66 Jourdain, Henry III.155 Kautt, William II.135 Journal, Le III.495 Kazan Cathedral III.425 Journal de Genève III.459 Keiger, John I.56 Journal des réfugiés du Nord III.198 Keller, Alfred III.535 journalists III.408 Kelly, Catriona III.32 Joyeux Noel (film, 2005) III.425 Kemnitz, Arthur von II.77 Joynson-Hicks, William I.358 Kennan, George F. I.16, 463 Julian, Rupert III.498 Kennedy, George Studdert (Woodbine July crisis I.39–64 Willie) III.420 imperialism and I.411 Kennel, Pierre II.592 Ottoman Empire and I.470 Kennington, Eric III.513 Jung Siegfried (film, 1918) III.485 Kenyon, David II.226–8 Jünger, Ernst I.114, II.155, III.10, 467–8, 472, 474, Kenyon, Sir Frederick III.572 487, 632 Kerensky, Alexander I.116, 264, II.52, 208, 213, Der Kampf als Inneres Erlebnis (1928) II.143 III.426 Storms of Steel (1920) III.468 approval of female soldiers III.144–5 Jury’s Imperial Pictures III.482 Kerensky offensive (1917)I.235 Jus Suffragii, III.123 Kérillis, Captain I.365 Jutland I.40 Kerr, Philip II.86, 89 Battle of I.321, 323, 328, 334–6, 642 Kessler, Count II.514, 515 use of radio telegraphy at I.382, II.254 Kevles, Daniel II.435 juvenile delinquency III.39–40, 43 Kévorkian, Raymond I.610 Keynes, John Maynard I.175, 178, II.408, Kacˇak movement II.657–9 III.410 Kaden-Bandrowski, Juliusz III.449 Khalil Pasha II.111 Kaes, Anton III.325 Kiaochou I.426 Kahn, André III.9 Kieger, John I.56 Kahnweiler, Daniel III.516 Kiel, sailors revolt II.132, 211, 614 Kaitseliit (Estonian) II.657 Kiel Canal I.34, II.565 Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes II.445, 451 Kienthal Conference (1916) II.353, 599 Kaiserschlacht offensive (1918)I.147–50, 289, Kiev I.142 393, 399 Kilimanjaro, Mount I.326, 440

731

Index

Killinger, Manfred von II.653 Korea I.427, 431, II.670 King Visits his Armies in the Great Advance, The independence movement I.508–9 (ﬁlm, 1916) III.483 Korkina, E. P. III.172 King, Mick III.165 Körner, Theodor III.460 King’s Park (Western Australia), Kosovo II.657–9 commemorative tree planting III.549 civilian attacks I.74 Kinsky, Countess III.122 Kosovo Polje, Battle of (1389) III.375 Kipling, John (Jack) III.596, 597 Kostyleva, Valentina III.156 Kipling, Rudyard II.442, III.380, 394, 397, 550, Kovno III.228 575, 596 Kozlowski, Dr. III.323 Kirtland, Helen Johns III.124 Kozma, Miklós II.653 Kisch, Egon Erwin III.453 Krabov submarine II.254 Als Soldat im Prager Korps/Schreib das auf Kraepelin, Emil III.287 Kisch! (1929) III.453 Kramer, Alan I.161, II.276, 285, III.159, 217, 424 Kitchener, Lord Horatio Herbert I.106–7, 211, Krasnoyarsk prisoner of war camp II.279 301, 302, 310, 384, II.462 Kraus, Karl II.144, III.412 charismatic leadership I.377 Krauss, Henri III.495 death of I.422 Kress von Kressenstein, General Friederich and the Egyptian Empire scheme I.421–2 I.301, 315, II.111 grand v. military strategy I.379 Kries, Wolfgang von III.248 imprisonment of South Africans III.260 Kristov Commission I.632 orders assault on Gallipoli peninsula I.419 Krithia (Gallipoli) I.308 plans for Ottoman Empire I.419 Kronstadt naval mutiny II.210 and politics II.99 Krupp steelworks I.353, 355–6, II.334 voluntary enlistment campaign II.24–5 Kuhl, General Hermann von I.147 Kleist Prize III.456 Kuhlman, Erika III.379 Klemm, Wilhelm III.297 Kühlmann, Richard von I.138, 157, II.28, 30, Kluck, General von I.390 83–5, 515 Klychkov, Sergei, The Sugary German (1925) Kuhnert, Adolfo Artur III.472 III.466 Kum Kale (Gallipoli) I.30 Knobelsdorf, General I.91, 93 Kun, Béla II.206, 289, 623, 646, 649 Knockaloe internment camp III.225, 230 Kuncz, Aladar, Le monastère noir (1934) III.278 Knocker, Elsie (Baroness T’Serclaes) III.127, Künstler, Franz III.592, 620 140, 141 Kuo Mintang II.10 Flanders and Other Fields (1964) III.141, 172–3 Kurdistan II.629 Koch, Robert III.349 Kurds I.462–3, II.627, 630–1 Kogenluft I.367 attacks on Armenians I.78 America Programme I.367 deportation of I.591–2 Kohl, Helmut III.625 in Ottoman army I.468 Kohler, Josef I.630 Kurland, deportations from III.205 Kokoschka, Oskar III.507 Kurnah I.420 Kokotsov, Vladimir II.14 Kusmanec, General I.247 Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr II.648 Kut-al-Amara (Mesopotamia) I.73, 312–13, Kollantai, Alexandra III.76 313–14, 390, 420, 421, 580, II.111, 284–5, Koller, Christian III.235, 236 III.574, 627 Kollwitz, Käthe III.364–5, 370, 380–1 Kutcher, Arthur III.448 memorials III.529 Kutuzov, Mikhail I.245, 257, 264 The Elders III.380 Kwantung Army II.106 The Mothers III.523 The Parents III.374, 596, 643 Lacerba (magazine) III.394 Kollwitz, Peter III.596 Lafayette We Come! (ﬁlm, 1917) III.494 Königgrätz (Sadowa) (1866)I.281 Lahy, J. M. III.407 Konya I.606 Lake Naroch I.92, 99, 257

732

Index

Lambert, George III.519 League of Loyal Women (South Australia) Lammasch, Heinrich II.43 III.600 Lamprecht, Karl III.400 League of Nations I.189, 195–6, 197, 429, 430, Lancet, The III.315, 328, 346 457, 476, II.83, 505, 517, 636–7, III.603, 615, Lancken, Baron von der II.83 616 Lange, Willy III.584 and Abyssinia II.605 Langemark, Battle of III.596 aid to Armenian children III.61–2 mass grave III.580 and Austria II.425 Langenhove, Fernand van I.570 and disease III.356 Lansdowne, Lord II.513 Latin America and I.551–2 Lansing, Robert II.76, 85, 87, 530 and Saarland II.617 Laqueur, Thomas III.376 League of Nations Commission I.505 Larnaude, Fernand I.633 League of Nations Society II.597–8, 599, 601 Larousse (publishers) III.463 League of Nations Union II.598 Larronde, Carlos III.463 League to Enforce Peace II.601 Lascelles, Alan ‘Tommy’ III.54–5 leave III.21 Latin America I.544 effect on children III.38 charitable support from immigrants I.538 Lebailly, C. III.325–6 declaration of war I.547 Lebanon I.297, 319, 430, II.628, 630 economy I.541–4, 550–1 Lebedev, Vladimir III.509 German sympathisers I.540–1 Lebel rifle II.250 governance II.9–10 Lectures pour tous, 1916 III.124 immigration from Europe I.536 Leeds III.192 immigration stopped I.544 Lee-Enfield rifle II.250 imports and exports I.535, 550–1 Léger, Fernand III.511, 520 intellectual elite, mobilisation of I.538–41 Legien, Carl II.355 Italians I.537 Lehmbruck, Wilhelm III.521 mobilisation of European communities Leighton, Roland III.289, 366 I.537–8 Leipzig neutrality I.534–6, 548–50 food consumption II.365 post-war I.550 strike II.349, 352 propaganda I.546 war crime trials I.583, 584, 636–7, II.289 social unrest I.544–5 Lekeux, Martial, Mes cloîtres dans la tempête war culture I.545–6 (1922) III.468 Latvia II.137–8, 656–7, III.214 Lemartin, Léon, II.241 Latzko, Andreas III.302 Lemberg (Lvov) I.72, III.147 Launoy, Jane de III.296 radical nationalism II.363 Laurencin, Marie III.267, 507 Lemberg, Battle of I.235 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923)I.173, 613–14, II.632, Lemkin, Raphael I.89, 589, III.281 III.226 Lemnos, hospitals III.292 Lavisse, Ernest III.403–4, 457 LeNaour, Jean-Yves III.25 Lawlor, Private D. M. III.66 Lenard, Philip II.442 Lawrence, D. H. III.540 Leni, Paul III.495 Lawrence, Dorothy III.124 Lenin, V. I. I.116, 137, 138, 179, II.30, 37, 83, Lawrence, T. E. I.180, 197, 316–19, 415, 422, 84, 130, 210, 322, 513, 519–20, 529, 536, 580, 423, 460, III.472 III.394 Lazio II.400 peace negotiations II.60–1, 595, 599, 603, 605, Le Havre III.197 609 Le Van Nghiep (Vietnamese soldier) I.498 revolution defeatism III.428 Le Vieil-Armand cemetery III.584 Lens I.100 chapel III.582 Lentulov, Aristarkh III.517 League of Free Nations Association Leon, Xavier III.370 II.598, 602 Leopold II, King of the Belgians I.20, 21

733

Index

Lersch, Heinrich III.455 Lincoln, Abraham I.381 Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly III.124 Lindemann, Frederick II.457 Lessing, Doris III.59–60 Linden, P. W. A. Cort van der II.566 Lessing, Theodor III.287 Linton, Derek I.409 Lest we Forget (film, 1917) III.494 List, Friedrich I.594 letters III.52–6, 114–15, 637 literacy III.446–7 announcing loss III.56 literary prizes III.456 between couples III.10–27, 115, 157 literature and gender roles III.155–6 between fathers and children III.37 Lithuania I.72, 141, 529, II.529, 657, III.214 Jammerbriefe (moaning letters) III.17–18 Lithuanian Riflemen Union II.657 Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul von I.131, 326 Litt, Paul I.515, 525 in East Africa I.424–5, 438–40, 447, 453, Little, Major Arthur West, Fron Harlem to the II.123–4 Rhine (1936) III.164 insubordination I.385 Little, Roger W. II.175 Leuna, chemicals factory II.479 Litvinov, Maxim II.84 levée en masse I.562 Liulevicius, Vejas III.248 Levene, Mark I.595 Liverpool III.192 Lever, Charles III.155 Livonia I.141 Levine, Isaac Don III.146, 151 Lix, Antoinette III.125 Levy, Hyman II.453 Llandudno, Christian peace gathering Lewis guns I.227 see also machine guns II.586 Lewis, Sam M. III.174 Lloyd, David III.377 Lewis, Wyndham III.519 Lloyd George, David I.83, 103, 106, 129, 146, lewisite gas II.260 163, 340, 386, 396, 522, II.57–9, 84, 443, 487, Lex Bassermann-Erzberger I.32 508, 524 Li Yuanhong, President I.491 agrarian policy II.392 Liang Qichao I.482, 483–4 air attacks on Germany’s crops I.357 Liang Shiyi I.484–5, 492 Briand−Lancken affair II.515 Liaodong Peninsula I.481 Caxton Hall speech (1918)I.136, II.86 libraries III.408 diplomatic advice II.85–6 Libya (Trablusgarp) and French demands II.535 Italy’s occupation of I.464, 470–1, 597 goals at the Paris Peace Conference II.616 Senussi fight against Italian colonisation of and Haig I.124–5, 217–19, 220, 370, 393–4, I.447–8 399, II.99 lice III.298, 301 heckled by Glasgow workers II.603 Lick Observatory II.450 industrial disputes II.339, 351–2, 355 Liddell Hart, Basil I.149, 156, 343, II.455 limits on neutral imports II.468 Lidin, Vladimir, The Grave of the Unknown and the Middle East I.131, 422, 430 Soldier (1931) III.466 Pacific colonies I.426, 428 Lieber Code I.627 at the Paris Peace Conference I.175–6 Lieber, Francis I.627 peace negotiations II.88–9, 515 Liebknecht, Karl I.165, 193–4, II.50, 211, 213, 349, plans for Germany after the Armistice II.537 602–3, 604, 670 production of armaments I.90 Lieth-Thomsen, Colonel Hermann von der recovery of trade with Russia II.537 I.361 religion III.442 Lieven, Dominic II.138 support for General Nivelle I.118, 119 Liévin I.183 and Supreme War Council I.399 Lille I.353 total war policy II.463 commemorative sculpture III.543 on the victory parade III.596 transportation of women workers from I.574 War Memoirs I.40 war memorial III.554 Lloyd Wright, Frank I.23 Liller Kriegszeitung III.157 Lloyds of London I.344 Limbourg III.197 Lobato, José Bento Monteiro I.552

