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Prison Architecture a Typological Analysis of Spatial Organizations in Respect to Punishment Systems

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Prison Architecture a Typological Analysis of Spatial Organizations in Respect to Punishment Systems Prison Architecture A Typological Analysis of Spatial Organizations in respect to Punishment Systems By G. Deniz DOKGÖZ A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE Department : Architecture Major : Architecture İzmir Institute of Technology İzmir, Turkey September, 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özen Eyüce for her creative suggestions, sensitive critiques and great support during the preparation of this thesis. I especially thank Yılmaz Konursay, İsmail Cem Kantarlı, Mert Topoyan, Kaan Bal, Burhan Öztürk, Özgür Muhtar Cirik, Serkan Bilgiç, and Umut Taylan Ersoy for their technical support. Last but not least, I owe special thanks to Tuba Çetinkaya for his spiritual and technical support throughout the study and I would like to express my gratitude to my family for their unlimited patience, encouragement and support at every moment of my life. ii ABSTRACT The concepts of crime and punishment have always been a part of culture in every society throughout the history of mankind. However, the acts accepted as ‘crime’ and the penalties imposed upon criminals for the same crime have revealed differences in each society and in each era. Prior to the Modern Age, almost in all societies, punishment was an open public activity to warn people and imprisonment was not a way of punishment; instead it was only a measure impeding the criminal’s escape until the execution of punishment. Modern world, at the beginning, has tried to use punishment for dictating definite ‘norms’ instead of frightening; later on, instead of corporal execution some other punishment systems have been used as a means of creating individuals submitting to the authority on the way to the formation of inspection oriented ‘New Society’. This new approaches in punishment systems has required spatial and organizational solutions. As a result, prisons in which imprisonment would be executed have developed as a new building type requiring architectural design as other new building types developed during modernization. However, prison architecture is different from all other buildings as an architectural end product. This architectural product is such a place that whoever stays in never wants to live in there and wants to get out it as soon as possible since there is no relation between the spatial properties of the building and the preferences of a person staying in it, in other words, the criminal. Although debate on prison buildings seems to be a current issue in public opinion, discussions on the spatial organizations of prisons’ coincides with the of F-type applications of Ministry of Justice in Turkey. On the other hand, the problems of this building type haven’t been examined enough in terms of architectural design approaches. It is important to discuss how prisons’ spatial design have been developed throughout the history; and which architectural properties a prison has to have today must be considered. Whether a prison system, in which the person serving his/her sentence will not be damaged both physically and mentally by public authority, environment and other criminals during its detention period, is created or not, or relevance of the iii created spaces to the prevailing understanding of punishment and their appropriateness to its functions should also be studied. Therefore, this study aims at understanding prison architecture’, their development and change in relation to changing social structures. A typological analysis on case studies is used to understand their spatial organizations in a retrospective perspective. Key words: Crime, Punishment, Prison, Prison Architecture, Type, and Typology. iv ÖZ Suç ve ceza kavramları, insanoğlunun tarihinde, her topluluğun kendi kültürü içerisinde hep varolmuştur. Fakat suç olarak kabul edilen; cezalandırmayı gerektiren davranışlar ve cezalar her toplulukta ve her çağda farklılık göstermişlerdir. Modern çağ öncesi hemen hemen tüm topluluklarda ceza, insanlara ibret vermek için halka açık bir aktivite olmuştur. Kapatılma bir ceza yöntemi değil; sadece suçlunun cezası uygulanıncaya kadar ki süreyi kapsayan ve suçlunun kaçmaması için alınan bir önlem olmuştur. Modern dünya başlangıçta cezayı korkutmak yerine belirli normları dikte etmek için kullanmış; daha sonra ise diğer ceza sistemlerinin kullandığı bedensel