CEU eTD Collection C C THE In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Central European in Central ofArts ofMaster degree forthe In partialfulfillment ROSS ON THE ON ROSS ONTEXT OF M ONASTIC N T ATION RIDENT O Central European University Central Second Reader: Vlad Naumescu Reader: Second RDER OF Supervisor: Matthias Riedl Supervisor: Department ofHistory Department Budapest, Hungary Yuriy Koshulap -B : Submitted to UILDING IN UILDING T History HE 2010 By S T R B ELIGIOUS ASIL THE U KRAINE P G ATRIOTISM OF ATRIOTISM REAT INTHE REAT , 1897-1914 CEU eTD Collection Author.” the of permission written the without made be not may instructions such with accordance made in form copies made.Further suchcopies must a partof any librarian.page This Author and lodged in Central the European Library. Details may be obtained from the the by given instructions the with inaccordance only made be may part, or in full either “Copyright in the text of this thesisStatement of Copyright rests with the Author. Copies by any process, CEU eTD Collection building processes on the local Galician and the all-Ukrainian national levels. national all-Ukrainian the and Galician local the on processes building nation- and ecumenical the between correlation the show to is made attempt the Sheptytsky Andrey of andMetropolitan Letters BasilianOrder of work the editorial of the comparison Andrey inSheptytsky unite hisattemptto Eastern and Western Christianity.a Through idea. national the fostered Fathers Basilian the editorial work Combining the religious and patriotic in components their educational, pastoral,and movement. national in the force a distinct become to Fathers Basilian the enabled Galicia. The Basilinternal the Great of thereform UkrainianThe research by with andpatriotic religious deals the discourses produced Orderof St the ofGreek the Catholic Basilian Church at theAbstract turnOrder of the 20 at the beginning of the 19 Christian by Christian patriotism cultivated developed Orderwasfurther the by Metropolitan i th century in century th century CEU eTD Collection EEECS...... 61 REFERENCES...... 57 CONCLUSION...... HPYSY...... 39 SHEPTYTSKY...... ANDREY METROPOLITAN LETTERS PASTORAL IN OF THE NATIONAL ECUMENISM 4. 3. EDITORIAL WORK 24 OF THE BASILIAN ...... FATHERS 2. BASILIAN ORDER IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REFORM 13 OF DOBROMYL ...... 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC 5 TRENDS...... 1 INTRODUCTION...... TABLE OF CONTENTS...... II ABSTRACT...... I Table ofContents 4.2. 4.1. 3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.2. 1.1. R F T M R T T C H N ROM A HE HE HE ELIGION ANDELIGION ISE AND HURCH ANDHURCH THE ISTORIOGRAPHIC ATIONALISM AND ATIONALISM AKINGTO M A C ONTROVERSY OF ONTROVERSYTHE OF FTERMATH OF THE ISSION BEHIND ISSION B F ASILIAN TO THE ASILIAN TO ALL OF E VERY N ATION INTHE N P T R H RINTING OF THE OF RINTING ATIONAL RENDS ELIGION OUSEHOLD ANDOUSEHOLD M ISIONAR R M EFORM OF EFORM : R P ETROPOLITAN : EFORM OF EFORM M AST AND AST P L OVEMENT IN OINTS OF OINTS ETTERS OF ETTERS ...... 31 ...... B D L ASILIAN P OBROMYL IBRARY D RESENT R OBROMYL – A EFERENCE R G NDREY OOTS OF OOTS O ALICIA : ii T ...... 9 ...... RDER ...... 20 ...... HE ...... 17 ...... S P ...... 13 ...... 5 ...... HEPTYTSKY OPULARITY OF OPULARITY ...... 24 ...... A NDREY S ...... 45 ...... HEPTYTSKY M ISIONAR ...... 40 ...... 28 ...... CEU eTD Collection developmenthad AnthonyandTheodosius of Pechersk. Inthe 17 from Byzantium beforeand Western monasticism.the In Kyivan Rus’, monasticism baptismwas established by the missionaries of Rus’ laidcompiled who for thatfoundation the rules Basil (c.329-379), theEastern the (988 Great the A.D.), and the – greatest Church the one Fathersof of the to back of their Order history the trace Fathers Basilian influence on its of the religious elements into the formation of the national idea were. or movement, national find not only to research attempts the spirit. Therefore, nationalistic foster than rather zest enforce religious the were to supposedly within Order the monasticism, that occurred alsobut religious of versus transformations basis becausethe of of cannotbeeasilyexplainednotnationalism only nature awakening because secular the development of the religious-patriotic ideology. the participationwhich worked as complementary and competing all at the same time. Thisof thesis deals with theUkrainian nation tookplacethat in the first halfof 20 the religious community in the process of nation-building and the Ashgate, 2005), p. 18. represented the movement, but also to explain to also but movement, the represented 1 secular.” the mode to religious from the shifted in mankind as“a which scenario define secularization of theoreticians contemporary that process the andinitiated ideologies religion to alternative introduced the century of in 18 the course the sphere public were enteringthe that national Social discourses and Introduction David Martin, David There is no exact date of the establishment of the Order of St Basil the Great. The national in the Great the Basil St of Order Monastic the of involvement The On Secularization: Towards General a Revised Theory how this engagement wasperceivedby engagement this political the that parties 1 However, the processes of formation of the 1 what the consequences of the incorporation how the Basilians participated in the participated Basilians the th century century included modes both (Aldershot,England, Burlington: th century, monasticism th CEU eTD Collection groups “Galicia: A European Land,” pp. 7-8. pp. Land,” A European “Galicia: Magocsi, Robert Paul percent). (62 majority the were Ruthenians Galicia, Eastern Within Jews. percent 6 national identity. First World War, both terms “Ruthenian” and “Ukrainian” will signify the same people with adifferent associated withthe Ukrainian consciousness the nationaladopted identity.yet not who had Since that Galician process a to wasrefers gradualwhich and finished“Ruthenian” with term the the use endI of the Ukrainian” 5 Multicultured Land Robert Magocsi,“Galicia: A European Land” in ChristopherHann, Paul Robert Magocsi eds,. inhabited by distinctionPoles. This used to ethnicrepresent arough divisionbetween the two peoples. Paul 4 1774 to equalize it with Roman the Catholic Church. 3 Constantinople, and the Genesis of theUnion of Brest furtherreading see Borys A. Gudziak, achieved Councilofthe at Florence (1431-1445), butwasnot accepted of by Kyiv a part the ForChurch. Bishops of the Kyivan Church sought the support fromadvancement Rome. The ofUnion the wasProtestant based on and the Counter-Reformationconsensus Orthodoxy Catholic in theChurch Polish-Lithuanian were the main reasons Commonwealth, why the Eastern the Christianity erection in the second half ofof century,15th the patriarchate internal decline and unprivileged of positionMoscowof Kyiv and thethe preservation of the2 traditions of the Eastern Orthodoxy. The weakening of Constantinople relations, economic of development life, public of politicization an increased as a center of by isin characterized War World Galicia First before the Theperiod rights. certain political revolution both andendowed withnational1848 which the absolutism of weakened groups only struggleexacerbated the for acontrol over Galicia. This struggle developed after the by it Ukrainians inhabitedthat wasregarded and Order was confined to the Austrian crown-land – Galicia. was the last Greek Catholic jurisdiction on the territories of the Russian Empire, the Basilian prone to theLatin influences. After liquidation the of eparchy the Kholm inof 1864, which Catholic Church Greek the isolated Poland of partitions subsequent the and factions Uniate and Orthodox the between Metropolis in Kyiv Theschism the monasteries. Western of contemporary structure the following monasteries Basilian centralized who Rutsky, Venjamyn Metropolitan by was reorganized of of champions the Union the Brest In 1910 In Galicia had 7.9 million inhabitants: 45.4 percent were Poles, percent Ruthenians 42.9 and 10.9 In this paper, when referring to the population of AfterGalicia,1815 the historic Galicia included territories west of the San Riveralongand southof the Vistula, which werein Theresa with Maria by Empress Galicia in Church the Uniate the to given was Church term Greek-Catholic title The “Ukrainian” and “Galician The Union of Brest (1596) was the unification of the Kyiv Orthodox Church with the Holy See in Rome with 6 In the 19 – as a basis for the establishment of forindependent –as establishment the of states inthefuture,which abasis their th (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 5. 2005), Press, Toronto of University London: Buffalo, (Toronto, 3 and the Basilian Order from the Eastern Christian tradition, making itmaking tradition, Christian Eastern the from Order Basilian andthe century, Eastern Galicia Eastern century, Crisis andReform: The KyivanMetropolitanate, thePatriarchateof 4 became a cultural piedmont for all nationalities for all piedmont became a cultural (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998). 2 5 and Poles – two most ethnic numerous and–two Poles 2 – Josafat Kuntsevych and Galicia: a CEU eTD Collection Mcgill-Quenn’s University Press, 1999), p.13. numerous issues, all of issues,numerous be all coveredin which of cannot Ifocus on work,therefore this the a unique headdressesIn his caseof leader. letters, a religiousnumerous andanational Western couldbe as and of Metropolitan phenomenon the Sheptytsky Christianity, regarded theEastern between of ecumenism same a proponent at the time, and, Basilians reformed initiated by Catholic Andrey Church, AsMetropolitan Sheptytsky. a of representative the the Basilian Fathers and the policy of theland. native the revivaltowards and Church Catholic Greek the towards of the Byzantine tradition patriotism the fostered Basilians howthe show Namely I will ofthechapter. part central the in the Greek- makes Fathers Basilian by edited the in periodical the appears that nationalistic discourse 7 for peasantry periodical namely establishmentthe of printingthe in house Zhovkva and launchingthe of popular the in century are discussed chapter. this 20 the in Order the of development the for significance great a had that events the to movement national of andreaction the The outcomes causes, order. to renewdeclining the 19 inmovement contextof the In reform the Dobromyl secondof (1882-1904).the halfof the national into the Order Basilian the of entrance the I trace 2, In Chapter literature. lays theoretical outthe and framework ahistoriographic provides relevant reviewof the resulted in Ukrainian-Polishthe war of 1918-1919. determined of maturing national Galician population the and course the the of Thesefactors transformations in social and cultural spheres, demographic andshifts, labormigration. John-Paul Himka, John-Paul th century the Church authorities implemented a reform of the Basilian order, which was which order, Basilian the of a reform implemented authorities Church the century In Chapter 4, I focus on the connection between the religious patriotism promoted by religiouspatriotism promoted the between 4, Ifocus connection onthe In Chapter The following chapter focuses on the editorial activities of fathers, focusesactivities Basilian the of The followingeditorial on the chapter part first The Conclusion. and chapters, four Introduction, the of consists thesis This Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine Misionar ( Missionary 3 ). The analysis of the religious and religious the of analysis The ). (Montreal, Kingston, London, Ithaca: London, Kingston, (Montreal, th 7 CEU eTD Collection complicated and challenging but all all more but necessary. andchallenging the complicated particularly this study make formation national of period exceptional andthe Galicia, Eastern the of composition ethno-cultural specific the union, Church the of development social strata. different on influence its and Order Basilian the of activities the of picture dimensional amulti- creating discourses. Thisperspective allows by of comparison followed two the the Andrey Sheptytsky, faithfulMetropolitan tothe of andclergy letters and1914, pastoral the popular periodical national project. larger community and from of departure the localthe Galician identity of Ruthenians in of favor a religiousone of into wholeUkraine views inclusion the of the thatconceive ecumenical The position of Galicia between the Eastern and Western Christianity, the historical the Christianity, Western and Eastern the between Galicia of position The The research is based on two approaches – an analysis of the discourse of the Misionar, compiled andprinted by Basilianthe Fathers since1897until 4 CEU eTD Collection 8 andreligion. nationalisms of theories contemporary makes case tofind aperfectof Greek CatholicChurch the pointreference between the intereststhe to attends than rather salvation of personal of a purpose the state serves firstly affairs worldly the or a nation. The history issupposed correlate with its not part, andfrom to nationalism, seclusion since withdrawal of the most uniteinfluential people on the basis of common values, rather than create borderlines. Monasticism,on monasticChristianity,is bydefinition inclusive. With theonly offaith,criterion itis supposed to ordernamely religion, ofworld a hand, other the On the enemy-friend. distinction the drawing of the language, historicalof separatism.” tradition, religion, characteristicsbinds and apolicy national independence that population often of produces and cultural common on based continuitysentiment “a as nationalism defines Dictionary Collins The of the territory which Reference of Points and Religion: 1.1. Nationalism allows research. aboutof Basilian the literature existing is Order, by followed applied methodology the in the connection. Thewhich second partof chapter, the deals with overview historiographic the of nationalism, therefore, in the first part of this chapter, an attempt is made theories and between religion to correlation createthe of aninvestigation presupposes Great Basil the such a of St Order Monastic of the activities thenationalistic focuses on that The project study. the formulatescholarship, hypotheses, and suggest possible directions for continuation the of existing the outline framework, create theoretical sections that of two consists This chapter 1. Theoretical Framework and Historiographic Trends “Nationalism,” Collins English Thesaurus 8 That sentimentis based on a set of certain characteristics, such as similarity , HarperCollins, Publishers, Fifth Edition2000. 5 CEU eTD Collection (Kyiv,2004), p. 41. Translation is mine. 10 9 universal.” arenot themselves these butconditions specified), be (to conditions incertain necessary “indeed is nationalism him, For movements. national of rise of the his discussions in system and educational the factors economic the focusedGellner on nation-building. Ernest a society of connectingwith modernization the nationalism is most popular.” Ukrainian modern the where region the time same the at is region historical mobilized” “socially and “modernized” least the exactly this, that fact in “lies the scholar, the continues “The paradox,” total population. of the percent only47.1 population composed 1989,the urban censusthe of modern according to beterritory – Galicia regardeda cannot applying the quantitative norms of theoreticiansthe of nationalism, modernistthe theory of when factthat the to attention draws Hrytsak Jaroslav historian Ukrainian territory. agrarian formation of a high culture. enhancesthat mobility professional and in professional training, leads which its turn tothe emerges in modernthe withperiod of evolution the technology andof growth productivity offered by Ernest Gellner. The social conditions in the second half of the 18 the of half second in the conditions social The Gellner. Ernest by offered nationalist “exceptions” that existed in Europe, one of which was Galicia. historyGellner’s “short mankind”of reconciles modernist theory the numerous with too the for Being conception, emergenceof proper. the in nationalism modernist, itsthe essence modernist by defined the necessary, factors as – all of emerge society structure the andthehierarchical state) (the political centralization the period, during this Gellner, of features many Galicia According to shared “agrarian of the his “humanhistory.” age” Ernest Gellner, Ernest Jaroslav Hrytsak, Theories of nationalism developed from sociological perspectives allowed However, one of the features of Galicia is that it has always been a predominantly been it always has is that of Galicia features of one the However, To explain this, one may refer to the typology of the development of mankind, Nationalism, Strasti zanatsionalizmom. Istorychni essei (Phoenix, 1998), p. 12. 10 6 ( Passions for Nationalism. Historical Essays Historical Nationalism. for Passions 9 Such a chain of conditions of Suchachain th’ century ) CEU eTD Collection xv. cited inRobert E. Alvis, the duskof the religious modes of thought thatweresubstituted by nationalism. 15 14 (Syracuse , New York: Syracuse University Press, 2005), p. xv. aform a religion. couldof take that system symbolic a as former regarding piety, religious the and elements devotional of cosmology and in history humanthe mind. of separation the and status monarch, the ofthe divine ideaof the weakening as Latin),the him,modern is the connectedwith revolution declinethe of languageof the religion (such 13 12 11 community and modern perception –main time of components of nation-building.the importance of literature andprinted inpublishing capitalism for thecreation imaginedof the stresses Anderson Benedict nationalisms. European early of quality secular supposedly worldview could not be reconciled with science andrationalism.” science with be reconciled not could worldview since “religious of modern andstate science traditional classesrejectthe the ruling Inhisview, state an hierarchies the priestly nationalisticof ideas. the through authorization forof the unification used legitimization means of itwas only a supplementary afterwards but period, modern early in the a nation of consolidation the of element important an in that case,was Religion, butreshaped imported, intelligentsia. by or the created approach, regardsnationalism tobe a cultural and symbolic phenomenon, whichis not religion are most often seen as alternative ideologies. as alternative seen most often are religion Anthony D. Smith, D. Anthony Ibid. Robert E.Alvis, Ibid. Christiphe Jaffrelot , “Fora Theory of Nationalism,” p. 15. In other cases, scholars noticed similarities between the nationalist self and self sacrifice nationalist between the noticed similarities cases,scholars In other Another trait of the modernist school is that its representatives emphasize the Religion andtheRiseofNationalism.of A Profile anEast-Central European City Nationalism: ATrend Reportand Bibliography Religion andthe RiseofNationalism. AProfileofan East-Central European City 14 Anthony D. Smith, who generally criticizes modernist criticizes generally who Smith, D. Anthony 12 7 He also connects the eighteenth century with (The Hague: Mouton, 1973),p.93 as 15 Thus nationalism and nationalism Thus 13 11 For , p. CEU eTD Collection 370. History of theUkrainian Church 19 18 204. 17 Canada: CanadianInstitute of UkrainianStudies Press, 1987), p. 40. 