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Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons

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Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES For an electronic version of the complete Handbook, please scan the QR Code or go to: www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook-on-VEPs.pdf For an electronic version of the Handbook’s key principles and recommendations alone, please scan the QR Code or go to: www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Summary-of-recommendations-on-VEPs.pdf Cover photo: © Sven Klages/Violence Prevention Network UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prisons CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS New York, 2016 © United Nations, October 2016. All rights reserved, worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Acknowledgements This Handbook was written for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Professor Dr. Shane Bryans, consultant on penal reform, including approaches to address violent extremism in prisons. Contributing throughout the development of the Handbook were Piera Barzanò and Philipp Meissner (UNODC), who also conducted the review of the final draft. The Handbook was reviewed and validated in the course of two Expert Group Meetings held in Vienna from 16 to 18 December 2015, and from 1 to 3 June 2016. UNODC wishes to acknowledge with appreciation the contributions received from the following national experts who participated in those meetings: Bachir Adda (Algeria), Mohamed Ajouaou (The Netherlands), Abdullah Mohammed Al-Mari (Saudi-Arabia), Adel Juma Almaskari (United Arab Emirates), Mohamed Jama Bashir (Somalia), Marc Francis Bauya (The Philippines), Nathalie Boissou (France), Astrid Boleaert (Belgium), Jack Burger (The Netherlands), Imed Dridi (Tunisia), Askat Egemberdiev (Kyrgyz Republic), Evgenii Gnedov (Russian Federation), Anathurai Kalimuthu (Malaysia), Vehbi Kadri Kamer (Turkey), Dmitrii Kechkin (Russian Federation), Mostafa Khiate (Morocco), Terry Kidwell (United States), Mustapha Lafrakhi (Morocco), Koen R. Lambrecht (Belgium), Rekha Grue Larsen (Denmark), Ángel Vicente Lopez Muriel (Spain), Andrea Moser (Canada), Raja Abi Nader (Lebanon), Elena Nanni (Italy), Isaya Samuel Osugo (Kenya), Sergey Savelyev (Kazakhstan), Ruth Schröder (Ger- many), Hoe Kiat Rick See (Singapore), Ruslan Urazbayev (Kazakhstan), Jeffrey Woodworth (United States of America), Aziza Yeshmagambetova (Kazakhstan) and Kasali Yusuf (Nigeria). UNODC wishes to equally acknowledge the valuable input provided by the following Expert Group meeting participants from other United Nations entities, international, regional and non-governmental organizations, and relevant research institutes: Saka Azimazi (Network of African National Human Rights Institutions), Lipi Chowdhury (United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations), Christopher Dean (Global Center on Cooperative Security), Elisabeth Edland (European External Action Service), Patrick Fox (United Nations Inter- regional Crime and Justice Research Institute), Brian Gowans (International Commission of Catholic Prison Pastoral Care), Mark Hamm (Indiana State University, United States), Kirsten Hawlitschek (European Organisation of Prison and Correctional Services), Hadewych Hazelzet (European Union), Taghreed Jaber (Penal Reform International), Eelco Kessels (Global Center on Cooperative Security), Nicole El-Khoury (United Nations Counter- Terrorism Committee), Christian Kuhn (International Commission of Catholic Prison Pas- toral Care), Elaine Pressman (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism), Julia Reinelt (Violence Prevention Network), Hamed El-Said (United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre), Andrew Silke (University of East London, United Kingdom), Cecilia De Azevedo Sodre (United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre), Ilina Taneva (Council of Europe), Issa Thioune (United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations, Mali) and Michael Wiener (United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). The following colleagues from UNODC equally contributed to the discussions during the Expert Group meetings: Chadia Afkir, Bill Cullen, Ousmane Diallo, Philip Divett, Leonardo Hoy-Carrasco, Joanne Jousif, Arianna Lepore, Mauro Miedico and Batyr Saparbaev. Some of the material included in the Handbook is based on case studies and earlier work produced by: Saka Azimazi; Atta Barkindo; Peter Bennett; Ahmad Bello Dogarawa; Paul English; Sherbanu Sacoor; Andrew Silke; Tinka Veldhuis; and Andrew Ezadueyan Zamani. iii Valuable comments and feedback on