734

Index

Locarno II.89 on expansion of Germany army I.31 Locarno Treaties (1925) III.615 final Allied attacks and surrender I.152–4, Locchi, Vittorio, ‘Sagra di Santo Gorizia’ 345 (‘Festival of Santa Gorizia’) III.462 on military v. civilian leadership II.92–3, Lochner, Louis II.601 116–23 Lockhart, Robert Bruce II.84 morale of I.170 Lodge, Oliver III.436 on morale II.174 logistics II.218–39 nervous breakdown I.377 Lombard Peace Union II.583 on Spanish flu III.342 London relationship with Bethmann Hollweg air attacks on I.581–2, II.375, III.106 II.27–8 commemoration in II.379 requisition of horses I.343 food queues II.366 ruling of Baltic states I.417 food rationing II.365 significance of Amiens II.235–6 German population II.362 Spring offensive (1918)I.138, 145–8, 150–1, strikes II.331, 354 169, 223–7 Treaty of (1839)I.629 strategic command (attrition) I.393 Treaty of (April 1915)I.254, II.20, 79, support for naval policy II.486, 487 502, 545 on tactics II.181 underground II.375–6 on tanks II.170, 264 victory parade I.184 and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk I.342 war exhibitions II.370 on unrestricted submarine warfare I.632 London Conference (1915)I.176 use of infiltration tactic II.166 London Declaration (1914) II.496 Lüders, Marie-Elisabeth III.89 London Film Company III.483 Ludwig, King of Bavaria III.125 London Naval Conference (1909/1911)I.564, Ludwigshafen I.355 626 Lugones, Leopoldo I.336, 535 London Peace Society II.579, 585–6 Lunn, Joe III.627 Löns, Hermann III.448 Lupkow Pass I.253, 254 Loos I.101 Lusitania, sinking of I.74, 80, 514–15, 579, 603, Indian Corps I.413 632, II.485, 544–5, 601, III.224, 227 use of gas I.70 cinematic depiction of III.494 Lorentz, Henrik Antoon III.412 Lutheranism III.421 Los Angeles Times III.123 Luttrell, Emily III.528–9 Lossberg, Colonel von I.252 Lutyens, Edwin III.572 Loucheur, Louis I.371 Cenotaph I.47, 52, 55, 64, III.596–7 Loudon, John II.558 Civil Service Rifles memorial III.549 Louvain I.631, II.373 Stone of Remembrance III.536, 573 burning of university library II.440 Thiepval Memorial to the Missing III.552, Lübeck II.132 554 Ludendorff, General Erich I.90, 100, 113, 134–6, Luxburg, Count Carl von II.572 156, 162, 167, 212, 232, 256, 281, 318, 389, Luxembourg II.510–11, 574 II.48, 49, 80, 85, 87, 448, 488, III.442 geographical location of II.574 attack on Verdun I.212–14 German invasion of II.556, 557 ‘battle of materiel’ (Materialschlacht) II.168, Luxemburg, Rosa I.193–4, II.212, 213, 610, 670, 448 III.112 Battle of Tannenberg I.239–46 Luxeuil I.363 on cinema III.481–2 Luzzatti, Luigi III.195 on cultural policy III.409 Lvov, Prince George II.30, III.425 demand for Armistice negotiations I.395, Lyautey, General Hubert I.119, II.23 II.30, 530–1 Lynch, Frank III.542, 581 establishes a Commanding General of the Lynker, Moriz von I.47 Air Forces I.361–2 Lys, Battle of (Operation Georgette, 1918)I.150

735

Index

Maastricht III.198 Mahfouz, Naguib I.474 MacMahon, Patrice de II.50 Mahmud Kâmil I.476 Macaú, torpedoing of the I.547 Mahmud Shevket, Grand Vizier II.109–10 McCormick, Captain A. I.496 Maier, Charles III.610 MacCurdy, John T., War Neuroses (1918) main d’œuvre feminine dans les usines de guerre, III.154–77 La (film, 1916) III.486 McCurdy, John II.241 main dressing stations III.295 MacDonald, Ramsay II.24, 598, 599 Maine Sailors and Soldiers Memorial (1926) McDowell, John III.490 III.372 Macedonia, II.547, 625, 626, III.627 Mainz II.535 civilian attacks I.74 Maison de la Presse III.408 malaria in III.289 Makepeace, Clare III.26 post-war violence II.657–9 Makhno, Nestor II.648 Macedonian front (Salonica), collapse I.135 Maklakov, Nicolai I.54 McGee, Isabella III.80–2, 93 Mal Tepe (Gallipoli) I.304 Machado, Bernadino II.20 Malaparte, Curzio III.449 Machen, Arthur III.436 malaria II.283, 481, III.289, 293 Machin, Alfred III.476 Malcolm, Lt Douglas, trial of III.23–4 machine guns I.205–6, 205–7, Malevantsy II.592 II.155–6 Malevitch, Kazimir III.510, 513 portable (Lewis guns) I.227 Malins, Geoffrey III.490 Macke, Auguste III.56, 521 Malkki, Liisa III.207 Macke, Elisabeth III.56 Malmaison fortress (Chemin des Dames) I.118, McKenna, First Lord Reginald I.410, III.224 123 Mackensen, General August von I.253, 255, Malta I.323 261, 389, II.259, III.442 Malvy, Louis II.24, III.423 MacKenzie, David I.512 Manchester III.61, 609 McKenzie, Robert Tait, The Homecoming III.540 Spanish flu in III.334 Mackinder, Sir John Halford, I.330, strikes in II.331, 352, 380 353, II.528 Manchuria I.427 Britain and the British Seas (1902)I.331 Manela, Erez I.173 McLaren, Barbara, Women of the War (1918) Mangin, General Charles I.97–8, 214, 226, III.130 414–15, 417, 443 McMahon, Sir Henry I.316, 319, II.78 La force noire (1910)I.408, III.165 McMeekin, Sean I.412 Manifesto of the 93 (‘Appeal to the Civilized Macmillan, Chrystal II.596 World’ (1914)) II.439–41, III.397, Macmillan, Margaret I.175, 521 398–9, 413 McNeile, Herman Cyril (‘Sapper’) III.455. Manikau Heads (New Zealand) war memorial See also Sapper III.545 Ma˛czka, Józef III.449 Mann,Thomas, Betrachtungen eines ‘Mad Mullah’ (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) Unpolitischen (Reflections of an I.431 Unpolitical Man) (1919) III.395 Madagascan troops I.415 Mannerheims, General Carl II.649 Mädchenpost III.125 Mannheim, strikes II.352 Madelon, La (film, 1918) III.496 Manning, Frederic II.182–3 Magdhaba, Battle of III.367 Her Privates We (1930) III.465 Magnard, Albéric III.521 Mannix, Cardinal III.429 Magyars II.621–2, 623 Mansfield, Katherine III.362–4, 370 Mahan, Captain Alfred Thayer I.321, 326, Mantoux, Etienne I.178 339, 405 Manual of International Law for the use of Army Maheux, Angeline III.16, 18, 26 Officers (1893)I.627 Maheux, Sergeant Frank III.8, 12, 16, Manual of Maritime War (1913)I.627 18, 19 Manual of Military Law (1883)I.627

736

Index

Manual of the Laws and Customs of War on Land Matisse, Auguste III.277 (1880)I.619 Matisse, Henri III.516 Manual of the Laws of War (Oxford Manual) Matscheko, Franz von II.72 (1880)I.627 Maude, Lt General Stanley I.314, 421 Manuel, King of Portugal II.20 Maudite soit le guerre (film, 1914) (Cursed Be maps, battlefront I.208 War!) III.476 Ma˘ra˘es¸es¸ti, Battle of III.146, 161 Mauny, Léa III.14 Marc, Franz III.506, 507, 512, 521 Maurice, General Sir Frederick II.58 Forms in Combat (1914) III.506 Maurras, Charles III.394 Les loups (1913) III.507 Mauser factory (Obendorf), air raid on I.363 Marcel, Pierre III.426, 477 Mauser K98 rifle II.250 March, William, Company K (1933) III.465 Mauthausen prisoner-of-war camp II.278 marching songs, misogynistic III.153, 159 Max Rascher (publisher) III.472 Mardiganian, Aurora III.208 Maxe, Leo III.229 Maria Adelheid, Grand Duchess of Maxwell, General Sir John I.300, 315 Luxembourg II.556 Mazower, Mark II.65 Mariana Islands I.326–7, 329, 426 medical boards III.293–4 Marinetti, Filippo III.401, 449 medical practices III.298–9 Zang Tumb Tuum (1912–14) III.507 Mediterranean Sea I.329 Marne, Battle of I.169, 353, II.22, 154, 506, naval war II.481–2 III.300 Meeson, Dora III.519 failure in the command structure and I.380 Megiddo, Battle of I.160, 318, III.426 logistics II.222 Méheut, Mathurin III.519 munitions used at II.297 Mehmed Said Halim Pasha II.110, 111 Marne, River I.151, 205, 226 Mehmed Talaat Pasha see Talaat Pasha Marocaine, Fathima la III.128 Mehmet V, Sultan II.18, 110 marraines de guerre (godmothers of war) III.116 Mehmet VI, Sultan II.215 marriage III.6–28 Mehrtens, Herbert II.438 rates III.50–1 Meidner, Ludwig, Cities under Bombardment marseillaise, La (song) III.496 (1912) III.506 Marshall, Catherine II.596 Meiji (Mutsuhito), Emperor II.10, 105 Marshall Islands I.326–7, 329, 426 Melbourne Marten, Howard III.410 food protests II.365, 367, 378 Martens, Fyodor Fyodorovich I.563, 623, 628 Shrine of Remembrance III.546 martial law II.93, 97, 101 Memel I.195 Martin, Louis III.102 memorial buildings III.533–5 Martin, Thomas S. I.112 memorial towers III.539, 546 Martino, Giacomo de II.75 Mendès-Catulle, Jane III.596 Martonne, Emmanuel de III.407 Menin Gate III.552, 579 Marwick, Arthur III.132 Menin Road, Battle of (1917)I.125, 222 Marx, Karl II.648, III.72 Mennonites II.577, 579, 590–3, III.433 Marxists I.23, 24 Mensdorff, Count II.86 Masaryk, Tomas II.206, 525–6, 613, 640 Mensheviks II.35, 82 Masatake, General Terauchi I.427 mental illness III.225 see also shell shock Masreel, Franz III.523 Mercanton, Louis III.495 Massis, Henri III.395 merchant shipping, protection of I.339–42, 347, Masson, Maurice III.6–8, 13–15 II.305–6 Masterman, Charles III.402, 610 Mercier, Cardinal, Archbishop of Mechelen Masurian Lakes I.46, 239–40, 287 III.435 Mata Hari III.123 Mercure de France (magazine) III.456 Matejko, Jan I.241 Mères Françaises (film, 1917) III.495 mathematicians II.445 Mervyn Bourne Higgins Bursary Fund Matin, Le III.124, 172 III.368

737

Index

Mesopotamia I.131, 299, 312–15, 418–19, 420–1, Millon, Abbé Gaston III.440 II.630, III.289 see also Iraq Mills, William II.252, 265 casualties I.313 Milyukov, Pavel N. II.35–6, 37, 39–40 Messines Ridge I.125, 220–1 Milza, Pierre II.26 mining attack II.449–50 Ministry of Munitions II.311, 329 use of tanks II.170 Health of Munitions Workers Committee Messter, Oskar III.480 III.83–5 Messter-Woche (‘Messter’s Week’) III.480 training for women III.82 Metropolitan III.148 Ministry of National Service II.331 Metzger, Colonel Josef I.34–5 minorities III.216–17 Meurthe-et-Moselle I.569 dispersed III.217 Meuse, River I.93, 95, 96, 213 exploited III.221, 235–8, 240 Meuse-Argonne region immigrants III.219 American and French attack on I.230 integrated III.220, 221, 230–5, 239–40 logistics issues II.237–8 localised III.218–19, 239 use of tanks II.171 memorials for III.542, 583 Mexican Revolution I.526 persecution of III.220, 221–9, 238–9 Mexican-American War (1846–8)I.526 Minsk I.72, II.656, III.228 Mexico I.61–4, 511, 531, 548, II.542 miracles III.436 conflict with United States I.525–9, II.60 Mirbach, Count II.650 exports I.543 Miroir, Le II.666, III.128 German aid/alliance I.526, 528–9, 546 Mitchell, General ‘Billy’ I.371 Germany sympathy I.541 Mitchell, Lt A. III.66 and League of Nations I.551 Mitrinovic, Dimitri III.506 neutrality I.548–50, II.558, 571 Mitteleuropa II.506–8, 523, III.407, 621 plan of San Diego I.526, 528 Mitterrand, François III.625 US imports to I.517, 535 Mitterndorf III.191 Meyer, Jessica III.10 Mittler (publisher) III.468 Michael offensive see Operation Michael Mladost (Slovenian Catholic monthly) III.420 Michaelis, Georg II.28, 48–9 Moede, Walther III.407 Michelin brothers I.353 Mogiliev I.387 Mickiewicz, Adam III.460 Moisin-Nagant rifle II.250 Middle East I.131, 422, 430–1, 461, II.533 Molokans II.592 casualties I.459–60 Moltke the Elder, Helmuth von (uncle of Midyat I.608 Helmuth von Moltke) I.37, 55, 61, 385, Mierisch, Helene III.160 II.94–6 migration III.51–2 use of telegraph I.381 Milev, Geo III.467, 473 Moltke, Helmuth von I.31, 47, 238, 239, II.16, Groszni Prozi (‘Ugly Writings in Prose’) 17, 27, 116–18, 125 III.467 on economic warfare II.483 ‘Meine Seele’ (‘My Soul’) III.467 and failure of the Schlieffen Plan I.390–1 Militärwochenblatt I.28 fear of Russian rearmament I.243 Military Inspector for Voluntary Nursing on the inevitability of war I.55–6, 61 III.133 invasion of France and Belgium I.36 military justice II.178–81, 666, 668–9, III.166 modification of the Schlieffen Plan Military Service Acts (1916) II.330, 587, 589 I.204–5 military strategic command I.386–93 nervous breakdown I.377 military technology, industrialisation of I.563 occult religion III.442 Military Virtue Medal III.146 power over military strategy I.387 Miliukov, Paul II.82, 130 preparation of airships for war I.351–2 Miller, G. A. II.453 strategic command I.378–9, 380, 388 Millerand, Alexandre II.22, 23, 97, III.477 on war against Serbia I.34, 35, 52 Millikan, Robert II.447 Mombauer, Annika I.41, 55