16 nations, of completeness the Greek Catholic Church.Catholic Greek the vision of Anthony D. Smith, except for their status of aware elites, andthe werethemselves involved in polemicspolitical comply with modernistthe most Latinized monastic nationally order raising were of that schools organized time, the of media mass of means modern Slavonic. resembled that Russophiles Church movement. national the of agent main the became which Church Greek-Catholic the criticism from the Russophile clergy, Russophile the from criticism introduce first tophoneticthe (1897),whichin orthography their works of astorm raised inlanguage They usage schooling,the work. editorial Ukrainian the of and preaching, were Yiddish-Hebrew. and Slavonic), (Byzantine (classical)language vs. with VukKaradži demotic), language language. Greek thecasewith the liturgical This was or historical promoted the latter vernacular the languages, supported former While the and theclergy. movement a struggle national betweenthe language provoked literary often codification modern of the Hobsbawm). Eric Anderson, (Benedict school instrumentalist the of ideas the with correlates which precepts, religious on based the first part in ofChurch Catholic Greek the of elite as the emerging Great, Basil Stthe of Order monastic the 20 Isydor Patrylo, OSBM, John Paul Himka, John-Paul Himka, Peter L. Rudnytsky ed., Rudnytsky L. Peter Sharing the ideas of Ivan L. Rudnytsky about the importance of elites for the for elites of importance the about Rudnytsky L. Ivan of ideas the Sharing The fact that the Basilians used press in their pastoral work, which was the most which the was work, pastoral in their usedpress Basilians the fact that The It is hard to overestimate the role of language for the nation-building processes. The processes. nation-building for role language the the of It is hardtooverestimate Religion and Nationality in theWestern Ukraine Galician Villagers andtheUkrainian NationalMovement intheNineteenth Century Dzherela ibibliohrafia istorii Ukrainskoi Tserkvy Essays modernin Ukrainian L.history byIvan Rudnytsky th 16 century, engages in the national struggles to create nationalism create to struggles in national the century, engages John-Paul Himka believes that it was the national leadership of leadership national the was it that believes Himka John-Paul ), Analecta OSBM, Series II, Section I: Opera, vol. XXXIII (Rome, 1975), p. 18 Basilian Fathers, instead, were staunch proponents of the of proponents staunch were instead, Fathers, Basilian 19 who favored the artificial dialect coined by the by coined dialect artificial the favored who 8 , pp. 144, 211. ( Sources and Bibliographythe of ü (vernacular vs.Church (Edmonton, Alberta, 17 The , p. , CEU eTD Collection Church: Short History 23 ( 22 21 in developmentthe of the many Order the pagesto events. dedicated JohnPaul Himka reform Dobromyl, the of writes about Luzhnytsky Ukrainian historians –Hryhir internal organization of their life in the fifth volume of this monumental work. Among other by MykhailoHrushevsky, which World War. First the in participation their and Basilians the of work editorial the mentions Marchuk 20 Order. Among probably such works, voluminous isthe most the Ukrainian givesecular authors, the general onthe history perspective andfunctioning of the Army. Galician Ukrainian inthe participants active and editors, successful schooling, nationalinitiated awakening in Galiciabeing of proponents Ukrainianlanguagethe and Basiliansthe Porphyry that IsydorSoloviy, Patrylo)Athanasiy state Pekar, Pidruchny, tsar. On the by church Russian the of Uniate the liquidation for the was responsible that Church Catholic other hand,Ukrainian Church, of historiansin his example, for Panas, Kost critics. modern some by upheld is still that idea the affiliatedAndrukhovych) Basilians present the Latinization as agents of of Churchandpeoplethe – withAmbrose and Franko, Ivan Kulish, (Panteleimon the time the of writers radical and Russophile Order (Sebastian ideologically charged. andwere of camps therefore rival the representatives religious Sabol, the members or by its often completed were Order Basilian the on works The earliest Meletiy Present and Past Trends: 1.2. Historiographic Ukrainian Church Between East and West. Short Historyof theUkrainian Church Vasyl Marchuk, Hryhir Luzhnytsky, Hryhir Myhailo Hrushevsky, KostPanas, A number of books on general history of the Church and Ukraine, written by 23 Istoria Ukrainskoi Tserkvy Ukrainskoi Istoria These authors do not try to evaluate the role of the Basilians in historical Ukrainska Hreko-Katolytska Tserkva. Istorychnyi narys ) (Ivano-Frankivsk: Plai, 2001). Istoria Ykrainy-Rusy Istoria Ukrainska Tserkva mizh shodom i zahodom. Narys istorii Ukrainskoi Tserkvy 20 compares the Basilian Order with the Trojan horse in the Greek- includes information about Basilian monasteries and the and monasteries Basilian about information includes ( History of the Ukrainian Church ( History of Ukraine-Rus 9 ) vol.V (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka,1994). ) (Lviv: Transinteh, 1992). Transinteh, ) (Lviv: History of Ukraine-RusHistory of ( ) (Lviv: Svichado, 2008). Svichado, ) (Lviv: Ukrainian Greek-Catholic 22 History Vasyl 21 CEU eTD Collection Misioner, 2003). vidrodzhennia UkrainskoiTserkvy 29 1997), pp. 79-124. zhyttia Tserkvy vXVII stolitti Basilian Order and28 the UnionBasilian Fathers in the Nationalof Life of Ukraine Brest”) in Borys Gudziak, Oleh Turii eds., since the beginning of the reform of Dobromyl. from from in publishing 1924, they the materialswere libraries stored their Today,and archives. Brest of Union the of anniversary 400 tothe lectures such dedicated as theof series were conducted, Basilian Order Basilian Order the of from establishment the period cover the tries to author wherethe Order the of history until present.Ukraine of National Life A seriesShkarabiuk Themonograph by Order. Petro of conferences Congregation) publication whose that bywas sponsored Basilian the Order. discussed documents from archivesof the Vatican and the Propaganda Fidei (Misionary the history Galicia, worksongeneral the as Church aboutHistory,includes such 14references to of the Magocsi, by the writings Robertin Paul concerning review bibliographic The this research. thesis, leaving thus some gaps beto filled in 27 University of Toronto Press, 1983), p. 33. Church. and Bohdan Bociurkiw them mentions in theof liquidation context of GreekCatholicthe 26 Toronto, 1996). 25 24 second 18 halfof the Josafat Romanyk, OSBM, Josyf Budai, OSBM, Myhailo Haikovsky et al eds., Porphyry V. Pidruchny, “Pochatky Vasylianskoho chynu iBeresteiskaUnia” (“The Beginnings of the Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, Paul Robert Magocsi, Bociurkiw, Bohdan Ukrainian The Greek Catholic andChurch the Soviet 1939-1950 State, (Edmonton, John-Paul Himka, Not many contemporary works have been specifically dedicatedBibliography on works generalthe of the history extendedisChurch too toinclude it to the Basilian The greatest corpus Starting Basilians corpus bythe wascompiled of themselves. The greatest studies 25 Their studies cover periods the thatprecede and succeed the period studied in this Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine Monashyi Chyn Otsiv Vasylian u natsionalnomy zhytti Ukrainy Galicia:Historical A Survey andBibliographicGuide th century in his book his in century 27 ( Union ofBrest andthe Internal LifeoftheChurch the in 17th century is a unique work of its kind because itis entirely dedicated to the ( Reform of Dobromyl andRevival of the Ukrainian Church 28 and the conference dedicated to the 120anniversary tothe dedicated conference and the ) (Lviv:Misioner, 2005). Religion andNationalityinWesternUkraine 10 29 Monastic OrderBasilian Fathers of inthe Monastic , pp. 79-84. Beresteiskavnutrishnie uniata (Toronto, Buffalo, London: Buffalo, (Toronto, 26 Dobromylska reforma i ( MonasticOrder of ) (Lviv: ) ) (Lviv, ) , 24 CEU eTD Collection Study and Materials 35 from St. Georges Cathedral. About the Archbishop Andrey Sheptytsky, 1865-1944 34 33 History of the Ukrainian Church 32 Series II, Section I: Opera, vol. XIII (Rome, 1962). 31 vol.Opera, 48 (Rome, 1992). Pekar et al, et Pekar State of the Basilian Order in Lviv 1900. of Metropolitan becamewho theGreekCatholic Rev. inisliterature of to period devoted AndreiSheptytsky 1848-1918 the (1865-1944), Onufrii monastery in Lviv. 1914), which can beaccessedin the of libraries UkrainianCatholicthe University and St publication serial a is research, this of basis the be will which Order, Basilian of the works other Among the century. nineteenth in the were written that Petrov the Basilian Order. The mostUkrainian Church, consistent among these are the works by N. Kossak and N. Polish author EdwardPrus Polish author others. his ascetic and ethical worksandbiographies byStepan Baran, KyryloKorolevsky, and 1901and letters from some he of of thepastoral works mentions Metropolitan 1899to the reviews, monasteries, quantitativenumber in ofmonasteries bibliographic Galiciaand abroad, in general, Order of Basilian the tothe history isdedicated (section II) partof which French, considerable Latin, Italian, and 30 called works selected the Andrzej A. Zi A. Andrzej Edward Prus, Paul Robert Magocsi, Isydor Patrylo, OSBM, Irynei Nazarko, OSBM, Myhailo Vavryk, OSBM, In bibliographichis Magocsi review, Paul mentions mostRobert of that existingthe The works aboutAndrey The works include criticalabroad rather by written Sheptytsky study a 32 etc. Isydor Patrylo, OSBM, in his OSBM, Patrylo, Isydor etc. Sketch ofthe History ofBasilian Order –ofSaint Josaphat Ċ :á ba ed., ba ). adyka enumerates 49 works on monasticism to 49on 24arededicated among which enumerates works Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide Metropolita AndrzejSzheptycki. Studiai materia Dzherela ibibliohrafia istorii Ukrainskoi Tserkvy ĝ ) Kyivski i Halytski Mytropolyty , wi Narys rozvytku istanuVasylijanskoho Chyna AnalectaOSBM, Series II, SectionI: Opera,vol. XL (Rome, 1979);Athanasius Analecta OSBM Ċ tojurski: Rzeczarcybiskupie o Andrzeju Szeptyckim ), Analecta OSBM, Series II, Section I: Opera, vol. XXXIII (Rome, 1975). 34 and a collection of articles edited by Andrzej A.Zi byAndrzej edited ofarticles anda collection 30 biographies of some Basilians, some of biographies include 52 volumes written in Ukrainian, English, Ukrainian, in written volumes 52 include 11 Sources and Bibliography of the HistorySources andBibliography of of ( Kyivan andGalician Metropolitans , Analecta OSBM Series II, Section I: Section II, OSBM Series Analecta , á y ( ( ( Metropolitan AndreySheptytsky. Outline of the Development and Sources andBibliographythe of , p. 160. 33 ) (Warszawa,1985). Among published the 31 histories of separate of histories (1865-1944) ( Missionar ), Analecta OSBM, Achbishop (1897- Ċ ba. 35 CEU eTD Collection Bohdan Dziurah, Rafail Turkoniak et al eds., (Lviv: Artos, 2007). 37 University of Alberta, 1989). 20 1946. Such a project would allow history drawing acomplete of in Basilian the Order the immediatelyabroad and in Ukraine before Order the of development the of study be a would and research this after the abolition a possibleof extension it Therefore, appears understudied. previouscomparedthe period to of the Greek Catholicthe Church Basilian in the USSR Order inconfessional conclusion Another prejudices. can bemade aboutthestudy of activitiesthe of in the first still carry or half themselves by theBasilians most of them were completed Order, Basilian of the 20 views. of of his writings majority vast the comprises that collection in a two-volume edited was Andrey Sheptytsky by letters pastoral of the corpus Recently, aconsiderable decades. for already two prominent 36 Magocsi by Robert papers edited Paul of collection the on Andrey Sheptytsky, literature voluminous the of existence the Despite MetropolitanAndrey Sheptytsky, PaulRobert Magocsi, ed., th century century andit connecting with contemporary the religious situation in Ukraine. The above review shows that despite the considerable quantity of works on the 37 which enables scholars to draw whichfinished amore enablesscholarsto of his religious picture Morality andReality.The Life andTimes of AndreiSheptyts’kyi Pastoral Letters (1899-1914), Morality andReality 12 th century (after the reform of Dobromyl) – Vol. 1,2 36 edited by Myhail Hrynchyshyn, Myhail by edited remains to be the most (Edmonton: CEU eTD Collection awakening was by dominated GreekCatholicclergy,the were among who the few ethnic 17 inthe identity Polish assumed and Catholicism Roman 19 in the in Galicia movement national the of development the illustrates history their and Triad, Ruthenian the named was which circle literary a formed seminarians Lviv three these 1831, In Holovatsky. Jakiv and Vahylevych, Ivan Shashkevych, Markian of names the with connected is generally and The awakeningRuthenian in coincided time the with in movements national Eastern Europe Galicia in Movement theNational and 2.1. Church activities. for the Orderits completion. In the third part, Iwill focus on the consequences of the reform of Dobromyl after forces political and society the of reaction the and through implementation, its during reform, thebefore the Order of Basilian the state the describes part second The its secularization. during assessmentmovement national the and Church Catholic Greek the between relations the and Galicia of their independent standing. pastoral,national missionary, movement, ideological of between were predominantly Church the a subject struggle and the and reform my Dobromyl.of beginning and Before atthe of reform the Dobromyl,of Basilians the taskand is toeducational Chapter 2outlines the of Orderduringactivities Basilian the controversial and the after show the transitionDobromyl of the Basilian2. BasilianOrderintheContext oftheReform of Order to an The first part of the chapter introduces the historical context of of religious in life the historical introduces the context part of The first chapter the th century. Since the Ruthenian nobility converted tothe Ruthenianthe nobility converted century. Since 13 th -18 th centuries, the centuries, national CEU eTD Collection 40 Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848-1914 39 (Kyiv, 1995),p. 615. in and M.Chubatyi,and “Ukrainska Tserkva vidkintsiaXVIII st.” (“UkrainianChurchfrom End the of 18 the (Studium Ruthenum) was established inLviv as the department of Lviv University. N.Polonska-Vasylenko could study theologicalonthe faculty of Universitythe of InVienna. 1783 Central Greek-Catholic Seminary 38 mandates of 15percent had only diet intheGalician deputies Ruthenian aristocracy. The Poles and Austrians (1867),Poles regainedthe governor their of Galicia political was to bedominance appointed infrom Galicia the Polish as( certified by the chapters cathedral Church, with Catholic Roman the equal rights acquired (formally) treaty between the it reformed– the GreekCatholicChurch Mariaand JosephII(1780-90) (1740-80) Theresa units. administrative Polish and Ruthenian the into Galicia of division the and administration and schooling in language Ruthenian the of introduction Ferdinand the body Emperor were this to of ideas. maindemands The separatist with forward come not did and clergy Catholic Greek of the representatives the of composed Supreme Ruthenian Council Rus’ka(Holovna mainly Rada1848-1859) which was Russophiles,the andMarkian Shashkevych independentretained views. befellfate Triadthe –IvanVahylevych joined the Polonophile Jakiv camp, – Holovatsky with weresupportedPoles, others by Russia, and some relied ontheir forces. A own similar from the Polish side split the Ruthenian movement – some were looking for a compromise education. had to an access Ukrainians that the Metropolitan of Halych, also known as archbishop of Lviv, was restored. krylosy John Paul Himka, Kost Levytsky, Kost In1774 inVienna a Theological Institute was established forthe Ruthenianclergy. Greek Catholics also Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva. Zahalna chastyna. Despite the loyalty of Despiteinsurrection empire theloyalty tothe of andRuthenians the Polish of 1863, favorable. monarchy the of was hierarchy GreekCatholic towards the The attitude In year revolutionary the of Ruthenianleadership1848, the wasrepresentedby the ) that helped to administer the eparchy were established, and in 1808, the officeof the in 1808, and established, administer eparchy the were helped to ) that Istoria politychnoi dumkyHalytskyh Ukraintsiv,1848-1914 Religion and Nationality in theWestern Ukraine ) (Lviv, 1926), pp. 17, 46. 38 14 The fierce opposition to national sentiments national to opposition fierce The ( Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies. , p. 7. 39 ( The History of Political 40 General Part th c.”) ), CEU eTD Collection Ukrainophiles. national movement was more favorable to the Church and in their essence they were between the clergy and national populists, “[…] the national populists counted on the priests relations the assessed Himka John-Paul historian the how is This in1899. Party Radical the from split Church, the to favorable more was which party, Democrat National The Galicia. guidance of Ivan Franko came with the motto of secularization of the political life in was losing prominence. its In1890,theRuthenian-Ukrainian Radical the Party under in Galicia struggle political the on Church Catholic Greek the and Russophiles of influence 43 148. 42 1996), pp. 73-74. of the Historyof the ofUkraine. Formation ofthe Modern Ukrainian Nation, 19 for Russians. the thepoliticalwith unity andstood They relied on the Russianmain stancesOrthodox was Church the purification fromand the claimed60s, realized the that ofimportance the Ruthenians Greek of religion Catholic in thewere region, Russians andChurch as a result, Russophiles. Galician from one of theirthe Latin elements.Ruthenians as the ofAustrianenemies monarchy and allies Russian of Tsar, pointing atthe Word two partiesbecame in obvious titlesthe of maintheir periodical –Russophile society between antagonism the the 1868, they andestablished theProsvita (Enlightenment) In place. first in the movement political a were (narodovtsi) populists national religion, to 41 and the social and economic policy was controlled by Poles. John Paul Himka, Yaremko, Michael Jaroslav Hrytsak, ) was often ) wasoften challenged by national the populist With the growth of the Ukrainophile tendencies in the national movement, the movement, national in the tendencies Ukrainophile the of growth the With The leaders of The leaders Russophilethe of which movement, in dominated Ruthenianthe politics 43 Narys istorii Ukrainy. Formuvannia modernoi Ukrainskoi natsii XIX-XX stolittia. Religion and Nationality in theWestern Ukraine Galicia –Halychyna. From Separation toUnity 15 42 While Russophiles attached importance While Russophiles Dilo , p. 140. ( The 41 (Toronto, New York, Paris,1967), p. Polish politicians calumniated politicians Polish Deed th -20 ). The latter part of the of part latter The ). th century ) (Kyiv: Henesa, ) (Kyiv: Slovo ( Sketch ( The CEU eTD Collection 108. 48 47 p. 115. Magocsi eds,. Magocsi 46 220-221. 45 forintroduction 1907electionsimperial the to parliament. ofuniversal suffrage in decade, andthe the through election reform of that campaignsforduring the middle the increasingly andnationalizedpoliticized during agrarian the strikes of 1902 and 1906, sacramental (jurarites solae). sacramental feesissue for – relationship” playinginthe “sore the priest-peasant priesthood, on the against people agitation antagonized and often wassupplementedan with anti-clerical work invillages, the which20 activists appealedtothe collective memory serfdom of by annual organizing in celebrations 44 of Russophiles activities the of A revision revealed Vatican. the and monarchy the to disloyalty in Church Catholic their subversive work andfrom lead Greek toCatholicism theHlynychky village trial Galician of toconversion The Orthodoxy important. ofmore became over affiliation in religious 1881a dozen became ofanother the chance to accuse the Greek in villages. movement national the hastened of the penetration of such pressandliberties freedom the as freedom of association civil basic of guarantee the and education, compulsory of introduction the parliament, national duringpopulist candidates elections.” nationalfor campaigninto organize villages andto clubsandassociations other reading John-Paul Himka, Ibid., pp. 113-114. Kai Struve, Kai “Peasants andPatriotic Celebrations Habsburg in Galicia” inChristopherHann,PaulRobert John-Paul Himka, John-Paul Himka The great Austrian reforms of the 1860s that brought the restoration of the With the growth of the confrontation between Russia and Austria, the question of a of question the Austria, and Russia between confrontation the of growth the With Galicia: aMulticultured Land Religion and Nationality in the Western Ukraine Galician Villagers andtheUkrainian National Movement the in Nineteenth Century Galician Villagers andthe Ukrainian NationalMovement intheNineteenth Century th 48 century became nationally charged. nationally became century 45 In their quest for the votes of the peasantry, national (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2005), Press, Toronto of University London: Buffalo, (Toronto, 16 44 , p. 148. 