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Home , Aglaomorpha (plant), Notholaena, Stigma (botany), Woodsia ilvensis, Woodsia obtusa

Editor Sue Olsen VOLUME 5 NUMBER 1 WINTER 1995 jfe.ggp»»Si'll f^J!yg|!^|j|§i5S fit Is? s&k&m£

President's Message This gives us a full spring. Let us know what you are doing. Contents. Sylvia Duryee Thank you all /SCD Winter doldrums? 2 Cyrtomium Fortunei This is a tough time for most gardens - Shenandoah Update except to look ahead. For many there is 3-8 Hybrid Hi-Jinks still deep cold and snow and out¬ Joan Eiger Gottlieb doors are quietly biding their time. How¬ 9 To our Fern Growers ever, it is a good time to start anew. Take Unlike printed words, ferns do not stay a look at our list and choose some¬ put. On recent trips to Shenandoah thing new you want to try in your area. National Park in Virginia some changes 10-11 Spore Exchange Your window sill works well and this in species distribution were noted and a approach avoids the fern dislikes: sun, couple of additional hybrids were found. 12 Rhododendron Species wind, cold. Best of all you can watch the This report updates the article "Shenandoah Ferns" in the Fall, 1993 Foundation & Botanical exciting stages of growth up close. Garden Sale H.F.F. Newsletter. Progress with our 1/3 of the new green¬ house at our Primary Display Garden at obtusa can no longer be seen the Rhododendron Species Botanical along the Skyline Drive at Fishers Gap Garden is exciting! Because of Tom (Mile Post 49.4,) afire having apparently Gillies generous gift, we are able to fi¬ destroyed the colony. However, with a Another hybrid, Diphasiastrum x nance Steve Hootman’s work in our be¬ little footwork on the Lewis Falls Trail habereri (Lycopodium x habereri,) is half. We will soon have room to grow on (diverges from the Appalachian Trail spreading in a sandy, acidic heath along small starts. The resulting material will [AT] near BigMeadows Lodge,)it can be the AT at M.P. 56.8. There is access to be available to satellites, members, and found on rocks about 0.2 mile before the trail from the Slaughter Fire Road for sale at the RSBG, also at our 25th reaching the falls overlook. Also there here. Heading north, in about 100 yards Fern Festival in June. are Woodsia ilvensis, the D. digitatum parent appears on the trichomanes, A. platyneuron and a right, its long growing out to¬ Willanna Bradner has worked up a mar¬ species. Woodsia obtusa is ward the trail. About 50 yards farther, velous plan and layout for our display at also present on large rock outcrops along the spidery-lookingD. x habereri appears. the N. W. Show, February 22- the Laurel Prong Trail near its junction Its rhizomes are mostly buried - visible 26th, the third floor of the Convention with the AT about two miles east of only in a few spots where they surface Center in Seattle. Be sure to visit, and if Milam Gap (M.P. 52.8.) briefly. A small colony of the D. you are able to help call Janet Dalby at tristachyum parent also grew in this area (206) 454-3447. Dryopteris x triploidea is fairly common as recently as 1992, but I was unable to along the Hogcamp Branch Trail below find it this year. John van den Meerendook is putting Dark Hollow Falls (M.P. 50.7.) Along together the elements for a 1 X 2 meter with it are its two parents, D. carthusiana Changes in the fern reflect, in part, poster which will go to the Pteridological and D. intermedia, as well as nice popu¬ alterations in the park from the impact of Symposium (’s 95) at Kew lations ofHuperzia lucidula, weather and fire cycles, natural succes¬ next summer, thanks to the strong arms virginianum, Athyrium filix-femina and sion and overpopulating deer. A record of Sue and Harry Olsen. A. thelypteroides. of these changes will be continued.

Winter 1995 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER Photo by: Cyrtomium fortunei Kim N. Durrant, SLC, Utah Fortune’s Holly Fern Sir to’mium fortu’ne i Cyrtomium = sickle shaped James Horrocks, Salt Lake City