738

Index

Mommsen, Wolfgang I.41, 60 Moscow Monelli, Paolo III.472 anti-German riots I.603 Moneta, Ernesto II.583 German population II.362 Mongolia I.427, II.553 peace association II.583 Monro, General Sir Charles I.420 protest movements III.608 Monroe Doctrine (1823)I.22, 430, Mosse, George I.191, II.165, III.616, 627 529–31, 534 Fallen Soldiers (1990) II.641 Monroe, President James I.526 motherhood, representation of on war Mons III.189 memorials III.372–3 ‘angels’ of III.436 motorised transport II.226–9, 232, 237 Mont Saint-Quentin I.230 Mott, F. W. III.319–20, 321, 331 battle at III.368 Moudros Armistice II.30, 80, 214, 533 Montague, C. E. III.448 Mount Sorrel, Battle of III.15–16 Monte Nero I.267 mountain warfare I.278, 281 Monte Pasubia I.641 logistical problems II.233 Montenegro II.625 Mountbatten, Lord Louis I.334 Montreal Patriotic Fund III.10 Mouquet Farm I.103–4 Monument aux Fusillés III.543 mourning III.358–84, 592–3 Monument to the Unknown Hero (Serbia) collective III.596 III.354, 374 intellectual community and III.416 Moraes, Pina de III.472 of individuals III.361–71 morale I.282–3, II.174–95 poetry and III.380 comradeship and maintenance of ‘primary religion and III.381–3 groups’ II.182–6 ritual of III.594–5 discipline and II.177–81, 195 MOVE (Hungarian National Defence Union) leadership and II.188–90 II.654 motivation and II.181–2 Moynier, Gustave I.634 and mutiny II.197 Mozambique (Portuguese steamship) III.334 and provision for basic needs II.186–7 Mozambique I.438 recreation and II.187–8 Makombe rising I.445 religion and I.181 Spanish ﬂu in III.334 training and II.177 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus II.370 use of cinema to boost III.486–7 Mukden, Battle of (1905)I.66, 381 use of propaganda for II.194–5 battle tactics II.153 Morando, Pietro III.641 mud I.221, 222–3, 642 Morane, Léon II.241 Mueller, Georg Alexander von I.36 Moravia II.613 Muenier, Pierre-Alexis, L’angoisse de Verdun Moravian agreement (1905) II.634 (1918) III.451 Mordtmann, Dr I.606 Muhammad Farid I.474 Moreau, Émilienne III.125 Mukden Incident (1931) II.106 Morel, E. D. II.83, 598 Müler, Anita III.210 Morgan, Anne, III.605 Müller, Hermann I.174, II.620 Morgan’s Bank I.86 Muller, Konrad Felix, Soldier in Shelter III.520 Morgenthau, Henry I.577 Mumford, Lewis, II.457, III.533 Morning Post II.598 The Culture of Cities (1938) II.376 Moroccan Crisis (1911)I.28, 31, 48, 351, 409–10, Munch, Edvard III.514 II.506 Munich II.372, 653, III.543, 609 Morocco I.473 munitions Morse code I.334 production II.300–1, 338 Morte Homme I.96–7 requirements II.297 Morto Bay (Gallipoli) I.306 women’s role in III.80–2 Morton, Desmond I.514 Munitions of War Act (1915) (Britain) I.79, Morvan, Jean David III.328 II.311, 329–30, 345, 347, 351

739

Index

Munro, Dr Hector III.141 National League of Jewish Frontline Soldiers Münsterberg, Hugo III.428–9 III.231 Murray, Sir Archibald I.315–16 National Physical Laboratory (London) II.454 Murray, Dr Flora III.129 National Registration Act (1915)I.82, II.330 Murray, Gilbert III.402 National Review III.229 The Foreign Policy of Sir Edward Grey (1915) National Socialism II.660 III.403 National Union of Women’sSuffrage Musakov, Vladimir, Kurvari Petna (‘Blood Societies III.82, 128 Stains’) III.468 nationalism I.19, II.363, 606, III.216 museums III.409 radical III.608 music III.505, 509–11, 517 Nationalists (Russia) II.34, 38 Musil, Robert III.394, 539 nationality principle II.524, 525–30 Muslims, III.218 Native Americans I.523 call to support war effort III.427 natural law I.616–17, 618, 623 Indian III.438–9 naval mines I.346 refugees III.203 naval war crimes I.578–80 Russian I.595, 596 naval warfare I.564, 641–2 transfer of to Greece I.613–14, III.226 regulation of I.622, 626–7 Mussolini, Benito I.292, II.101, 655, 660, III.214, violations of I.632–3 430, 583, 607, 608, 624, 632 navalism, new I.405 Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) I.419, 464, Nazarenes II.579, 593 465, 592, 612, II.111, 138, 214–17, 629–30, Nazi Party II.214 631, 651 Nazis I.589–90, II.641–4, III.527, 616 mustard (yperite) gas I.146, 568, II.168, Eastern Front III.633 260, 445 foreign policy III.623 Muste, A. J. II.590 removal of memorials III.531 mutiny II.196 Near East Relief I.188 myalgia III.301 Neiberg, Michael I.517 Myers, C. S. III.315–18, 319–21, 328, 329 Nékloudoff, Anatol II.15 Mygatt, Tracy II.596 Nelson, Lord I.322, 332 Nemitz, Captain A. V. II.81 Nación, La I.535 nephritis III.301 Nagymegyer concentration camp I.272 Nernst, Walther II.442, 443, 445, 452 Namibia, imprisonment of Herero and Nama Netherlands II.542 people III.259 agrees not to export to Germany II.466 Namier, Lewis III.402 Anti-War Council II.596 Nansen, Fridtjof I.188 Belgian refugees III.189, 194–201 Nansen certificate I.188 credit II.423 Napoleon I (Bonaparte) I.210, 264, 381, 382, 465 defensive plans II.564 on the English navy I.321 effect of financial mobilisation II.414 Russian campaign I.234 financial demobilisation II.428 Napoleon III I.37, 382, 617, II.9 geographical location and neutrality Napoleonic Wars II.606 II.557–8 Narrows, the (Dardanelle Straits) I.309 home-produced food exported to Germany Nash, John III.520 II.469–70 Nash, Paul III.520, 642 loans II.418 Nasiriyah I.300, 312–13, 421 neutrality and domestic policy II.569 National Assembly of Austria III.323 pacifism II.593 National Council of Czech Countries post-war finance II.430–2 II.525–6 pre-war public expenditure II.411 national defence bonds, promotion of taxation II.423, 430 III.484–5 trade and home consumption agreements National French Women’s Council III.85–6 II.565–6

740

Index

Netherlands (cont.) approval of female soldiers III.144 trade with belligerents II.559 disillusion with II.207–8 US exports to II.422, 469 and Parliament II.34–5, 38, 39 war expenditure II.422 personality and governance of II.11–12 Netherlands Overseas Trust Company (NOT) pre-war Peace Conferences I.563, 618–19 II.566, 568–9 refusal to negotiate with Berlin II.10 Neue Freie Presse I.133 religion III.442 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of (1919)I.173, II.615, takes command of the army II.29 625–7, 657 Nicolai, Georg Friedrich III.411 neurological conditions III.310 Nicolle, C. III.325–6 Neutral Conference for Continuous Nietzsche, Friedrich III.418, 421 Mediation II.601 Nightingale, Florence III.124 Neutrality League II.596 Nikolai, Grand Duke Nikolaevitch I.241, II.102–3 Neuve Chapelle, Battle of (1915)I.68, 209–10 Nikolsk Ussurisk II.279 Indian Corps at I.413 Nitti, Francesco, La décadence de l’Europe (1923) Nevinson Christopher R. W. I.640, III.516, 519 I.553 Paths of Glory (1917) III.521 Nivelle, General Robert I.97–8, 117–23, 214, New Cultural Movement (China) I.506 219–20, II.23, 91–3, 604 New Delhi, ‘India Gate’ III.546 on aerial warfare I.364 New England Non-Resistance Society II.580, strategic command I.379 590 supersedes Haig I.393–4 New Guinea I.326 use of Senegalese to ‘spare’ French troops New Mexico I.526 I.415 New York II.483 Nivelle offensive see Chemin des Dames victory parade I.184 Nivet, Philippe II.15 New York Times III.125, 150, 424 Nixon, General Sir John I.312–14 New Zealand I.429 Nizhny Novgorod III.206 commemorative statues III.542 No-Conscription Fellowships (NCF) II.586, conscientious objection II.579 587–90, 596, III.410 conscription and conscientious objectors Nobel Prizes II.441, 458 II.589–90 Nolde, Baron Boris II.81 and German Samoa I.326 Nolte, Ernst II.643 recruitment of troops from I.82 no-man’s-land I.66–7, 205, 216, III.138 war memorials III.537 Non-Combatant Corps II.588 Newbolt, Sir Henry III.541, 550 North Africa, recruitment of soldiers from Newbury race-track internment camp III.268 I.443 Newfoundland battlefield memorial III.553 North America newspapers II.371–3 Bolshevism and I.524 censorship II.374 demographic shifts I.511 trench III.454 North Caucasus II.388 newsreels III.476–86 North China Herald III.164 British III.483–4 North Sea I.322, 325–8 censorship III.479–80 aid raid over I.337 French III.476–93 Northcliffe, Lord I.349, II.86 German III.480–2 Northern Ireland III.625–6 Nèzider concentration camp III.272 Northern Rhodesia I.446 Nguyen Ai Quoc see Hô Chi Minh Norton-Griffiths, Colonel John II.477 Nicaragua, declaration of war I.547 Norway, II.542 Nicholai, G. F. II.443 pacifism II.593 Nicholas, Hilda Rix III.519 trade negotiations II.567–8 Nicholas II, Tsar I.53, 61, 64, 387, 473, II.31, 34–5, trade with belligerents II.559–60 73, 102–3 US exports to II.422, 469 abdication of I.116, 264, II.30, 32, 82, 519 Nostros (Buenos Aires) I.540

741

Index

Notre-Dame-de-Garaison internment camp Opinion (magazine) III.395 III.267 Opium War I.492 Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, French National Oppenheimer, Franz III.229 Cemetery III.582 Oppman, Artur III.448 Novicow, Jacques II.576 Orange Free State I.441 Novorossiysk I.472 Order of Karageorge III.148 Nowosielski, Sophie III.146, 147, 152 Order of Leopold II III.141 Noyes, A. A. II.443 Order of the Karad¯ord¯e’s Star III.151 Noyr, Lola III.93, 126 Organizacja Bojowa (Frakcja Rewolucyjna) Nungesser, Charles (pilot) I.75, 365 III.142 Nunspeet refugee camp III.195 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele I.163, 289,II.26, 102 Nureddin Pasha I.313 at the Paris Peace Conference I.176, II.89, Nuremberg I.590, 638 616 nurses III.93–4, 126–7, 128–40, 160–2, 173, 288, Ormsby, George and Margaret III.8 296–7, 300 letters between III.12, 15, 19–20 Nyasaland I.425, 437, 438, 445 Orthodoxy/Orthodox Church III.381–2, recruitment from I.443 425–42 uprising III.428 Osborne, Eric II.472–3 Ostend III.190 O’Hare, Kate Richards III.113 Ostwald, Wilhelm II.440–2, 443, 450, III.398 Oates, Beatie III.18, 20 Osztenburg, Gyula II.654 Oates, Herbert III.8, 12, 18 Otranto Blockade I.324 Ober Ost I.141–3, 241–3, 245, 417, III.103, 242–5, Ottawa I.521 248, 274–5 war memorial II.378, 381 Obrenovic family II.19 Ottawa Conference (1932)I.532 occupied territories III.242–5 Otte, T. G. I.38 civilian populations in III.253–6 Ottley, Captain Charles L. I.410, 411, II.464 forced labour camps III.272–5 Ottoman army I.160 long-term war aims for III.252–3 command partnerships with Germans of non-compliance and resistance of civilians I.389–90 in III.254–6 conscription to/mobilisation of I.467–9 reconstruction of III.604 death from sickness III.565 regimes imposed upon III.103–5, 243–4, 247–9 desertion from II.180 short-term war aims for III.249–52 discipline and punishment II.178 Océan hospital, L’ (De Panne) III.296 disease I.478 Octobrists (Russia) II.34, 36, 38 ethnic composition of I.469 Odessa, bombardment of I.298 at Gallipoli I.303–11, II.111 œuvre, L’ III.454 in Mesopotamia I.299–300, 313 Oﬀer, Anver II.218, 471 mutinies II.214–17 oilﬁelds, attacks on II.476–7 prisoners of war recruited for II.287–8 Okinawa I.322, 332 at Suez Canal I.300–1, II.111 Okuma Shigenobu II.105 treatment of prisoners of war II.284–5 ‘Oo-La-La! Wee-Wee’ (song) III.156–7 Ottoman army formations Operation Alberich I.575–6 Fifth Army I.306, 389 Operation Barbarossa I.265 Seventh Army I.317, 318 Operation Blücher I.150–1 Eighth Army I.318 casualties I.151 19th Division I.419 Operation Georgette (Battle of Lys) I.150,II.235 35th Division I.299–300, 313 Operation Gneisenau I.151 38th Division I.299–300, 313 Operation Michael I.147–50, 168, II.122, 234, Ottoman Empire I.41, 72, 329, II.18, 627–32, III.122 III.631 casualties I.149 alliance with Germany I.298, 418, 471–2, 600 Operation Yorck I.150–1 Allied interest in the decline of I.297–8

742

Index

Ottoman Empire (cont.) War of Liberation (1919–23) II.659 Anatolian peninsula (Turkish Republic) see also Armenian genocide I.462–3, 478, 607, II.216–17, 627, 629–30 Ottoman soldiers I.467 Armenian massacre (1895)I.597–8, Ouvrier, Adrien III.519 II.19, 609 Owen, Wilfred III.328, 379, 460, 467, 472, 637 Armenian reforms I.597, 601 ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’(1917) III.451–2 Armistice II.628 Oxenham, John, All’s Well (1915) III.450 and Britain I.419 Oxford, John III.341 in the Caucasus mountains I.418–19, II.111 Oxford Manual see Manual of the Laws of War Christians I.462–3, 469 Oxford University III.403 civilian casualties III.563 Ozanian, General Andranik I.602 civil−military relations II.109–13, 124 concentration camps III.270–2 Pacelli, Eugenio III.431 see also Pius XII, Pope conscription I.464, 467–9 Pacific Ocean I.329 coveted by powers I.411–12 Japanese naval support in I.503 death march of British prisoners I.314 pacificists (reformists) II.577–8, 593–603, 605 decision to join the war II.551–2 determinants II.579–84 diplomatic service II.69 liberal and radical II.597–9 economic consequences of the war I.478 socialist II.599–603 effects and casualties of war I.459–60 pacifism III.432–4 effects of European imperialism on I.465–6 anti-war II.603–5, III.112–14 entry to war I.396, 418, II.628 definitions II.576, III.410–12 ethnic composition of I.469 narratives III.459–60 expulsion of ethnic minorities I.591–2 see also absolutism; pacificists expulsion of Rûm I.599–600 Paeff, Bashka III.372 Great Famine I.155, 462, 474–6, II.112, 368 Paganon, Jean II.592 Great National Assembly II.631–2 Page, Walter Hines II.76, 82 Greek Orthodox in I.469 Paget, Lady Louise III.130 Italian attack on (1911)I.410–11 Paget, Sir Ralph II.81 and July crisis I.470 pain, correct way to bear III.168–72 Kurds I.462–3, 468, 591–2 Painlevé, Paul I.119, 121, 330, 353, 364, II.22, 24, labour shortages I.469, 476 511 Liberal Union I.463 Briand−Lancken affair II.515 Misak-i Millî (National Pact) II.215 ‘Sacred Heart’ issue III.423 Muslim refugees I.463 secret negotiations II.515 Muslim sympathy I.474 Pál, Prónay II.654 National Economy (milli iktisat)I.464 Pale of Settlement III.228 pact with Russia II.631 Paléologue, Maurice I.53, II.73 partitioning of I.421 Palestine I.160, 315–19, 421, 430, II.636, 670 policies towards Christian minorities I.460, agreement II.628–9 576–7 food shortages in I.475 post-war I.478 as Jewish homeland I.422, 460, 470, 476–7, prisoner-of-war camps II.269 595, 597, II.86, 509, 628–9 proclamation of jihad I.467, 473, 474 Palestine Orphans Committee III.62 revolutions caused by break up of II.138–9 Pallier, Jeanne III.142 Russian refugees I.186–7 Palmer, Douglas III.25 Russian threat to I.470 Palmerston, Henry II.580 sanctions relating to Armenian genocide Pams, Jules III.193 I.637–8 Pan-African Congress (1919)I.429 Sèvres peace treaty II.629–32 Panama, declaration of war I.547 surrender II.30 Pann, Abel III.269, 514 at war I.470–7 Panthéon de la Guerre III.511 war narrative I.463–4 Papini, Giovanni III.394