46 Villages became Villages 47 This , pp. , , p. , CEU eTD Collection 53 52 OSBM Series II, SectionI: Opera, vol.48 (Rome, 1992), p. 316. pretext that they were not engaged in work. social engaged any thatthey were not pretext the on wereclosed monasteries many and Russia in and Lithuania provinces from other isolated was province Galician the reign, his During II. Joseph of name the with connected OSBM”) in Athanasius Pekar et al, Pekar Athanasius in OSBM”) 51 50 monks,butalso themoral about loss In discipline. declineof was and there particular, Metropolitan Joseph Sembratovych reported to Rome not only about the small number of belonged Order. schools thattothe abolition by decline the of the wascaused in Isydor10 novices Patrylo,such According 14monasteries. to abode that a OSBM, beginning 19 the of Holy was Redeemer only monasteriescreated, monks26 andc.left 200 were at the Out of monasteries36 and 314monks in when 1780, Galician the of province Most the ofDobromyl Reform the of Controversy The 2.2. by Fathers. JesuitOrder the the national movement. of Thepart bythesecular which wascriticized affairs, into the intrude madeVatican Ruthenians culmination of such trendsaffairs to the growing national movement. The fearwasof the spread of Russophilism inamong the the reform of political inthe influence its losing slowly was Church Catholic the Greek the and secularization Basilian deposition of Metropolitan Joseph Sembratovych. 49 weakening leadersRussophile movement. and of a subsequent the Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM”, p. 316. Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, Isydor Patrylo “Narys istorii Halytskoi provintsii ChSVV” (“Sketch of the History of the Galician Province KostLevytsky, John-Paul Himka In the second half of 19 the of half secondIn the In the last two decades of decades of last 19 the In thetwo The History ofPolitical Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848-1914, Religion and Nationality in the Western Ukraine Monastic Order of St Basil the Great in National Life of Ukraine th century. Sketch of the History of Basilian Order –ofSaint Josaphat 51 The decline of monasticism in Galicia is generally is Galicia in monasticism of decline The th century, Basilian Order consisted of only 50 monks and th century the political life of Galicia was undergoing was Galicia of life political the century 17 50 52 , pp. 77-78. 49 The scandal induced the , p. 23 pp. 197-198. , Analecta 53 CEU eTD Collection the metropolitan was subordinated to the Holy See for the time of The reform. the for the time of See Holy tothe subordinated was metropolitan the and bishops the of jurisdiction the from be taken to was Order Basilian the it, to According 59 58 57 reform. of the period for the Dobromyl of monastery the over guidance the totake rite Greek the embrace wereto Jesuits the that decided meeting the Therefore of Jesuits. participation the accept would society Ruthenian the that believed everyone not be reorganized, had to Order the that agreed everyone although and leaders, Church the of meeting the summoned governor of Galicia, Count Alfred Potocki, to take the issue under his control. the issue take under Alfred to Potocki, Count of Galicia, governor place. the of and Education commissioned Religion Apostolic TheMinister Seetook kept secret. During thatRuthenian time, societyintensive over thenegotiations engagement of ofthe thePolish Austrian Jesuits, government so the plans ofwith reform the were 56 55 Great, 1882 too.” they “will establish many schools which will wellbredraise eparchial andpriests statesmen, 1605, heplanned thatreform the manyyieldmonks, and would reverent well-educated that beginningthe of 17 the Fathers to conduct the reform. the conduct to Fathers Orthodoxy. to of Basilians converted 54 monks confessed Holyat mostvery ayear, 3times onceor and seldom monasteries, Communion. took the in recollections) (rogations, exercises spiritual nor rules day neither Ibid., p. 44-48. Ibid, pp. 32-34. Porphyry V. Pidruchny, “The Beginnings of the Basilian Order and the Union of Brest,” p. 83. John-Paul Himka Ibid., p. 39. Makarii Karovets, Makarii 57 On Maybull made Papal “Singulare Praesidium”12, 1882,the was public. In the 19 It was the initiative of the protohegumen OSBM, Father Sarnytsky, to invite Jesuit invite to Sarnytsky, Father OSBM, protohegumen the of initiative was the It 59 ), Part I(Lviv,1933), p. 33. Religion and Nationality in the Western Ukraine th Velyka reforma Chyna Sv.Vasylia V.1882 century, even bestintensionsthe notprevent could in protests the th century on the initiative of Metropolitan Veniamyn Rutsky. In 56 Jesuitshave already taken partin the reform of the Order at 55 18 ( The Great Reform of the Order of St Basil the , p. 80. 54 Some 58 He CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 History of Galicianthe Province OSBM,” p.322-323. 63 Religion andNationality in Western Ukraine, p. 82. Emperor. the with audience had they where Vienna to representatives delegated and reform under(viche) Ruthenians theGalician memorandum the of 2000signatures gathered against byAustrian police. which, however, wasconfiscated 62 61 novices. thirteen already were there year same of the October of by theend but there, novices three only were there Dobromyl, of monastery charge the over took Fathers Jesuit the when 1882, 15, June On life. monastic the to vocations the of growth the for account brochure popular the edited scientific nation.” the towards 60 ( conquest ofRus’ byJesuitism.” clergy.national populistThe print organ againstThe protests the reform united the campsof Russophiles, national and populists, services for youngthe Basilians. conduct not could they but rite, their change to have not did Jesuits monks. unreformed of novices formonastery in Dobromyl was thegiven to Jesuits. Dobromyl becamewhole the only place for the entry Galicia, so that the new generation could replace the older, Breakthrough Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” pp. 325, KostLevytsky, 328. Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, “Chy poslidne slovo?”se (“Isthatthe Last Word?”), Ibid, p. 163. Makarii Karovets, Makarii Almanah Vasylianskyh bohosloviv It isIt probablythis outcry public of Ruthenian the reform may press against the which RomanChurch […]. Catholic name was preserved among and others spread; assuring the ancient union with the achieve the aimof its founderBasil and its renovatorJosafat: namely, that among some the the hope of the glory of old times will revive strengthenedand in every virtue will easily […] we hope that the Basilian Order of the Ruthenians in Galicia, with the help of God, in 65 ) and ) The History ofPolitical Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848-1914, Monastic Order of St Basil the Great in National Life of Ukraine The Great Reform of the Order of St Basil the Great, 1882 63 Kievlanin Ukrainian writer, critic, translator, and folklorist Panteleimon Kulish Panteleimon folklorist and translator, critic, writer, Ukrainian 61 (Citizen of Kyiv) stigmatized it as “violence,” “injustice “violence,” it as stigmatized Kyiv) (Citizen of , ( 60 Almanacof Basilian Theologioans The bull also summarized: also bull The 62 Outrage of the JesuitsOutrage of Uponthe Basilians inGalicia Other periodicals, such asRussophile Other periodicals, Dilo 19 condemned the reform as “a new plan for the Dilo No.(20 May, 35, p.John-Paul 1882), 1in Himka, 64 In people’sMay meetings 1884, two ) in Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the , Part II, p.158-161. , p. 24. pp. 214-215. Prolom 66 , CEU eTD Collection of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 341, 347. GalicianProvincein had16 monasteries 2overseesand with missions the234monks. IsydorPatrylo “Sketch 71 70 69 Revival of the Ukrainian Church State of the Order of Saint Basil the Great in the Second Half of the 19 68 OSBM,” p.329. people’s mission.By 1905,theBasilian fathersfor conducted over thepeople 200missions seveninitiated first the In 1889, in first the ordainedapproaches priests pastoral work. the reform. the young Congregation Basilians and until 1904 when session the of dischargedPropaganda Sheptytsky. In1897,the firstprovincial included wasformedcuria that Jesuits and the master ofnovices by was taken reformed Basilian the and the future Metropolitan Andrey 67 Order.” Basilian the of renovation independent an of capable inourpeople, forces the loss progressive because found cause reformers national the any say,Levytsky to “In finalthe account, the reform of Basilian Fathersour by Jesuits didnot persuadedKost that national was activist mainpoint reformedthe this Probably Basilians. the of generation young the to given gradually was Order Basilian the over supervision The Dobromyl of Reform ofthe Aftermath The 2.3. hours, cross procession, rogations, and religious fraternities. holy missions, assupplications, suchpractices introduced Jesuits time, same the at reform, and Innsbruck. Kraków in wereusually studies of monasteries the conducted Galicia in or collegesin sacred one year of rhetoric, two years of philosophy, and two or three years of theology. The After the initial six months, novices passed thefirst monastic vows and continued studies – In1897 there were 47 hieromonks, 40 students, 50lay brothers. On the eve World of the WarOne the Order Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 340. KostLevytsky, Josafat Romanyk, OSBM “StanChynu sviatoho Vasylia Velykoho u druhij polovyni XIX stolittia” (“The AlmanacBasilian of Theologioans Apart from from Apartof Basilianthe quantitativethe growth Order, 70 The History ofPolitical Thought of the Galician Ukrainians, 1848-1914, 67 The sound education was among the main achievements of the , p. 92. in Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of Historythe of the Galician Province 20 th 68 century”) in 69 71 In 1893, the position In1893,theposition of the reform brought new brought reform the Reform of Dobromyland p. 215. CEU eTD Collection 74 zhytti Ukrainy, Roman Sheptytsky people, in such Missionary the inBuchach, where 1911 theyestablished as Gymnasium the seminary ofin 1906the in Rome and StJosaphat of Sacred College the of administration the over took Stanislaviv.monasteries of Krystynopil, Krehiv.Dobromyl, Lavriv, 1904,the Basilians October and In However, they alsoMary (1892)andImmaculate Sisters Myrrh (1910). Bearers supervised Servantsof of Sisters communities themonastic partin establishing Basilian Ordertook the parish schools for the lay Father, and its periodicals (among which was the popularmonthlyFather, the andits (among which periodicals was headed in it and byaBasilian was three eparchies usually structured organization was well members. itin The had over100,000 Prayer 1884,and in25years wasestablished new religious communities andfraternities supervised by Basilianthe Fathers. Apostolic of in theestablishment reflected life was monastic and spiritual the towards interest greater The month. the of Sunday and Friday firs the in especially people many collected which of VirginJesus (maivky), Heart Mary becameand Holy the to –Rogation popular practices 73 72 quoted the words of a peasant,“It was the firsttime that we understood everything.” Prylbychi in 1892.Itwasdescribed by mother the of Metropolitan future the whoSophia, placenative Andrey in missions villageof Russophiles. the – such Sheptytsky of One took by the propagated dialect artificial the or Polish than rather in Ukrainian conducted were missions andrecollections These catechism. or thedogma concerning questions intelligentsia. and students, seminarians, for the priests, of recollections number same and the Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 364 Sheptytska SofiaFredro, Sheptytska Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 337. From the first years From first the Basilians organized the in reform, of the theirownstudies the One of the main tasks of the Order was its pastoral activities. Probably the most p. 70. 72 Recollections consisted of discussions of theological and moral problems or ) (Lviv 1994), p. 138 in Petro ) (LvivPetro Shkarabiuk,p. 138in 1994), Molodist i poklykanniao. Romana Sheptytskoho 21 Monashyi chyn OtsivVasylian unatsionalnomy ( Youth andVocation of the F. Misionar ). 73 74 The CEU eTD Collection referential meaning “traitor” and was applied to all the manifestations of Ukrainian separatism i.e. nationalism.Great. labelThe usedby Russianthe government Russian and the Orthodox the Peter was Church endowedwiththe waragainst the in of Sweden XII Charles King with sided and rule Russian the against rebellion 80 79 GalicianProvince OSBM,” pp. 323-324. Ruthenian Literature until 1890 main role in mazepynskyi had clergy the that uniate itwas younger the last decade the “[f]or government, occupation stationed in monasteries. Croatian Russia or to Others wereexiled died. Austrian the of three them army,were enlistedto national populists.” became alsobutardent lose national feeling the not of not dignity, only did Catholicism, despite theirnumber utter reformed who, of bears a people, “[t]he that Order admitted Pencil ( years those about novels autobiographic his though and Drohobych, in monastery activist. andpainter member the of government ofWestthe Ukrainian Republic Peoples andnational (Wien, and 1903-1905) parliament(1900-1906), Zahar Pavliuh – the founder of journalsthe Austrian the depute Javorsky to Basilian school in– aphilanthropist, wereVasyl Lavriv 78 77 76 75 the Ladyka, artist Kornylo Ustyianovych, composer Porfyrii Bazhansky, lawyer and editor of Institute of St Josaphat. This term is derived from the name of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, who, in 1708, led an unsuccessful Cossack unsuccessful an led 1708, in who, Mazepa, Ivan Hetman of name the from derived is term This Isydor Patrylo “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 348. Ivan Franko, Ibid., pp. 172-173. Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, Ibid., p. 335. Bulletin of State Laws Bulletin of , With the beginning of With beginningFirst World of the War the Fathersand 35Basilian lay brothers 37 77 Schönschreiben, Ivan Franko received his primary education in the school Sviatotroitsky of school in education his the received primary IvanFranko Narys istoriiukrainsko-ruskoi literatury do 1890 Monastic Order of St Basil the Great in National Life of Ukraine 78 75 Ukrainische Rundschau Father-Humorist This establishment yielded Thisestablishment suchintellectuals as Vasyl archbishop inUkrainian OleksandrKulachkovsky. 80 ) (Kyiv,pp. 307-308 1910), Isydor in Patrylo History “Sketch of of the the movement […]. The great proponents and propagandists of propagandists and proponents great The […]. movement 79 According to one of the instructions of the Russian ) display Basilian teacher in a negative light, he light, negative in a teacher Basilian display ) 22 (Wien, 1906-1907), and (Wien, Ivan Kopach 1906-1907), –a , ( Sketch of theHistory ofthe Ukrainian- 76 Among the pupils theof , pp. 187-188. Ukrainische Revue Ukrainische The CEU eTD Collection Revival of the Ukrainian Church the Order of Basilian Fathers on the National and Political Life of Ukraine”) in 82 Basilians: 1969), p. 34 as cited in Vasyl Marchuk, 81 work. their editorial activities of the Basilian Fathers, which was probably the most efficient aspect of tothe turns chapter following The citizens. thousands well educated schools they educated missions,people andpilgrimages. Supervisingcolleges and parish recollections, through managed mobilize a comparatively small number greatmasses to of they of Basilians, nationally-minded generation which was ready to workfor the good of their people. Despite a of BasilianOrderraising the flourishement it the allbrought contrary expectations, to spread mazepinstvowith a spoken, butalso through word.” printed, the mazepynstvo among Galician peasants were uniate Basilian monks. Not only did they Andrey Sheptytsky were members of the Ukrainian Parliament. Ukrainian the of members were Sheptytsky Andrey withProtohegumen BishopJosephKotsylovsky and OrderPlaonidthe of Filiastogether AffairsForeign in governmentof the WestUkrainian the Republic.People’s Thefirst of Ministry the andof secretary translator the heWar,World was After theFirst Order. Basilian the andentered rite Catholic theGreek Galicia, adopted to from cameQuebec Misionar Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, “Vplyv Chynu Otsiv Vasylijan nanatsionalno-politychne zhyttia Ukrainy” (“Influence of Velykyi A. H., OSBM, Velykyi A. The brief overview of the consequences of the reform of Dobromyl shows that, Among the Basilians, enlisted into the Austrian army, there were the editors of for 1910-1914JakymFeshchak for andFr.JosaphatZhan.Zhan 1910, Josaphat In Svitlo I tini ukrainskoi istorii. , pp. 156-157. Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Historical Survey 23 (Lights Shades and of Ukrainianthe Hisroty)(Rome, 82 Reform ofDobromyland 81 , p. 75. CEU eTD Collection of cultural, educational, and economic entities. economic and educational, of cultural, network the through conscious peasantry in and actor organized formation of the important the abolition of serfdom Council – formation abolition Ruthenian (1848-1859) the of serfdom and Supreme the of traditional proximity Church the of the people.to Such ties became especially strong after the through be explained can society the of maturing political the of process the in Church to Radicalsto andNational by of democrats end19 the movement national inthe position leading the lost had Church Greek-Catholic the Although Order Basilian of the Printing Fall of and 3.1. Rise published in patriotic nation. The discussion in this chapter is based on the analysis of the articles topics raised in topics raised main the on will deliberate section, I last Inthe in Galicia. periodicals other to compared Dobromyl. A brief history of at the turn of the 20 83 periodical printed main intheir unity religious and national, social, of ideas the around Ruthenians/Ukrainians Galicia.in awakening national the in Basilians the of role the of analysis the to movement national of assessment general the from identity and idea national I Ukrainian the of formation will the in Church Catholic Greek the of involvement the of discussion the moves chapter lookThis into3. Editorial Work of the Basilian Fathers the ways the Basilian Order built the community of Jaroslav Hrytsak, Jaroslav I will by start thehistory outlining of main the house of printing Basilianthe Order Misionar Misionar Study of theHistory of Ukraine, Misionar th between 1897and 1914. century, which can be seen as one of the results of the reform of , illustrating how they helped to establish the image of aunified of image the establish to helped they how illustrating , . Misionar will be followed by a discussion of its of a peculiarities by discussion be followed will p.78. 24 83 The lasting presence of Thelasting of Greek-Catholic the presence th century, it still remained an remained still it century, CEU eTD Collection number of OSBM priests, and lay brothers in the Archeparchy of Livv was only 32. Dmytro Blazejowskyj, Dmytro 32. Historical Šematismonly of thewas Archeparchy of Lviv Livv of Archeparchy the in brothers lay and priests, of OSBM number and largely peasantry Ukrainian. was the economy and trade, money Galicia post-feudal largely Polish, –thenobility eastern Jewsrepresented was Vavryk, reformationis Dobromilensis subregimineSoc. PP.e. Jesu proa.1891 Andrei Sheptytsky, 29students, 65hieromonks, 57lay brothers and21 novices. 