Of all the Cyrtomiums or holly ferns, this species is certainly the hardiest, surviv¬ ing very cold winters where the mercury plunges well below zero. It is native to Japan, Korea, China, and Indochina.. It is found growing mostly in thickets in hills and low mountains. It usually pro¬ duces 12 to 18 inches long, al¬ edge. The apex of the is a single though they may occasionally be longer. terminal pinna similar to the lateral ones. It is similar in many respects to the more The son are small, round, numerous and familiar C. falcatum, which it is often scattered. The peltate indusia are orbic¬ confused with, butthefrondsofC. fortunei ular and subentire, often falling from are narrower, more erect, and not quite as older sori. shiny, tending to be more of a dark, Culture: This fern is at its best in shade greyish-green. Also, the pinnae are a bit in humus-rich soil. It seems to do equally longer, narrower, and of a thinner tex¬ well in either slightly acid soil or slightly ture than in C. falcatum. It might also be alkaline. It is much more striking grown confused with other Cyrtomiums, espe¬ as a group or colony rather than individ¬ cially C. tukusicola. There are several ually. It may be grown in the open varieties of C. fortunei: var. clivicola, ground, but seems more at home nestled var. intermedium, and var. among large rocks. It makes a good pot atropunctatum. plant, doing well indoors, but is more !Hardy Description: The is compact valuable outside in the shaded garden fern where its contrasting foliage compliments and more or less erect. The stipes are foundation tufted, 5 to 10 inches long, densely scaly other ferns. It is really quite cold-hardy throughout, especially at the base, the and is by far the more dependable of the scales being large, firm, and dark brown. Cyrtomiums. It is quite easy to grow and The once-pinnate blade is broadly lan¬ certainly has a place in any northern ceolate and from 12 to 24 inches long by garden. The Hardy Fern Foundation Newsletter is published quarterly by the Hardy Fem 4 to 6 inches wide. The simple lateral Foundation, P.O. Box 166, Medina, WA pinnae are numerous and alternating, 2 References: 98039-0166. to 3 inches long and approximately one Articles, photos, fern and gardening Flora of Japan (1965) Jisaburo Ohwi, questions, letters to the editor, and other inch wide. They are chartaceous, and Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate- contributions are welcomed! oblong and usually auriculate on the Ferns of Hong Kong (1978) Harry H. Edie, Please send your submissions to Sue Olsen, Libra Press LTD, Hong Kong anterior side although less pronounced 2003 128th Ave SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005. than in other species such as C. vittatum Encyclopaedia of Ferns, (1987) David L. Newsletter: Jones, Timber Press, Portland and C. balansae. The pinnae are often Editor: Sue Olsen minutely toothed and exhibit a dark, A Guide to Hardy Ferns (1984) Richard Assistants: Janet Dalby, Sylvia Duryee almost black costa or midrib, from which Rush, The British Pteridological Society, Typist: Renege Hill the veins form a network toward the London m HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER Winter 1995 Hybrid Hi-Jinks Hybrid fern allies are now well docu¬ WHAT IS A SPECIES? mented in the literature, with new ones The biology of hybridization, with its Joan Eiger Gottlieb still being discovered and described in implications for gene, cell and evolution nearly all genera. In addition to several My awareness of hybridization in ferns theories, not to mention , has bog Lycopodiella mixed crosses, I have and their allies dates back to undergrad¬ always held a certain fascination for me. personally seen the hybrids of Huperzia uate days at The City College of New The introductory hype and nostalgia not¬ lucidula with both H. selago and H. York where I was doing a comparative withstanding, hybrids are NOT supposed appalachiana, and of Diphasiastrum study of plant vascular systems for a to happen in nature. The eminent orni¬ (Lycopodium) digitatum with D. senior honors project in 1954. One day thologist and systematist Erast Mayr tristachyum (= D. x habereri.) I had the my mentor, Professor Joseph J. Copeland, (1964) says that a biological species is a special good fortune to learn about these brought in specimens of Lycopodiella "group of actually or potentially inter¬ hybrids with the late Joe Beitel of the appressa, L. alopecuroides and an "in- breeding natural populations, which are New York Botanical Garden, for whom between" looking plant he had found all reproductivelv isolated from other such this group of fern allies was a particular growing together in a sandy bog groups." Each species is thus a contained passion. near Lakehurst, New Jersey. A morpho¬ gene pool - a group that does not ex¬ logical study strongly suggested that the Hybrid ferns have appeared in herbaria change or intermingle its genes with the strange little lycopod was a hybrid, the for over a century. It was in 1866 that genes of other groups, and, therefore, first to be described for the Lycopodium Berkeley recognized xAsplenosorus evolves in its own unique direction. There group. I named the plant Lycopodium ebenoides as the hybrid between can be variation within the group (the (now Lycopodiella) x copelandii in hon¬ Asplenium platyneuron and Camptosorus familiar bell-shaped curve for most traits,) or of the sharp-eyed botanist who found rhizophyllus. but none that affects the reproductive it, and it was the subject of my first compatibility of its members. In 1940 Tryon described Osmunda x published paper (Eiger, 1956.) Mont¬ If a mutation (heritable change) occurs gomery and Fairbrothers (1992) report ruggi, a spectacular scion of O. claytoniana and O. regalis. Many more that prevents reproduction between mem¬ that a whole array ofbog lycopod hybrids bers of such interbreeding populations, it occurs along the coastal plain where discoveries followed so that today there are dozens of known hybrid ferns. can be an isolating factor, and may estab¬ parental populations overlap. lish a path to new speciation even if the affected individuals resemble each other superficially for a time. Such reproduc- tively separate, but similar-looking cryp¬ tic or sibling species have been described Lycopodiella appressa (Lloyd & Underw.) Cranfdl Appressed Bog "Qubmoss" in animals (e.g. Drosophila persimilis Rhizome completely prostrate, hugging the sub¬ D. pseudoobscura) strate and rooting throughout its length. and and in ferns cm erect stems appressed to stem, lack teeth. (Botrychiium hesperium and B. echo.) For insects, a slightly different phero¬ mone, and for birds, a variation in the nuptial dance may suffice as reproduc¬ tive barriers. may have different blooming schedules, -stigma com¬

Lycopodiella x copelandii (Eiger) Cranfill patibilities or specific cell membrane Hybrid bog "Qubmoss" receptors that set populations inexorably Rhizome part prostrate and part arching, rooting at end and occasionally along middle. onto separate evolutionary paths, even if Leaves on erect stems partly spreading, one or two pairs of teeth. their appearance remains remarkably similar and their geographic ranges co¬ incide. More typically there are habitat prefer¬ ences (meadow versus forest) or geolog¬ ical barriers (the elevation differences of mountain ranges, the separation of land

Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L) Cranfill masses as islands or continents, the phys¬ Foxtail "Qubmoss" Rhizome arches over substrate, rooting at end. ical distances across large canyons, riv¬ Leaves on erect stems spread outward, toothed. ers and lakes) enabling organisms once clearly related to evolve in isolation long Figure 1 continued on page 4

Winter 1995 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER IS enough to achieve genetic uniqueness, hybrids are common among ferns. In¬ NOMENCLATURAL NOTES reproductive separateness and even mor¬ deed, Montgomery (1992) lists 32 hy¬ If a hybrid is fertile it is treated as a full- phological distinctiveness - i.e. typical brids in 5 genera of ferns and fern allies fledged new species - a hybrid or species identity. for the state of New Jersey alone. This nothosnecies (as opposed to an So, if even small differences can set represents 25% of the staters pterido- orthospecies, the more traditional type species apart reproductively, how can we phyte taxa, although most of the hybrids that arises through mutation, isolation, explain those embarrassing hybrids that are rare. Hybrid ferns are often larger natural selection and divergence within arise from inter-species promiscuity of¬ than their parents, having "hybrid vig¬ populations.) Such a fertile hybrid spe¬ ten enough to blur our best species defi¬ or. " They are popular as specimen plants cies is given a name of its own, e.g. nitions? The answer, as E.O. Wilson for outdoor shade gardens. Dryopteris celsa, D. carthusiana, (1992) so poetically put it, is that "real Cystopteris tennesseensis, et al. evolution is messy." One or more of the There has been past controversy about isolating mechanisms may not be 100% the relative importance of natural hy¬ If the hybrid is sterile both parents are effective - there are few absolutes in bridization in evolution. Lotsy (1916) usually specified, e.g. Dryopteris biology - particularly in species recently thought it was the "single most important carthusiana x intermedia. Sometimes, a derived from a common ancestor and factor" in producing genetic variation sterile hybrid is given a name or epithet still sharing a lot of traits crucial to and Wagner (1970) dubbed it no more reproduction and survival. Most traits of its own. The Dryopteris hybrid above than "inconsequential evolutionary that arise through mutation undergo nat¬ is often referred to as D. x triploidea, the noise." Since then it has been realized ural selection for their adaptational val¬ "x" alerting the reader to the plant's ue, not for their isolating potential, the that something between these extremes hybrid nature. Often, the epithet honors latter coming about secondarily in some may be closer to the truth. It has been abotanist associated with the hybrid, e.g. cases. estimated (Arnold, 1994) that 70% of Dryopteris x neo-wherryi (D. goldianax flowering plants owe their existence to marginalis) or the Lycopodiella x Ecological disturbance, climatic cycles past, natural hybridization and intro- copelandii cited at the start of this essay. and other "natural history" factors may gression (backcrossing of hybrids to one bring evolving species (subspecies) back or another of its parents.) Modem DNA into overlapping proximity, in the bio¬ analysis confirms that hybrids have con¬ chemical or developmental senses, as tributed genetic material to the genomes Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes well as the more obvious geographical of many different taxa. Ebony Spleenwort X one. For example, changing moisture patterns may bring fern gamteophytes It would appear, at the very least, that (sexual plants) of different species into natural hybridization can make a cre¬ reproductive maturity at the same time, ative contribution to adaptation and spe- ciation. We can agree with Barrington allowing fertilization of one species' eggs xAsplenosorus ebenoides (R.R. Scott) Wtaeny by the other's . Under more stable that: (Asplenium platyneuron \ Camptosorus rhizophyllus) Scott's Spleenwort environmental conditions each species 1) Hybrids represent secondary contact might reach reproductive maturity at dif¬ (renewed reproductive interaction) ferent, non-overlapping points in the sea¬ between populations or species fol¬ son. On field trips I have observed that lowing a period of isolation. the "super sites" for finding hybrids of 2) Hybrids arise where isolating mech¬ Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) I ink Dryopteris are almost always hardwood anisms fail or are incomplete and Walking Fern swamps and their borders, places with there is a break in the process of fluctuating water levels and a diversity of divergence. Figure 2 potential parental species, particularly 3) Hybrids are a "rehash" of traits that those reaching their southern and/or are already present as well as a novel Intergeneric hybrids are also known and northern distribution limits - transition recombination of these traits - a new named. Scott's Spleenwort, the well- zones, so to speak. "shuffling" of the genetic deck. known blend of Asplenium platyneuron 4) Only if two taxa hybridize freely and and Camptosorus rhizophyllus is desig¬ THE SIGNIFICANCE AND amalgamate into one polymorphic nated as xAsplenosorus ebenoides with EXTENT OF HYBRIDIZATION evolutionary lineage is species di¬ the "x" in front of the new generic According to Barrington et al. (1989,) versity reduced rather than enhanced. designation. Similarly, there is