743

Index

Paraguay, neutrality of I.548 peace movement II.577–8, 579–84 para-military movements II.660–2 pre-war I.563 Paraná, torpedoing of the I.547 see also pacificists Paris peace negotiations I.232, II.530–41 see also Paris air attacks on I.581, II.376, III.105 Peace Conference (1919) attacks on German/Austrian stores II.364 Peace Negotiations Committee II.599 blackout II.375 Peace Palace (The Hague) I.620 cultural propaganda II.369 ‘peaceful penetration’ tactic II.167 food protests I.382 Pearse, Patrick III.428 food rationing II.365 peasants shelter from air raids II.376 discontent amongst II.385–6, 387–8, 391 strikes II.80, 81, 83 economic preferences (Russia) II.389–90 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier II.352, economy II.393–5 III.457, 500, 546, 597 labour III.77–9 Victory parade I.184 prosperity of (in France) II.394 war exhibitions II.370 reaction to declaration of war II.395–6 war gardens II.366 relationship with agricultural workers Paris Conference (1856)I.626 II.402–5 Paris Exhibition (1900)I.23, 24 Pease, J. A. II.585 Paris Peace Conference (1919)I.174–81, 195, Peçanha, Nilo I.548 197, 429, 633–4, II.87–9, 615, 633 Pedersen, Susan III.24 Chinese at I.505–7 Péguy, Charles III.463 Japanese at I.505–6 Pelabon Works (Twickenham) III.197 Latin America at I.551 Penck, Albrecht III.264, 407 North American representation at I.521–2, Pendant la bataille (film, 1916) III.495 II.61 Perduca, Maria III.135 see also Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of; Saint- père la victoire, Le (film, 1918) III.496 Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of; Sèvres, Péricard, Jacques III.457 Treaty of; Versailles, Treaty of Perovskaia, Sophia III.124 parliaments II.33, 64–5 Perret, Léonce III.494 Austria II.40–3 Perris, G. H. II.576 France II.50–5 Perrot, Michelle III.37 Japan II.62–4 Perry, Heather III.308 Russia II.34–40 Pershing, General John I.169, 170, 519–20 Pašic´, Nikola I.43–4, II.19, 75 and the American Legion III.602 Passchendaele (Third Battle of Ypres) defies US government I.394, 399 I.115, 125–6, 132, 220–3, 222–3, II.168, demands for troops II.108–9 III.294 failure as a war manager I.392 casualties I.125, 223 Mexican Expedition 1916–17,I.384, 527 Passos, John Dos on war monuments III.552 One Man’s Initiation (1920) III.468 Persia I.77 see also Iran Three Soldiers (1921) III.468 Persian Gulf I.299 Pasteur Institute III.349 Peru II.572 Patch, Harry III.592, 620 breaks off relations with Germany I.547 Pathé (film company) III.475, 482 and League of Nations I.551 Pathé, Charles III.477 exports I.543 Patocˇka, Jan III.280 taxes I.544, 545 Patriotic Auxiliary Service Law (1916) Pervyse, Belgium III.141 (Germany) II.317, 345, 347, 348, 351 Pétain, General Henri-Philippe I.95–8, 118, patriotism II.190–1 123–4, 148–9, 150, 151, 152, 169, 170, II.24, Patterson, David K. III.355 98, 604, III.423 peace conferences see Hague Conventions on aerial warfare I.364, 369, 371 (1899/1907); Paris Peace Conference (1919) ‘defence in depth’ tactic II.167

744

Index

Pétain, General Henri-Philippe (cont.) Pireaud, Paul and Marie III.8, 13–14, 19, 22, propaganda documentary III.479–80 24, 115 religious faith III.441 Pirenne, Professor Henri III.278, 400 request for more cinemas III.486–7 Pittsburgh Agreement (1918) II.613 strategic command I.379, 391 Pittsburgh, Treaty of II.613 Peter I, King of Serbia I.387, II.19 Pius XII, Pope III.430, 431 Peterborough Advertiser III.546 Plan XVII I.204 Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline II.595–6 Planck, Max II.439–41, 458, III.397, 398, 413 Petitdemange, Colonel Eugene I.417 Platoon (film, 1986) III.638 Petrograd II.39, 82–4, 103, 129–30, 519, Plaza, Victorina de la I.549 III.425 Plessen, General Hans von I.47 commemorative pageant II.378 Ploesti II.477 food queues II.335 Plumer, General I.221 food riots II.367–8 capture of the Gheluvelt Plateau I.221–2 protest movements III.608 Plunkett, Joseph III.428 refugees III.189 pneumonia III.346 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies Po Valley I.267, 279, 286 II.599 poetry see war, poetry strikes II.351, 352 Pohl, Admiral Hugo von I.632, II.485 Petrograd Soviet II.208–9, 598–600 poilus de la revanche, Les (film, 1916) III.494 Petrone, Karen III.466 Poincaré, Raymond I.53, 56, 58, 59, Petrovna, Valentina III.145 99, 176, II.15–17, 22, 24, 70, 97, 368, Pfeiffer, Richard III.325 509, 516 Pfemfert, Franz, ‘Lines from the Battlefield’ declaration of war II.52 (‘Verse vom Schlachtfeld’) III.452 diplomacy II.73 Pflaum, Private R. H. III.66 ‘Sacred Heart’ issue III.423 philosophers III.406 Poirier, Léon III.523 phosgene (Green Cross gas) I.97, 146, 213, 642, Poittevin, A. Le I.633 II.168, 260, 445 and the Nivelle offensive II.514–15 photography I.639–43 Poland I.72, 76, 262–3, 641, II.485, 524, 525–6, official war II.664–6 656–7, III.212, 249, 625 psychic III.383 calls for an independent state I.136–7 physicists II.439–41, 442, 443, 445, 447–8, 453, expulsion of Jews I.76–7 454, 455, 456 female soldiers III.146 Piave, River I.127, 286, 369 gains Posen, Upper Silesia and West Prussia attack on (15−22 June 1918) (Battle of the II.617 Solstice) I.289 German cultural policy in III.409 casualties I.289 reconstruction III.604 Picard, Émile I.185, III.401 Poles III.186 Picardy I.147 Polish Legions III.449 evacuations and departures Polish National Committee II.525–6, 529,III.210 from III.188 Polish refugees I.187, III.204 Picasso, Pablo III.516 Polish Women’s Voluntary Legion III.146 stage curtain for Parade (ballet, 1917) III.526 Polish-Ukranian War I.593 Trois musiciens (1921) III.526 political mobilisation I.18–19, 20 Pichon, Stephen II.85, 87 Pollio, Alberto I.269, 273 Pickford, Mary III.102, 485 Polygon Wood, Battle of (1917)I.125, 219 Picot, François I.421 Pomiankowski, Joseph I.603 Pictorial News, The III.483 Ponticelli, Lazare III.620 Pierce, Ethel III.139 Pope, Jesse, Who’s for the Game? (1915) III.452 Pigou, A. C. II.319 Poplar, commemorative sculpture III.543 Pilckem Ridge I.221 Popolo d’Italia, Il II.660 Pilsudski, Josef II.656, III.142, 449 Popper, Karl II.458

745

Index

Popular Association for Freedom and Procacci, Giovanna III.92 Fatherland (Volksbund für Freiheit und profiteering II.356–7, 361 Vaterland) II.48 Progrès de la science française au profit des Porcelli, Pietro III.542 victimes de la guerre: une grande découverte Porten, Henny III.485 du docteur Vincent (film, 1916) III.492 Portugal II.20–1 Progressive Bloc II.37–40 African colonies I.438–40, 452–3 Progressives (Russia) II.35–6 laws of war I.627 Prokoviev, Sergei III.523 neutrality II.553–4 propaganda II.77–8, 86, 374–5, 667, III.98, 391 Posen (Poznan) II.617 aimed at children III.36 post-traumatic stress disorder III.135–6 aimed at women III.99–100 Pottendorf III.191 cinema and III.475, 476–8 Potter, Jane III.469–70 cultural II.368–71 Pouctal, Henri III.494, 495 intellectuals and III.393–417 Pour la victoire (film, 1916) III.484–5 literary figures and III.452–3 Poutrin, Lieutenant I.351 and photography II.663 poverty II.423 prisoners of war used as II.280 Pozières I.103–4 sexual violence and III.101–3 Pradelle, Louis de la I.633 to boost morale II.192–5 Presbyterians III.432 in United States II.109 Prévost, Michel III.151 use of children in III.31 Priestley, J. B. III.595 use of German atrocities as I.47 Princip, Gavrilo I.42–3 Prosser, Howard Kemp III.520 prisoner-of-war bureaux II.274 Prost, Antoine I.41, II.383, III.48, 530, 537, 628 prisoner-of-war camps II.266, 277–80 prostitutes/prostitution III.26, 104–5, 131, prisoners of war II.266–90 149–50, 159–60 African III.642 protest movements I.79 cataloguing of II.274 Protestantism III.419 conversion to side of captors II.287–8 and war resistance III.432–3 cultural activities of II.280–1 Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903, 1921) II.646 death, rates and causes of II.283–5, 286 Proust, Marcel III.267 discipline and punishment II.285–6 Àl’ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs (1919)I.184 disease I.567, II.278, 283 Prusin, Alexander I.595 escape II.286–7 Prussia, Dreiklassenwahlrecht (three-class food supplies I.81, II.273, 274 franchise) II.44, 46 Geneva Convention and protection of civil−military relations II.94–6 II.270–1, 289 Prussian War Ministry, Raw Materials Section illness III.302 (Kriegsrohstoffgesellschaften (KRA)) international law protecting I.564, II.270–2 II.307 killing on capture of II.276–7 Prussian army I.156 labour I.567, II.266–8, 281–3, 332, III.89 Przemysl I.72, 580 negligence of II.277–8 casualties I.247 officers II.286 fall of I.246–8 postal service for II.279–80 Pskov III.206 post-war response to mistreatment of II.289 psoriasis III.314 psychological problems II.286 psychoanalysis III.324 repatriation of II.288–9 psychological injury/ailments III.290, reprisals against II.274–6 310–34 treatment of II.267–8 delusional states III.314 violations/applications of international law distinction from neurological conditions I.566–8 III.310 Prix Goncourt III.454, 456 nervous collapse III.313 Prizren III.202 paralysis III.312–13

746

Index

psychological injury/ailments (cont.) Randall, Stephen J. I.525 stupor III.311–12 Rankin, Jeannette, II.60 tremors III.313 Ransburg, Niklaas ‘Siener’ van I.445 underlying causes of III.314–15 Rapallo conference (1917)I.399 see also shell shock Rapallo, Treaty of (1922) II.213 psychologists II.453, 457, III.406 rape III.101–3, 150, 159–60, 208, 629 public health II.668 presence of children III.42 publishers III.408, 454–6 Ras al-Ayn concentration camp II.285, III.271 puissance militaire de la France, La Rasputin, Grigori II.12, 29, 39, 103 (documentary, 1917) III.479 Ratcliffe, Samuel K. III.400 Punch III.517 Rathenau, Walther I.84, 354, II.79, 213–14, 307, Pupin, Michael II.442 445 Purseigle, Pierre II.136 Rauter, Hanns Albin II.652–3, 654 Putilov Armaments Works II.130 Rauth, Philipp III.304 Putkowski, Julian II.202 Ravel, Gaston III.494 Putna, war memorial III.642 Ravel, Maurice III.523 Puyrredón, Honório I.551 Ravished Armenia (film, 1919) III.208 Pyle, Gerald F. III.355 Rawlinson, General Sir Henry I.101–2, 103–4, 209 Qingdao I.326, 329, 347, 484–5, 489, 503, II.104, advises Haig I.214 105, 552 Rawson, Hugh and Mary III.22–3 prisoners captured at II.269 Raynal, Major I.98 Quai d’Orsay II.68–72, 73 Razón, La (Montevideo) I.539 Maison de la presse II.77–8, 85 reconstruction III.604–6 Quakers I.187, II.577, 578–9, 585, 588, 589, 591, recruitment I.81–2 III.215, 432–3 ‘red armbands’ III.273–4 Quebec I.518, 522 Red Army II.210, 644, 647, 656–7 Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Jews in III.231 Service III.132 Red Cross flag, German misuse of I.566 Querna I.300 Red Cross see International Committee of the Quesada, Ernesto I.540 Red Cross Quidde, Ludwig II.602 Red Guards II.647, 649 Quien, Gaston I.192 Redipuglia cemetery III.583–4 Redslob, Edwin III.460 race, and gender identity III.163–6 Reed, John III.123 Rachamimov, Alon II.269, 299, III.122 Reeves, Sybil III.139 racism III.488 refugees I.186–8,II.136–7,III.100–1, 186–7, 213–15 and mutiny II.197–9, 200 Armenian III.202–9 towards Asian labourers I.497 Belgian III.189–201, 213, 215, 236 racist nationalism I.405–6, 428 care of III.192–5, 205–8, 215 Radiguet, Raymond, Le diable au corps (The French III.187 Devil in the Flesh)(film, 1923) III.600 integration of and hostility experienced by radio messages I.334, 334 III.195–201, 206–7, 220 radio telegraphy I.381–2 Italian III.190–1, 195, 213–14 Radoslavov, Vasil II.547 Latvian III.209 Rageot, Gaston III.74 Lithuanian III.209 Rai, Lajpat I.509 Polish III.189–90 rail networks II.231, 304–5 repatriation of III.200–1, 211–13 Railways Union (1890)I.624 Russia and Eastern European III.203–15 Rampallo, Cardinal III.429 Reger, Max, A Patriotic Overture (1914) III.510 Ramsay, Sir William II.439, 441–2, Reichenau, Franz von I.354 III.394 Reichsbank II.412, 417–18 Ramuz, Charles-Ferdinand III.394 Reichsbanner Schwartz-Rot-Gold III.602, 603