87 86 85 121. 84 Basilians number small of enabled acomparatively Fathers, which expansion of printingthe houses and activitiesby publishing undertaken Basilian the Fathers were reviewed. Among other results of the reform of Dobromyl,publication one can note the social, national, and religious sentiments of the population, and it can be traced in their main idea. national the with wascolored activists of efforts mass duetothe inessence, strike social its Ukrainian 1902, though agrarian of The field. national the into tension social the turn to trying was it – parliament the enter to required votes of reserve main –the villages the into movement national the of penetration to sign petitions for the division of Galicia. prieststhe would readaloud to peasantsthe theappeals for theCouncil them and encourage religious monthly whichwasmadeby national religious monthly of a great number content, with readers, monthly religious the – brainchild own their of popularity the and Zhovkva in Basilians the of intoaccountTaking theconsiderable quantity publicationsof issuedby printingthe center number embrace themission raising of to people and awareness. religiousof andnational In1904there was 153BasilianFathers wholethe in GalicianProvince and abroad, including Metropolitan Ibid. Ibid., p. 205. John-Paul Himka, , p. 79. The remainedthe largely and social incongruence of ethnic groups unchanged the In Chapter 2 and schooling,the missionary priesthood, activities of Basilianthe Study of DevelopmentStudy andthe Stateof the Basilian Order, 18 Misionar Misionar Galician Villagers andtheUkrainian NationalMovement intheNineteenth Century – those activities were particularly successful. The choice in favor of of in favor a choice The successful. activities were particularly –those . (1832-1944) (Kyiv: KMAkademia, 2004),p. 569. 84 25 86 The Basilians made a similar appeal to the th -20 , (Staravesiae, 1891) in Myhailo M. th cc. , p. 65. In the same year the 87 85 to encompass a large encompass a to However, after the Catalogus OSBMCatalogus , p. , CEU eTD Collection 91 90 pp. 64-65. 1891) Myhailoin M. Vavryk,OSBM, 89 88 statute. 1901, it was transferred toa new building andin 1903 became a separate entity with its own continued draw Partenius that pilgrims. to thousands of St boy martyred the of remains holy the of presence the by amplified only was which under the jurisdiction monastery,of Zhovkva strengtheningmaterially it and quantitatively, Lviv and(1887), Krystynopil (1888). joined the Dobromyl reform early inrather – after monasteries the 1891, of Lavriv (1884), God of Mother the of Nativity the of monastery Zhovkva house. printing the for place proximity to Lviv were not the only reasons for the choice of the of Zhovkva, Kyprian Kozlovsky,in 1895. town of Zhovkva as the KlymSarnytsky,reform, hegumen the of and protohegumen Basilians monastery the the of Dobromyl the of architect the of initiative the at established eventually was house printing Ruthenian language” in literaturelack mentioned the of“decentJesuitFather Jatskovsky Henryh spiritual havedidnot printing any centeruntil 19 end the the of transfer the inafter theRussianOrthodox monastery Order Church of 1832,the to Pochaiv press. such for demand tothe corresponded editors Basilian of the produce thatthe professional attests Ibid. Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, Isydor Patrylo, “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 319. Catalogus OSBM reformationis Dobromilensis sub regimine PP. e.Soc. Jesu pro a. 1891 91 The printing house foundits abode first on territory the of monastery,the butin The KingJan Sobieski andthecomparative of elegance of former the residency 16 backthe Basilian Orderdates The to tradition the printingof The old printing equipment, which “constantly whichmoving The equipment, and printingold of the went out order Monastic Order of Basilian Fathers in the National Life of Ukraine 88 among the factors that necessitated the reform of the Basilians. A Study ofDevelopment and the State oftheBasilian Order,18 89 The same year, a nearby cloister in Krehiv came 26 90 th century. In a letter to his hegumen, his to letter a In century. th , pp. 103-104. century, however, , (Staravesiae, , th -20 th cc. , CEU eTD Collection 96 95 94 Time”) in Time”) suchasnyi period” (“Editorial activity of the Basilian Order during the DobromylReform and in Present 93 Monastic Order of Basilian Fathers in theNational Life of Ukraine dispersed students of seminaries and establish for them a Basilian seminary in them seminary for Moravian andestablish of a Basilian dispersed students seminaries from priestsAustrian concentration gathercamps of Hmindu, Dombie, and to Talergof, 75 release to monasteries, in Croatian Basilians lodge the Galician managed to protohegumen the post, this On hostilities. the of because abroad themselves found who Catholics The Apostolic him Seeappointed for Apostolicthe the Administrator Ukrainian Greek- Filias evacuated the majority of province Platonid the protohegumen occupation, Russian Hungarian the army. Before of the brothers to thebrothers Its35hieromonksBasil weremobilized Austro- and27 Great. intothe the west – Croatia, Moravia, and Austria. appeared in in Uzhhorod 1911 only to contributed this variety. titles. 495 inZhovkva” enumerated of OSBM house the editions they –Father Romanproduced Lukan inthe“List booksthe of of publishingthe 190,000 issues. with with new machine. a 92 force were only the hands of young monks, who worked in turns all night,” reediting the service book service the reediting organization of its kind. asbest inStryi exhibition the Ukrainian goldenFirst agricultural the medalatthe Zhovkvathe printing most houseinto powerful the one in itGalicia. In 1909, wasawarded making 1,157,000, andliterature this numbercopiesto of andorders, rose by1904 religious Ibid., p. 369. Isydor Patrylo, “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p.368. Ibid., p. 149. Marian Lozynskyi, “Vydavnycha dialnist Vasylijanskoho Chynu v umovah Dobromylskoi reformy i v i reformy Dobromylskoi v umovah Chynu Vasylijanskoho dialnist “Vydavnycha Lozynskyi, Marian Myhailo M. Vavryk, The FirstWorldWar seriously damaged Galicianprovince the of Order the of St The printing house attended to the demand of the Order in basicliterature, religious the demandofthe Order to attended The house printing The Reform of Dobromyl and Revivalof theUkrainian Church 95 At the same time, the Basilians deserved praise for the thematic variety of variety thematic for the praise deserved Basilians the sametime, the At Po Vasylianskyh monastyriah 93 During the first year, the Basilians managed to printmanagedyear,out overfirst 25,000 Basilians to During the the 94 Hostynets (1892) eight (1892) withreaching times total output the ( 27 Through theBasilian Monasteries , p. 104. 96 Another publishing center that center publishing Another , p. 134. ) Petroin Shkarabiuk, 92 was replaced was CEU eTD Collection 101 100 99 98 spiritually endangered Ruthenian peasantry.” methodsin ofthenational toinitiate movement a order revival religious among the the upon improve and “borrow to Sheptytsky, Andrey Onufrii, St. of monastery Lviv with desire 1889, the work audience, aneven still to inspiredgreater ahegumen of then from invillages Basilians practiced by missions Despite the andthe recollections populated Misionar of Popularity The Library: and Household toEvery 3.2. Making war. of period awayforthe the printing died priests, overcame Greek-Catholic theefforts of patriotic-minded owing to life theoccupied territory, on the obstacles ininspection If closed toconfiscate publishinghouse “harmful” religious literature. the the and continued toRussia. exist, the Therefore,monastic enlightening in Basilianpublishingthe house inZhovkva waswell activity known of life as inwell the as theirfirst half of October, officials from Petersburg conducted an Catholic propaganda of the Russophiles and anti-clerical rhetoric of radicals that fought for that radicals of rhetoric and anti-clerical of Russophiles Catholicthe propaganda some went to the west and several were deported by several westthe andRussians. some wentweredeported to army, Austrian the into drafted were majority the left, monks seven only were there 1914, 97 them monastery inin of mountainous Krehiv. –the part the Roztochia of Misionar of reestablish edition the to Kotsylovsky, Josaphat father headed bytherector, Kromeryzh Ibid., p. 77-78. Vasyl Marchuk, Vasyl Misionar John-Paul Himka, Vasyl Marchuk, Vasyl During days the first gathered62 of protohegumen andhoused war, the brothers inZagreb. , N3, 1920, pp. 56-58. Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Historical Survey Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Historical Survey Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine 97 100 28 101 The spiritual danger came from the anti- the from came danger spiritual The , p. 161. , p. 77. , p. 78. 99 As it turned out, the 98 But in the end of end in the But CEU eTD Collection 107 Magocsi ed., 106 105 Time,” p. 148. 104 1930), pp. 108-111. subscriptions. group whichencouraged of postage, of countryside.” in the radical the periodicals to alternative provide aChristian 108 characterizes language.” started our monastic life, we did not have a single religious book for reading in our “whenmentioned protohegumen 1904 became first the that Order, also reformed of the we Ukrainian ethnic territory short-livingincludedUkrainian periodicals, whichwere often 15religious ethnic territory adults, and it has to be in every house, all the more so in every library.” because the forprice itis very itfair, suits well for reading and teaching of youth the and and approval, full deserve themes and spirit its writing, that of content rich The Lviv. titled awriting “Recently clergy, to letter in his noted Sembratovyh the Greek Catholic Church.Catholic Greek the Bibliohrafia ukrainskoi presy Radicals and Russophiles: and Radicals 103 102 periodical religious the meeting inthe new Basilian printing houseinZhovkva, where itwas startdecided issuingto peasants. for the issued particularly by means word the through printed of dozens ofdaily monthlyand were periodicals that parliament. in tothe elections of peasantry votes the John-Paul Himka, John-Paul Himka, “Sheptyts’kyi the UkrainianNational and Movement before Paul1914” in Robert Isydor Patrylo, “Sketch of the History of the Galician Province OSBM,” p. 388. MarkianLozynsky, “Editorial activity of the BasilianOrder during the DobromylReform and inPresent Among 20 titles issued inGalicia in 1897 it’s worth mentioning periodicals of National Democrats, See Chapter 2,p. 16. Misionar Misionar The first editor of the Before the first edition of N5, (Zhovkva, 1897), p. 7. p. 1897), (Zhovkva, N5, 105 Morality and Reality: TheLife and Times of Andrei Sheptyts’kyi can be partly explained by its low price – two kreuzers for an issue plus the cost Another reason for Anothernew reason the byJohn is whoPaul Himka, magazine provided Misionar Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine as “a popular religious periodical […] whose “mission” was to Misionar Dilo,Narodna Chasopys, Zoria, Pratsia, Svoboda, Sovist ( Bibliography of Ukrainianthe Press, 1816-1916 Misionar, 104 Misionar that would become the mouthpiece of andof Order the mouthpiece of the would become that 103 On April 29, 1897, Andrey OnApril 1897, Andrey Sheptytsky a 29, conducted PlatonidFilias 1921-1926),who (1897-1898, in appeared in 1897, the religious press on 1897, thereligiousthe in presson appeared 29 102 , p. 161. This propaganda wasdisseminated 107 As Metropolitan Sylvestr , (Edmonton,1989), p. 36. ), 1816-1916 (Kyiv,Harkiv, Misionar 108 106 . V. Ihnatieno, V. . Thesuccess appearedin CEU eTD Collection clergy were reluctant to abandon in organizations endof to the clergy 19 Russophile the were reluctant orthography by favored Ukrainophiles whilethe of representatives some GreekCatholicthe phonetic the introduce and script Slavonic Church the with break to ready were Basilians with Ruthenian, with evenpopulist or issues.” government only critical, opponentof Russophiles andradicals; under his supervision, magazine the included “not polemical,before the First World Warwas Yakym Feshchak (1911-1914)–an uncompromising and religious and Krehiv chroniclerTeodorovych of monastery Epiphanii (1909-1911). articles, but also the ones on so-called national- magazine one findswhowas LazarBerezovskyi (1898-1908, 1916-1918), also of editor the annual the the First World War the total number of subscribers for copies855-1,500 in 1885 andradical (1896) andtheUkrainophile Christian daily the first issue of first the Nonetheless, they were far behind the popularity of the Basilian monthly – the circulation of with competed was amagazinebutfor clergy Among by edited priesthood. white publicationsthe the that in FatherYakym Feshchak, OSBM (1881-1920)”), AnalectaOSBM, II, Vol.8, Section Series 1-4.(Rome, 1971) 113 112 Order of Basilian Fathers in the National Life of Ukraine Shkola (1858-1859). See Petro Skarabiuk, 109 Russophile editions. 111 110 p. 111. Irynei Nazarko, “VasylianynLytsar” Otets’ Jakym Feshchak, OSBM (1881-1920)” (“A Basilian Knight.” Petro Shkarabiuk, Among these Among Pouchenia Tserkovnia(1853-1854), Tserkovnaia Gazeta (1856-1858)Sion. and Tserkov. Irynei Nazarko, “Pressa v Ukraini” (“Press in Ukraine”), John-Paul Himka, Monastic Order of Basilian Fathers in the National Life ofUkraine Unlike theperiodicalsRussophiles, of which mixused the ChurchSlavonic of the In addition to the above mentioned Platonid Filias, among the editors of Calendar of the Misionar Calendar of Misionar Misionar Monastic Order of Basilian Fathers in the National Life of Ukraine Misionar Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine, 109 The only exception – exception only The were the Russophile werethe was 10,000 while national national was10,000whilepopulist was written in simple vernacular Ukrainian language. The language. Ukrainian vernacular simple in written was Monastic Order of Basilian Fathers in the National Life of Ukraine (1901-1908). The third editor wasapreacher, publicist Thethirdeditor (1901-1908). 113 Khliborob 30 The Ruslan , p. 106. came out in in1895. out came 1,000copies Dushpasyir Galician Zion Galician Svitlo that was that printed in Lviv since 1897. (April, 1950) Petroin Shkarabiuk, Misionar p.162. , p. 113. (1887-1898) and (1887-1898) –appearedas early as 1871, Batkivshchyna attained 48thousand. , pp. 112-114. 112 The last editor Thelast Drug Naroda came out in out came 110 th Misionar century Monastic Before 111 , CEU eTD Collection holy Ordinate in Stanislaviv. Ordinate holy issuesinto bebound could one. all year the of end in the that so year, the through continued was pages of numeration The signednot pilgrimages, Usuallyarticles bytheauthors. were about andother. songs, poems missionary peopleentered money for thatfraternity charity,and donated announcements the of lists Church, Ukrainian the of history the about articles or world religious from news novels, religious and Saints, of lives Church, Catholic the about teachings topics, biblical on stories articles and of short andanumber prayers, accepted the for from readers the most often on a topical event in religious or political life of the region, letters of gratitude The issueof Misionar behind Mission 3.3. The of factor nation-building. crucial of one the language as Ukrainianactivities thefirmpromote and preaching,the BasilianOrderfollowed position to Calendar of MisionarCalendar of editor of 114 Ukrainian newspaper tradition. the of continuation a as seen be could and Slavonic Church because vocabulary the Russophilelanguage literary the hadof much in common with the 115 John-Paul Himka, Petro Petro Shkarabiuk, “Vplyv Chynu Otsiv Vasylian na natsionalno-politychne zhyttia Ukrainy”,p. 153. Theaim of people. Thus, sincepeople with different periodicals thata they longscatter among the people that and way time,mislead It is knowntherethat the enemies to religionfiercely wasoppose Churchthe and Christ and enticea need for a periodical that could promote among Misionar Misionar Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine LazarBaranovsky, even hefirst –in1901, earlier OSBM, published the Misionar using phonetic orthography. phonetic using Dilo , which was called “a sheet” ( started usinginit script1902,but started phonetic was done by the was stated in the first issue through the letter from the most 31 115 lyst Therefore, just like in the schooling in the like just Therefore, , p. 144. ), consisted of an editorial article, 114 The leading The CEU eTD Collection Rus”) 121 Heart of Jesus”), Heart 120 Hrystos je Bohom”(“Jesus Christ is God”), 119 predskazanyi prorokamy” (“Jesus Christ Foretold by Prophets”),the 118 about the coming of Christ, Testament Old of the prophesies Christ– the about teach to columns werecreated Separate aims: specify their authors the will Teach” issue “What 1901 entitled of of first the article moral introductory In the topics. Christ,roughly teachingsthe variety into Virgindivided about Mary, Churchand of the political issues, such as emigration and spread of the Russophile, atheist and socialist views. and social other many considered it Christ,” of spirit the “promoting besides However, World War. Jesus Most HolyHeartof criticism. Orthodox andEastern from defend Russophile the had practice this Catholic same time to Christians to the Holy of all join consecration the call omitthe to not could editors The of Jesus. Holy Heart Heart of Most the of Jesus honoring as such spirituality, of proclaimedelements Catholic the of introduction the and by Pope Leo XIIIheresies centuries, of about first the included theinformation in which, Jesus, particular, in 1899 117 116 “Nabozhenstvo do Presviatoho Setsia Isusovoho i Rus” (“Devotion to the Most Holy Heart of Jesus and of Jesus Heart Holy Most the to (“Devotion Rus” i Isusovoho Setsia Presviatoho do “Nabozhenstvo “Posviachennia vsih hrystyianSviatomu Sertsiu Isusovomy” (“Consecrationof all Christians to the Holy “O Taini Voplochennia” “O Taini (“About Mystery the of Incarnation”), “Mesia proobrazovanyi” (“Prototype of Messiah”), of (“Prototype proobrazovanyi” “Mesia “Choho bude vchyty Misionar” (“What Misionar will Teach”), will Misionar (“What Misionar” vchyty bude “Choho Misionar Misionar The main part of the periodical was composed of theological articles, which could be that everyone when coming to the church understood everything. understood church the to coming when everyone that Will teach how to pray, that is to analyze prayers word by word. […] Will teach the service, so [it] will show how the saints here on earth were happy, although endured great sufferings; […] great aid to all the priests, working on the salvation of the souls. of the salvation the on working priests, the all to aid great the people the spirit of Christ, warn them against the enemies and because of this would be a 121 N. 1,Lviv 1897p. 1. It should be also noted that the full title of the monthly is No. 13 (Zhovkva,1899), p.1. Misionar No. 13 (1899), p. 1. that is that until why First reappears of beginning the this the topic 118 Christological teaching about the divine and human nature of Misionar No. 7 (Zhovkva, 1905). 7 (Zhovkva, No. 32 Misionar Misionar No.5 (Zhovkva,1905); “Isus Hrystos Misionar Misionar 116 117 No. 1 (Zhovkva, 1901), pp. 6-7. pp. 1901), 1 (Zhovkva, No. No. 6 (Zhovkva, 1905). 