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<Qt!Jl'jtff})|Nj Ufi' 4L'{T!!L 14 Etltlllojl& <Rtt&Trtlll,Blr lu3uusuLr'I uLnuîbsnhfd3uL qr'sn1le)3nfLLbnr'utqu3hL uqurlbur'u bnb.luLhîbSUqUL IUUULUUnUL NATIONALACADEMY OF SCIENCES YEREVANSTATE UNIVERSITY OF THE REPUBLICOF ARMENIA <Qt!Jl'Jtff})|nJufi'4l'{t!!l 14etltlllOjl& <rtt&trtlll,blr ARMENIAN STIJDIESTODAY AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES U[ guqqul fr0 hru rltudnqnrl bplru 0, 15-20 ubrqubrlphp[r, 2003 p. InternationalGon gress Yerevan,September 15-20, 2003 , /7n, ffi flhlqnrgn lillilililrl rrlúbnhdn4n{uùnr ....1+ Collectionof papers lsn 0001(479.25) qun 72(2]') l 246 Squqp {nrú t hrupuqftmu14 tuú huttludnnn{h lunnhnnhnpn2úurlp i I tuú p utqp wQ uú huAó A wfu n uI p' I trtlt!4..11. Ftupfunt4up;tuú (0tufuuquh), I qpn$.-4n!mnpU. Uf únú1 uú (0tufuuquhfimbqul1u1), I qpn$.-4nl4tnnpF.lup nrplnr01 urú (úrufutuquhfi mbrluQutf , ruptl.pb!úruónr U. Ur1uu1u0, qpn$.-4nl1mnp U.b11[uqup1ut0, qpn$.-4n11mnpL.I n{ubrfr; uú, qpn$.-4nl4mnp î. Untpur4lutú L rluqf uupnuU. 3nrub$;ruú 1246 (ìU3UqhSntCI3UtJUnîf, qf'6Ut{Cb.l eUnqUgUULìbnULqUnLbnC>. bp.,Sfqpuú Ubó,2004, 620 t9: ìuluqfruulnr 0 htutludnqn{f qb!nrgnrú0bp[r dnrln{uóntú úbpl.1tuytugúntù t hru;uqfimnrp,;nr0nrp4fr 4h6rulln, óbnppbpnrúúbpp L unugfrl,1ru fuO4ftpúbnn uturm- úuqftnntp.lurú,pu0uruftpnrp;ruú, rl2rullnrtph, bqhqhgnr qumúntp.;tuú L tuun{u- ónrpu 0nrp.1uú tuuqupbqnrrl: Lrtufuutnbu{uó t huyuqbn0bpfr tr hruluqfimnrpl ur rlp hb mupnpn{nq púpbpgnrl 1tu1ú2pguúúbpfr hrurlurp: l 401000000 ì_2004 774(01)-2004 qun 72(21) tsBN 99941-0-0971 ìUUUdnîn.$tunnìnrnî Uupqulufi - ìI qUUúurfuurqtuh, urlur4!riJr!nu, hurlurfiur[uruquh Uupurfpnu1u0 - bîì nbl4mnp,ul4ur4tilfrl4nu, hruúurúurJuurqurh Ubpqnbpltglu0 - ìì kppnrp1.r.r0tr q[rmnrpluú úrufuruprup {ttunhú h n Pur p Ju n r4ru pl ru 0 - ì ì eUU{r n}uúru fuur qtu h, ru[ru 4bú [r ! nu rlb4bl dÈputp(dh n ut n) ruO- Unúqbgb fr în1 rl.u1b pfrlr huilru luur pur ú Jr qpn$bunp($pru0ufur) În4nu LhnfiCbp[1ufi - ìì qUUuprnuuurhilur0yrufi urfi4ruil (htnufru) flhtunq ìn{hu0ú lrulufi - LnuU09b 1bufr hu rluluru pur 0fr huyuqfrrnnrp;ufi turlpfnúftlunht, lì qUUupmuuuhrltuúyur0 ufi4tuil (UtfL) Uptuil U[il nfi1u0 - EpLru ú [ qbrntulufi hruiitu1uu pur ú Jr qpnnh llrn np, qpngbunp BOARD OF CONGRESS FadeySarklssyan - RA NASPresident,Academician, Co-chairman RadikMartirosyan - YSU Rector,Academician, Co-chairman SergoYeritsyan - RA Ministerof Educationand Science VladimlrBarkhudaryan - RANAS Vice-President, Academician Gerard(Glrayr) Dédéyan - PaulValeryUniversig, Professor (France) BoghosLevon Zekiyan - RA NASForeign Member (ltaty) RichardHovhannlsyan - UCLA,Head of the Chairof ArmenianStudies, RA NAS Foreign Member(USA) Aram Simonyan - YSU Prorector,Professor AN ARMENIANPILGRIM IN MEDIEVALITALY: CULT AND ICO- NOGRAPHYOF ST DAVINUSOF LUCCA Michele Bacci (Univercity of Siena) Inthe lastfew decades a greatdeal of researchactivity has been devoted to the historyof the Armenian communities of Medievalltaly, orArmenians <<citra mare> as theywere sometimes called. Scholars have emphasized their role in the economic lifeof the 13ththrough 1Sth century Communes, and have provided us with a valu- ablebulk of historicalevidence about their civil and religious organization, as wellas