747

Index

Reicke, Georg III.397 treatment of civilians I.185, 192–3 Reims I.118 Rhodes, Cecil I.20 departure of civilians from III.188 Rhodesia I.437, 438 cathedral III.424, 478, 495, 513 Ribot, Alexandre II.16, 22, 24, 84, 528 reconstruction of III.605, 606 Richard, Major I.95 Reiss, R. A. I.572 Richards, John III.163–4 religion Richthofen, Manfred von (the Red Baron) I.40, and art III.520–3 366, 372, III.469 and endurance of the war III.435–42 Riehl, Alois III.397 faith of leaders III.441–2 Riemanns, Henriette III.137, 300 at the outbreak of war III.418 Riezler, Kurt I.49–51, II.79 representation on graves/memorials rifles II.155, 250 III.535–7 Riga II.137–8, 166, 656–7, III.212 resistance to enemy war effort III.427–35 ethnic relations in II.363 Remarque, Erich Maria I.294, III.297 Riga, Battle of I.111, 127, 146, 235 All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) III.465, Rigadin III.487, 496 468, 469, 471, 638 Rihbany, Abraham III.422 remembrance III.63–4 Ringer, Fritz II.436 Remington, gun manufacturer II.483 Rio Branco, Baron de I.547 Renaissance d’Occident (journal) III.465 Rio de Janeiro I.540 Renault, Louis I.635 River Clyde (Royal Navy ship) I.306, 307 Renault factory II.349 Rivers, W. H. R. III.328 Rennenkampf, General I.239 Rivière, Dujarric de la III.349 Renner, Karl II.622, 634 Rivière, Jacques, L’ennemi (1918)I.185 Rennles, Caroline III.81, 84 RMS Leinster III.556 Renouvin, Pierre I.40, 51, II.12, 66 Robeck, Admiral de I.302 Rensburg, Niklaas ‘Siener’ van I.445, III.428 Robert, Jean-Louis II.343, 347, 353, 354, 434 Rentier Kulike’s Flug zur Front (‘Rich Mr Kulike Roberts, Frank III.368–9 Flies to the Front’) (advertising film, 1917) Roberts, John III.368–9, 370 III.485 Roberts, Richard III.432 Republic of Turkey II.632, 651 Robertson, General I.106–7, 394, 396 founding of I.612 becomes Chief of the Imperial General Staff post-war violence in II.659 (CIGS) I.384 war memorials III.556 resignation I.399 reserve occupations III.114 strategic command I.379 Res¸id, Dr Mehmed I.592, 607–8 Robida, Albert, War in the Twentieth Century (La resistance I.574–5 guerre au vingtième siècle)(1887) 1.13.2 Rethondes, Armistice of II.532–4, 536, 540 Rochat, Giorgio I.281–2 Retish, Aaron II.406 Rocky Mountains, internment camps III.266 Reuchsel, Amédée, La cathédrale victorieuse Rodd, Sir Rennell II.75 (1919) III.513 Roderwald, W. III.230 Reuter, Ludwig von I.345 Rodman, Rear-Admiral Hugh I.343 Reuters I.541 Rodó, José Enrique I.539–40 Revista do Brasil I.552 Rodzyanko, Mikhail V. II.35, 39 Rexist movement II.660 Rogers, Lawrence III.13, 15–16, 24, 26–7 Reynold, Gonzague de III.394–407 Rogers, May III.20, 24, 26–7 Rhee, Syngman I.180 Roggevelde cemetery III.374 rheumatism III.301 Rojas, Ricardo I.336 Rhinehart, Mary Roberts III.123 Rolland, Romain II.592, III.412, 523 Rhineland II.524, 533, 535 Au-dessus de la mêlée (1915) III.459–60 demilitarisation of II.617 Rolls, Sir Charles Stewart I.349, II.241 Hitler’s reoccupation of III.617 Rolls-Royce I.363 occupation of I.192 engines I.369

748

Index

Romagne-sous-Monfaucon (Meuse) cemetery Rubner, Max II.476 III.573, 582 Ruby, Harry III.156 Romains, Jules, Les hommes de bonne volonté Rufiji (Tanzania), river I.440 1932–47 II.339 Ruhleben camp III.262 Romania I.100, 107, 143–4, 235, II.502, 546, 625, Ruhr II.557 III.626 air attacks on I.581 commemoration III.378 Franco-Belgian occupation III.613–15 entry into the war I.261, II.119 rumours II.373 government II.19–20 Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria (Field occupying regime III.248 Marshal) I.147, 153, 576, II.488 peace settlements II.610 rural labourers II.402–5 war memorials III.373 Russell, Bertrand II.408, 443, 455, 458, 588, 670, Romanian army I.261 III.411, 417 Romanies (Gypsies), internment of III.218, 268 Russia Rome Conference (1916) II.499 agrarian economy II.388–90, 393 Rome, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier II.379 alliance with France II.15–17 Römer, Josef Beppo II.654 and Afghanistan I.31 Ronarc’h, Admiral Pierre-Alexis III.141 and Armenian reforms I.600–1 Röntgen, Wilhelm III.398 and the Balkan wars I.411 Roosendaal III.190 and the July 1914 crisis I.42, 43, 46–51, 53–64 Roosevelt Corollary (1904)I.529 anti-Semitism III.239 Roosevelt, Theodore I.406, III.510 Armenian reform campaign (1913–14)I.412 Roper, Michael III.115 attack on the Eastern Front (May 1916) Roques, General II.23 I.99 Rose-France (film, 1919) III.499–500 campaign against Muslims in Kyrgyz/ Ross, Brigadier-General A. E. I.519 Kazakh Dungan Muslims I.596 Ross, Corporal J. H. III.66 civil−military relationship II.102–3 Roßbach, Gerhard II.654 Committees of War Industries I.85 Rosyth (Scotland) I.328 defeat Ottomans at Sarıkamıs¸I.39–40, 602–3 Roth, François II.14 economy II.299, 316–17 Roth, Joseph III.472 exclusion from Rapallo conference I.399 The Spider’s Web (1923) II.638–9 famine (1921–2) II.647 Rotherham, strikes in II.331, 352, 380 February Revolution II.367–8 Rothschild, Lord Walter I.422 food riots III.110–11 Rottenberg cemetery III.548 food shortages II.129–30, 367–8, 480–1, 604, Rottnest Island internment camp III.263 III.91–3 Rouault, Georges, Miserere (1927) III.522 governance of II.13–15, 29 Rouen I.455 growth in power of I.111–13 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques I.561 integration of international law I.628 Roussel, Henri III.496 internment III.262 Rowe, A. P. II.454 Jewish policy I.594–6, II.103 Royal Air Force (RAF) I.318, 372 Leninism II.519–20 Brazilians in I.548 measures against enemy aliens III.223–4 creation of I.337, 399, 431 Ministry of Agriculture II.389 Royal Army Medical Corps III.132, 167 mobilisation I.39–40, II.303 and the spring offensive (1918)I.146–52 mutinies II.207–10 Royal Navy Air Service (RNAS) I.354, 356 Orthodox Church III.425–6, 442, 641 offensive against Zeppelin sheds I.363 Parliament II.34–40, 64 Royal Society of London II.442, 450 peace movement II.583, 592 War Committee II.443 peasant wars I.195 Royaumont Abbey, hospital at III.128 population displacement III.268–70 Royce, Henry II.241 post-war violence in I.194–5 Royden, Maude III.432 production of armaments I.90 Rozenblit, Marshal III.210 protection of Christians I.602–3

749

Index

Russia (cont.) Russo-Polish wars I.593 public expenditure, pre-war II.409 Rutherford, Ernest II.435, 442, 444, 447, 454 rail network II.305 Ruyssen, Theodore II.600 reaction to German armament I.33, 34–6 Rwanda, genocide III.629 refugees in III.203–15 Rwanda-Urundi I.457 role in the origins of the war I.412 Ryabushinsky, Pavel P. II.36 ‘scorched earth policy’ I.74, 76 standard of living II.341–5 Sa’d Zaghoul II.139 strategic war plans I.386 Saarbrücken I.355 strikes I.78, II.346, 349–55 Saarland II.509–11, 524, 617 use of Christian Armenian troops Saatmann, Ingeborg II.64 I.418–19 Sacred Heart (cult) III.422–3, 439, 441 use of prisoners of war for labour II.282 Saganov, Sergei I.53 war economy I.84–5 Saïd Halim Pasha II.18 War Industry Committee II.37 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1919)I.173, war with Poland I.130–1, 187, 194 II.425, 615, 620–3 Wilson’s proposals for II.611–12 Saint-Gervais I.581 Russian army Saint-Rémy-de-Provence internment camp accusations of brutality I.571 III.267 and international law/Hague Convention Saint-Saëns, Camille III.516 I.566 Salandra, Antonio I.274, 280, II.20, 25–6, 75, Armenians in III.233 101, 544–5 atrocities in Eastern Prussia I.238–9, III.246 Salih Zeki I.609 desertion from II.172, 180 Salonica I.72, 385, II.363–4, III.292–3 female soldiers III.144–6, 162 Salzburg II.388, 393 logistical problems II.238 Samara III.206 medical services III.292 Samoa I.326 officer corps II.189–90 Samogneux I.94 punishments II.178 Samsonov, General I.239 treatment of prisoners of war II.267–8 Samsonova, Helen P. III.140 Russian army formations San Francisco Exposition (1915) III.405 First (Njemen) I.239–40 sand fever III.293 Second (Narev) I.239–40 Sanders, General Otto Liman von I.48, 298, Third I.252 306, 389, 602, 603, II.110, 552 21st Siberian Rifle Regiment III.145 Ottoman dislike of II.110, 113 25th Tomsk Reserve Battalion III.145 Sandes, Flora III.148–9, 151, 152, 161–2, 173, 211 Russian casualties (1915)I.72 Sandham Memorial Chapel (Burghclere) Russian civil war (1917–21)I.130–1, 171, 191, 593, III.523 III.608 Santos, Lucia III.430–1 refugees from I.186–7, III.100, 211–12 Sandovich, Saint Maxim III.425 Russian Empire, fall of II.29–30 São Paulo I.542, 545, 553 Russian front II.152, 260 Sapper (Herman Cyril McNeile) III.455 Russian Great Retreat (Eastern Front) I.72, 75, Sergeant Michael Cassidy R.E. (1916) III.198 256–7, II.136–7 Sarajevo I.41–3, 46–9, 53, 62, II.620, III.620 Russian Jews, massacre of I.76 Sargent, John Singer, Gassed (1919) III.520 Russian Revolution Sari Bair Ridge (Gallipoli) I.309–10, 309 (1905) II.127 Sarıkamıs¸I.39–40, 77, 467–8, 472–3, 602–3 (1917)I.116–17, 130, 137–8, 428, II.29–30, 39, Battle of III.225 103–4, 129–30, 643–9 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, Facundo: effect on political system II.102–4 Civilización y Barbarie (1845)I.539 Russo-Japanese War (1904–5)I.381, II.102–3, Sarrail, General Maurice I.385, II.503–6 153, 155, 262 Sarraut, Albert I.508 Russolo, Luigi III.507 Sarton, George II.458

750

Index

Sassoon, Siegfried I.197, III.66, 328, 379, 467, Schweitzer, Albert III.267 518, 519, 552, 638 Schwerd, Friedrich Magnus II.249 Memories of an Infantry Officer (1930) Schwimmer, Rosika II.595, 601 III.465 science II.434–9 Saturday Evening Post III.123 nation-based/nationalism and III.392–3 Saudi Arabia I.319 scientific internationalism II.438 Saumoneau, Louise II.592, III.112 scientists and ‘shell crisis’ II.444 Sauter, Anna III.125 scorched earth policy/tactics I.74, 76, 441 Sava I.72 Scots (Highland) III.165 Save the Children Fund I.188, III.62, 215 Scott, Sir Walter III.155 Savigny, Paul II.592 Scottish Free Presbyterians III.421 Saving Private Ryan (film, 1998) III.638 Scottish National War Memorial II.380, III.544 Sayers, Dorothy L. III.327 Scottish Women’s Hospitals III.61, 122, 127, Sayre, John Nevin II.590 128, 207 Sayyid Idris (King Idris I of Libya) I.448 scurvy III.301 Sazonov, Sergius (Sergei) I.43, 53, 54, Second International II.581–2, 584, 599, III.98 61, 461, II.12, 14, 15, 70, 73 Second World War III.620, 622–4, 629 formulation of Russia’s war aims II.80–1 importance of sea power I.322 Scandinavians, in America I.516 psychiatric casualties III.329–30 Scapa Flow I.327, 336, 345–6, II.21 Sedd-el-Bahr, Fort I.306, 307 Scarborough I.328, III.105 Seeckt, Colonel Hans von I.251, 253, 389 Scates, Bruce III.597 Seeger, Alan III.449, 461, 473 Scavenius, Erik II.567 Seider, Reinhard III.88 Scelle, Georges I.188–9 Seidler, Ernst von II.42 Schafer, Dietrich III.397 Seignobos, Charles III.404 Scheer, Admiral Reinhard I.334–6, 382 Seine-Inférieure III.197 plans for final ‘death battle’ I.395 Seitz, Theodor I.436 Scheidemann, Phillipp I.165, II.31, 50, 211 Sembat, Marcel II.22, 31 Schellendorf, Friedrich Bronsart von I.602, Semenov, Grigory II.648 II.111, 112 Semireche region I.596 Scheubner-Richter (German officer) I.608 Senegalese soldiers I.414–15, 417, 428, 640 Schiele, Egon III.522 tirailleurs I.443, 454 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang II.652, III.613 Senussi (Sanusiyya) movement I.425, 447–8 Schlieffen, Alfred von I.37, 204, II.296 revolt III.427 Schlieffen Plan I.36, 37, 55, 56, 63, 204–5, 237–8, September Programme I.244–5, II.466 390, 566, II.296 Serbia I.32, 41–58, 61, 62, 72, II.547, 625 logistics II.222 Allied support for II.497–8 Schmalzigaug, Jules III.516 Austria-Hungary declares war on I.39 Schmitt, Bernadotte I.40, II.66 Bulgarian occupation of I.572 Schmitt, Carl II.9, 663 civilian society III.247 Schmitt, Florent III.523 Germany’s decision to declare war on Schmitt, Paul-Otto I.353 I.33–4 Schmitt-Rotluff, Karl III.522 monarchy/royal dynasty II.18–19 Schnee, Heinrich II.123–4 mourning and commemoration III.374 Schoenberg (Schönberg), Arnold II.370, III.506 occupation of I.75 Scho¨n, Wilhelm von I.629 occupying regime III.249 Schonberger, Bianca III.125, 133 population displacement III.202 schools, war effort III.33–4 reconstruction of III.604 Schumann, Robert II.370 refugees III.214 Schuster, Sir Arthur II.443, 447 treatment of civilians by Austro-Hungarian schutztruppen in East Africa I.424, 438, II.123 military I.571–2 Schwarz, Dr Paul I.601 Serbian army, death march of Austro- Schwarzhoff, General Gross von I.625 Hungarian prisoners of war II.285