6 (Zhovkva, No. No. 8(Zhovkva,1905), “Isus Missionary ofthe 120 but at the Misionar 119 CEU eTD Collection 130 129 128 duhom”(“God is Spirit”), “Neporochno Zachata Ipapa PijIX” (“Immaculate Conception Popeand PiusIX”) 127 126 Misionar Misionar for?”), 125 (Zhovkva,1904). Non-Christians”), among Conceived (“Immaculately u nehrystyian” Zachata vira maie buty zahalna” (“Our Faith Has to Be Complete”), 124 Misionar 123 122 are illiterate, whilefor for Czechs number this Poles is33and –3. raise living. social standards of They alarm among that theRuthenians,62peopleof out 100 andConstantinople. will Moscow of the against Gregory Metropolitan Kyivan of elections the and IV Innocent Pope with Halych Kingof of Danylo mention relations the also The authors negative key. ina presented great schism,Muscovites. and Poles into them make and them blind to want that therepresented as“two bonny of children” motherthe Rus’,fell who prey of vicious people role of andtheits relations with other Churches, the divided people of Galicia and Russian Ukraine are PatriarchsChurch Kyivan the about article the Church. In the of character national the emphasized that of Constantinople aim the life, of Conception. Immaculate PhotiusAnnunciation,included the the teachings about and Cerularius is “Temnota” (“Ignorance”), “Temnota” Ibid. “Lukavyi zarobitok” (“Unjust Earning”), “Viruiu v “Viruiu jedynoho Boha” (“IBelieve One God”), in “Shcho to znachytviryty” (“What itMeans to Believe”), “Narodyvsia – zhyv – i vmer! Na shcho? Po shcho?” (“Was Born – Lived – and Died! Why for? What “Neporochno Zachata” (“Immaculately Conceived”), (“Immaculately Zachata” “Neporochno “Molytva shchodenna. Shcho znachyt ‘Bohorodytse Divo’” (“Everyday Prayer. What ‘Hail Mary’ Means”), “Blahovishchennia” (“Annunciation”), “Blahovishchennia” Misionar The formation of the historical memory was achieved through a number of of articles a number memory through was achieved historical the of The formation issueVirginin firstArticles about appeared Mary the very of and periodical the To address and approach the Christian ideal, the authors also undertook the task also task the to ideal, undertook authors Christian the andapproach To address the No. 4-5(Zhovkva,1902), pp. 49, 71. No. 19(Zhovkva,1902), p. 294. No. 6(Lviv, 1897),pp. 83-90;“De nashe pravdyve shchastia” (“Where our TrueHappines is”), No. 5(Lviv, 1897); “Ostannia tsil zhyttia liudskoho” (“The Last Aimof HumanLife”), 125 Christian faith, Christian Misionar 124 Misionar The periodical included a series of articles on moral topics about No. 4(Zhovkva,1903), p.102. , No., 4 (Zhovkva,1904),p. 111. 126 and the attributes of God. Misionar 129 Misionar No. 1(Lviv,1897) pp.11-14. , No.12 (Zhovkva,1902), p. 365. 33 122 Misionar Misionar Misionar Misionar prayer “Hail Mary,” , No. 1(Zhovkva,1904); “Neporochno No.1903), p.37;“Bohje 1(Zhovkva, No. 12(Zhovkva,1906), p. 357. No. 14(Zhovkva,1902), p.209; “Nasha 127 Misionar 130 128 It is interesting to note to interesting is It In the history of the of history the In 123 No. 5(Zhovkva,1904); dogma about the about dogma Misionar , No. 6, CEU eTD Collection 134 (Zhovkva,1904), p. 57. 133 131 statistics. that findings of the recent studies of analphabetism in Austria-Hungary give very similar gain knowledge gain respect among gain gain knowledge peoples. other respect letters to the faithful, discusses the importance of the education for the people – people that hispastoral of of one isapart which Welfare,” the “Careabout article The Sheptytsky. andfrom Andrey of of letters Bishopof pastoral Metropolitan the the 1900, Stanislaviv Lazar Baranovsky “Unity Lazar Baranovsky “Unity Solidarity and Solidarity”. are and unity, author, the to according by in article the ofinterest matter wasa parliament, the and diet the to elections the during time. that at Galicia in spreading thatwere ideas socialist against awarning used as were articles fair.beThese explaining what a general,immediate, and secret vote is, and insisting that such a law would Galicia, for topical more is even elections of problem the that concludes but country in this situation theantireligious describes Lazar Berezovsky main the editor, Parliament”, French the to “The Elections article the In for1901. March announced France was 132 Horel. Catharine Cultures, Nation-Building andCultural Institutions inthe Cities ofthe Habsburg Monarchy diplomatic relations with Vatican. with the relations diplomatic developmentinof laicité France, exemption of andpriests nuns, the vices. examplefor attention warning to was paid Galiciansagainst good the or Special and serve asa could happenedevents abroad that about sphere – insituation religious the “Bachnist – vorohy (“Take Heedjdut” –Enemies Coming”),are “Prohnani z Frantsii chentsi i chernytsi” (“Monks and Nuns from France were Expelled”), were France from Nuns and (“Monks chernytsi” i chentsi Frantsii z “Prohnani Ruthenians –61.03, Ruthenians PolesCzechs –2.38. Conference– 27.36, CEU at form February 25, 2010. “O starannia o bohatstva” (“Care about the Welfare”), the about (“Care obohatstva” “Ostarannia The editors of Apart from religious articles, The problem of bribery of peasants by landowners,the which were most often Poles, 131 Misionar often introduced theological or moral teachings publishing 134 Misionar A special common prayer for the protection of for theprotection prayer Acommon special 34 Misionar was informative was international aboutthe 132 , No., 22 (Zhovkva,1899), p. 340. Misionar , No., 4 (Zhovkva,1906), p. 98. 133 and to breaking off the off breaking to and Misionar . Lecturer – Lecturer . Disputed , No. 2 CEU eTD Collection 1982). 139 Land”, Foreign in Sorrows in Live People our (“How chuzhyni” Galician society, which appears early in the periodical, but reach its height towards the its height towards reach but in periodical, appearsearly the which society, Galician be crucial.recognized to (“Hey, Come People, toyourSenses”_, 138 “imagine themselves as one community,” asone themselves “imagine words, –inAnderson’s world multicultural in a nation were aspecific they that realize may themselves, be madeimportant, andwhat information morethink, people protect 137 reviewed in topic another was lifeoverseas, happy the promoted that of agitators network extended such andby as region ones, the peasants, of number subjective increaseinthe and the poor 136 education is connected with the salvation of all the people of Rus’-Ukraine. resurrection of Ukrainian people. The work towards personal revival that lies in religion and long-awaited the with people Jewish by the Messiah the of theexpectation comparison of infaith God. Great Ukraine with Israelin the whichbeingEgypt, deprivedleaders of by liberated was the the of Ukrainians and Ruthenians Galician the stateless he compares Further, strength.” question for is the Ruthenians,essential itisis because us,who of deprived spiritual this “[…] answerto this the he where Peoples states, Stand” “Howthe inhisarticle discussed compatriots leftlands. thatnative compatriots in magazine withmissionary supported their of miseries the activity descriptions of 135 basisthe in progress community.of any Benedict Anderson, “Z Brazylii” (“News fromBrazil”), Misionar, No. 7-8, (Zhowkva,1900); “Hei, liudy shamenitsia”dobri, “Hrystos Rozhdaietsia” (“Christ isBeing Born”), “Chym stoiat narody” (“How the Peoples Stand”), Peoples the (“How narody” stoiat “Chym “Iednist ta solidarnist” (“Unity and Solidarity”), Another issue discussed in the periodical in issueAnother influence discussed theRadical periodical the on was and socialist The emigration that was caused both by objective factors of the weak economy of weakeconomy of the factors by objective both was caused that The emigration In the context of statelessness, the work of work the of statelessness, context In the Misionar 136 In his article “Christ is being Born”, Lazar Baranovsky also makes a Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Rise of Nationalism . In order to counter such tendencies, the Basilians were active in wereactive Basilians the suchtendencies, counter to . In order 138 Misionar 135 , N.8 (Zhovkva,, “Jak1900); zhyvut-biduiut nashi liudy na Misionar A continuation of the theme of spiritual unity is Misionar 139 35 Misionar for which the role of printing has been No. 8(Zhovkva,1905), p. 227. , No.12 (Zhovkva, 1906), p.355. No. 2 (Zhovkva, 1905), p. 33-34. p. 1905), 2 (Zhovkva, No. Misionar Misionar , No., 11 (Zhovkva,1903). to provide to atruthful 137 (London, CEU eTD Collection 143 (Zhovkva,1899), pp. 39-45. 142 taiemnytsi” (“Mysteries of Radicals”), Misionar, No.8 (Zhovkva,1899), pp. 121-123. 141 Misionar 140 Ruthenian,” every such by by forward that be an isadmired said to put “becausethey know radicals article the – promotion of idea the unificationthe of of territoriesthe within the independent Ukraineis Coat,” the author analyzes the program of the Radical party from 1897. One of the elements beginning of the FirstWorld War. In the article “Radicalsin their Own Shirt, but in a Stolen conspiracy of the European scale. European the of conspiracy the creating socialists, with German and Polish they cooperated that which acknowledged book a a radical edited that mentioned itwas radicals, of denunciation a greater alone. To against the criticism of certain Eastern Orthodox Father Durkot against the Catholic the against Father Durkot Orthodox Eastern ofcertain criticism the against of polemics consists Thearticle Leaders.” Moscvophile “Beware of the in given article the The outline of the criticism of the Russophile periodicals against the Catholic Church was reads: andAnother” then beGalician Ukrainians an to breedof ethnographic The Russian people. Story “One article and those who followed it were being weaned from the holy sacraments. it, denounced Church the therefore deceptive, and wasgodless Radicals teaching of the that hell. and heaven, confession, renounced and priests, not taught toobey indulgence, Church the heldequalitywas outdated, propagated that “Odna istoriika ta shche odna” (“One Story Anotherand One”), “Viut vitry. A ne znaty zvidky” (“The Winds Blow. No one Knows Where from”), “Krutarstvo radykaliv” (“RadicalHypocricy”), “Radykaly v svoij sorochtsi, ale v chuzhomu kozhusi” (“Radicals in their Own Shirt, but in Stolen Coat”), A considerable number of articles were dedicated to Russophiles that regarded Russophiles that to dedicated number were of articles A considerable Another article focuses onliberal and socialist teachings,which under slogans the of Poles: first and foremost we serve God and our native Ruthenian people. Ruthenian native our and God serve we foremost and first Poles: either byRussian, like ofoursome home-bred traitors from newspapers,some orby The RussianWord , No. 11 (Zhovkva,1899), p. 172. 140 while this idea belongs toall Ruthenians since 1848,notradicals doesknow, not neitheryou, good do people, wearenotthat bribed 141 Misionar 36 , No. 7(Zhovkva,1899), pp.121-123; “Radykalski 142 The authors of the periodical stressed periodical of the Theauthors Misionar , No. 5 (Zhovkva, 1903), p. 174. 143 Misionar , No. 3 CEU eTD Collection in Galicia and a point that distinguished them form Russian Orthodoxy. Russian form them distinguished that point a and in Galicia special concern. TheBasilians regarded it key for asthe national the and religious identity not ruin it, do not abandon it.” abandon not do it, ruin not language do better language,than say Muscoviteours, is not the that ashamedour anddo of preserves the Byzantine Christian tradition. “If we are Ruthenians, let us be them, dois not Seeand that Apostolic its united with the Church the language,and Ukraine, of Great the be patriotism,separateness Ukrainian of the and distinctiveness people,with peoplethe unity Russophile newspapers promote religious promote newspapers schism.Russophile muscovite language?”muscovite you“Dois understand what cannot,canyou?written? AndYou why?Becauseit’s in inwritten Ukrainian Russianwith Basilian ask elements.Further some editors the reader: newspaper 147 146 No.12 (Zhovkva, 1911), pp.372-376. Church […].” the false against blasphemous accusations write words, anything but “cannot because they (Zhovkva,1911), pp.355-358; “Poboriuvanie bezbozhnyhpysm” (“Fighting Godless Writings”), of National Democrats and Radicals of Democrats National Lemko People) pp. 333-335;pp. “Ne daimo svoi sv.viry katolytskoi”(“Let usnot our Forsake Catholic Faith ”), 145 1914), p. 131. 144 periodicals included Russophile list The of pernicious abroad. work andmissionary of primacy Pope the practices, religious “Beware of Moskvofile Leaders,” p. 131. “Azh do seho diishlo” (“It came to this”), “Ne chytaite bezbozhnyhhazet” (“Do not Read Godless Newspapers”), “Sterezhitsia moskvofilskyhpovodyriv”(“Beware of Moskvofile Leaders”), . 144 On in whole,the its publications In the article from analyze1911, the authors anarticle from Russophile the , Izdanie obshchestvaimeniKachkovskoho In later editions, that list enumerates not only the Russophile but also butnewspapers list not onlythe Russophile enumerates Inlater editions, that Subcarpathian Rus Subcarpathian 145 146 Further they give the translation of the textand explanation that the . Misionar 147 Russkoe Slovo Russkoe The usage of Ukrainian language was a question of a of language wasaquestion Ukrainian Theusageof Misionar Dilo gives a sample text of one of the articles, which is Misionar ( 37 , No.11 (Zhovkva,1911),p. 321-327. Deed ( Russian Word) ) and ) held to national positions, fostered ( Edition of the Kachkovsky ofthe Society Edition Hromadskyi holos Misionar , Holos Naroda Misionar , No. 11 (Zhovkva,1911), , No. 5 (Zhovkva, 5 No. , ( Misionar Public Voice ( Voice of Misionar , No. 12 ), ) , CEU eTD Collection 148 Catholicism. Russophilism and laidthefoundations for a“neo-Byzantine” approach Ukrainian to from tendency easternizing the disentangled heritage that theGreekCatholic of vision Ruthenian church that ametropolitan of Halych,Andrei Sheptytsky, was ableformulate to a Galician the history of in the until anewera was not It local territory. the ideology to rejection of any RussophileRussian Orthodox or ideasnarrowed this type ofnational the Vatican, which was apparently one of the effectsRadicals. of the Jesuit supervision. and Russophiles against struggle of the thereinforcement indicates period researched the The fierceof end the towards articles charged nationally the of concentration The Orthodoxy. Eastern Catholicism- (Greek) latter in the religion-secularism, is the it case former in the while but sphere, religious in the lies Russophiles against and movement national the against The opposition forces. those differentiated religion that to it approach was the Radicals, and Populists National – movement national the of representatives main the and Fathers John-Paul Himka, The concept of Basilian patriotismreligious wasbuiltup on absoluteloyalty the to in developed pressof Basilian Despite thesimilarand national the appeals social 148 Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine 38 , p. 146. CEU eTD Collection Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1990),p. 84. 149 other. the on crown, Habsburg the to loyalty and patriotism pan-Ukrainian conceived newly and hand, one the on rite, Kyivan national the to adherence the and Catholicism the to loyalty study in oppositions the of spherestheological and correlation – betweenpolitical the the concerned with the firstTraditionally, half of the 20 the worksMetropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky on the history of 4. NationalEcumenism inthePastoralLetters of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church that are thematic of periodical Basilian of thematic the national issues in the open pastoral letters of Andrey Sheptytsky and compare them with the and religious the between connection the trace to try will I intelligentsia. and peasantry, of mannerthe of anda monk. appearance who, according memoirsthe his tofinalyears even inhis contemporaries, of much retained his early career, namely the role in the national movement of this prominent Basilian Father, shed of lighton particular aspects triesto chapter research,this on previous While building analyzed often get in of his context a the leaderas his nobleChurch position and descent. and most are Sheptytsky impressive really Andrey scale of of undertakings and diversity the proponent of ecumenism,a philanthropist and apatron of arts, a scholar and apolyglot– the Archbishop of Lviv-Halych – Andrey A Metropolitan Sheptytsky. teacher of morality and a Jaroslav Pelican, Jaroslav The chapter is based on the pastoral letters of the Metropolitan to his flock – clergy, Confessor between east andWest: aportraitUkrainian of Cardinal Josyf Slipyj Misionar th century cannot omit the life and activities of the 149 39 . Another partof . Another analysisthe include will a (Grand CEU eTD Collection supplemented with doctoral the degrees in theology and philosophy. Munich, Roman obtained adegreeof of Doctor the Lawin 1888,which he later effects on his health his throughout life. studied Having lawin Kraków, Breslau, and which imperial by feverwas interrupted hadarmy adverse(1883-1884), scarlet the that histo noble–astatesman.descent an Hecompleted tour of abbreviated duty inAustrian scholar,become and, due a good to had all pursue amilitary capacity career, all to chances had man young handsome and Tall Church. Catholic Greek Ruthenian the of metropolitan have MariaOlexander tobecome buta Sheptytsky beenexpected could anything spiritual monastic life the infavor of latter. the and aristocratic secular between the with choice the started main “conversion” andthe first his isthat particular Sheptytsky ofCount makes the example what However, awakening. national the of leaders spiritual and intellectual other and Lypynsky Viacheslav Poznansky, Borys Myhalchuk, Kost Rylsky, Tadei Antonovych, Volodymyr by declared was adherence father Jan took pridefather Jan inthe facttook theirfamily yielded that prominent bishops and 150 ( nobility of of identity.Polonized A national representatives return certain sporadic Andrey Sheptytsky, of case the easily In explain. cannot but merely acknowledge the can one fact that remains the change Catholicism of Greek the to religious Catholicism Roman the from Sheptytsky Andrey of “conversion” identity was also of phenomenon of reform Dobromyl, the the of connected results like unpredictable Just the with a change of Sheptytsky of Andrey –Roots Metropolitan tothe a Basilian From 4.1. szlachta Irynei Nazarko, Irynei Born Born on July 29, 1865,in a noblefamily Ruthenian Count with Roman roots, The choice of The choice of not Ukrainianidentity the predeterminedwas his either –although ) to the Ruthenian identity a unique phenomenonin Ruthenianidentity ) tothe not – the 19 was The Metropolitans of Kyiv and Halych. Biographical Essays, 1590-1960 40 150 , p. 223. th century century such CEU eTD Collection Magocsi, ed., 155 Essays (1590-1960) Ukraine Western 154 Yet Another Look at the Life and Activities 153 152 Metropolitans of Kyiv and Halych. Biographical Essays (1590-1960) the Metropolitanof Kyiv (1729-1746), LevMetropolitanof –the Kyiv (1778-1779). Irynei Nazarko, 151 preparing a nobleman for us Polish as abishop.” Batkivshchyna This event was lives with theirconnected cause. Ukrainian the noticedidentification, since Roman only whoand Kazymyr, GreekCatholic became monks, national the determined that ritual the of change the was it brothers Sheyptytsky by the of Polishthe in Republic. government the Minister of Defense Galician a 1920,became beginningat the of Stanislaw-Maria(1867-1950), Sheptytsky Count Rite. Latin in the baptized was Roman and press nobility Polish the from came – andCatholic ultramontane, was adevout who mother, Roman’s family. aristocrat the national the metropolitansRuthenian church, of populist periodical (1899) and(1899) Metropolitanthe of Halych (1900). after takinghis monastic vowsandhis in ordination 1892 hebecame a Bishop of Stanislaviv by supported inhis impressive advancement churchhierarchy the – inless than decadeone Poles. the to hierarchy Church their of appointment the on influence the of loss the and Order Basilian the efforts to tighten control over half of 19 in the second the fact that the with was connected the Greek Catholic Church, which resulted in the reform of John-Paul Himka, “Sheptyts’kyi Ukrainianthe and National Movement before 1914,” inPaul Robert “Graf Sheptytsky,” “Graf IulianBusgang, Pelican, Jaroslav Varlaam –the Bishop of Lviv (1700-1715),Athanasii –the Bishop of (1762-1779),Peremyshl Athanasii – In 1888 Sheptytsky enters the monastery In in 1888 Sheptytsky Andrey. monastery the enters Dobromyl nameadopting the Morality and Reality. The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts’kyi , p. 129.p. Compare, withIrynei Nazarko, noted among the other that “it is obvious that now, too, the Jesuits are , p. 224. Mytropolyt Sheptytsky.Shche odynpohliad nazhyttiaIdialnist Confessor between east andWest: aportrait ofUkrainian Cardinal Josyf Slipyj Batkivshchyna 155 The suspicion that Andrey Sheptytsky was a Polish agent were 10, N47(Nov. 1888)inJohn-PaulHimka, ) (Lviv: Drukarski kunshty,2009), p.17. 