0 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER Winter 1995 xAglaonaria robertsii - the intergeneric HOW HYBRIDS HAPPEN sperm nucleus produced in the pollen blend of Aglaomorpha coronans x tube. To have a sexual union happen Drynaria rigidula. And how about a tri¬ Horticulturists and plant breeders, armed inside a flower, blooming time, structur¬ generic hybrid - Asplenosorus with camel's hair brushes and "baggies" al differences and even chemical barriers pinnatifidus (afertile hybrid of Asplenium of assorted shapes and sizes, have mas¬ must be overcome by the pollen of one montanum and Camptosorus tered the art of artificially intermarrying species trying to grow on and interact rhizophyllus) x Phyllitis scolopendrium different species to bring us countless with the pistillate structures of another. var. americana. This was actually creat¬ new hybrid , and veggies. Intra-specific pollen competition is often ed by chance in a terrarium in Michigan The modem tomato is a marvelous mix of the first and greatest barrier of all (anoth¬ in 1965. Hoshizaki (1993) recommends at least nine different species from Cen¬ er way of saying that each species "pre¬ that hybrids created in cultivation be tral and South America, carefully inter¬ fers" and makes it easiest for its own given a designation in addition bred over countless generations to incor¬ pollen.) Thus, first generation hybrids to the species epithet, e.g. xAglaonaria porate into one plant such desired traits are very rare - Arnold (1994) estimates robertsii cv. Santa Rosa for a variant of as temperature and drought tolerance, less than 1% between two species this hybridproducedby a California grow¬ disease and pest resistance, color intensi¬ which grow and bloom together in south¬ er. Such hybrids reflect the close rela¬ ty and increased vitamin and con¬ ern Louisiana. However, participation of tionship of the genera involved. Indeed, tent. Today, such traditional, time-con¬ these rare hybrids in subsequent genera¬ some taxonomists recommend "lump¬ suming selective breeding is being su¬ tions is quite high, with backcrosses to ing" Camptosorus and Phyllitis with perseded by genetic engineering tech¬ one or the other parents (introgression) Asplenium. niques of direct gene transfer - chemical¬ common, resulting in great diversity with¬ ly cutting desired genes from the chro¬ in certain populations. mosomes of one species and using harm¬ less viral or other vectors to splice them The and egg-making part of into the chromosomes of another species. the pistil are homolo¬ Hybridization between entire genomes gous (related in development and evolu¬ and painstaking selection of the "superi¬ tion) to the thalloid gametophvtes of Asplenium montanum Wiild. Mountain Spleenwort or" offspring has been bypassed. Sex has ferns and their allies. In been subverted, indeed, eliminated from natural hybridization can occur only if the process! the fragile, haploid (one set of chromo¬ somes) of two different Natural hybridization is still dependent taxa grow on or in the same moist sub¬ upon chance sexual unions between dif¬ strate, near enough to each other for the xAsplenosoruspinnatifidus (Nutt.) Mickel ferent taxa. For angiosperms (flowering of one to swim toward and fertil¬ {Asplenium montanum x Camptosorus rhizophyllus) Lobed Spleenwort plants) this means pollen tube growth on ize the eggs of the other. Ecology, phe¬ the pistils ( making parts) of flowers nology (seasonal factors) and chemistry and subsequent fertilization of the egg typically conspire against such illicit nucleus at the base of the pistil by the continued on page 6

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link Walking Fern

Figure 3

The "typical" homosporous pteridophyte life cy¬ cle, based on Camptosorus rhizophyllus, the "Walking Fern" and showing the alternation of a small, free-living, haploid and a large, long-lived, diploid with true , stems and leaves. Figure 4