751

Index

Serbian Red Cross Society III.61 Sikhs III.165 Serbian Relief Fund III.61, 207, 211 Sikorsky, Igor I.353, 374–5 Front Line Field Hospital III.129 Silesia, strikes II.352 Serra, Renato III.462 Simcoe (Ontario), memorial tower III.539 Service de santé aux armées III.132 Simmonds, Emily III.122 Sevastopol I.472 Simonet, Benjamin III.13–15, 16 Seven Years’ War II.221 Simons, Anne III.568 Seventh-Day Adventists II.589, 593, III.434 Simont, José II.664 Severini, Gino III.516 Simplicissimus III.517 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)I.173, 611, 613, II.615, Simpson, Private, statue III.544 629–32, III.578 Sims, Admiral William I.343, 516–17 sexual violence III.159–60 Sinai I.131, 299, 315 sexuality III.22–7, 156–7 Sinclair, May III.127, 141 infidelity III.23–6 Singapore mutiny II.199–200, 202, 217, III.427 morale and female III.116–17 Singh, Captain Amar I.488, 502 nurses and III.131 Sino-Japanese War (1894–5)I.480–3, II.104 Seydlitz (ship) I.334 Sint, Oswald II.405–6 Shandong I.326, 426–7, 507, II.552 Sironi, Mario III.513 Shatt-al-Arab channel I.299, 420 Sisters of Mercy III.134 Shaw, George Bernard III.411 Sivas II.215 Sheffield III.192 Sixte, Prince Henri of Bourbon-Parma II.83, 85 food queues II.335 Sixtus Affair II.115, 513, 613 strikes in II.331, 352, 380 Sjælland (Zealand) II.563 union activity II.348 Skoropadskyi, Hetman Pavlo I.142, Sheffield, Gary I.155 III.212, 249 shell shock III.311–33 Slades Green works III.81 attitude towards those suffering III.158–9 Slataper, Scipio III.462 cinematic and literary depiction of III.325–8 Sloggett, Sir Arthur III.320 classification of III.320–1 Slovak national aspirations I.137 identification of as a condition III.315–18 Slovakia II.613 symptoms and diagnosis III.311–15 Slovenia, Catholicism in III.420–1, 426 treatment III.318–25 Smale, Catherine III.380 under-reporting of III.329–32 smallpox III.303 women and III.332 Smith, Adam III.72, 94 shelter II.230–1 Smith, Sir George Adam III.437 Shenk, Gerald III.163 Smith, Leonard V. III.466–7 Shigenobu Ōkuma II.10 Smith, Private Len III.436 Shils, Edward A. II.175 Smithfield meat market, war memorial III.545 Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich III.466 Smorgen (Belorussia) III.641 Quiet Flows the Don (1934) III.466 Smorgen, Battle of III.123 Shot at Dawn Memorial (Staffordshire) III.555 Smuts, Jan Christiaan I.316, 326, 368, 424–5, Shoulder Arms (film, 1918) III.498 429, 445 Shub, Anna III.148 Smuts Report (August 1917)I.337, Siberia I.210, 427, II.670 368, II.86 prisoner-of-war camps II.269 Smyrna II.363, 632, 659, III.226 Sicily III.201 Greek occupation II.215 Sidgwick & Jackson (publishers) III.455 Snijders, General C. J. II.570 Siebert Benno von (German spy) I.48 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) siege warfare I.568 I.19, 29, 36, 140, 156, 162, II.44–8, 117, 118, Siegert, Major Wilhelm I.361 213, 584, 602 Siegmund-Schultze, Friedrich III.432 see also Independent Social Democratic Siemens II.315 Party (USPD); Majority Social female workforce II.334 Democrats (MSPD)

752

Index

Socialist Revolutionary Party II.82 Sonnino, Sidney I.269, II.20, 75, 101, 545 Société Suisse de Surveillance II.566 Sorley, Charles III.592 Society of Friends see Quakers Souchon, Admiral Wilhelm Anton I.298, 329 sociologists III.406 Souilly prisoner-of-war camp II.283 Soffici, Ardengo III.449 sound ranging I.223, 227 Sofia II.625–6 South Africa I.326, 429, 436–7 Soissons I.151, 152 commemorative sculptures III.542 soldatki (soldiers’ wives) II.401–2, III.110–11 concentration camps III.259–60, 280 soldier statues III.539–41 economic impact of war and relative soldiers prosperity of I.449–50 amputation and III.306–8, 331 gold mining I.450–2 burial of III.568–73 Native Labour Contingent I.450, 455 death and III.561–3 post-war I.421 experience of killing III.562–3 Rand Revolt (1922)I.452 facial disfigurement III.306–8, 331 rebellion in I.445–6 female III.144 South African Native National Congress I.450, heart ailments/conditions III.303–5 458 illness/sickness III.290, 300–3, 566 South African War see Boer War infidelity III.24–6 South America, trade with I.535 leave III.21, 38 South Atlantic I.329 leisure activities III.447 South Tyrol I.269 masculinity III.154–77 refugees from III.201 medical fitness of III.290–1, 293–4 South West Africa I.423 missing, location of bodies III.65–7 South West Africa campaign I.436–7 religious faith III.437 Southard, E. E. III.319 return to civilian life III.616–17 Southborough Commission (1922) III.329 sexual relationships III.22–7 Souville, Fort I.98 underage III.31–2 Soviet Russia, commemoration III.627–8 venereal disease III.25–6 fall of III.620, 633 see also morale; wounded soldiers New Economic Policy (NEP) II.210 Solferino (1859)I.281, 617 peace treaty signed I.134, 137–8 Sologub, Fyodor III.394 Soviet Union Decree on Peace I.137–8 Solvay Physics Conference II.442 Spain II.542 Somaliland I.431 division within II.570–1, 574 Sombart, Werner, Händler und Helden neutrality and diplomatic negotiations II.558 (‘Merchants and Heroes’)(1915) III.395 ‘Regulation for Field Service, 5 January Somme, Battle of the (1916), I.41–52, 1882’ I.627 92, 97, 100–9, 146, 214–17, 397, revolutionary unrest II.135 II.448, 508 Spanish flu and III.340 artillery II.157 use of airplanes to dominate North Africa black African troops I.415 I.432 as breeding ground for flu virus III.341 Spanish fluI.152, 442, II.283, III.49, 301, 334–57, casualties I.216, 217, III.65 619 cinematic depiction of III.489–92 aetiology III.348–50 duration II.168 contagiousness of III.346–7 logistics and I.212 effect in Britain II.487 memorial III.552, 554 effect in Italy II.482 munitions used I.108 effect on Brazilian force I.548 supply problems II.233–4 effect on German population II.461 use of aircraft I.361, 374 effect on the outcome of war III.342 use of machine guns II.156 in Bulgaria II.626 wounded III.297–8 mortality from III.354–6 see also Operation Michael nature of/presentation and diagnosis III.345–6

753

Index

Spanish flu (cont.) Stockdale, Melissa K. III.145 populations targeted by III.348 Stockholm Conference (1917) II.354, 599 public and military management of Stockholm Protocol (1915) II.272 III.351 Stoddard, Lothrop The Rising Tide of Color theories regarding origin of III.338–41 against White World Supremacy (1920) treatment III.349–50 I.428, 430 Spanish-American War (1898)I.527 Stöcker, Helen II.602 Sparticist League II.50, 211 Stoff, Laurie III.144, 162 Sparticist uprising II.212, 213 Stolypin, Pyotr A. II.14, 34 Special Court of Arbitration I.621 Stolzmann, General von Paulus I.259 Spee, Admiral Maximilian Graf von I.329, Stone, Norman I.237, 240, 253, 259, 261, 264 II.484 Stone, Oliver III.638 Spencer, Stanley III.523 Stoney, Edith III.130 Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West (Der Stopford, General Sir Frederick I.310 Untergang des Abendlandes, 1918)I.553 Stouffer, S. A. II.175, 182 Spielberg, Steven III.638 Strachan, Hew I.46, 54, 63, 513–14, II.485 spiritualism III.382–3, 436–7, 598 Strachey, Lytton III.410 Splivalo, Anthony III.263–4 Strafexpedition (Italy) I.260, 270, 279. See also spring offensive (1918)I.145–52, 166 Battle of Asiago Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil II.76, 82, 86 Straits agreement (1914–15) II.80–1 spying/spies III.122–3, 152, 255 Straits of Dover I.327 Jews as III.228 Stramm, August III.461–2 refugees as III.199–200 Strasser, Captain Peter I.353, 362, 367, 372 squadristi movement (Italy) II.660 strategic command Srinivasa Sastri, V. S. I.180 definition of I.376–80 St George’s Cross III.145 telecommunications and I.390–1 Saint Isaac’s Cathedral (Petrograd) III.426 strategy, grand and military I.377–8 Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne II.86 coordination of I.383–5 St John’s Ambulance Brigade III.129 Strauss, Richard III.370, 523 Saint-Mihiel, American offensive I.371 Straussenburg, Arthur Arz von I.284 Saint-Mihiel, war memorial III.176 Stravinsky, Igor, Souvenirs d’une marche boche St Petersburg I.618 (1915) III.510 Saint-Quentin Canal I.232 street shrines III.535 Stahlhelm steel helmets II.249, III.602, 603 Stresemann, Gustav II.47, III.615, 617 Stalin, Josef II.210, 634 stretcher-bearers III.294 Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger von II.654 strikes I.186, II.349–55, 404–5, III.198 Stars and Stripes III.454 post-war III.608–9 Stavka, I.254 Struve, Piotr I.194 Stawell Girls Remembrance League III.530 Stumm, Baron Wilhelm von I.57, II.87 steam power I.381 Stürgkh, Karl Graf von II.13, 41–2, 114 Stegen, Johanna III.31 Stürmer, Baron Boris II.29, 38 Stein, Lorenz von II.63 Stuttgart, strikes II.349 Steiner, Zara I.189, II.70 submarine warfare I.40, 79–80, 115–16, 154–5, Steinlen, Théophile III.514, 519 323, 335, 337–9, 398, 516, 528, 547, 578, 579, Stelvio Pass I.267 603, 632–3, II.60–1, 121, 443, 466–7, 470, Stenger, Major-General I.566, II.271 485–7, 512 Stevenson, David II.437 cable ships I.327 Stibbe, Matthew III.224 effect on Latin America I.544, 546 Stimson, Julia III.133 propaganda film of III.493 Stinnes, Hugo II.79, 355 submarines (U-boats) I.346 Stinnes–Legien agreement (1918) II.354 development of II.241, 245, 255–9 Stites, Richard III.448 detecting I.347 Stobart, Mabel St. Clair III.129 Sudan III.629

754

Index

Sudan, Sufi orders of I.421–2, 448 Taft, William Howard II.601 Sudermann, Hermann III.397 Tagliamento river (Italy) I.285 Suez Canal I.73, 297, 300–1, 436, 472, II.111, 627 Tagore, Rabindranath, Nationalism (1917)I.509 Suire, Maurice II.240 Taishō (Yoshihito), Emperor II.10, 105 Sumida, Jon II.218 Taiwan I.480 Sun Yat-Sen II.10 Talaat (Talat) Pasha I.297, 471, 592, 599, 604–12, Sunni Muslims I.591 II.18, 30, 110 supply of labourers I.494 Tallinn II.656 Supreme War Council I.399–400 Tamari, Salim I.462 Surrealism III.505, 526 Tamines I.569 Suttner, Bertha von II.582 Tanga I.423 Die Waffen nieder (Lay Down Your Arms) Tanganyika, I.457 (1889)I.616 Lake I.437, 453 Suvla Bay I.309–11, III.545 tanks I.105–6, 168, 216–17, 229, II.169–71, 241, Suvorov, Alexander II.241 247, 261 Swan, Annie S., Letters to a War Bride (1915)III.99 A7V II.263 Swan, Robert III.160 at Cambrai I.128 Sweden II.418, 542 Lancelot de Mole II.261 activists (aktivisterna) II.571–2 logistics II.222–3 geographical location and neutrality II.558 Mark A Whippet II.664–5 German war literature, readership of III.473–4 Mark V I.228 imports from US and contraband exports to Renault F T II.263 Germany II.422, 467, 469 Russians captured at II.277 national policy and neutrality II.571–2 Tannenberg, Battle of I.235, 298, III.511 proposed alliance with Norway II.560–1 use of airships I.354 trade with belligerents II.559, 568 Tarde, Alfred de III.395 Swinton, Ernest II.262–3 Tardieu, André II.88, III.606 Swiss Alps Fortress II.562 Târgu Jiu (Romania) war memorial III.145, 643 Switzerland II.78, 418, 542, 574 Tatham, M. III.207 defensive plans II.564 Tatiana Committee for the Relief of War Obersten-Affäre (the ‘Colonels’ Affair’) Victims III.205, 208 II.569–70 Tayler, Alfred III.59–60 support for international law on conduct in Taylor, A. J. P. II.57, 72, 578, 580 war I.564 Taylor, Marguerite III.531 trade negotiations II.566–7 Taylorism (scientific management) II.338–40 Sydney (Australian cruiser) II.485 tear gas I.146, II.259 Sydney, war memorial II.378, III.542 technological superiority I.406 Sykes, Mark I.421–2 technology and weapons Sykes−Picot plan (agreement) I.316, 319, 421, military scepticism II.240–2 460, II.508, 628, 629 stagnation in development of II.244, 253–5 Syria I.297, 319, 421, 430, 470 Tehran I.470 Armenians deported to I.588, 606, 609–10, telegrams I.391 see also Zimmermann Telegram II.112 telegraphs I.381–2, 390–1 effects of war I.457 diplomacy and II.69–70 famine I.460, 474 telephone I.381, 390–1 Syriac Christians (Assyro-Chaldeans) Sayfo Templemore prisoner-of war-camp II.269 I.585, 608–9. See also genocide Temps, Le III.500–1 Szczerbin´ka, Aleksandra Piłsudska III.142–3 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord III.550 Szeged II.623 Teodoroiu, Ecaterina III.145, 161 Szögyény-Marich, Count László I.47 Terauchi Masatake, Marshal II.105 Tereshchenko, Mikhail II.82 Tablettes, Les III.523 Teresino Palace hospital III.138 Taborda, Saúl I.552 Teschen (Teshyn) II.656