151 the Sheptytskys were a Polonized Ruthenian 41 The Metropolitans ofKyiv andHalych. Biographical 154 The distrust toward Andrey Sheptytsky Thedistrusttoward , p. 222. th , pp.30-32. century the Vatican made Vatican the century 153 In the case of five the of Inthecase 152 Religion andNationality in ( One of his brothers, his of One Metropolitan Sheptytsky. , p.74. The CEU eTD Collection University Andrey Sheptytsky the in Context of Relations of Aristocratic and Democratic Elites”), Andrei Sheptytsky na tli vzaiemynarystokratychnoi ta demokratychnoi elit” (“IvanFranko and Metropolitan 159 Ukraine Church Luzhnytsky, Hryhir See also liberal daily in 1899split publicthe in opinion Galicia along the existing ethnic divides. As Vienna the Basilian Order. the and Church his of mission ecumenical inthe belief firm his shows monk, Basilian Rome(1887), Believers 1888),visitations Old inBukovyna (1891)still of (1886, as a supervision over fraternities brotherhoods. and included forandmonks, recollections thepriests work, preaching confessional and pastoral that activity he for the into energy which with engaged the wasnoted Sheptytsky by the patronage of Poles or the Vatican – from the moment of entering the monastery 158 157 Sheptytsky, 1865-1944 156 Poles.” –amongthe gratissima “persona Latin the rite. Orientalium dignitasecclesiarum whoXIII, wasknown for his pro-Union activities –in issued the 1894 he encyclical the imagethe of insider.a Jesuit very for Ruthenians.” the dangerous continue watchto his every step because itis a very active man and as a metropolitan can be Voice Irynei Nazarko, Irynei Jaroslav Pelikan, Jaroslav HromadskyHolos Neue freie Presse freie Neue warned its readers concerning his candidacy for the seat of its readersconcerning theseat hiscandidacyfor of warned “we metropolitan the will , p.486, Edward Prus, , p. 130. The appointment of Andrey Sheptytsky to the position of the Bishop of Stanislaviv Bishop of position Andrey the of tothe of The Sheptytsky appointment Some scholars see in this promotion the support of the Vatican, namely of Pope Leo , No. 30, 2007, p. 117. 156 Neue freie Presse freie Neue However, the promotion of Andrey Sheptytsky cannot be merely explained merely be cannot Sheptytsky Andrey of promotion the However, The Metropolitans of Kyiv and Halych. Biographical Essays (1590-1960) Confessor between east and West: a portrait of Ukrainian Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, ( , 26January 1899, citedin John-Paul Himka, , pp. 25-26. Public Voice Public Ukrainian Church Between East and West. ShortHistoryof theUkrainian Achbishop from GeorgesSt. Cathedral. About the Archbishop Andrey ), N 10, (May, 1900)in Petro Shkarabiuk,“Ivan Franko i Mytropolyt from January 26 , where he secured the inviolability of the Eastern rite from 159 Very early, however, Sheptytsky started dissipating started Sheptytsky however, Very early, 158 42 The newspaper of Thenewspaperof party Radical the 157 His early travels to Moscow (1887) Kyiv th 1899 put it,Sheptytsky Count was 1899put Religion and Nationality nWestern , p. 225. Visnyk of Lviv p. 58, 83; Public CEU eTD Collection Basilian Sisters and helped them to build a gymnasium for girls. for the causethe boughtalargebuildingonPototsky Street Church union.Healso the of for Church Catholic Greek the of martyr this of remains holy the with Josaphat St of church the Metropolitan purchased land in the suburbs of Lviv for a construction of a memorial in timethe such his wereten of 1944,there communities. decease by communities; had religious only GreekCatholicthree Church in the Metropolitan 1900, hemonasticWhen wasappointed of branches. careof other development the took and the Ukrainian museum in Lviv (1905). Fediuk to the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky”), Andreia Sheptytskoho”160 (“The Letters of Mykola Fediuk and Other CorrespondentsGalicia and the Metropolitan in the Ukrainianthe Case in Canada; inemigrants August 1913,agroupof arrived to Redemptorists grantedof Mykola them his summer among and the Eastern work rite their adapted began in Fathers Several Galicia. their Order residence in Univ. Later, – Fathersestablishthe Redemptorists of Order–andinvitedthe a Latin Monastic them to with the Novakivsky,and I.Severyn O. M. Sosenko, Fediuk, M. as such poets, and artists gifted for stipends personal patrimonial landsfor summer in children camps for and and Mlyniv Pidlute, allotted establishedfunds for orphanages, kindergartens supported run by Basilianthe nuns, gave his purchased land aconstruction for of inan eparchial seminary Sheptytsky (1899). Stanislaviv activities. As support he a philanthropist educationaltended to establishments –he 162 161 Section of Fine Arts VitaSusak, “Lysty Mykoly Fediukata inshyh korespondentiv uspravahM. Fediuka domytropolyta Irynei Nazarko, Irynei Michael Hrynchyshyn,“Western Historiography and Future Research”, in ibid., p. 430. Despite his high position, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky remained a Basilian and a Basilian remained Sheptytsky Andrey Metropolitan position, high his Despite The sincerity hisof pro-Ukrainian became position apparenta number through of During his journeys toCanada in 1910-1911, Andrey madeSheptytsky with contacts The Metropolitans of Kyiv and Halych. Biographical Essays (1590-1960) (Lviv,1994), p.421. 160 . He was also the founder of free“people’s” of . Hewasalso founder the clinic the (1903) Zapysky naukovoho tovarystva imeni Shevchenka, 43 162 161 For the Basilian Order, Basilian the For , p. 237. Vol.227, CEU eTD Collection 164 163 until the end of the First World War. Ecumenism, which was one of main the of hisgoals waslimited work, borders by state the religiousmade identity himsupport nationalthe cause astheinherentpart of his Church. and national between interconnection the Church, Catholic Greek the of development the in interested primarily Andrey in Although Sheptytsky was nationality determining Galicia. in religion of role great the shows Sheptytsky Andrey of conversion the of phenomenon his pro-Ukrainianbecoming Ukrainian afavorite hierarch Catholicof Church.Moreover, Greek the through activities, hamper Polonizedfrom not formation after the reform did Dobromyl,of the Polish Count he started changingname Klymentii, today blessed), who became an archimandrite of the Studite Order. thetypikon image of theunify EasternChurchesthe with Holy the See inRome.Andrey In 1905, Sheptytsky edited Basilian to his aspirations of apart form was intact inits monasticism eastern the cherished that Order. The in Order 1901-1902 of development iconictradition. Studite the of The establishment the Cyril, andApostle Methodius, Andrew,preservation of Julian the Calendar, and religious tradition in the Greek Catholic Church by veneration of the saints ofKyivan Rus – in Eastern the herestoring wasinterested in Therefore, lifeof concerns the Metropolitan. the WorldSecond War, Redemptorists had the monasteries four in Lviv archeparchy. before the so that patrimonies, hisother Order the he to gave community, of the growth Ibid. Ibid., p. 230. – the rules regulating the life of the Order. It was his brother Kazymyr (monastic The entrance of Andrey Sheptytsky into the Basilian Order, which was regarded as a as which was regarded Order, Basilian into the Andrey Sheptytsky of The entrance The question Church unification the of Ukrainian the primary the of of was one 44 163 164 CEU eTD Collection church-administrative questions ( questions church-administrative ( 166 Ukrainian Theological Scientific Society – Vol.XV (Toronto, 1965),p. B-22. – 7.IX.1901) 165 Faith, ( faith basics of the of the explanations from catechistic in vary content the letters the ismainin discusseddue totheir the topics letters mainthemes problematic The diversity. of and exile by Russiangovernmentthe in 1914. arrest his till in1899 in Stanislaviv Bishop the of office the of assumption his from years, 180 pastoral duringletters hislife. butusuallycollected, itisAndrey between considered composed that Sheptytsky 170 and understand rolein the of Basilians the this period of national awakening. views werethese whether see to help will This different question. national the and religion on views his present from those clearly that Andrey Sheptytsky of writings the based on willbe chapter This authority. the championed by of from position the the people admonish and teach to medium were the they New Testament, Basilian Fathers, of epistles the the to – similarly function havespecial a letters pastoral open the of writings, which can helpinstructions. administrative Seeand tothe Apostolic reports correspondence, to works on history, sociology, art, speeches and addresses on different occasions, andtradition, andconcerningrite writings pastoral churchunity the letters, groups: about The literary works of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky can be divided into the following Sheptytsky ofAndrey Letters the in Nation and Religion 4.2. Social Question, Ibid. Andrei Sheptytsky, 1902),toChristian family ( A brief overview of the titles of the letters shows that a division according to the been yet not have they as determined, been not has writings the of number total The ( Works ofthe Servant of GodMetropolitan AndreiSheptytsky. Pastoral Letters 1904; Tvory Sluhy BozhohoTvory Sluhy Mytropolyta Andreia Sheptytskoho. PastyrskiLysty (2.VIII.1899 Against the introduction of the Civilian Divorces, introduction of Against the About theCanonicalVisitation, 166 About MarriageandFamily, This study deals with letterswritten the during fifteen 45 1902). Furthermore, the 1902). 1900), social 1900), problems 165 In this mass this In 1906), and 1906), ), Vol.), I, Our CEU eTD Collection the BasilianSisters, this toYou.” letter composition – “[…]having moved awayfrom my everyday for work two days Iam writing an or togiveexample. interrupted acomparison is often narrative questions in textandthe in makesubtitles such writings more readable and persuasive. The and numerous structure question-answer The novitiate. in Basilian during hisstudies the sections foreasy apparently scholastic learned The structure bySheptytsky reading. was characteristic of his other letters to clergy and the faithful: toclergyandthe letters his other of characteristic The First Word ofthePastor emotive force that was noted by some scholars. Rite, Ruthenians SettledinCanada, intelligentsia ( 168 stratum of people – the local ethnic groups ( local ethnicgroups stratum –the people of 167 most often. reappear if topics topic, toonly theabove even one author restrictthe not main does theme liturgical year ( year liturgical appointment ofDoctorHryhorii Homyshyn aBishop John Paul Himka, Andrey Sheptytsky, “Pravdyva vira” (“The True Faith”), 1904),monastic ( communities In one of his firstletters, Andrey Sheptytsky disclosed his approach to their Generally, the letters to the faithful have a very clear structure and are divided into andaredivided structure clear haveavery faithful letters to the the Generally, Some of the analyzed letters were dedicated to important events ( events dedicated toimportant were letters Some of analyzed the life. soul I am to work for you, devote all tobutbrother, your you, pastor, your and youronly father;for not be I have to you, to I have live only foryou, if with all ofChrist, my necessary,heart and command the at on, moment I amthis to From give my To theRuthenianIntelligentsia, On theLent Religion and Nationality inWestern Ukraine 167 1906). Such a diligent attitude to the matter of pastoral letters accounts for the , 1907and1910). Sheptytsky and groups also addressesseparate 1901), non-Ruthenian ( Galicians (1899)includes very stances,strong which became To the Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate, Servantsof To theSisters 46 1901), Ruthenian immigrants abroad ( immigrants Ruthenian abroad 1901), 168 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) The introductory letter first Theappeal the of introductory To myBelovedHutsuls , 1904) and with the , 1904) correlated others , p. 132. Poles ofGreek Catholic , p. 27. , 1900), local , 1900), About the 1905; To the To CEU eTD Collection care centers in villages, care centers andday of clubs reading includesletter the endorsement of first the peculiarAnother part Metropolitan’s social policy, Franko notes: the he analyzes where 1904 from article his In Franko. Ivan publicist and writer Galician inethnic of group written inHutsuls, Such attitude found their dialect. favor eyesof the the The interest in the social welfare was one of the main parts of the letter to the Carpathian 172 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Pastoral Letterof the MetropolitanA. Sheptytsky “About the Social Question”), in Andrey Sheptytsky,A. Sheptytskoho ‘O kvestii sotsialnii” (“Social Action, Social Question and Socialism. Considering the 171 170 1914) 169 physical health. physical associates it with the alive not only becauseearthly of his descend, but also because he was a Basilian. problemsPolish insider, which forwas created him in Ruthenianthe nationalist press – the image of hiscombatwin ofhis flockletter imageWith Sheptytsky a the trust to to of this and tried flock, such as economic well-beign and Andrey Sheptytsky, “The First Word of the Pastor,” IvanFranko, “Sotsialna aktsia, sotsialne pytannia i sotsialism. Uvahy Pastyrskymnad poslaniem Mytrop. Ibid., p. 4. Pastor”), the of Word First (“The pastyria” slovo “Pershe Sheptytsky, Andrey , p. 3. dialect – something inconceivable for our clergymen […] ” […] clergymen our for inconceivable something – dialect Ruthenian andsometimes, asin the famous message to Hutsuls, is not ashamed to use even morphology, spokenby predecessors,his he writes his letters withclear folk Galician- “instead of molded pseudo-clerical language – mixture of churchSlavonic withmodern Although Andrey isSheptytsky withprimarily concerned spiritual the he salvation, concerns his sons and children is irrelevant. doctor, nor a farmer, norpolitician to ask abouta health,politician about wellbeing and education? No! Iam neither a – I am a Youfather! And havefor a father nothingnot that expected such words from me. Am I a doctor, or a farmer or a all. whoeveryone enlighten weak; is who is everyone to strength ignorant; give sad; is who everyone I would like to become all things to everyone in order to save 169 I would like to wipe away the tears from those who weep; comfort 172 , p. 838. which, according to John-Paul Himka, was the point “that marked 47 170 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 171 , p. 12. Pastoral Letters (1899- CEU eTD Collection Sheptytsky,“Rusynam Osilym vKanadi” (“To Rutheniansthe Settled in Canada”), p.242. 178 177 173 addresses, inhisother gives Bukovynians,ethnicgroup Stanislaviv.” of See in the predecessors his from clearly off him 176 175 174 truth of God’s revelation was omitted,” avoiding religious and vocabulary simplified Using terminology Church. the and faith the of basis doctrinal the teach Sheptytsky tries “to preach in such a way that not a single people.the enlightenment of suffice.” thinkitis a difficultthing. Only faithful,one whocan read andhas a heart, good will to letter neighbors,their “Iestablish want to a in villagereading club every –younot should whose name is connected with the Union of Union with of the Brest. whose nameisconnected Leo XIII(20 times), Pius IX(10 times), Pius X(7 times) andUrban Pope VIII (5times), mentionsunder often thecontemporary Papal supervision.Sheptytsky adirectPope Most characteristicemphasizes to Sheptytsky Andrey faithful the to theletter in every Almost faith. true the of Basilian teacher only is the that the monasticism, papacy primacy derivedthrough Apostle Peterfrom Jesus Christ. is the which, main signduring of Paulinethe teaching. thethe on namely reform trueBible, the on predominantly relying Church Catholic the of Church. doctrines theological of Dobromyl, new the introduces and theology Western the of presentation logical the follows Sheptytsky was Ibid., p. 40;Andrey Sheptytsky, “Aboutthe Church,” Andrey Sheptytsky, “The True Faith,” John-Paul Himka, Andrey Sheptytsky, “Na Velykyi pist” (“On the Lent”), the (“On pist” Velykyi “Na Sheptytsky, Andrey Andrey Sheptytsky, “O Tserkvi” (“About the Church”), Andrey Sheptytsky, “The True Faith,” Similarly to the editors of The authority of the Church is based on the apostolic continuity with the papal the with continuity apostolic the on based is Church the of authority The 174 A similar advice – to read his letter to others, already Metropolitan Sheptytsky Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine The True Faith The 175 which becomes a part of the constant concern for the for concern constant the of part a becomes which Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Misionar 176 touching upon the whole aspects of theology. (1900), Sheptytsky encourages them to read his themto encourages Sheptytsky (1900), , one of the aims of Andrey Sheptytsky is to is Sheptytsky Andrey of aims the of one , 48 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) , p. 131. 177 , pp. 32-33. , Therefore the Catholic Church Catholic the Therefore p. 28. p. 173 In the letter to another to letter Inthe 178 This adherence is This adherence , pp.153-155; Andrey , p. 623. , pp.144-145. CEU eTD Collection 183 182 pp. 117, 115. 181 180 179 achieve man this unity.cannot mind and nature imperfection and will, human corrupt the butduetothe of unite God, with isto a human of aim main The views. theological his completes doctrine Trinitarian The contain any trace of hatred towards the aliens. towards hatred of anytrace contain 15:24),didChrist,notwho lostwas sentbutuntothe sheepof houseof the Israel (Math uniteslove theTrinity that has Christians. and tounite is It Christianity. and Western Eastern of the areconciliation presupposes scale national the on and Church Apostolic and Catholic the and man of unity the through is achieved God Church forand accounts Church the infallibility the Pope. the of in Presenceof the Holy Ghost with God. man toreconcile enables from Father that Ghost internationalism. promote not does peoples and the among difference the eliminate not nations.” other of oppression the to conduces and while national church “becomes a tool sustainto dissention, the promotes national outbursts, leadsit good nation.for universal the allhumanity As a each entity, andspecificcatholic to duty and work for the good of the people rather than talk much about patriotism. their fulfill carefully who arethose Real motherland. patriots love one’s to the contradict Andrey Sheptytsky, “The First Word of the Pastor,” Andrey Sheptytsky, “The True Faith,” Andrey Sheptytsky,“Naibilsha Zapovid” (“The Greatest Commandment”), Ibid., p. 43. Andrey Sheptytsky, “The True Faith,” According to Sheptytsky,According to patriotism unlikeGreekorJewishpatriotism, the of Another feature of the Catholic Church is that it is an institution both international both institution is an it is that Church Catholic the of feature Another good of our people. In a word, in every step it is our real mother. real our is it step every in word, In a people. our of good the about cares everywhere economic, or educational the whether cause, good any moral, concord and love, rescues people from lawsuits, in every village supports bringing it educationeven in the most drawbackvillage, teaches sobriety and keepour EasternChurch rite,inthe to Slavonic language, enlightens ourpeople inthe national Ukrainian spirit, teaches us to love our Motherland, commands us to “[…]Church our preaches with native Ukrainian language, brings up our children 181 Christ – the deliverer from the original sin – sends Holy sends – sin original the from deliverer – the Christ Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 49 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 183 The love to everyone, however, does not does however, everyone, to love The 179 On the other hand, Catholicism does Catholicism hand, other the On , pp. 35-36. , p. 41. 