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Aggravated Life Imprisonment in Turkey

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Aggravated Life Imprisonment in Turkey Aggravated Life Imprisonment in Turkey This thesis has been prepared by its author with within the scope of the project titled “Turkey’s Prison Information Network” funded by Civil Society Facility Sivil Düşün Turkey Programme of Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. It doesn’t represent European Union’s or CİSST/TCPS’s official opinion. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA SCHOOL IN ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, LAW, AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Master’s degree in Human Rights and Multi-level Governance AGGRAVATED LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN TURKEY Supervisor: Prof. SARA PENNICINO Candidate: MARSILDA XHAFERI Matriculation No. 1107954 A.Y. 2016/2017 To my parents Agron & Dallandyshe To Istanbul Where I felt home In memoriam, Murat Who first started the correspondence with aggravated life prisoners ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere and deepest gratitude to Prof. Sara Pennicino, for her great sup- port, guidance and encouragement throughout this research. Her Lectures in “Electoral Observa- tion and Human Rights Monitoring” inspired me to do this research and helped me to increase my capacity to think critically. I am deeply indebted to my parents for their patience and support during this study. Thank you for respecting my decisions even when they bring me far away from you. I am sorry for all the concerns you went through during my internship in Istanbul. Amarildo, you know how much you mean to me. You are not only my brother but also my best friend. Thanks to my adorable aunties and uncles for always being there for me. CISST was not only my place of work but also my home. I am thankful to each and every working and volunteering there, I met amazing people and I have wonderful memories with you all. Mustafa, your kindness, strength and work inspired me. It is admirable what you have achieved in your life. Eva, thank you for your unconditional help, professional and human. It has been an honour to have you as a supervisor and I like to think I have also found a friend in you. Idil, without you this research would not be possible. You taught me everything I know on aggra- vated life imprisonment in Turkey and your enthusiasm convinced me to study this topic. Ezgi, my feminist superstar, your commitment in women’s rights is inspiring as well as the strength you put to defend what you think is right. Berivan, it is impossible not to love a strong, smart and generous woman as you. Rosida, your presence in the office always brought joy to me. Elina, our lunch/talk breaks were one of the nicest moments of my days in Istanbul. Victor, I am grateful to have met you my friend. Jessica, it has been a pleasure to have you as a companion of adventures in Istanbul. It is amazing how we have been always there for each other. Estefania, after 12 years our friendship always amazes me. Thank you for being my home. Diletta, our friendship always help me to have new perspectives, you are the best friend one may ask for. 8 TABLE OF CONTEST INTRODUCTION Premise ............................................................................................ 13 Background of the Study .......................................................................... 13 Methodology ...................................................................................... 15 Overview of the Structure ......................................................................... 16 CHAPTER I Life Imprisonment and Life Imprisonment without Parole in the International and European Legal Framework 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 17 1.2 Life imprisonment and life imprisonment without parole .................................... 18 1.3 International Criminal Tribunals: How are the perpetrators of the most atrocious crimes sentenced? ................................................................................. 20 1.3.1 The International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg ...................................... 21 1.3.2 The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ......................... 21 1.3.3 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ........................................ 22 1.3.4 The International Criminal Court ....................................................... 23 1.4 Life Imprisonment and the Council of Europe ................................................ 24 1.5 Life imprisonment and the prohibition of inhuman degrading and cruel treatment in the international standards ..................................................................... 27 1.6 The imposition of life imprisonment under the European Convention of Human Rights: ECtHR case law .................................................................. 30 1.6.1 Vinter and Others vs The United Kingdom .............................................. 31 1.6.2 Murray vs the Netherlands ............................................................... 36 1.7 Concluding remarks ........................................................................... 37 CHAPTER II Aggravated Life Imprisonment in Turkey 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 38 2.2 From the Death penalty to aggravated life imprisonment ..................................... 40 2.3 Political prisoners and ordinary prisoners ..................................................... 44 9 AGGRAVATED LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN TURKEY 2.4 Penal system and F-type prisons ............................................................... 47 2.5 Solitary confinement .......................................................................... 49 2.5.1 Psychological Problems caused by solitary confinement ................................. 52 2.5.2 Health Problems caused by solitary confinement ........................................ 54 2.6 Main related issues ............................................................................ 55 2.6.1 Good Behaviour ......................................................................... 55 2.6.2 Visits and Contacts with the outside world .............................................. 56 2.6.3 Economic situation and work in prison .................................................. 58 2.6.4 Phone Calls .............................................................................. 59 2.6.5 Fresh Air ................................................................................. 59 2.7 Concluding remarks ........................................................................... 60 CHAPTER III Aggravated life imprisonment: Nation building and threats to State Security 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 61 3.2 Nation building and threats to the State Security: From the Kurdish issue to nowadays .................................................................................. 62 3.3 Attempts to reform the Constitution .......................................................... 74 3.4 Who fill face aggravated life imprisonment after the Coup d’état of 15 July .................. 84 3.5 Concluding remarks ........................................................................... 93 CHAPTER IV The Role of Monitoring: Ceza Infaz Sisteminde Sivil Toplum Derengi 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 94 4.2 Conditions of Turkish detainees, human rights standards and monitoring state of the art .... 95 4.3 The mechanisms of monitoring in Turkey .................................................... 97 4.4 Ceza Infaz Sisteminde Sivil Toplum Derengi .................................................. 99 4.5 Way forwards ................................................................................. 103 4.6 Concluding remarks ......................................................................... 106 Final Remarks .................................................................................... 107 Bibliography ..................................................................................... 110 10 AGGRAVATED LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN TURKEY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AKP Justice and Development Party BDP Peace and Democracy Party ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECtHR European Court of Human Rights CAT Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment CISST Ceza Infaz Sisteminde Sivil Toplum Derengi CPT Committee on the Prevention of Torture DEP Democracy Party DP Democrat Party DSP Democratic Left Party DTP Democratic Society Party FETÖ Fetullah Gülen Terrorist Organisation GNAT Grand National Assembly of Turkey HADEP People’s Democracy Party HEP Kurdish People’s Labour Party HPD Peoples› Democratic Party HRA Human Rights Association HRC Human Rights Council HRF Human Rights Foundation HRW Human Rights Law ICC International Criminal Court ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IS Islamic State KCK Kurdistan Communities Union LWOP Life without parole MHP Nationalist Action Party NUC National Unity Committee PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PYD Democratic Union Party RPR Republican People’s Party SMR Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners TCPS Turkey’s Center for Prison Studies THEA Turkey’s Prison Information Network UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations UNCT United Nations Country Team YOK Board of Education 11
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