755

Index

Teslar, Józef Andrzej III.449 Townshend, Major General Charles I.312, tetanus III.298, 300 313–14, 420–1 Texas I.526 Toynbee, Arnold J. I.577, III.271–2 Thébaud, Françoise III.132 trade unions II.329–31, 345–9, 354–5 Thiepval war memorial III.552, 554, 579 objections to female labour II.338 Third (Communist) International III.609 protection of skilled labour II.339–40 Third Republic (French) I.91 rural workers II.404–5 Thirty Years War I.616 Tradevi, Princess III.99 Thomas, Albert I.84, 129, 188, 189–90, II.22, 23, Trafalgar, Battle of I.322 312, 319, III.406 Trafford, Nurse de III.170 and female workers II.337, 369 trains, transportation and care of wounded industrial relations II.346, 349, 356 III.298 and munitions crisis II.328 Traitement des troubles nerveux fonctionnels dans Thomas, Evan II.590 le service du docteur Clovis Vincent Thomas, Norman II.590 (film, 1916) III.492–3 Thompson, John Herd I.525 Transcaucasian wars (1818–1920)I.593 Thomson, Sir J. J. II.439, 455 Transport and General Workers’ Union III.82 Thrace II.547, 626 Transvaal I.441, 452 Thurstan, Violetta III.130 Transylvania II.502, 546 Tiepolo II.376 trench diaries III.13–15, 449 Tigris, River I.73, 420 trench fever III.301, 345 flooding caused by I.300 trench foot III.301 Tijuca, torpedoing of the I.547 trench mouth III.301 Times History of the War (1914–20), The I.488 trench warfare II.154 Times, The I.133–4, II.372, 439, III.106, 125, 158, tactics II.160–6 398, 403, 424, 450, 460, 596 logistics II.163–4 tirailleurs I.443 see Senegalese soldiers Trenchard, General Hugh I.362, 368, 373, 431 Tirard, Paul II.538 trenches I.66–9, 205–7, II.223 Tirpitz, Alfred von I.47, 157, II.118 Austrian I.259–60, 277 concerns over potential blockade II.470–1 Chinese labourers and I.494–5 fall of I.335 design I.207 Memorandum (1897)I.325 in mountainous regions II.161–2 naval expansion plan I.20, 26–9, 30, 32, 34 in the snow I.278 on war against Serbia I.34 Italian-Austrian Front I.268 submarines II.256 sanitation II.230 Tischler, Robert III.552–3, 584 shelter II.230–1 Tissot-Monod, Dr III.130 supply system to II.231–2, 237 Tisza, Count István I.44, 51–2, II.13, 113 underground shelters II.162 Tixier, Adrien I.190 use of geologists in construction of II.446 TNT, effects of III.80–2 use of telecommunications in I.391 Togoland I.326, 423, 435, 457 Trentino I.267, 269, 273, 276, 278, Tokyo I.326 285, II.20 Tolmino I.267, 281, 285 evacuation from III.191 Tolstoy, Leo II.580, 583, III.411 Trevelyan, C. P. II.598 Tolstoyans II.592 Treviso II.376 Tonks, Henry III.642 Trianon, Treaty of (1920)I.173, II.615, 623–5, Topical Budget (film company) III.482 657, III.624 torpedoes I.347, II.256 Trier I.355, III.296 Torre, Victor Haya de la I.551 Trieste I.269, 279, II.20 Törring, Count II.79 air raids on I.363 Totskoe prisoner-of-war camp II.278, 312 Trinity College, Cambridge III.432 Touring-Club de France III.486 Triple Alliance I.46, 59, II.20 Tournai III.254 Triple Entente I.31, 59, II.67, 496–9

756

Index

Triple Entente (cont.) occupying regime III.248, 249 attempts to win over neutrals II.501–6 Ukrainian Jews I.187 diplomatic negotiations between (1914–15) Ukrainians III.186, 209 II.496–9 Ullrich, Volker I.57 secret negotiations II.512–16 Ullstein-Kriegsbücher (‘Ullstein War Books’) war aims II.507–9, 514–15 III.454 Trotha, General Lothar von III.259 Ulster Unionists III.233 Trotsky, Leon D. I.137–8, 179, II.84, 210 Un obus sur Paris (film, 1912) III.476 internment in Canada III.268 Ungaretti, Giuseppe III.449 peace negotiations II.609 Ungern-Sternberg, Roman von II.648 Troubridge, Admiral Ernest I.329 Union Fédérale (UF) III.602–3 Trout, Steven III.469 Union Metallic Cartridge Co. II.483 Trowbridge, Augustus II.454 Union Nationale des Combattants (UNC) III.602 Trubetskoi, Count G. N. II.75 Union of Awakening Hungarians II.654 Trudoviks Party (Russia) II.35 Union of Democratic Control (UDC) II.598–600 Tschirschky, Count Heinrich von I.45 union sacrée (1914) III.460 Tsingtao see Qingdao United Kingdom Tuareg warriors I.447 agrarian economy II.391–2 tuberculosis II.283, 461, 481, 487, III.49, 302 Parliament II.55–9 Tübingen cemetery III.540 United Nations, war crimes tribunals III.580, Tuchman, Barbara III.594, 621 629 Tucholsky, Kurt III.643 United States Tunisia I.425 absolutism II.587 Tupitso, Antonina III.145 Academy of Sciences II.450 Turin II.135 agrarian economy II.393 food shortages II.481 Alien Immigration Act (1924)I.505 Turkey see Ottoman Empire; Republic of alliance with Mexico I.528–9 Turkey Anti-Enlistment League II.590 Turkish army see Ottoman army British propaganda campaign I.514–15 Two-minute silence III.373 civil liberties II.109 Tyne Cot cemetery III.579, 581 civil−military relations II.107–9 typhoid fever III.292, 293, 303 Committee for Public Information II.109, typhus I.478, 567, II.278, 283, III.129, 271, 301–2, III.403 343, 449 competition to win alliance with Tyrol I.267 II.503–6 Tyrrell, Sir William II.81 conflict with Mexico I.525–9, II.60 Tyrwhitt, Admiral Sir Reginald I.334 conscientious objection II.579, 587 Tzara, Tristan III.524 conscription II.108 contributions I.511 U-boats see submarines diplomatic relations II.69, 76–8 Uden refugee camp III.195 dreadnoughts II.254 Udet, Ernst (pilot) III.167 economic relations with Europe I.22 UFA (Universum-Film Aktiengesellschaft) economy II.108–9 III.482 Enquiry, by Wilson’s advisers II.88 Ugarte, Manuel I.551, 554 entry into the war I.115, 120, 134–5, 167, 220, Ujedinjenje ili Smrt (Union or Death)/Crna II.21 Ruka (The Black Hand) I.43 entry to war II.512 Ukraine I.141–2, 171, 342, 641, II.208, 402, 485, exclusion from Rapallo conference I.399 524, 529, 656 expenditure, estimated total costs II.415 agriculture II.388 expenditure, pre-war II.409 civil war between Whites and Reds II.648 exports to neutrals II.467, 469 famine deaths II.647 films/cinema III.496–8 independence II.610 financial demobilisation II.426–8

757

Index

United States (cont.) Nursing Corps III.133 financial mobilisation II.414 psychiatric treatment in III.318 financial support from I.129, 169, 342, 512–14, segregation in II.198 II.107, 317, 419 Signals Corps II.448 government/parliament II.59–62 Spanish flu III.301 growth of power I.111–13 United States Congress, II.59–62, 64 House of Representatives II.59–60 Espionage Act (1917) II.61 immigration barriers III.52 National Defence Act (1916) II.107 imports to Mexico I.517 Sedition Act (1918) II.61 isolationism in I.515–16 Selective Service Act (1917) II.108, 590, and Japan I.427, II.105 III.433 military financial system II.411 and the Treaty of Versailles I.173–81 Morale Section II.193 United States navy I.342–3, 347 National Defense Act (1916)I.528 USS Missouri, battleship I.322 National Research Council II.448, 450, Universal, El (Mexico) I.540 III.415 Universal Peace Congress II.595, 603 neutrality II.549–51 Universal Postal Union (1888)I.624, II.72 pacificists II.600–2 University of Ghent III.409 peace associations II.579–80 University of Toronto, Memorial Tower perception of wartime influence I.520–1 III.539 post-war finance II.431–3 University of Warsaw III.410 post-war social conflict I.186 Unknown Soldiers pressure on Latin America to join war I.549 commemoration of II.379–80, propaganda II.109, III.403 381, III.373, 457, 538, 546, 597, racism I.429–30 612, 625 rail network II.305 literature relating to III.500 relationship with Canada I.524–5, 532 power of III.597–8 reliance on British trade I.517 Unruh, Fritz von, Opfergang (1919)(‘The Road repatriation of bodies III.573 to Sacrifice’) III.453, 472 scientific contribution II.447–8, 450–1, 454 Unzufriedene, Die (newspaper, 1924) III.174 Senate II.59 Upper Silesia II.656 Spanish flu III.337, 340 Upper Volta I.593 state of the army on entry to the war urbanisation I.17–18 I.112 Urmia I.602–3 struggle for racial equality I.522 Uruguay I.535, II.555 supply and production problems II.310–11 breaks off relations with Germany I.547 taxation II.421–2 immigration I.536 trade embargo on Netherlands II.470 Üsküb III.130 trade with Britain I.512–14 Ustashe movement (Croatia) II.657–9, 660 trade with Latin America I.550–1 treatment of veterans I.184 vaccination III.302–3 War Industries Board II.108 Valensi, Henry, Expression des Dardanelles war loans II.422 (1917) III.515–16 war memorials III.533, 546, 551–2 Valéry, Paul III.634–5 war relief for Jews in Palestine I.477 La crise de l’esprit (1919)I.553 United States army Vallagarina III.191 conscription I.518–19 Vallansa III.191 contribution of I.169–70 Valois, Georges III.472 death sentence in II.178 Valsugana III.191 demobilisation I.182 Van I.602–3, 604 doctors III.288 Van uprising I.77 ethnic composition I.523–4 Vatican II.91, 273 Medical Corps III.133 Vattel, Emmerich de I.561

758

Index

Vaughan, Victor C. III.338, 354 ethnic minorities in II.361–2 Vaux, Fort (Verdun) I.98, 213 food queues II.366 Vendée III.422 food rationing II.365 Vendémiaire (film, 1918) III.499 food shortages II.480, III.110 venereal diseases II.668, III.25–6, 117, 301 strikes II.609 Venezuela war exhibitions II.370 economy I.327 Vietnam I.486–7 exports I.543 influence of war on national development neutrality I.548 I.498–500 Venice, air raids II.376 military contribution I.489–90 Venizelos, Eleftherios II.503, 548–9, III.442 at the Paris Peace Conference I.507–8 Veracruz I.526 supply of labourers I.494 Vercel, Roger, Capitaine Conan (1934)I.173 women’s war effort I.503–4 Verdun I.41, 73, 90–9, 100, 101, 103, 113, 118, 123, Vietnamese Declaration of Independence 212–14, 357, 397, II.119 (1945)I.508 armaments assembled for I.91 Vietnamese labourers I.494, 495–500, 641 black African troops at I.415 racism towards I.497 casualties I.98–9, 108 relationships with French women I.497–500 departure of civilians from III.188 suffering from cold I.496 duration I.146 Vietnamese soldiers I.640 Falkenhayn’s strategy at I.392 Vildrac, Charles III.412 forts I.92–3 Villa, General Francisco ‘Pancho’ I.90, 526–8 logistics I.212 village societies, changes in II.382, 395–405 use of aircraft I.359, 374 Villa Giusti, Armistice of II.30, 533 weather conditions I.96 Villalobar, Marquis de II.83 Verdun military hospital III.130 Villar, Jean, Notes of a Lost Pilot (1918)I.365 Verdun, vision d’histoire (film, 1928) III.523 Ville-Evrard hospital III.328 Versailles Conference (1919), Africa and Viller-Bretonneux memorial III.582 I.456–8 Villers-Cotteret, hospital III.128 Versailles, Treaty of (1919)I.39, 89, 173–81, 177, Vilna (Vilnius) I.72, 195, II.656, III.212, 228 189, 195, 582, 635, II.214, 426, 536, 615–20, Battle of I.235 III.415, 615, 636 Vimy Ridge I.100, 111, 119–20, 119, 148, 210–11, Very Long Engagement, A (film, 2004) III.328 219, 519 veterans casualties I.211 bonds formed by/fictive kinship ties memorial III.551, 582 III.62–5, 595 Vincent, C. P. II.471–2 disabled, provision for III.58–9, 600–1 Vincent, Clovis III.287, 291, 322 memoirs III.637 Vincent, Daniel I.365–6 movements III.594–8 violence, post-war forms of I.190–6 and remembrance III.598–9 Virgin Mary, manifestations of III.430–1 return to pre-war life and treatment by Visscher, Charles de I.631 nations I.183–4 Vistula, use of gas I.70 Viatka province II.383, 389 Vittorio Veneto, Battle of I.161, 290–1, 538, Vickers, arms manufacturer II.327 II.26, 204 strike II.330–1 Viviani, René I.43, 53, II.16–17, 22, 31, 73, Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy II.20, 101, 97, 498 400, III.430 Vladivostok II.465, 537 Victoria, Queen II.11 prisoner-of-war camp II.269 Victoria national memorial III.537, 539 Vladslo cemetery III.643 victory parades I.184 Voie Sacrée I.95, 214 Vidal-Naquet, Clémentine III.9 Vossische Zeitung II.371 Vienna Volga, River II.647 anti-Semitism in III.232 Volhynia III.212, 228