180 182 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) The unity of man and man of unity The , p. 16 , CEU eTD Collection possibility for the Easternleaves the heis that point The peculiar of unification. a part also were Church Catholic Orthodox for a reunion as well, because “the one that does not great saints Cyryl andMethodius.”great for “our celebration day for a appointing LeoXIII Andrey Pope praises letters Sheptytsky in different Therefore Catholicism. with Churches Eastern the of rapprochement mutual the 186 gives an example of Archbishop of Polotsk Josafat Kuntsevych. about the martyrdom of the Greek Catholic Church caused by the Russian stardom. Often he Council Florence andits of outcome of –theUnion The Brest. Metropolitan also reminds baptismKyivan and Rus’ of UkrainianChurchhasthe beenfrom separated Rome until the Faith Truths of 439, 452. 189 188 187 185 Rite”), 184 unity.” the day Churches Eastern to all Church,” our to belong not do that brothers those faith Catholic true the to draw to God, of providence Sheptytsky writes openly that Andrey stressing patrons of the Rome between Kyiv. and relations implicitly kinship the “[w]e, Catholics of the Ruthenianthe Ukrainian Church. Inone of firstthe letters, he calls Peter “the brother rite,of Andrew,” were put as if by the of character show distinctive the to traditions Western and Eastern the combines Sheptytsky Andrey Sheptytsky, “The First Word of the Pastor,” Andrey Sheptytsky, “O Papskim iuvileiu” (“About thePapal Jubelee”), Andrey Sheptytsky, “The Truths of the Fatih,” Ibid. Andrey Sheptytsky, “Nasha prohrama” (“Our Program”), (“Our prohrama” “Nasha Sheptytsky, Andrey Greek-Catholic of the Poles the (“To obriadu” Hreko-Katolytskoho Poliakiv “Do Sheptytsky, Andrey Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) The ecumenical mission of the Greek Catholic Church was to be achievedthrough was to Church GreekCatholic the mission of The ecumenical 186 patriotism, hate especiallyand hurt another person. there isChristianity obliges to love motherland to and care about thegood of one’s people, only one thing one cannot do. One cannot, even under the pretext of and reminds thewords Urbanof VII,“You,Pope Ruthenians, will draw some (1901), where Sheptytsky mentions that the great schism began after the after began schism great the that mentions Sheptytsky where (1901), , pp. 494. 189 The steps to the purification of the rite of Greek of the of rite the tothe purification Thesteps 187 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) In the letter to the faithful of Lviv faithful Intheletterto of eparchy, 50 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 184 188 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) , p. 322. , p. 17. , 36. The , pp. 185 CEU eTD Collection mutual mutual help,” nation.” whole the and family the on welfare of the whole nation, stressing the inevitable influence of “immorality of every man vices calls a“horrible those physical suicide” He a nation. for benefits general the with them connects Sheptytsky Andrey drunkenness, family life is clean and holy.” and is clean life family where thing, holy a is family the whom for peoples those to belongs future “The nation, duties in it andis based on love. A family has a clear connection to the welfare of the whole and rights regulates that “amoral obligation” through afamily he characterizes morality, of preacher As a nation. healthy and a strong of basis and unit primary be a to family a regards He too. contexts, in different nation the about talks Sheptytsky Andrey salvation, the to leads that life human of side moral isthe letters in his issue dominant the Although Lviv. in university Ukrainian separate the of establishment the about idea Sheptytsky inalso his first speechin Austrianthe parliamentin 1910, where he supported 193 192 195 194 university inLviv”), Ukrainian of the Necessity the about Lords House of Austrian the in Andrey of Metropolitan Speech (“The 191 190 can besaved.” Jesus Christ of grace know the Catholicliving faith, but faith inanother follows all […]by its prescripts, the Andrey Sheptytsky, “The First Word of the Pastor,” Andrey Sheptytsky, “Hrystyianska rodyna” (“Christian Family”), p. 58. Ibid., p. 6. Ibid. “Promova Mytropolytav AndreyaAvstrijskij Palati Paniv pro potrebu ukrainskoho universytetu uLvovi” Andrey Sheptytsky, “The True Faith,” The ecumenical The ecumenical unification andWestern up by broughtChristianity Eastern of was important issue. all Therefore actions religion. taken to elevationa national ofour cultural life are also tradition, the promotion of thisgreat andnational a speak, to so us, for become This religious unionof Orient withRome, Catholic faithwith the Greek rite, has 195 and qualities these unite people. the Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 191 192 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 190 Even in his against admonishing uncleanness and 194 The Christian ethic “teaches work, economy, and economy, work, “teaches ethic TheChristian p. 721. 51 193 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) and connects the personal salvation with the with salvation personal the connects and , p. 45. , p. 5. CEU eTD Collection 199 200 1914) 198 196 197 the critical method, he shows that there is no conflict between fait and real science. real fait and between is noconflict there that heshows method, critical the By this letter he, first of all, addresses the skeptics of religion. By explaining the basics of issues of authority: absolution. give to and Eucharist incites peopledo not obey to it!to Becauseobey one has every to “only you power, when something somebody tothe Law ordered opposite of God, to priestsobey to God rather than whoto a man.”the order of the faith against any heresies.possess Such is the Pauline demand of Sheptytsky to obey twoIt combines powers the desire of a monk to render– Andrey Sheptytsky. of nature monastic of the trait reveals another loveother, each to appeal to his spiritualitybring and, at the thesame time, tomystery control of the separate letter – letter separate Metropolitan Andrey makes hisbring agenda “to allunder banner the of Christ” moral lead: the keep to has it but intelligentsia, to movement national the in position leading its lost has Andrey Sheptytsky, “Do Rus’koi intelihentsii” (“To the Ruthenian Intelligentsia”), Ibid., 178. Andrey Sheptytsky, “Our Program,” Andrey Sheptytsky, “The Greatest Commandment,” Andrey Sheptytsky, “About the Church,” , p. 176. other man can even dream to have during the life. Even his rivals have to admit this. admit to have rivals his Even life. the during have to dream even can man other this work if there is solidarity among us. activities that are the most important in social life – faith and morality. hands. appropriate more in us, to belong not does which work, the forever. gone are by only priests was represented intelligentsia Ruthenian when times The The letter Christ has a personal influence on the humanity for nineteen centuries after his death like no like death his after centuries nineteen for humanity the on influence a personal has Christ And we are convinced that bothpeople secularand intelligentsia will follow us in However, according to ourgivenweright, donotcease lead to hold […]the in And we have no reason to regret it. On the contrary, we are happy that we can put To theRuthenianIntelligentsia The GreatestCommandment 197 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) The Metropolitan also explains clergyto that the Church Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 198 52 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) (1901). The Metropolitan touches upon the upon touches Metropolitan The (1901). (1901), apart from (1901),apart strong emotional the , p. 21. , pp. 157-158. , p. 141. Pastoral Letters (1899- 196 200 Similarly,he 199 clear in a CEU eTD Collection 204 518. 203 202 201 Only those who do not want to work would enjoy such an order of things. were distributesupposed to who the goods– they bewould aprivileged classina classless society. functionaries, with be would difficulty Another easily. steal would people property would cause a rejection of the Law of God that commands not tosteal. Hence, such (1902), where the author letter part of the upagreat takes Socialists the of Thecriticism Radicals. describes the and Socialists them with tenure andassociates Christ of enemies arethe he mentions enemies of Pope Leo XIII. TheIn abolitionthe first of private part of his pastoral letters, influences: from free is which Church, the of authority the affirms SheptytskyMoreover, avoids before political criticizing polemics. Christianity The one onlyhas to learn it. The third part of the work actively involved in political life. In the letter on the occasion of the beginning of the war he war the of beginning the of occasion the on letter the In life. political in involved actively obedience. without in asociety possible is not and monasteries in attained fact in been had Communism supplemented by liberalism, caused criticismthe of which theoppression weak. the of satisfied with some minimum and be productive without a drive to earn more is be beingcan human thata lies principle on the socialism of that nature utopian capital. The conditions of the scientific revolution, pauperization(1904). of masses, and emergenceFor of Sheptytsky,the large the social problem lies in the adjustment of working class to the Ibid., 524. Andrey Sheptytsky, “O kvestii sotsialnij” (“About theSocial Question”), Andrey Sheptytsky, “O juvileiu” (“About the Jubilee”), the (“About “O juvileiu” Sheptytsky, Andrey Ibid., p. 189. the individuals, and brings order into the protects societies. power, the supports It be commanded. to allows never and leads always Church The Such criticism is continued in the main letter on social issues social on letter main in the iscontinued criticism Such With the beginning of the First World War, Metropolitan Andrey became more became Andrey Metropolitan War, World First the of beginning the With 204 53 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 201 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) , p. 449. 202 About the Jubilee Social Question , p. 203 CEU eTD Collection 209 208 victory.” the consciousnessnecessary “torenew all traditions of Ukraine suppressed by Russia, install them so deeply in overcomeproblem the triplet of it legal military,the bewouldand church reorganization of the to army.order Austrian In victory hoped of the the after intheRussian Ukraine actions nation,in theUkrainian State so thathis in hand, other the On no political combination could destroy the State”), Ukrainskoi derzhavy” (“Memorandum to Austrianthe Government about Future Order the Ukrainianthe in 207 War”), ofthe Beginning the of viiny” (“The Address of the Metropolitan Andrey to the Citizens of the Villages at the Border on the Occasion 206 One”), p.822. War World ofthe Beginning the of Occasion the on Andrey Metropolitan of the Letter (“Pastoral Vijny” 205 onthe top. commander hetman thenational hierarchy with military the of thepreservation with Zaporozhian Cossacks Austrian Emperor: address, Sheptytsky military condemnsbreak the Russian propaganda to oath the to the throne.” the and dynasty the to person, sanctified His to loyalty our prove notes “The time has come, when with the sacrifice of our belongings and blood we have to power of the Synodin Petersburg, abolition of prayers for the tsar, elimination of Muscovite the from release its by extent” possible greatest the to Russian the from Church Ukrainian oppressed.” feels most population spheres Ukrainian legal life,where the of and social to those attention Ibid., p. 825. Ibid. Andrey Sheptytsky, “Memorandum Metropolyta Andreya do Avstriiskoho uiradu pro maibutnii ustrii maibutnii pro uiradu Avstriiskoho do Andreya Metropolyta “Memorandum Sheptytsky, Andrey pochatku pryvodu z sil prykordonnyh naselennia do Andreya Mytropolyta “Vidozva Sheptytsky, Andrey Svitovoi Pershoi pochatku pryvodu z Andreia Mytropolyta poslannia “Pastyrske Sheptytsky, Andrey Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 207 Habsburgs; we have common fortune and misfortune; when the army of our Kaiser wins, our and with of the army gracethe when of God it will, we will misfortune; have and a betterfortune fate. common we have Habsburgs; of dynasty the and state Austrian the with united we are of God will By the In particular, the military organization was to be established on the traditions of traditions the on be established to was organization military the Inparticular, 209 As for the reformation of the Church, its main task would be “alienate the “alienate be would task main its Church, the of reformation the for As from from August1914, 15, Sheptytsky a map draws clear of necessary Memorandum tothe Austrian Government abouttheFuture Order Pastoral Letters (1899-1914), , p.824. 208 In the legal sphere, first of all “[i]t is necessary to pay 54 p. 827. 206 205 In another In CEU eTD Collection from from guidancethe over theGreek Catholicuntil Church 1917. The sermon was one of the last public addresses before his exile Russiato that removed him piousness […].” But he preserves the devotion to the Catholic Church: learn and could Churches both peoples and both share by borders, the longerno separated were and Galicia theirfallin that Ukraine Andreydespair into situation. this not Now captured, Sheptytsky does best traits. Russianobvious his Lvivwas would the prevail. army that before sermon proclaimed In “They, for example, only letters, buthis inalsoin pastoral appeal secretthe Austrian the to government. not found [canbe can tradition Orthodox Eastern the preserve to request the that render]is remarkable It us their religiosity, on the Eve of the Entrance of the Russian Tsarist Troops to Lviv”), to Troops Tsarist Russian of the Entrance the of Eve the on naperedodni vstupu doLvova tsarskyh rosiiskyh Sermon,viisk” (“The Delivered Metropolitan by the Andrei 212 211 210 He concludedhis manifest by statement: the Russian Church, butwas sure thatsuch canonical provisions for this break were favorable. the loyal removeto the bishops itto bewould necessary that Metropolitan recognized wholethe Ukrainehad tohead the authority from Rome the Ukrainian Church. and Halych of Metropolitan a as he that reminded also Sheptytsky calendar. the from saints Andrey Sheptytsky, “Propovid Mytropolyta Andreia, vyholoshena v tserkvi Uspennia Boshoi Materi Boshoi Uspennia vtserkvi vyholoshena Andreia, Mytropolyta “Propovid Sheptytsky, Andrey Ibid., p. 826. Ibid. Metropolitan Sheptytsky preserved his hopes for the Church union even when it was it when even union Church the for hopes his preserved Sheptytsky Metropolitan find a loyal pastor in me, evenwith a dedication of my ownlife. saying in front of someof them, ready to any sacrifices, and, if they want, they will Catholic powerChurch of[…].from the Church,the theirs – Wefrom the state […],canstate, they base[…] they call themselves their Orthodox, we and OrthodoxyOrthodox.are Orthodoxygive Our comes on the it weto takethem, andour I am,strength on my part, from and I amthe unity with the one and holy Muscovite influences. Muscovite completeness. Itwould only be necessary to purge it in a radical way from the The [Eastern] Orthodoxy would be not destroyed.has to be It preservedits in 211 55 Pastoral Letters (1899-1914) 212 , p.830. 210 The CEU eTD Collection becomes clear with the beginning of the First World War. which discourse, political purely include also letters The Catholicism. social of program the his theological and ecumenical program, but alsoin moral and ethical teachings as well as in in only not surfaces component national The be noticed. could topics theological-ascetical the to tendency the letters, further the In approach. markedby asocio-practical are The general overview of the letters of Andrey Sheptytsky shows that the first letters first the that shows Andrey Sheptytsky of letters the of overview The general 56 CEU eTD Collection their manifestations.their The Order established andsupervisedreligious different communities pilgrimages enabled them to gather more people than the Radical or party missions could as summonevents for religious such Basilians, of number small comparatively the of Despite Basilians. the work forpastoral thesuccessful account and hours holy preaching, services, rogations and pilgrimages recollections, and missions as practices religious of such raising thelevel of education and imposing firm discipline. Theintroduction and restoration Jesuit didFathers, notcause the Polonization theof Basilians butratherrevived the Order of 20 the place turn atthe took that processes nation-building of the anagent became theGreat Basil the spirit of Polonophile.Ukrainian patriotism, on contrary,the they suspectedwere of endowing the Basilians with However, as this study national isUkrainian Jesuitcause predeterminedthe –it doubtful clearlywas Fathersthat cultivated shows, the Monasticin Galicia.Order of St movement This national the for issues religious the of doesimportance the show that examples the of not mean, however, thatmultitude of reactionsthe stirred by the implementationchoice The of the reform Sheptytsky. of Andrey Dobromyl is Metropolitan of only one apprentice theoutstanding most their and Basilians Basilians in favor of the andunexpected somewhat uneasyphenomenon patriotism”“religious of by promoted the an to way giving religion, including life, social of aspects many transcending was question national the where situation the created This andPoles. of Ukrainians assimilation the boundaries andprevented clear-cut society the fractioned along century Galicia The overlapping confessional and social divisions between in ethnic the and between social The overlappinggroups confessional 19 the divisions Conclusion This research also allows concluding that the reform of This of concludingalso reform bythe the allows research Dobromyl, that conducted th century in the Eastern Galicia. 