Winter 1995 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER unions, but occasionally sex between A bizarre com¬ species or even genera is successful and SDecies “a” J < Soecies “b” plication in hy¬ 1N= 11 (A) a hybrid fertilized egg (zygote) is formed. IN = 11(B) brid formation Isoetes echinospora Isoetes engelmanii This zygote develops into a diploid (two may come about \ t sets of chromosomes) sporophvte (the through apoga- Sterile Dinloi d Hybrid “a” x “b” familiar, long-lived fern or "firmoss" mv. or agamo- 2N = = 22 (AB) with true roots, stems and spore-bearing sporv as it is now Isoeteir x eatonii leaves.) However, the species concept called (Gastony generally is not invalidated by all this spon taneous and Windham, because most Pteridophvte hybrids are chromosome doubling 1 9 8 9.) sterile.* The reason for this sterility is > U nreduced that structural differences in the chromo¬ Fertile TetraDloic l Hybrid 2ra” x “b”) (2N) grow somes from their parental taxa generally 4N = 4 4 (AABB) into diploid ga- prevent proper pairing during meiosis - Isoete s riparia metophy tes the special reduction division process which then pro¬ that precedes spore formation. The set of All plants share an unusual "jekyll-and- duce diploid directly (with¬ chromosomes "AM from one parent sim¬ hyde" life cycle with an alternation of out fertilization.) Ten percent of fern ply cannot find homologous matches sexual (-bearing) and asexual species are known to reproduce in this (chromosomes with genes for the same (spore-bearing) plants, the gametophvte inbred way, at least in some populations. traits) among set "B" from the other and sporophvte. respectively. Inthepteri- These include some species of Pellaea, parent. It still takes "two to tango." The dophyte group both generations are inde¬ and Notholaena, perhaps as result is spores and even sporangia that pendent, free-living and visible (although an adaptation to xerophytic (dry) habi¬ are "abortive" - shrunken, misshapen the tiny haploid gametophytes may be tats where water-dependent fertilization and lacking contents. Some hybrids prayer-bones finds.) In the seed plants is not reliable. To complicate matters produce a small percentage of viable (and a few heterosporous fern allies) only further, these ferns can produce diploid spores, a few cells apparently having the diploid sporophyte lives free, the sperm that act as male parents in crosses enough matched chromosomes to com¬ gametophytes being reduced to a few with sexually reproducing individuals. plete meiosis successfully. cells or nuclei imprisoned within the The hybrids of such crosses include pop¬ tissues of the spore-bearing leaves (cones ulations of triploid Pellaea atropurpurea, If, however, the hybrid undergoes a spon¬ and flowers) that produce them. Cystopteris protrusa and Notholaena taneous doubling of its chromosomes grayi. Triploid sperms from such plants right before spore formation, the result¬ ♦Some hybrids, e.g. Huperzia can then fertilize haploid eggs of sexual¬ ing "allopolyploid" cell(s) can have nor¬ appalachiana x lucidula and ly "normal" neighbors to produce mal meiosis. Now the matched, dupli¬ xAsplenosorus ebenoides can reproduce tetraploids! Tetraploids can also be pro¬ cated chromosome partners are able to vegetatively by gemmae or foliar , duced by doubling the chromosomes of line up at the cell equator to be appor¬ allowing even rare hybridization events diploid agamosporous plants. Hexap- tioned to the daughter cells that will to multiply into many, clonal individu¬ loids (6N) and even higher ploidal levels differentiate into sproutable spores. And als, some persisting for long periods of are known from such bizarre behaviors. these polyploids can often cross back to time and even out-surviving parental All of this chromosomal confusion can their parents or with other species to populations in an area. be found in the Pellaea glabella com¬ create still more taxa. "Reticulate evolu¬ plex. The only way to distinguish these Hybridization, when it occurs, belongs to tion" as Wagner (1954) calls this process unusual populations is through enzyme the gametophvte eeneration. those tiny, has created polyploid, interbreeding com¬ and/or chromosome analysis. plexes in several genera, including but sexy plants so often overlooked on Asplenium, Dryopteris, Polystichum and soil (most ferns,) in water (Marsilea, E.O. Wilson (1992) estimates that polyp¬ Isoetes. Isoetes,) underground in association with loidy has been responsible for the origin fungi (Lycopodium) or in the axils of of nearly 50% of extant angiosperms and fertile leaves where the large spores des¬ a small number of animal species. Ac¬ tined to grow into female gametophytes cording to Montgomery (1992,) six of the remain attached (Selaginella.) thirteen fertile North American

0 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER Winter 1995 Dryopteris species are polyploids - al¬ cies blended together, e.g. Dryopteris most exactly coincident with Wilson's marginalis has marginal sori; D. estimates for higher plants. A few exam¬ goldiana has sori along its central ples may be of interest here. We can pinnule veins; D. xneo-wherryi, the hybrid between them, has sori al¬ define polyploids as plants having high most exactly half way between mar¬ Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs multiples of the base (haploid) number of Spinulose -Fem (4N =164) gin and vein. D. intermedia has basal pinna showing unequal pinnule pairs: chromosomes associated with its kind. lacking stalked glands: deciduous more or less equal-sized pinna pairs Thebase numberfor the Dryopteris and lots of glistening little glands is 41. Dryopteris clintoniana is a hexap- shaped like lilliputian nails, partic¬ loid, having 246 chromosomes in its ularly on the rachis of the . D. body cells. Dryopteris celsa, D. cristata carthusiana is glandless and has and D. carthusiana are tetraploids with very unequal pinna pairs, particu¬ Dryopteris x triploidea Wherry (3N = 126) 164 chromosomes each. Many polyp¬ larly near the base of the frond. D. (Dryopteris carthusiana x intermedia i x triploidea, their rather common pinnae resemble D. carthusiana. but glandular loids have arisen from past hybridiza¬ like D. intermedia and sub-evergreen tions followed by chromosome doubling, hybrid, has glands (like D. as has already been described. D. celsa intermedia) and unequal pinna pairs (like D. carthusiana.) The earliest is believed to be the fertile allopolyploid realization that plants hybridize was hybrid of D. goldiana and D. ludoviciana. based on observation of such mor¬ D. carthusiana has, as one of its parents, Drvoptens intermedia (Muhl.) Gray phological intermed-iacies or new Evergreen Wood-Fem (2N = 82) D. intermedia. Its other parent is not basal pinna showing ecpial pinnule pairs: arrangements of parental traits. See stalked glands on rachis et al.; evergreen known. D. cristata is the hybrid between F. and L. Thome (1989) for many, this same undetermined parent and D. good illustrations ofhybrid trait com¬ Figure 6 ludoviciana. All of this suggests that the binations. Look for large numbers of genus Dryopteris is of fairly recent evo¬ undehisced (unopened) sporangia lutionary vintage, with many of its di¬ on old fronds. These can be seen verging species still compatible enough with a hand lens and may indicate a Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray to reunite under favorable conditions. Marginal Wood-Fem hybrid. Collect a fertile pinna or two pinna showing sori along margins and check under a microscope (at HOW TO HUNT FOR A HYBRID about 40x) for aborted sporangia A hybrid hunter in the field can use the and spores (irregular, non-uniform following recipe for finding and recog¬ shapes, shrunken appearance, pale nizing hybrid ferns and their allies. color and solid-looking, empty inte¬ Dryopteris x neo-wherryi W.H. Wagner riors.) One caveat is notable here; 1) Search for the occasional "odd-look¬ (Dryopteris goldiana x marginalis) spore abortion is also common at pinna showing sori half-way between ing" specimen in a field of two or margin and midvein times for normal plants growing in more related species. (The whole high-stress environments, such as plant must look unusual, not just one alpine conditions, e.g. or two fronds. Often, ferns will Diphasiastrum (Lycopodium) al- produce a few atypical leaves, espe¬ pinum, D. sitchense and D. cially late in the growing season.) A complanatum. hybrid is often larger and more vig¬ Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker) A. Gray orous-looking than any surrounding Goldie's Wood-Fem In the laboratory more definitive parent plant.. pinna showing sori along midvein analysis of hybrid status includes squash preparations of young spo¬ 2) Check to see if the unusual plant has rangia to look for unpaired meiotic any characters of two different spe¬ Figure 5 continued on page 8