759

Index

Vollmer, Jörg III.469 Warwick Trading Company III.482 Vollotton, Félix III.518, 571 Washburn, Stanley I.247 Voloshin, Maksimilian II.592 Washington Naval Treaties (1921–2)I.347 Volta-Bani War I.425–6, 593 Watenpaugh, Keith III.61 Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) III.297 water, requirements and transportation of Vuillard, Édouard III.519 II.229–30 Watteville, Jean-Charles de I.186 Wafd movement II.139 Waxweiler, Professor Emile II.79 Wagna III.210 weapons I.69–70, 406, 642, II.155–8, 665–6 Wagner, Richard II.370, III.511 anti-tank II.247, 264 Wagner-Jauregg, Dr Julius III.323–5 imbalance between attackers and defenders Walden, Herwarth III.461–2 I.205–7, 227–9 Waldeyer, Wilhelm III.397 invention of new II.245, 259–61 Wall Street Crash (1929) III.621 production of II.338 Wallach, Jehuda I.242 projected time and choice of II.246 Wang, C. T. I.181 regulation as to the use of I.622 Wang Jingwei I.501 see also artillery Wangenheim, Hans Freiherr von I.600, 607, weapons technology II.240–2, 264–5 II.74 innovation II.244–5, 255–9 war archives III.408 research II.445–6 war babies III.116–17 ‘retro-innovation’ II.243–4, 247–53 war crimes Webb, Captain Matthew II.467 Germans brought to account for I.582–3, Weber, Max I.23, 60, II.47, 212, 456 635–7 on religion III.418 use of term I.634 Wegner, Armin III.271 war documentaries III.476–93 Weimar Republic II.426, 635 censorship III.479–80 Weir, William I.361, 368, 373 war experience and national identity I.184 Weizmann, Chaim II.446 war memorials I.184, II.378–80, III.175–6, 371–6, welfare state III.633–4 582–3, 596–8, 642 welfare supervisors III.83–7 architecture III.535–9 Wellington House (War Propaganda Bureau) avenues of honour III.534, 545, 549 II.77–8, 86, III.402, 452 calls for III.528–33 Wellington Koo, V. K. I.181, 505 crosses on III.535–7 Wellington, memorial tower III.539 for ethnic minorities III.542, 583 Wells, H. G. I.179, III.397, 402 names on III.547–51, 628 call for air ﬂeet I.358 national III.551–4 The War in the Air (1908)I.349, II.374 and the passage of time III.554–6 Welsh miners’ strike I.79 permanence of III.550–1 Wenckebach, K. F. III.304 siting of III.544–7 Wenke, John III.265 utilitarian debate III.533–5 Wertfreiheit (value-neutrality) II.436, III.129, war photographers III.124 398, 401 war poetry, III.445–7, 474 Werth, Léon III.412 grief, mourning and III.379–80, 458–64 Wesbrook, Stephen D. II.176 terms and associations relating to III.457–8 West Africa I.326, 398, 435, III.629 War Propaganda Bureau III.402 British recruitment of troops from I.443 War Refugees Committee (WRC) III.194 economy I.449 War Relief Societies III.116 Kaocen revolt I.447 Ware, Fabian III.533–5, 574, 580 post-war I.457 Wargelin, Cliﬀord II.133 West African soldiers III.165, 627 Warsaw I.262–3 West Indian soldiers I.431 Unknown Soldier III.625 mutiny II.201 Central Civilian Committee III.246–7, 249 West Kirby, war memorial III.549

760

Index

West Prussia II.617 speech (4 August 1914)I.175, 281, II.27, 45, West, Rebecca, Return of the Soldier (1918)III.326 484, III.420 Western Front, I.41, 65–7, 67–8, 73, 204, strategic contribution I.387–8 II.151–2 on the victory at Gorlice-Tarnów I.254 prisoners of war taken II.269–70 Wilhelm zu Wied, Prince II.556 reconstruction III.604–6 Wilhelm, Crown Prince I.93, 96–7 strategic command of I.390–3, 396 Wilhelmshaven I.335, II.132, 211 tactics II.161–6 Willard, Émile III.450 use of Chinese labourers I.416 Willcocks, General James I.502 Westfront 1918 (film, 1930) III.471 Williams, Chad I.522 Westmacott, Captain T. H. III.166 Williams, Sarah III.439 Westminster Abbey, Tomb of the Unknown Williamson, Samuel I.41–52, 55, 63 Soldier II.379, III.538, 597 Willis, William III.126 Westphalia, Treaties of (1648)I.616, 620 Wilson, Admiral Sir Arthur II.256 Weyler y Nicolau, General Valeriano III.259 Wilson, Sir Henry I.379, 399 Wharton, Edith, Le livre des Sans-Foyer (1916) Wilson, Woodrow I.112, 115, 220, 387, 429, 431, (The Book of the Homeless) III.510 II.21, 31, 60–2, 656, III.636 Wheatley, Rebecca III.597 and Asia’s hopes in I.504–9 Whitby I.328 ‘Atlantic’ policy and new diplomacy White Army II.644, 647–8, 649 II.521–5, 540–1 White Lund factory III.80 on the British blockade I.580 ‘white war’ I.278, 281 call for League of Nations I.476, Wiene, Robert III.325 II.595, 601 Wiese, Kurt III.265 call for new world order I.501 Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von III.397, Congress speech (January 1918)I.113 401 contraction of flu and the peace Wilhelm I, King of Prussia I.382, II.94 negotiations III.342 Wilhelm II, Kaiser decision to enter the war II.550–1 abdication and exile I.164, 345,II.30–1, 132, 211 diplomatic relations II.76–7, 82, 87 alliance with Turkey I.600 Fourteen Points I.162, 178–81, 180, 232, 457, Allies’ opinion of I.177 530, 633, II.61, 85, 88, 96, 518, 522, 530–4, Armistice I.395 611–12, 621, 633, 656, III.240 authorises bombing raids I.356 and French demands II.535 decision to declare war against Serbia I.33–4, on German Americans III.228 36, II.14 and Habsburg monarchy II.613 dismisses Bethmann Hollweg II.48 and the Houston mutiny II.199 Easter message (April 1917) II.46–7, 347 influence II.512 escapes extradition I.635–6 and League of Nations I.530–1, II.517 estimation of Britain’s potential to go to and Mexican conflict I.526–9, 530 war I.57 neutrality II.107, 503–6, 550–1 expansion of naval fleet I.27 Pan-American Pact I.530 Imperial Headquarters (Grosses peace negotiations I.163, 164, 176–7, 178–81, Hauptquartier)I.387–8 II.610–11, 612, 616 and the July crisis I.47, 52, 55, 64 ‘Peace without Victory’ speech (1917)I.530 and military leadership II.116, 118–22 plans for Germany after the Armistice and parliamentary government II.49–50 II.537 peace negotiations II.85 relations with military II.107–9 personality and governance of II.11 religion III.442 prohibits attacks on passenger ships II.485 on science II.457–8 reaction to the assassination of Franz- translation of political goals I.519–20 Ferdinand I.45 Wimsey, Lord Peter III.327 religion III.442 Winchester II.483 silver jubilee II.127 Wingate, Jennifer III.372

761

Index

Winegard, Timothy C. I.503 sexual abuse of III.42, 101–3, 150, 159–60, Wingate, General Sir Reginald I.448 208, 629 Wingfield, Nancy M. III.374 sexuality III.116–17, 131, 611 Winkler, Heinrich August II.610 spies III.123 Winnington-Ingram, Arthur, Bishop of state measures to support motherhood London III.423–4 III.108 Winnipeg, general strike I.186 strikes II.351 Winnipeg’s Soldiers’ Relatives Association suffrage III.74–5, 98, 112, 119 III.530–1 treatment of by occupying forces I.574 Winter, Jay II.343, 383, 434, 461, III.344, 361, 371, welfare supervisors III.83–7 382, 460, 470, 499, 530, 539, 595 widowhood III.27, 361, 599–600 Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning (1995) see also women’s war work III.583, 637 Women’s Automobile Club (Club Féminin Wir Barbaren (We, the Barbarians) (film, 1915) Automobile) III.142 III.481 Women’s Battalion of Death II.667, III.123 Wirth, Wilhelm III.407 Women’s Hospital Corps III.129 Wiseman, Sir William II.82 Women’s International League for Peace and Wismar II.132 Freedom II.597, III.112 With a Skirmishing Party in Flanders (newsreel, Women’s Legion III.486 1915) III.483 Women’s National Service League III.129 With British Forces in France (newsreel, 1915) Women’s Overseas Hospital of the USA III.133 III.475 Women’s Peace Party II.596 Witherspoon, Frances II.596 Women’s Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps Witkop, Philipp III.437, 463 III.129 Witte, Count Sergei II.14 women’s war work II.333–8, 667, III.72–95 Wittgenstein, Paul III.523 agricultural II.398–402, III.77–9 Wittner, Lawrence S. II.578 auxiliaries III.140–51 ‘Wobblies’ II.602 childcare facilities III.87 Wolf, Christl III.17–18 cinematic depiction of III.485–6 Wolseley, Garnet I.408 commemoration of III.203–15 women health and welfare III.83–7, 91 allowance paid for unpaid domestic labour industrial III.79–82 III.73 medical professions III.126–7, 128–40 anti-war activism III.112–13, 118–19 unwaged 7 III.76–7, 88, 89–95 celibacy rates III.51 see also nurses charitable work III.115–16 Woodbine Willie (George Studdert Kennedy) and displacement III.100–1 III.420 emancipation III.75–7 Woodsworth, J. S. II.591 food protests II.367–8, III.92 Woolf, Leonard II.598 food shortages and morale III.109–11 Woolf, Virginia II.598 in commemorative sculpture III.541–2 Mrs Dalloway (1927) III.326–7 in fighting units/combatants III.124–6, Woolwich Royal Arsenal II.334 127–8, 144, 162 workers/workforce II.325 in occupied territories III.104 composition II.332–41 infidelity III.23–4 dilution of II.338–40, 352, 380, 603 journalists III.123–4 hours worked II.340–1 and mourning III.360–1, 362–7 living conditions II.341–5 peace initiatives II.595–7 patriotic pacifism II.353–5, 361 propaganda aimed at III.99–100 profits made from exploitation of II.356–7 recruitment to fighting units II.667 recruitment to and exemption from front and religion III.419, 439–40 line duty II.326–31, 361, 383, III.114 and remembrance III.598–9 wartime elevation of II.359 role in peacetime transition III.611–12 see also women’s war work

762

Index

working-class ‘Tories’ I.19–20 memorial III.551 Workmen’s Peace Committee II.597 Second Battle of I.519, II.168 World Alliance for Promoting International Third Battle of (Passchendaele) I.115, 125–6, Peace and Friendship through the 132, 220–3, II.168, III.294 Churches II.595 use of gas I.70, 89, 212, 568, II.168 World Disarmament Movement III.368 use of tanks II.170 World Federation of Churches III.433 Yrigoyen, Hipólito I.549–50, II.573 wounded soldiers III.289, 305–6 Yser, Battle of the III.190 abdominal wounds III.293 Yuan Shikai I.426–7, 484, II.10 infections III.300–1 Yugoslavia I.161, II.527, III.624, 629 movement of III.293 creation of I.292 rights of I.617 post-war III.614 stages of treatment III.294–7 Yurlova, Marina III.140, 141, 150 transportation of III.297–8 Yurova, Nadezhda III.124 Wrangel, General Piotr I.186, II.648 Yver, Collette III.123 Wright brothers I.350 Wünsdorf prisoner of war camp II.287–8 Zabern Affair (1913) II.44 Wylie, Neville II.543 Zadkine, Ossip III.520 Zahra, Tara III.17 Xu Guoqi I.416 Zakharova, Lidiia III.138 Zasulich, Vera III.124 Yale, William I.476–7 Zeebrugge I.353, 396 Yamagata Aritomo, Marshal II.104 Zeiger, Susan III.133, 139 Yamamoto Gombei, Admiral II.105 Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von I.349 Yan Yangchu I.501 Zeppelins I.349, 351–2, 351, 353–4, 362, 367, 372, Yanushkevich, General Nikolai II.102–3 II.374–5, III.105–7 Yao soldiers I.443–4 Zetkin, Clara III.112 Yarmuk railway bridge I.318 Zeytun I.606 Yates, Peter, Murphy’s War (film, 1971)I.437 Zhang Guogan I.484 Yealland, Lewis III.287 Zhenskii vestnik (‘Women’s Herald’) Yerkes, Robert III.407 III.123, 127 The New World of Science (1920) II.457 Zhenskoe Delo III.123 Yerta, Marguerite III.103 Zhilinski, Jakow I.237 YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) Zieger, Robert H. I.512 I.501, II.277, III.487 Ziemann, Benjamin III.79, 422 York, Alvin III.443–4 Zimmermann, Arthur (Alfred) I.47, 57, 528–9, You! recruitment film (1915) III.483 546, II.14, 48, 77–8, 80, 83 Young Turks movement I.77, 411, 412, 576, 597, Zimmermann Telegram I.115, 511, 528–9, II.18, 30, 551, 627, III.630 546, II.21, 77, 107, 551 policy I.587–8, II.110, III.202 Zimmermann, General Karl I.435 Revolution (1908)I.469, 595, 597 Zimmerwald Conference (1915) II.92, 353, 595, Young Men’s Christian Association see YMCA 599, 603 Young Women’s Christian Association III.116 Zoeller, Carl III.265 Young, Joe III.174 Zu_ ławski, Jerzy III.449 Ypres I.67, 169, 205 Zweig, Arnold, The Case of Sergeant Grischa Cloth Hall III.67, 606 (1927) III.471, 472 commemoration in II.379 Zweig, Stefan III.298, 412 evacuation of civilians III.190 Zwischeneuropa II.620, 635, III.407

763