earlier drafts of the Handbook were provided by Atta Barkindo, Rick McEachran and Yvonne Stys. The Handbook was proofread by Loraine Rossati. UNODC also wishes to express its gratitude for the support provided by the Government of Germany toward the development of the Handbook, including by funding the two Expert Group Meetings and the Handbook's translation into Arabic, French and Russian. iv Contents 1. Introduction and context 1 1.1 Who the Handbook is for and what it covers 1 1.2 The overall context of violent extremism 3 1.3 Prisons and violent extremist prisoners 5 1.4 Existing guidance 7 2. Managing violent extremist prisoners: fundamental issues 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Upholding human rights 10 2.3 Ensuring secure custody 17 2.4 Importance of prison intelligence 19 2.5 Safe and orderly institutions 22 3. Managing prison staff and other people who work with violent extremist prisoners 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Qualities of prison staff 27 3.3 Recruitment and selection of staff 28 3.4 Training and development of staff 29 3.5 Conditions of service 33 3.6 Professional standards and ethics 33 3.7 Contribution of specialist staff and other people 35 4. Assessing and managing the risks posed by violent extremist prisoners 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Admission, classification and categorization 42 4.3 Allocation and accommodation 46 4.4 Assessing different types of risk: tools and approaches 54 4.5 Understanding the reasons for prisoners’ violent extremist behaviour 57 4.6 Need for regular reassessment of risk 61 4.7 Violent extremist prisoners with specific needs 62 5. Prison-based disengagement interventions 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Defining intervention goals and outcomes 71 5.3 Understanding the reasons for, and the process of disengagement 71 v 5.4 Impact and types of interventions 74 5.5 Education 78 5.6 Vocational training 81 5.7 Faith-based interventions 83 5.8 Psychological and cognitive interventions 86 5.9 Creative, cultural and recreational activities 89 5.10 Reporting, monitoring and evaluating interventions 93 6. Managing the implementation of disengagement interventions 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Integrated case management and the disengagement process 97 6.3 Creating a supportive working environment for interventions 98 6.4 Methods and approach to delivering interventions 99 6.5 Roles, responsibilities and teamwork when implementing interventions 100 6.6 Intervention case conferences, record keeping and confidentiality of information 101 6.7 Codes of ethics, standards of practice and supporting intervention team members 102 6.8 Timetabling interventions and maximizing use of facilities 103 6.9 Engaging and motivating prisoners to participate in interventions 103 6.10 Promoting interventions to the outside community 105 7. Preventing radicalization to violent extremism in prison 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Radicalization to violence cycle 109 7.3 Enablers and precursors of radicalization to violence in prison 110 7.4 Vulnerability and models of recruitment in prison 113 7.5 Preventing and detecting radicalization to violence in prisons 114 7.6 Disrupting radicalization to violence in prisons 118 7.7 Supporting individuals vulnerable to recruitment by violent extremists 118 8. Preparing violent extremist prisoners for reintegration into the community 119 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Progress through the system 120 8.3 Prison-based reintegration interventions 121 8.4 Involving community organizations 123 8.5 Establishing strong contact with families 124 8.6 Preparing victims and the community 125 8.7 Protective measures on release 126 8.8 Post-release interventions and support 127 8.9 Monitoring and supervision after release 131 vi 9. Summary of key principles and recommendations 135 Glossary of key terms 141 ANNEX. Relevant international instruments, standards and principles 145 vii 1. Introduction and context 1.1 Who the Handbook is for and what it covers This Handbook is one of a series of tools developed by UNODC to support Member States in the implementation of the rule of law and the development of criminal justice reform. It is designed to be used by prison managers and prison staff, in particular, but will also be relevant for other actors involved in the criminal justice system, such as policymakers, legisla- tors and members of non-governmental organizations. It can be used in a variety of contexts, both as a reference document and as the basis for staff training. While some elements of the Handbook
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