Gel electrophoresis "zymogram" for PGI (phosphoglucoisomerase) showing the "a" and "c" allozymes of this enzyme from Polystichum lemmonii (L) and P. munition (M) and the combined allozymes for this same enzyme in their hvbrid (H.) From Soltis et al. 1989. Figure 7 M H L L Winter 1995 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER a chromosomes. For refractory cases, down, some of these DNA pools find that Hybrids also heighten my desire to pre¬ paper chromatography and gel elec¬ they can still flow together. And, with serve and protect our remarkable flora trophoresis are "state-of-the-art" tests the vast ecological change being wrought and the habitats that sustain it. That way, by which scientists can verify the in modem times, we may find more future generations will also be able to presence of species-specific fla- border or friction zones created where hunt for hybrids and speculate about vonoids* and enzymes from both previously isolated species or "species- their origin and their evolutionary sig¬ putative parents. Using allozyme** in-the-making" are brought back togeth¬ nificance. gel electrophoresis, Haufler (1985) er. Their may thus have re¬ discovered that Cystopteris tenuis newed opportunities to test their compat¬ and C. fragilis share a common, ibility. Those that "make it" will produce REFERENCES unknown, diploid ancestor. In the hybrids to bemuse and confuse us. Arnold, ML. 1994. Natural hybridization and same way, Hickey et al. (1989) Louiaiana Irises. Bioscience 44:141-147. ♦Flavonoids are C6-C3-C6 compounds showed that three named Isoetes Barrington, D.S., CH. Haufler and C.R. Worth. species from different Costa Rican often occurring as glycosides (carbohy¬ 1989. Hybridization, reticulation and species drates combining a sugar such as glucose concepts in the ferns, Amer. Fern J. 79:55-64. lakes were, in fact, a single species with a non-sugar such as digitalin, Berkeley, MJ. 1866. On a supposed hybrid fern from exhibiting clinal (elevation) varia¬ Philadelphia. J. Roy. Hort Soc. 1:137-140. anthocyanidin, etc.) and including many tion due to temperature and isola¬ Crawford, D.J. and D£. Giannasi 1982. Plant tion. Soltis (1989) analyzed nine of the most common pigments of flowers chemosystcmatics. Bioscience 32:114-124. and pollen. Eiger, J. 1956. A hybrid Lycopodium. Biological enzymes to demonstrate that inter¬ Review. C.C.N.Y, 18:17-21 species hybridization is rampant ♦♦Allozymes are similar, but not identi¬ Gastony, G.J. and MD. Windham. 1989. Species among North American concepts in pteridophytes; the treatment and cal, enzymes coded by alternative alleles definition of agamosporous species. Amer. Fern J. Polystichums. Polystichum (from mutation) of the same gene (like 79:65-77. acrostich-oides x P. braunii = P. x different flavors of the same ice cream.) Haufler, C.H 1985. Pteridophyte evolutionary potteri in Vermont and P. andersoni biology: the electrophoretic approach. Proc. Rov. Hybrids display "additive" allozyme pat¬ Soc. Edinburgh 86B;315-323. crosses with P. munitum in . terns when separated electrically in a gel, Hickey, R.J., W.C. Taylor and N.T. Luebke. 1989. P. munitum is highly outcrossing, the pattern of one parental species "su¬ The species concept in pteridophyta with special creating fairly good hybrid : non¬ perposed" upon that of the other. reference to Isoetes. Amer. Fern J. 79:78-89. hybrid population equilibria in the Hoshizaki, B.J. 1993. Naming ferns of horticultural interest Flddlshfftd F.gfUm 20:29-36. Pacific Northwest. Crawford and If all this has seemed confounding and Lotsy, JP. 1916. Evolution by Means of Uyhridi7A- Giannasi (1982) have written an complicated, it is worth noting that tax¬ tion. The Hague, The Netherlands, M Nyhoff. excellent explanation and review of onomy is a human construct - a tool Mayr, E. 1964. Systematica and the Origin of these new "chemosystematic" tech¬ created by and for the convenience of Species. New Yak, Dover. taxonomists. Plants "feel" no obligation Montgomery, JX). and E.M Paulton. 1981. niques. Dryopteris in . Fiddlehead Forum to fit into neat, nomenclatural nooks. 8:25-31. They pursue their own proclivities, sex¬ WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN? . 1981 Dryopteris in North America, part ual and asexual, within their own "spe¬ IL the hybrids. Fiddlehead Forum 9:23-30. Hybrid formation is one way taxa "tell" cies" and sometimes with other species, Soltis, P.S., D.S. Soltis, P.G. Wolf and J.M Riley. 1989. Electrophoretic evidence for interspecific us they are related. The most common just for a change. Life is a continuum, hybridization in Polystichum. Amer. Fern J. 79:7-13. hybrids are those that form between sub¬ with indistinct boundaries and with lots Tryon, R.M, Jr. 1940. An Osmunda hybrid. Amer. species (those populations most recently of life forms that do not fit neatly on one Fern J. 30:65-66. separated or separating from each other, or the other side of those boundaries. For Wagner, W.H, Jr. 1954. Reticulate evolution in the Appalachian Aspleniums. Evolution 8:103-118. breaking the gene pool into geographi¬ pteridophytes, the continuum extends . 1970. Biosystematics and evolutionary cally isolated puddles.) Hybrids between nearly 400,000 years back to the Devo¬ noise. Taxon 19:146-151. species are rarer, but occur with fair nian, enough time for a lot of evolution¬ Whittemore, A.T. and B.A. SchaaL 1991. frequency between those species that are ary experiments, the successful ones com¬ Interspecific gene flow in sympatric . Proc. Nat'l, Acad. Sci. 88:254

E HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER Winter 1995 To Our Fern Growers: To My Fellow Fern Wayne “Bubba” Baxter Collectors:

I would like to explain my Spore Exchange policy. I feel it will make for a better Wayne “Bubba” Baxter exchange in the long run if everyone knows how I am operating. I am looking for members who live near First of all I am constantly looking for input, new ideas, complaints, etc. Please feel Botanical Gardens. My goal is to find free to express your concerns at any time. Below are some of the policies that I have members who will go to these Gardens for operating the Exchange. and collect fem spores for the spore exchange. I will make all of the arrange¬ Requests are handled on a first come first serve basis. Except in two situations donors ments with the appropriate authorities. always have priority over nondonors. In the event of a tie between overseas and domestic donors, the overseas donor gets priority to help keep them donating their It will need to be done at least once a year, diverse spores. maybe more. That would be up to you considering the needs of the exchange. I always use the freshest spore that I have available, unless there is a specific request This idea, if I get a good response, can for Donor or Coll. site. add a lot of rare and unusual ferns to the exchange. You would be recognized in When it comes to the packets of spores if I have a lot I give a lot, if I have a little I the annual spore exchange for your work. give a little. When I have a small donation I try to make it stretch to as many members I will refer to you in correspondence with as I can and still have enough to grow. There are some donations that have almost the Botanical Gardens as the HFF spore no spore at all. Rather than just throwing it out I will try to package it and send it curator for (your state). out in the hope that the member will, at least, have a chance of growing it. The short ones will be reflected in the Spore List each year, although some of the short ones I have done this myself with the Nat. aren’t designated in this year's list as I just started this idea. Also the individual Botanical Gardens in D.C. and have packets on the short ones will have a circle with a minus sign inside. If you get one found it an interesting experience. The of these that was not listed in the Fern List, it will be because I had full ones but have curators are very helpful and supportive. since run out of full packets. I try to make sure that there are always some spores in each packet. Anyone interested in participating please let me know. I will need the address of But please understand I am not holding back any spores -1 give what I am given. The the Bot. Gard that is near your location. quality and quantity of the donations, are reflected in what you receive. I am doing this exchange without any assistance so if I get a donation that has debris I do not have Thank you for your consideration! time to separate all of it from the spores. Fern Growing Idea Though there are still some old packets left all new packets will have, in the lower left hand comer, their collection site if they were collected in the wild. The lower right Wayne “Bubba” Baxter hand comer will have the initials of the donor and the year the spore was donated. This is a method that I have used to raise This year when I am out of a fem that you order you can either ask for a substitute ferns from spore. It works so well for me at that time, or get a voucher that can be used for a future order. that I want to pass it on to other members. I utilize the containers that are used for My goal in taking the Exchange is to make it the preeminent source of ferns in the cakes and cupcakes at the supermarket. world. I can only succeed with your help. Only 40 people donated last year, and They are clear plastic. They hold the almost half were from overseas. I think that there are a lot more of us out there who humidity well and let in plenty of light. could be sending spores in. They don’t have to be exotic or rare: any identified spore The cupcake container will hold 6 ferns. is helpful. Send in all of the local ones that you have no matter how mundane you think they are. When you travel grab a couple of fronds and (after identifying them) Another plus is that they are stackable. I have piled them 5 high without any mis¬ send their spores in — with relevant information noted on the donation. haps. You can grow a lot offems in a very Remember the better the condition of the donations the better the spores that you small area near a window. Plus they are receive. free, one container with each purchase of cupcakes. The ferns love these little Thank you for your cooperation! greenhouses.

Winter 1995 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER m The information in the list should be taken as advisory in The 1995 HIT Spore Exchange Addendum nature only, not as proven fact If any member has any reliable As you can see the Spore Exchange Addendum is coming information that should be added to, or changed in, the list out earlier this year. A description of the columns is listed please forward that information with your spore donation or below. request. COMMON NAME ; No explanation necessary here. Below the spore list are the donors and their respective PACKET: How many packets we have in stock at the tune the donor numbers from 1991-1994. Some may have been lost list was published. This should key possible donors. If you see during the transition of the exchange, I apologize in advance if one that is running low, that you have, please send it in. anyone is overlooked. The ones with an asterisk deserve special ZONE: The zone listed Is the most northern zone the fern has recognition for turning in many different kinds of spores in very been reported to grow in. If I had no information on where the good condition. fern grows I put zone 9. It is urgently requested that donors send in fresh spore every SIZE:, this is the largest size that the fern can be expected to year. The life of the Exchange depends on your contributions grow under ideal conditions Ordinarily your fem will be of spores collected from many different localities from around smaller. the world. If time allows please mark each donation with GROwing conditions: There is a different letter for each pertinent information regarding the fern, that the spore was condition listed that the fem prefers for optimum growth. collected from. A=ALKALINE SOIL, Z=ACID SOIL, S=SHADE, T=PART SUN, U=UNLIMITED SUN, D=DRY SOIL, N=NORMAL DAMPNESS, Much of the excellent information in this list, has been W=WET, H=HIGH HUMIDITY, E=EASY TO GROW, Q=DIFFICULT, provided thanks to the efforts of two members Brian Aikens. L=SOIL SPECIFIC, R=ROCKY SOIL, J=EPIPHYTIC, B= FERN and Robert Louis Muller. Additionally we need to thank our OCLIMBER, G=SPREADING HABITS, K=TERRESTRIAL, new curators who will be collecting spores from Botanical Y=DIMORPHIC, V=DECIDUOUS, Q=EVRGREEN Gardens in their areas Judy Quattrochi, Betty Blake, Iris COLLECTION site is where the spore donation was collected Gaddis, Jim Rugh, Owen Hammerberg. Judy has already sent if it was collected in the wild. When ordering spores from the several in from the NYBG. When you start to receive spore wild you must spell out the site that you would like them to packets with the species printed out neatly, with zone, etc. you come from, otherwise you will receive whatever packet of can thank Owen Hammerberg. He recently sent me thousands spore is on top at that time. of labels at his own expense. Many members will be veiy ORIGIN this is the natural range of the fem. thankful as my handwriting skills aren't always what they DONOR lists the donors of the various spores. It is should be. I will begin sending them out as soon as I get some listed with the year the spore was donated beginning with the time to place them. most recent, then the donor number. There will be a space To Order: Please print your selections clearly in between successive years. If you want spore from a specific alphabetical order using . Include 25 cents for donor you must specify whose you want. each fem requested (check payable to the Hardy Fem There are also numbers listed in with the genus that impart Foundation) and a self-addressed stamped envelope. No charge the following information. 1=RARE, 2=NEW never listed for requests from overseas, but please enclose an International before, 3=FEW spores in the donation, maybe too few to grow, Postal Response Coupon to help with the return of the spores 4=BOTANICAL GARDEN DONATION, 5=FOR MY DATA Maximum order is 25 packets per year. USE ONLY, $=GREEN SPORES, $$$ GREEN SPORES Mail Requests To: with a fresh spore donor available. We are by the way, still looking for more green spore donors. If you want to volunteer Wayne D. Baxter please make it known when you make your requests or 307 Riverdale Cir. donations. Stephenson Va„ 22656, USA