ceza yerine denetlemeye yönelik yeni toplum düzeninin bir anlayışı haline getirmeye çalışmıştır. Ceza sisteminde ki bu yeni yaklaşım beraberinde mekansal ve örgütsel çözümler gerektirmiştir. Sonuçta hapis cezasının uygulama yeri olan cezaevleri tıpkı modernizasyon boyunca diğer bina tiplerinin gelişimi gibi, mimari tasarımı içerisinde bir gelişim göstermiştir. Fakat cezaevi mimarisi mimari sonuç ürün olarak diğer tüm binaların mimarilerinden farklıdır. Bu mimari mekan o mekanda yaşayacak insanın tercihleriyle hiçbir bağlantısının olmadığı, içinde yaşayanın hiçbir zaman yaşamak istemeyeceği, bir an önce oradan kurtulmak isteyeceği, mekansal özelliklerinden dolayı başkalarıyla bir ilişki kuramayacağı bir mekandır. Cezaevi konusu kamuoyunda belirli süre gündemde kalmasına rağmen; cezaevlerinin mekansal organizasyonları üzerine tartışmalar, adalet bakanlığının f tipi cezaevi uygulamaları ile aynı zamana rastlamaktadır. Diğer yandan bu bina tipinin problemleri mimari tasarım yaklaşımları içerisinde yeteri kadar incelenmemiştir. Tarihsel gelişim dikkate alındığında, cezaevlerinin nasıl bir mekansal gelişim gösterdiği; ve bir cezaevinin hangi mimari özellikler taşıdığı bugün düşünülmesi gerekli önemli özellikler olmalıdır. Cezasını çekmekte olan kişinin gözetim altında tutulduğu süre içerisinde kamu otoritesinden, yaşam çevresinden ve aynı ortamı paylaştığı tutuklulardan (fiziksel veya ruhsal) zarar görmeyeceği bir sistemin yaratılıp yaratılamadığı; yaratılan mekanların ne derece bu işlevi yerine getirmeye çalıştığı incelenmelidir. v Sonuçta bu çalışmanın amacı cezaevi mimarlığının, değişen toplumsal yapılara bağlı olarak, gelişimini ve değişimini anlamaktır. Tipolojik analiz yöntemi cezaevi örneklerinin mekansal değişiminin geçmişten günümüze nasıl bir değişim gösterdiğini anlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Suç, Ceza, Cezaevi, Cezaevi Mimarlığı, Tip ve Tipoloji vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... iii ÖZ ...................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1.1 1.1. Definition of the Problem .......................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Definitions ...................................................................................... 5 1.1.1.1 What is Crime ....................................................................... 5 1.1.1.2 What is Punishment ............................................................. 6 1.1.1.3 What is Prison ............................................................................................. 6 1.2. Aim of the Study ...................................................................................... 7 1.3. Method of the Study ................................................................................ 7 1.3.1 Definitions Related to the Analytical Method Used in the Study ..... 8 CHAPTER 2: EARLY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT UP TO ENLIGHTMENT ..... 10 2.1. Punishment Systems in Ancient Cultures .............................................. 11 2.1.1. Babylonian and Sumerian ............................................................. 11 2.1.2. Ancient Greek ............................................................................... 12 2.1.3. Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Assyria .................................. 15 2.1.4. Ancient Israel ................................................................................ 16 2.1.5. Rome ............................................................................................ 17 2.2. Medieval Europe .................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Latin Church and Spiritual Life A.D. 550-1550 .............................. 22 2.2.2. Inquisitors ..................................................................................... 24 2.2.3. Law and Punishment in Europe A.D. 1150-1550 .......................... 25 2.2.4. Prison in Castle Plans ................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: ENLIGHTMENT & INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF PRISON AS MEANS OF PUNISHMENT ......................................................... 28 3.1. The Structural Factors Affecting the Institutionalization of Space as means of punishment ........................................................................................ 30 3.1.1. Economic ...................................................................................... 30 3.1.1.1. Slavery Economy .............................................................
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