aboutthe materialvicissitudes of theirecclesiastic foundationsl. Less investigated is the impactof Armeniancultural and devotional traditions upon the Westand the waysand reasons of the Westerners'fascinationwith them. Inthis respect, the telling of Armenian saints'lives is a casein point.We lackeda generaloutline of ltaly'sArmenian hagiology until the organizersof the exhibition Roma-Armenia,held in the VaticanLibrary in 1999,devoted an entiresection to the topicz.There, even an inattentivebeholder should have been able to seethat each saintcould be classifiedaccording to his historicalvalue. Those holy men being actuallyvenerated by theArmenian Gregorian church should have been placed in the firstcategory; the onlyone to deservesuch a classificationwas St. Gregorythe llluminator,whose cult in Naples,where he is knownas 'SanGregorio Armeno', datesback to the EarlyMiddle Ages: already the marblecalendar of the late8th or 9thcentury registers his name on September30 andDecember 2 and3, aswell as thoseof Hripsimeand Gayane on September283. All othersaints (all of them beingmale) are completelyunknown to Armenian hagiologyand seemto have had no directconnection with ltaly'sArmenian communities,or, at least,there is no evidenceabout Armenians <<citra mare> taking partin the shaping,promulgation or diffusionof suchcults. These ones can be distinguishedinto two categories. The first one includes those men whose legendary pedigreesounds absolutely fictitius, theirArmenian origins being nothing more than a rhetoricalpretext to providethem with an exoticappeal. That is definatelythe case of St. Minias,a paleochristianmartyr who was arbitrarilydescribed from the 13th centuryonwards as a princeor kingof Armenia,as we distinctlysee in the apsis mosaicof histitular church in Florence(San Miniato al Monte),where he is represented as a youngaristocrat, offering his royalcrown to the Kingof Heaven4. The secondcategory is composedof threeArmenian holy men: St. Liberiusof Ancona,Saint Symeon of Mantua,and St. Davinus of Lucca,all sharinga common statusof pilgrims.Liberius is, by far,the mostfabulous one. According to the local sources,dating back only to the 13thcentury, he hadcome to theAdriatic shores in -548- the5th century in order to visit the churchesof Ro- ffi*P@ me; later,he had t '."* $T''1"'î:?;[:î3 fh, in the neighbour- hoodsof Ancona I : kenresidence in a Er.-l . grottonext to the -i-J i cnurcn oÍ St E t ,. Silvester.As far V t ' as we know,his - i, public worship Fkrl _*- before the 11th centuryand there UU'*-*;;Jj- .:::::"-'' ' is titttedoubt rhar nothing l.Armenianinscription,late 13th century. Lucca, San Martino. can be said of him on historicalgrounds. Thislegend, however, bears witness to the fascinationof localbelievers by A-rmenian and.orientalpilgrims visiting the HolyPlaces of ltalyin the LateMiddle Agess. We knowthat pilgrimagefrom the EasternChiistian countries to Romeand the mostholy sites of bothltaly and other lands of WesternEurope was not infrequent in the EarlyMiddle Ages, when we find substantialtestimonies about Greek visitors. The samephaenomenon also involved many Armenians, at leastfrom the lOthand 11thcenturies, and their number remarkably increased as newcommercialand cul- turalcontacts were