HFF GENUS SPECIES CVR COM. NAME »K Z SZE GRO COLLSITE ORIG DONOR 344 Adiantum capiSus-venens Regmae venus hair fem 1 8 18 ASHK pantrop M/45 93/9 345 Asptenium cuneifofium 6 6 R Bohem. Czech Swtz Eur 94/45 346 Asptenium met sum 5 4 10 Z1K NE Asia 94/45 347 Asptenium scolopendnum harts-tongue, scoRies 13 6 12 ANSKO NHem 94/150,152,97 348 Asptenium 1 sepcertnonaie forked spteenwofl 70 5 10 ZDTK Switz.ttafy NHem 94/9,45.152.151 349 Asptenium 1 2 3 x atemlfoSum 5 5 [R Germ Eur 94/45 350 Asptenium 12 3 xlusatfcum 5 5 Germ Germ [94/45 351 Aspterai»n 1 2 3 x poscharskvanum 5 5 Germ Germ 94/45 352 Asptenium 1 3 tnchomanes Pachryrachis Maidenhair spteenwort 6 5 14 Czech 94/45 353 Asptemun 2 Scotopendnum Supra marginatum Harts Tongue fm 10 6 12 ANSKO NHem 94/155 354 Asptenium 2 1 Tnchomanes Hastatum Maidenhair spleenwort 5 5 14 ANT Switz Switz 94/45 355 Asptenium 2 3 x Murbeckn 1 6 Switz Switz 94/45 356 Asptenium 3 futa-murena DolomiDa/m Wan rue 1 4 6 QANT N Italy 94/45 357 Asptenium 3 tnchomanes Lucanum Maidenhair spleenwort 5 5 14 ANT 92/45 358 AtfMium fikx-temina Curtum enstata lady fem 5 3 48 ZNTKOV N HEM 94/45 359 Athynum 2 Ttietypteroides Sifverv Glade Fem. Silvery 1 4 36 TNZV Me NHemlndia 94/120 360 Athynum 3 filix-temina Cocymtxterum lady fem 6 3 48 2NTKOV N HEM 94/45 361 AtfMium 3 atm pas 1 6 Sibena 94/45 93/9 362 Athvnum 3 spinulosum 5 4 24 SNK EAsia 94/45 363 Btechnum minus 20 6 40 WTK AukNz AuS.NZ 94/37 364 Btechnum scMcant ladder fem. 30 6 28 ZESWY Wash N Hem Pac nw 94/9 36 97 154 365 Ceterech 2 3 offianarum txvatens see aspien ceterach 3 5 6 ADT india.Af.Eur |94/45 366 Ceterach 2 3 officinerum officianarum see aspien ceterach 2 5 6 ADT lndia.Af.Eur 94/45 367 Chetlanthes 2 3 notholaena marantae 5 6 DU Cauc Caucasia 94,<45 368 Cynormum caryobdeum Dwarf hoty fern 10 6 12 ZNTK India.Easia 94/156.

HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER Winter 1995 369 ICystoptens Ibuttufera Bladder Fern 6 3 28 ANTVK NA 94/97 93/9 370 ICvstoDtens fragilis BntBe Bladder fm. fragile tem 90 4 1? ZNTVK Oreo Germ eaole crk Cosmo 94/9.12.97.154 371 O/stoptens 2 fragilis Fine Form Bntile Bladder fm. fragile fern 90 4 1? ZNTVK Germ eaole crk Cosmo 94/24 372 Cystoptens 3 fracwhs anttwscifolia Bnffle Bladder fm. fragile tem 5 4 12 ZNT Cosmo. 94/45 373 DavaOia cananensis canary is hares-foot fn 4 8 16 GDUMJ Port.Spn.Cnry 94/152.154 93/S 94/135 374 Dryoptens affints borren scab/mate fern aolden 20 4 48 5NK Eur SWasia 375 Oyoptens atfinis borren robusta 20 4 48 SNK Eur SWasia 94/135 376 Dryootens affints Pmden sra/y mate fern \ ootden 7 4 48 SNTK Eur SWasia 94/150 377 Oyoptens diiatato Cnspa Whiteside cnsped broad buckler fern 26 5 36 WTOSK N Hem 94/25 92/113 378 Oyoptens filix-mas Cnstata Marti ndate Mate Fern 20 3 60 ZSNV N Hem 94/25 379 Dtyoptens 2 affints Conacea mate fern 1 4 24 SNTK Iran 94/45 330 Oyoptens 2 affints Punctata mate fern 5 4 24 SNTK Swiz Switz 94(45 381 Oyoptens 2 Ftini-mas Ltneans Plumose 17 4 60 ZSNOK NHem 94/12.141 382 Oyoptens 2 hlu-mas subimeans polvdacytla Mate tem 21 4 60 ZSNOK N Hem 94/25 383 Oyoptens 2 siebotdn Cvenata 5 6 10 ZSNK Easia 92/111 384 Oyoptens 2 van a seed bisseoana 10 6 24 ZSNK Sasia.Ptulipin 94/45 385 Oyoptens 2 3 Intermedia Maderensts (Evergreen Wood Fern 1 3 24 ZSNOK Madeira 94/45 386 Oyoptens 2 3 Nameqatae 5 7 Jap 94/45 387 Oyoptens 3 ftltx-mas Cnstata Jackson Male Fern 3 3 60 ZSNOK NHem 94/45 388 Oyoptens 2 Gymnosora 5 8 12 Japan 94/36 389 Gymnocatpium dryopteris Flumosa plumose Fem 20 4 12 RSGV NHem 94/9.25 390 Lygodium 1 patmatum Amencan,Hartford fn 12 4 60 CWZTQ ENAm 94/8 391 Osmunds $$$ cinnamomea Cinnamon Fem 1 3 60 WZVK Cosmo 94/150 93/9- 392 Osmunda $$$ tlaytoniane Mem/pted Fem 5 3 60 ZWSVK Me Cosmo 94/138.5.150... 393 Osmunda *$$ regatts royal tem 20 3 90 ZWSOK Cosmo 1941153 394 Osmunda S$$ reoafts oraciits royal tem 1 4 48 ZWSVK N Hem 94/5 395 OsmwKta $$$ regatts spectates 1 3 90 ZWSVK Cosmo 93/9,150 396 Osmunda 2$t$ regatts JapomcatOmorphic) royal tem 1 4 48 ZWSVK N Hem 94/5 397 Osmunda 2 $*$ reoalts Undulatum royal fem 1 4 48 ZWSVK N Hem 94/5 398 FTytKis nemiontos 2 8 10 Spn.Cantyls 92/45 399 Potypodium scouten leather polypody 20 7 14 TNJ Wash N Am 94/10 93/97 400 Potypodium 1 amorphum irreoutar poMxod 20 7 8 R OreaCotumFM Pacific NW 94/97 401 Potypodium 2 3 vutgare Btfido-cnstatum common polypody 1 4 14 NTJK Cosmo 94/45 402 Po/ypodium 24 cambncum semAatum welsh polypody 2 3 8 TN swCaltf 94/9.154 403 Po/ysocboosis muoca 5 8 Jap 94M5 404 Potysachum 2 Muni turn Twisted Fhnna Sword Fem 20 5 36 SNK WN Am 94/25 405 Po/ystichum 2 3 seoferum Cortspiculobum Soft Shield Fem 3 6 40 TN Europe 94/45 406 Potysochum 2 3 seoferum Conspicupinnulum Soft Shield Fem 3 6 40 TN Europe 94/45 407 Potysnchum 2 3 setiferum dtvistlobum angustatum Soft Shield Fem 3 6 40 TN Europe 94/45 408 Potystictium 2 3 seoferum drvistlobum cnstaojn Soft Shield Fem 3 6 40 TN Europe 94/97 409 PoVsOctium 2 3 seoferum Mrs Hughes Soft Shietd Fem 3 6 40 TN Europe 94/45 410 Potysaetium 2 3 seoferum Rotundatum crested Soft Shield Fem 5 6 40 TN Europe 94/45 411 Thetyptens dtorstve-pmnata 5 8 12 Eur 94/150 412 Thetyptens 1 Oentata DownvMai den Blue Stemfm 3 6 20 AHTKN Pantrop 94/156 93/1 413 Woodsia iteensis Rusty Woodsia 13 4 6 ERTNZ Bohem EastaNAmEur 94/12 45 150.1; 414 Woodsia ptummerae plummers cliff fem 8 7 14 RNT MexSWUS 94/97