57 th -20 th CEU eTD Collection may have in roots olderthe tradition schooling,of whichflourished in 18 the inpart from thousandswelleducatedraising citizens. Apart influencethe of Jesuits,the this spiritual seminaries,supervision through of andcolleges schools, parish theBasilians took successful results. Itwas notlimited tothe education their own members and teaching in the Apostolicin Prayer 1901 included 100,000members. and fraternities, which also helped them to spread their ideas to masses; for example, the RussophilesThe and researchRadical abroad. situation religious current the about and lands foreign in the emigrants Ukrainian Socialists,also showedfeeling of a national livingcommunity nationsother among inthe articles about the butthat also the of the created They Sheptytsky. by Metropolitan advanced further – efforts the Moscow Basiliansthe national-populists, and Constantinople from Kyiv of Church the of independence historical the stressing were Ukraine, critical of whole the of history religious national the writing started and aspirations withof national Galician theirlocal the beyond went whom Basilians The influences. Polish or Moscow Tsarist ideologicalthey develop identity –free of andthrive allowedto unique space theRuthenian/Ukrainian that rivals – recognition independenceand Catholic of Greek Ukrainian the waspresented Church, as a the dueto Catholicism which, the to adherence inperiodical, propagating numerous the most the were articles religious The population. the of sentiments national and religious The analysis language,Ukrainian the leadin thein taking phonetic introducing script periodicals. their of likein villages. Just their theand Basilian pastoral educational work, Orderpromoted the similar media printed by of Russophiles and Radicals in turnoverthe andpopularity influential for shaping national the idea. The monthly periodical The analysis of the educational work of the Basilians shows that it also yielded However, it was the restoration of the printing tradition that proved to be most Misionar shows that it enabled the Basilian Fathers to appeal to both 58 Misionar th farsurpassed century. CEU eTD Collection ideas of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky. The success of thereligion. towards critical least the were who and nation the of development the on views similar shared his Memorandum to the Austrian Governmentdetailing the planfor future organization the from argumentbutChurches.also tries twoin the todraw together Russophiles,the Even tradition within the GreekCatholicwaynot Church. only themain This hedoes take thisidea Metropolitan goal, ecumenical the the Byzantine the promotes of returning to meet to order In Catholicism. with Churches Orthodox Eastern the of rapprochement mutual the be achievedthrough Church was to GreekCatholic of the mission The ecumenical another. on bring should union one Therefore nation. Ukrainian the of division political the identity. religious Ukrainian national the create to tries Sheptytsky Church, Catholic one. While the Basilians still primarily defended and promoted the loyalty to the local Greek asamessianic Church GreekCatholic vision was the of the ofhisletters notable aspects One the of intelligentsia). and clergy, (peasantry, his addressees of variety by greater the wasconditioned which discussed, issues variety of greater andthe discourse of complexity the lettersmovement when it opposes religious principles. There are numerousof points that distinguish Metropolitan national criticism of andexpress Catholicism the to importance of adherence the the Sheptytsky,taken by the Metropolitan and the Basilians as the initial point for their religious discourse. social(ist)however, propaganda questions,– both writingsone remain conscious starting of temporal ofproblems of the people.the Therefore the main assets of the spiritual despite have thegiven priority to by Andreyreason – acommon Sheptytsky the national with movement theat its start, different was levels of Another part of the research constituted the analysis of the religious and national For Sheptytsky, the unification of the Eastern and Western Christianity overlaps with content, their In Misionar and the pastoral letters carry a similar underlying stance of stance carrya underlying letters similar and pastoral the 59 Misionar and the Pastoral letters CEU eTD Collection “national” churches. with when dealing secular, particularly and of intersection religious the the about questions Orthodoxy, such woulda development be seen as adesirable outcome –which newraises Moscow and Catholicism Polish the between dissolution the of threat the Unlike Orthodoxy. Ukrainian in the Catholics Greek the of dissolution mean would which in Ukraine, Churches andWestern Eastern of the imply aunification would Andrey Sheptytsky, Metropolitan dogmas. If successful, project the of unifiedthe forward Ukrainian nation, by put Ukrainian identity embrace they compromising – the task withouttried to theirreligious offosteringfaced adistinct task achallenging theBasilianFathers Thus altogether. their wouldlikely neighbours, most the terminate existence of Greek the Catholic Church see future if to wastied nation, futuretheir Ukrainian of tothe the dissolved among which fail not could They them. to hostage a than rather powers two the between bridge be the to is only one of manythe Metropolitanparadoxes Andrey leftus with. together with his promotion of loyalty to the Catholicism,it creates a certain paradox, which Taken of Union. the concept the of his understanding of essence isthe which completeness, its in be preserved to has Orthodoxy Eastern the that stresses he Church Ukrainian the of Being caughtbetween the religious and political East andWest, the Basilians strived 60 CEU eTD Collection “O starannia o bohatstva” (“Care about the Welfare”), the (“Careabout bohatstva” o “O starannia “Molytva shchodenna. Shcho znachyt ‘Bohorodytse Divo’” (“Everyday Prayer. What ‘Hail What Prayer. (“Everyday Divo’” ‘Bohorodytse znachyt Shcho shchodenna. “Molytva “Hei, liudy dobri,“Z Brazylii” (“News from Brazil”), Misionar, No. 7-8, (Zhowkva, 1900). shamenitsia” (“Hey, People, Come“Posviachennia SviatomuSertsiu of hrystyian vsih all (“Consecration Isusovomy” to your Senses”) “Nabozhenstvo do Presviatoho Setsia Isusovohoi Rus” (“Devotion to the Most Holy Heart in but Shirt, Own in their (“Radicals kozhusi” vchuzhomu ale sorochtsi, vsvoij “Radykaly “Radykalski taiemnytsi” (“Mysteries of Radicals”), Misionar, No.8 (Zhovkva, 1899). “Lukavyi zarobitok” (“UnjustEarning”), “Lukavyi zarobitok” TrueHappines is”), our (“Where “De shchastia” nashe pravdyve will Teach”), Misionar (“What budeMisionar” vchyty “Choho radykaliv”Hypocricy”), “Krutarstvo (“Radical from”), Where Knows one No Blow. Winds (“The zvidky” znaty A ne vitry. “Viut “Ostannia tsil zhyttia liudskoho”(“The Last Aimof Human Life”), “Narodyvsia – zhyv –ivmer! Na shcho?” shcho? Po Born (“Was – Lived –and Died!Why “Blahovishchennia” (“Annunciation”), “Blahovishchennia” Misionar Primary Sources References Mary’ Means”), Mary’ 1901). Jesus”), of Holy Heart the to Christians andRus”) of Jesus Coat”), Stolen (Zhovkva, 1902). Misionar 1897). for? What for?”), (Zhovkva, 1900). (1897-1914) , No.3(Zhovkva, 1899). Misionar Misionar Misionar Misionar , No.11 (Zhovkva, 1899). No. 19(Zhovkva, 1902). No.5(Lviv, 1897). No.13(Zhovkva, 1899). Misionar Misionar 61 Misionar Misionar No. 1(Lviv, 1897). , No. 12 , (Zhovkva, 1902). Misionar , No. 7 , No. (Zhovkva, 1899). No. 13(1899). No. , No. 22(Zhovkva, 1899). Misionar Misionar Misionar No. 1 (Zhovkva, No. Misionar No. 6(Lviv, No. No. 4-5 , N.8 CEU eTD Collection “Hrystos Rozhdaietsia” (“Christ is Rozhdaietsia” (“Christ “Hrystos Being Born”), Incarnation”), of Mystery the (“About Voplochennia” “O Taini “Azh do seho diishlo” (“It camethis”), to (“It diishlo” seho do “Azh toBeComplete”), Faith Has maie buty (“Our zahalna” vira “Nasha areComing”), (“TakeHeed –Enemies jdut” vorohy “Bachnist – “Iednistsolidarnist” ta (“Unity and Solidarity”), is God”), Christ (“Jesus je Bohom” Hrystos “Isus Prophets”), by the Foretold Christ (“Jesus prorokamy”predskazanyi Hrystos “Isus “Mesia proobrazovanyi” (“Prototype of of (“Prototype Messiah”), “Mesia proobrazovanyi” PeoplesStand”), the (“How narody” “Chym stoiat “Neporochno Zachata I papa Pij IX” (“Immaculate Conception and Pope Pius IX”) “Odna istoriika ta shche odna” (“One Story and Another One”), “Neporochno Zachata u nehrystyian” (“Immaculately Conceived among Non-Christians”), among Conceived (“Immaculately unehrystyian” Zachata “Neporochno “Boh je is “Boh (“God Spirit”), duhom” God”), in One Believe (“I Boha” jedynoho v “Viruiu Believe”), to Means it (“What viryty” znachyt to “Shcho “Temnota” (“Ignorance”), “Temnota” “Prohnani i z Frantsii and (“Monks chentsi France from Nuns chernytsi” were Expelled”), Conceived”), (“Immaculately Zachata” “Neporochno “Jak zhyvut-biduiutnashi liudyna chuzhyni” (“How our Peoplein Livein Sorrows Foreign 1906). (Zhovkva, 1906). Misionar 1905). Misionar Misionar 1903). Misionar Land”, Misionar No.6(Zhovkva, 1905). , No.6,(Zhovkva, 1904). , No.2(Zhovkva, 1904). No. 5(Zhovkva, 1904). , No. 11 , (Zhovkva, 1903). Misionar Misionar , No.4(Zhovkva, 1904). Misionar 62 No. 4(Zhovkva, 1903). Misionar Misionar Misionar Misionar , No. 11 , No. (Zhovkva, 1911). Misionar Misionar Misionar Misionar No. 8 (Zhovkva, No. 1905). , No.12(Zhovkva, 1906). No.7(Zhovkva, 1905). No.2(Zhovkva, 1905). No. 5(Zhovkva, 1905). No.1(Zhovkva, 1903). , No. 1 , (Zhovkva, 1904). Misionar Misionar Misionar No. 14 No. (Zhovkva, 1902). , No. 5 (Zhovkva, 5 No. , , No.4(Zhovkva, No. 8 (Zhovkva, No. Misionar No. 12 CEU eTD Collection “Ne daimo svoi sv. viry katolytskoi” (“Let us not Forsake our Catholic ”), Faith our Forsake usnot (“Let viry katolytskoi” “Nesvoi sv. daimo Newspapers”), Read Godless (“Do not bezbozhnyh hazet” “Ne chytaite Pastoral letter of Metropolitan Andrey to the faithful and clergy. “O Papskim iuvileiu” “O Papskim clergy. and faithful the to Andrey Metropolitan of letter Pastoral the of Truths (“The Viry” “Pravdy faithful. the to Andrey Metropolitan of letter Pastoral Ruthenians the (“To v Kanadi” Osilym “Rusynam Andrey. Metropolitan of letter Pastoral letter Andrey of Pastoral Jubilee”).“O juvileiu” (“About Metropolitan the Krasnopushcha, Rus’koi “Do intelligentsia. Ruthenian the to Andrey Metropolitan of letter Pastoral “O Eparchies. Lviv andKamianets of faithful Andrey the of to Metropolitan letter Pastoral (“The Zapovid” “Naibilsha clergy. and faithful the to Andrey Metropolitan of letter Pastoral Pastoral letter of Andrey Metropolitan to faithful the clergy and Eparchy.Stanislaviv of Pastoral letter of theBishop Andrey faithfulto in “PravdyvaBukovyna. vira” (“The True Program”). (“Our prohrama” “Nasha clergy. the to Andrey of Bishop letter Pastoral “Poboriuvanie bezbozhnyh pysm” (“Fighting Writings”), Godless “Sterezhitsia moskvofilskyh povodyriv”(“Beware of Leaders”), of Moskvofile povodyriv”(“Beware moskvofilskyh “Sterezhitsia Pastoral letter of Bishop Andrey to the faithful of the Eparchy of Stanislaviv. “Pershe slovo “Pershe Eparchyof Stanislaviv. the faithful the Andrey of letter Bishop to of Pastoral Andrey Sheptytsky (Zhovkva, 1911). (“About Papal the Krehiv,8,Jubelee”). 1902. August Faith”). Lviv, 1901. Settled in Canada”). Lviv, 7,1901. September June 21,1901. intelihentsii” Ruthenian (“Tothe Intelligentsia”). Vienna, February 9, 1901. Tserkvi” Church”). (“About the Krehiv, 1901. January 27, Greatest Commandment”). Lviv, January 17, 1901. “Hrystyianska rodyna” (“Christian Family”). Zhovkva,1900. Faith”). Markivtsi, November 19,1900. Stanyslaviv, August 1,1899. Hrynchyshyn andBohdan al Dziurah, et(Lviv:(Eds.). 2007). Artos, No. 12 No. (Zhovkva, 1911). (Zhovkva, 1911). Sheptytsky, Andrey. pastyria” First Word of (“The August1899.In Stanyslaviv, Pastor”). the 1, (Zhovkva, 1914). Pastoral (1899-1914). Letters 63 Vol. 1. E Misionar dited by dited Myhail Misionar Misionar , No. 12 , No. Misionar , No. 11 , No.5 , CEU eTD Collection Gudziak, Borys. Busgang, Iulian. Alvis, Robert. Secondary Sources ––––––. “Propovid Mytropolyta Andreia,vyholoshena v tserkvi Uspennia Materi Boshoi ––––––. “Vidozva Mytropolyta Andreya do naselennia prykordonnyh sil zpryvodu ––––––. “Memorandum Metropolytamaibutnii Andreya do Avstriiskoho uiradu pro ustrii Pershoi Svitovoi Andreia pochatku Mytropolyta“Pastyrske zpryvodu poslannia ––––––. Sheptytsky Andrey.“Promova Mytropolytav Avstrijskij Andreya Palati propotrebuPaniv Lent”). the (“On pist” “Na Velykyi faithful. the Andrey to ofMetropolitan letter Pastoral the (“About sotsialnij” “O kvestii clergy. the Andrey to of Metropolitan letter Pastoral Pastoral letter of Metropolitan. “Do Poliakiv Hreko-Katolytskoho obriadu” (“To the Poles Blazejowskyj, Dmytro. University Press, 1998. the UnionofBrest.Constantinople,and the Genesis of City. KM Akademia, 2004. to Troops Lviv”). Lviv, August 24,1914. Tsarist Russian the of Entrance the of Eve the on Andrei Metropolitan the doLvovanaperedodni tsarskyhDelivered by rosiiskyhSermon, (“The vstupu viisk” 21, 1914. August War”). Lviv, of the Beginning of the Occasion the Villages Borderon the at Citizens the the of Andrey to Metropolitan Address of the viiny” (“The pochatku Order in Ukrainianthe Lviv,State”). August1914. 15, Future the Austrian about the Government Ukrainskoi to derzhavy” (“Memorandum Beginning of Worldthe WarOne”). Lviv,August 29,1914. Vijny” (“PastoralVienna, Jun 28, 1910. Austrian about of Necessity the Lords House of in Ukrainian the university Lviv”), Letterukrainskoho universytetuuLvovi” (“The Andrey Metropolitan of Speech in the of the Lviv, March 10, 1907. MetropolitanSocial Question”). Krehiv, May20,1904. Andrey on of Greek-Catholicthe Rite”). Krehiv, May 16, 1904. the Occasion of the Drukarski Drukarski kunshty, 2009. ( Metropolitan Sheptytsky. Yet AnotherLookattheLife andActivities. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse Syracuse, NewYork: 2005. University Press, Religion andtheRiseofNationalism.Profile ofan East-Central A European Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate TheKyivanCrisis Metropolitanate, of andReform: Mytropolyt Sheptytsky. Shcheodynpohliadnazhyttia Idialnist. Historical Šematism of the ArcheparchyLviv of 64 Cambridge: Harvard Cambridge: (1832-1944).Kyiv: ) Lviv: CEU eTD Collection ––––––. Hann, Paul Robert InChristopher Land.” A “Galicia: European Robert. Paul Magocsi, Luzhnytsky, Hryhir. Lozynskyi, Marian.“Vydavnycha dialnistVasylijanskoho Chynu v umovah Dobromylskoi Levytsky, Kost. Makarii. Karovets, Hrytsak, Jaroslav. Hrytsak, ––––––. Hrushevsky, Myhailo. ––––––. “Sheptyts’kyi and the Movementbefore Ukrainian National 1914.”InPaulRobert Himka, John-Paul. Ihnatieno, V. Ihnatieno, ––––––. Gudziak, Borys. and Turii, Oleh Gudziak, andOleh Turii,(Eds.). Borys. Church. reforma ividrodzhenniaUkrainskoiTserkvy. of Press,of Toronto 2005. eds,. Magocsi Tserkvy. University Press,of 1983. Toronto the UkrainianChurch. Dobromylreformy iv suchasnyi period.” (“Editorial activity of Basilian the Order during the Reform Political Thoughtof theGalician Ukrainians, 1848-1914. and in Present Time”). In Josafat Order ofStBasilthe Great, 1882. Press, 1816-1916. Naukova Dumka, 1994. Essays. Nation, 19 Edmonton: University 1989. Alberta, of ed., Magocsi Mcgill-Quenn’s University 1999. Press, Nineteenth Century. stolittia. Lviv, 1997. XVII stolitti. Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine. Galicia: AHistoricalSurvey and Bibliographic Guide. Strasti zanatsionalizmom. Istorychni essei. Bibliohrafia ukrainskoi presy, 1816-1916. ) Kyiv, 2004. ) Lviv: Svichado, 2008. ( Istoria politychnoi dumkyHalytskyh Ukraintsiv, 1848-1914. ( Ukrainian Church Between East and West. Short History of the Ukrainian and West.ShortHistory Ukrainian ChurchBetweenof East Sketch of theHistory ofUkraine. Formation the of ModernUkrainian th Narys istorii Ukrainy.FormuvanniamodernoiUkrainskoiNarys istorii natsiiXIX-XX -20 ( Velyka Chyna reforma Sv.Vasylia V.,1882. Galician Villagers and the UkrainianNationalMovement inthe Union Brest andthe ofInternal LifeoftheChurchcentury. inthe17th Ukrainska Tserkva izahodom.Narys mizhshodom istorii Ukrainskoi Galicia: aMulticulturedLand. Morality and Reality. The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts’kyi. andTimesofAndrei The Life Morality andReality. th century. Istoria Ykrainy-Rusy. ) Kyiv, Harkiv, 1930. London:Macmillan, 1988. ) Lviv: Misioner, 2003. ) Kyiv: Henesa, 1996. ) Part I. Lviv,) Part I. 1933. Beresteiska unia tavnutrishnie zhyttiaTserkvy v 65 ( History of Ukraine-Rus.History of ( Toronto, Buffalo, London: University ( Passions Nationalism. Historicalfor Reform ofDobromylandRevival Reform Montreal, Kingston, London, Ithaca: London, Kingston, Montreal, ( Bibliography of theUkrainian Toronto, Buffalo, London: ) Lviv, 1926. ( The Great Reformof the Romanyk, ) vol. V. Kyiv: ( The History of Dobromylska ) CEU eTD Collection Shkarabiuk, Petro. Shkarabiuk,“Ivan Petro. i FrankoAndrei Mytropolyt naSheptytsky tli vzaiemyn L. (Ed.). Rudnytsky Peter al (Eds.). et OSBM Josyf, Budai, and OSBM Josafat, Romanyk, Prus, Edward. Polonska-Vasylenko, N.and Chubatyi,M. “Ukrainska vidkintsiaTserkva XVIIIst.” Jaroslav. Pelican, ––––––. “Narys istorii Halytskoi provintsii ChSVV.” (“Sketch of the History of the Galician Patrylo, Isydor,OSBM. Marchuk,Vasyl. Panas, Kost. Panas, Martin, David. ––––––. (Ed.). Nazarko, Irynei.OSBM, Nazarko, Misioner, 2005. ( Sheptytsky in the Context of Relations of Aristocratic and Democratic Elites.”) Lviv University Visnyk of Democratic and Aristocratic of Relations of Context the in Andrey Sheptytsky Metropolitan and Franko (“Ivan elit.” demokratychnoi ta arystokratychnoi Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Canadian of Institute Ukrainian Press,Studies 1987. Ukrainian Church. vidrodzhennia UkrainskoiTserkvy. Sheptytsky, 1865-1944. ( 1944). Section I: Opera. vol. XXXIII. Rome, 1975. Bibliography ofthe History oftheUkrainian Church. Zahalna chastyna. (“Ukrainian Church from Endthe of 18 the Slipyj. Rome, 1992. Order –ofSaint Josaphat al, Pekaret Province OSBM.”)InAthanasius Transinteh, 1992. University 1989.of Alberta, Metropolitans. Greek-Catholic Church: ShortHistory. Burlington: Ashgate,Burlington: 2005. Monastic Order ofBasilianFathers inthe National Life ofUkraine. Grand Rapids, Michigan:Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing 1990. Co., Istoria UkrainskoiTserkvy. Morality and Reality. TheLife and Times ofAndrei Sheptyts’kyi. On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory. aRevised On Secularization:Towards :á Achbishop from St.GeorgesAbout theArchbishop Andrey Cathedral.Achbishop from Confessor between east and West: aportrait ofUkrainianCardinal Josyf east Confessor between and adyka Ukrainska Hreko-KatolytskaTserkva. Istorychnyi narys Monashyi Chyn Otsiv Vasylian unatsionalnomy zhytti Ukrainy ) Analecta OSBM, Series II. Section I: Opera. vol. XIII. Rome, 1962. Dzherela ibibliohrafia istorii Ukrainskoi Tserkvy. ĝ ) Lviv: Misioner, 2003. ( wi Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies. Essays in modernUkrainianhistory byIvanL.Rudnytsky. Ċ Kyivski iHalytskiMytropolyty. tojurski: Rzecz o arcybiskupie Andrzeju Szeptyckim oarcybiskupie Andrzeju tojurski: Rzecz ) Warszawa, 1985. , No.30,2007. . Analecta OSBM, Series II. Section I: Opera. vol. 48. 66 ( ( ) Ivano-Frankivsk: Plai, 2001. Reform ofReform DobromylandRevivalofthe History of the UkrainianChurch. History of th c.”). In Sketch of the HistorySketch of ofBasilian Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva. ), Analecta OSBM, Series II. General Part. ( Dobromylska reforma i Kyivan andGalician Aldershot, England, Aldershot, ) Kyiv, 1995. ( . ( Sources and Edmonton: Ukrainian ) Lviv: (1865- ) Lviv: ) CEU eTD Collection Yaremko, Michael. Vavryk, Myhailo. OSBM, Susak, Vita. “Lysty Susak, Vita.inshyh “Lysty Fediuka ta Mykoly korespondentiv spravah M.Fediukau do Sheptytsky Andrei, Struve, Kai. “Peasants and Patriotic Celebrations in Habsburg Galicia.” In Christopher In Galicia.” in Habsburg Celebrations Patriotic and “Peasants Kai. Struve, Shkarabiuk, Petro. “Vplyv naShkarabiuk, zhyttia Petro. natsionalno-politychne ChynuOtsiv Vasylijan Paris,1967. Opera. vol. XL. Rome, 1979. Development andStateoftheBasilianOrder. Sheptytsky. Pastoral Letters. Sheptytsky. Pastoral Fine Arts. Fine Sheptytsky.”) Andrey Metropolitan the to Fediuk Mykola of Case in the Correspondents mytropolyta AndreiaSheptytskoho.” (“The Lettersof Mykola Fediukand Other 1965. XV. Toronto, Lysty (2. 1899–7. VIII. IX. 1901) London: University Press, 2005. Toronto of Ukrainskoi Tserkvy. Ukrainskoi Hann, Paul Robert Magocsi (Eds.). Lviv: 2003. Misioner, Life of InJosafat Ukraine”). Life of and Political National the on Fathers Basilian theOrderof of (“Influence Ukrainy.” Lviv, 1994. Galicia – Halychyna. FromGalicia –Halychyna. SeparationtoUnity. Tvory Sluhy Bozhoho Mytropolyta Andreia Sheptytskoho.Pastyrski Andreia SluhyBozhohoMytropolyta Tvory Zapysky naukovohotovarystvaimeniShevchenka. Narys rozvytku Vasylijanskoho istanu Chyna. ( Reform ofReform Dobromylthe Ukrainian andRevival Church. of ) Vol. I.Ukrainian Theological Scientific Society – Vol. Romanyk, ( Works ServantGod ofthe of Metropolitan Andrei Galicia: aMulticultured Land. 67 Dobromylska reformaividrodzhennia ) Analecta OSBM, Series II. Section I: Toronto, New York, Vol. 227. Section of Toronto, Buffalo, ( Outline ofthe )