established with the newlyfounded Mediterranean Kingdom of Cilicia.Their primary destinations were Rome, with its manybasilicas and màrtyria - themost impoftant being St. Paul's and St. Peter's - thenthe Galician town of Santiago de compostela,which housed the corpseof the AposileJames the Elder;priorio Italy,thepiligrims had usually visited Jerusalem, from where they sailed to the ltalian shores.Such an itinerarywas followedby manyArmenian travellers such as Davit Bjnetsi,the priest Vardan, the monksargis, living in the 13th,14th, and 1Sth centu- ries6;moreover, the franciscan friar Guillaume de Rubruk,in the accountof hisexpe- djtionto Mongoliain 12s4,writes that an Armenianmonk he had met in Móngke Khan'scamp in the GobiDesert once confessed to himhis will to visitthe papal$ee andthe sepulchreof St.JamesT. such had been the very route of st. symeon,whose historicalexistence is confirmedby the vrfawritten shorily after his death,in 1016,in the monasteryof san Benedettoal Polirone,near Mantua,where he had spenthis last years.'we knowthat his first stop had been Jerusalem,where he had obtaineda letterof recommendationfrom the Patriarch, and then he had travelled from Rome to Santiago de compostela:along his itinerary,he had alsovisited many other sites, such às Pisa,Lucca, Pavia, Turin, the Abbey of Novalesa,and rours (where he hadvenerated st. Martin'srelics). Finally, he had decidedto stop near tÈe polironemonastery, -549- whoseabbot deci- dedto builda spe- cial cell in the neighbouring countryside,where Symeonwas allo- wed to live as an anchorite.As inthe caseof Liberiusof 2. 'SanDavino Master', The Rediscovery of SaintDavinus' Ancona, Symeon Corpse,about 1425. Florence, Acton Collection (formerly in was describedas Lucca,Church of SanMichele in Foro). an itinerantmonk or hermit,being urgedby hisdevotion to visitthe holyplaces of the West.His mysteriousorigins, thé auraof sanctityindistinctly attributed to the EasternChristian countries, and his píous behaviourprobably had an extraordinaryappeal on localbelievers and fashioned his laterreputation as an excellentthaumaturge Strikingfyenough, St. Davinus of Lucca(9HL2114), the third on ourlist, seems to haveacquired his fame as a miracle-workeronly because of hisArmenianorigins. His Vita,tirst published by the Bollandistsin the 17thcentury on the basisof a .late12th centurymanuscript in the Vaticanlibrary and of a later,now missing codex, does not pointout any peculiar virtue or spiritualmerit of his,apart from his beinga nobleman andalso a noble-mindedperson who had decided to go on a pilgrimagewhen he was alreadygetting on in yearse.After his departurefrom Armenia, he went,as usual,to Jerusalemand then to Rome,where he desiredto go to Santiago.Along his route, he stoppedat Lucca,just as St.Symeon had done, but unlike him he didnot perform any miraclesduring his stay there. He simply kept on with his usual behaviour, i.e. with his frequentfasting and praying, as manydevotees and pilgrims used to do.Nevertheless, whilehe was in the houseof his host,a noblewomannamed Atha, he happenedto getill andforetell his near death,,which occurred, according to tradition,on June3, 1050. Ihe banaland undistinguished
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