DM \ FIRST LAST DM t FIRST LAST PN# FIRST LAST DW FIRST LAST 1 Brian Atkins’ 42 Jim Ruah 89 IPamelaq Moscetti 130 I Vera i Barton_) 130 I Loyd_I Barton_1 3 Wavn© Baxter 43 Prof Saiki 90 (Craig Sauls 4 Wendy Bom* 44 Kevin W Sanfers 91 Dr Elizabeth Sheffield 131 Robert Muller 5 Mrs Alice I. Burkman 45 PhDrZdenek Seibert* 93 Frank Mrs Skula 134 Sandra 1 Constantino 6 Anna Marta V Davis 48 John 8> Irma Sib 94 Vat Sorter 135 Wim (Tavernier 7 Sylvia & Phil Dutyee 49 William Thomson 95 Dr. David Straney 136 DJ | Batten Cvnttna (Farden 8 Leslie Duthie 50 Fred& Timm 96 Judith Sullivan 138 9 Patrick Dwyer* 52 Samuel Turney 97 John Thompson 139 Jack 1 Schieber 10 Sue&Hermar Entz 53 Dr T W Turney 98 Christian Wingard 140 Alan Smith 11 Ins Gaddis* 54 Dr Cor Van de Moesdijk 99 Dr Bruce Young 141 Virginia Otto * Perry 12 Wolfram Gassner* 55 Mrs Sandra Vandermast 100 Marge Baird 142 Jesse Watty Reed Jr 13 Chris Goudy 56 Suzeoe Visentin 101 Maroaret Nimmo-Smfth 143 Lundberg 14 Eldred Green $7 Les Vutoz 102 EMD Hirsch 144 Jean Mandeville 15 Grea Haines 58 Bruce Wakeman 103 Richard Pillar 146 Sue Dr. Howard iHlnde 16 Neil Hall 59 Elmo Weeks 104 Prof Berthet Lvon Bot Gdn*. 147 Mary EBen Tonsing 17 Marguerite Hankerson 60 Reginald Kaye 105 Bryan J Laughland 148 Judy Quattrochi’ 18 Kenneth Hanover* 62 John Adkms 106 Bany White* 149 Fens Henrik Nielson 18 Ken Hanover 63 Don Agostmelli 107 Beverly Edney 150 151 Marietta (Fairboume 19 Leslie Hatfield 64 Diane 8. Ken Atterburv 108 Catherine Guiles Mogens 1 Huge 20 Jocelyn Honder* 65 Roger Boyles 109 Phyllis P Bates 152 21 JR Horrocks 66 Dorothy Byer 110 Linda and Halley San Dieac 155 BnanE (Nash 22 Barbara Joe Hoshtzakr 67 Edmund Cava 110 Bob Haflev* 23 Guv Hundev 68 Eileen Clause 111 HFF 24 Clive Jenny Hon. 89 Michael Concannon 112 AFS7NYBG 25 Judith Jones* 70, Lothar Denkewttz 113 Naud Bumetl 26 Harold Dr Kasper 71 Don & Joyc e Dnfe 114 J.C Punter 27 Dr Irving Knobtock 72 Joachim Ehlers 115 Greichen Gould 28 Mareen Ktukeberg 73 John Game 116 Rufina Osorto 29 Robert W Lake 74 Robert Gamlin 117 JO on Feely 30 Donald Leake 75 Johan Kluge 117 Dr Donald Fana/ 31, Stuart Lindsay 76 Jean Graber 118 Chanin Thorut 32 Lynn Makela 77 Laura Gusfcn 119 EtvaC. Link 33 John & Marge MasateHi 78 Edward HaBman 120 Dr A# Birkrem 34 Dr John Mickel 80 David Hughes 122 Mrs Hiroko Sasashi 35 Mary Muler SI Yoshio Kao 123 Betsy Feuerstein 36 Sue Olsen* 82 Shuzo Kawabata 124 Michael Garrett 37 Barbara S Pams 83 John Knouse 125 1 HFF Lakewold 38 Karola M Peftkus 84 Hafyna Mrss Kuheana 126 | Jason Ney 39 Ken Pfeiffer 85 Dorothy Lamb 127 ITed Evers 40 John & Grace Putnam 87 John*, Judv Money* 128 (James A RoHtns 41 Martin Rickard 88 Hiroki Miyazaki 129 I MICHAEL HEIM

Winter 1995 HARDY FERN FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER m W Si 7* ■?£, V* % SC V* m2 as & xr 5»_ s£? % 8 SI. &j i«&& WMkMAl

Rhododendron Species Foundation & Botanical Garden 9th ANNUAL SPRING PLANT SALE Saturday, April 1,1995 9am - 4pm

Thousands of hard-to-find plants perfect for Northwest gardens and homes. Unusual Rhododendrons, includ¬ ing azaleas, tropical vireyas, true species and popular hybrids, will be available in all sizes, including landscape size, at GREAT prices!

Beautiful Japanese maples, alpines, ferns, ornamental and , perennials, natives, bonsai, carnivorous plants, , heathers, dwarf conifers, aquatics, orchids, hypertufa troughs and many other plants available!

Food, Drinks & Master Gardener Booth

Free Admission to Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden during this special event!

Location: Weyerhaeuser Corp. Headquarters, West Entry Parking Lot, Federal Way, WA

Sponsored in part by Key Bank with proceeds benefiting the Rhododendron Species Foundation & Botanical Garden, a non-profit organization.

Call 206-838-4646 for more information!

Ofiardy fern foundation NON-PROFIT P.O. Box 166 US POSTAGE Medina, WA 98039-0166 PAID SEATTLE, WA PERMIT NO. 4878

Membership Due 07/95 Foliage Bardens Sue h Harry Olsen 2003-128 Ave SE Bellevue. WA 98005