Prisons in Europe. 2019 report on European prisons and penitenary systems

October 2019

INDICE

The Eur opean Prison Ob servatory 3 Consistency of the prison popula on and crime r ates 4 Prison c apacity and o vercrowding 6 Foreign inma tes 8 Women in de tenon 9 Juveniles in de tenon 10 Pre-trial de tenon and sen tenced de tainees 10 Suicide in de tenon 16 Probaon and alt ernaves t o de tenon 17 Staff w orking in prisons and emplo yed b y pr obaon ag encies 19 Costs of de tenon 21 Prison c ondions in the c ountries of the Eur opean Prison Ob servatory 22 Austria 23 Germany 27 Greece 31 Italy 35 Latvia 39 Portugal 41 Spain-Catalonia 45 Turkey 49

European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

The Eur opean Prison Ob servatory

The Eur opean Prison Ob servatory (her einaer EPO) is a pr oject c oordinated b y the It alian NGO An gone, and de veloped with the financial support of the Criminal Jus ce Pr ogramme of the Eur opean Union. The organizaons so f ar in volved ar e: Centre f or Crime and Jus ce Studies – Unit ed King dom European Public La w Or ganizaon – Gr eece Fachhochschule Dortmund – German y Helsinki F oundaon f or Human Righ ts – P oland ISCTE – Ins tuto Univ ersitário de Lisboa – P ortugal Ludwig Boltzmann Ins tute of Human Righ t – Aus tria Latvian Cen tre f or Human Righ ts – La tvia Observatoire in ternaonal des prisons - secon fr ançaise – Fr ance Observatory of the P enal S ystem and Human Righ ts - Univ ersidad de Bar celona – Spain Special Acc ount of Democritus Univ ersity of Thr ace Departmen t of Social Adminis traon (EL DUTH) – Gr eece Università degli Studi di P adova – It aly Università degli Studi di T orino – It aly

The Eur opean Prison Ob servatory s tudies, thr ough quan tave and qualit ave analy sis, the c ondion of the naonal prison s ystems and the r elated s ystems of alt ernaves t o de tenon, c omparing these c ondions t o the in ternaonal norms and s tandards r elevant f or the pr otecon of de tainees' fundamen tal righ ts. The European Prison Ob servatory highligh ts t o Eur opean e xperts and pr aconers 'g ood pr acces' e xisng in the diff erent c ountries, both in the field of prison manag ement and the pr otecon of prisoner s' fundamental righ ts. Finally, it pr omotes the adop on of the CP T s tandards and other in ternaonal leg al ins truments on detenon as a fundamen tal r eference f or the acvies of the e xisng na onal monit oring bodies. www.prisonobservatory.org

October 2019

The c ontent of this r eport r epresents the vie ws of the author only and is his/her sole r esponsibility. The European Commission does not accep t an y r esponsibility f or use tha t ma y be made of the in formaon it contains

3 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Consistency of the prison populaon and crime rates1 In the Eur opean Union, o ver 584,485 people ar e curr ently de tained in penal ins tutes. Coun tries with the highest prison popula on ar e the Unit ed King dom and P oland (with o ver 93,000 and o ver 73,000 de tainees respecvely) f ollowed b y Fr ance, German y, It aly, and Spain, whose prison s ystems hos t ar ound 64,000 detainees each. Prison popula ons ha ve t o dr op of o ver 30,000 people t o find the f ollowing gr oup made up by R omania and the Cz ech R epublic, with a lile o ver 22,000 prisoner s. The mos t numer ous gr oup of remaining c ountries f ollows a t a short dis tance with number s r anging be tween 619 of Malt a, and almos t 17,000 of Hung ary.

Countries ha ve a c ompletely diff erent r anking when it c omes t o incarceraon r ates. This s tasc f acilitates to dr aw c omparisons; in f act, it highligh ts ho w man y people ar e de tained in each c ountry e very 100,000, while k eeping in to acc ount the siz e of the popula on. In g eneral, upon ob serving the c onsistency of the prison popula on, the c ountries tha t pr esent a high number of de tainees (tha t belong t o cen tral and south Europe) ha ve a lar ge g eneral popula on, so their inc arceraon r ates ar e not the highes t. The P olish c ase represents an e xcepon. P oland, with a r ate of 194.4, has the highes t r ate among the c ountries with the

1 P reliminary notes on the data used. A ll data is taken from the Council of Europe Stascs on Prison Administraon Space I and Space II. It generally refers to 2018 and considers the countries of the European Union. Three of them (Belgium, Hungary, and Malta) did not provide any data to the 2018 SPACE I project; therefore, all stascs regarding these countries are taken from World Prison Brief available at prisonstudies.org. Other sources of data are indicated in the corresponding tables and graphs. Due to the differences in data collecon among countries, numbers might not coincide within the different datasets.

4 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

largest prison popula on. As a c omparison, its number of inma tes is a bit higher than in Fr ance, but it has a general popula on of almos t half of its siz e. On the other hand, some of those c ountries tha t ha ve lo wer number s of de tained people (tha t belong t o eastern Eur ope), sho w a higher inc arceraon r ate c ompared t o the quit e small g eneral popula on. The mos t striking e xamples ar e Lithuania, Es tonia, La tvia, and the Slo vak R epublic tha t pr esent high inc arceraon r ates between 173 and 234.9 de tained people e very 100,000. Notwithstanding the curr ent r ate, the La tvian c ase is sho wing, in f act, a posiv e de velopment since it is the first me in pos t-independence y ears (1991) tha t its prison popula on r ate is f alling belo w 200 prisoner s per 100,000 per sons. As a c omparison, in 1995 ther e w ere 385 de tained people per 100,000 inhabit ants, and in 1985, 659, the highes t e ver r ecorded in this c ountry. Another in teresng c ase is r epresented b y the Cz ech R epublic tha t has the same g eneral popula on as Portugal but has almos t twice as man y de tainees, and ther efore, almos t twice the r ate. Seventeen c ountries sc ore benea th the a verage r ate of 118.5, f our of them immedia tely abo ve and se ven of them pr esent a r ate tha t is w ell abo ve or almos t double the a verage. The F achhochschule Dortmund, one of the partner s of the EPO pr oject, highligh ted tha t the number of de tainees does not include people accommodated in f orensic p sychiatric hospit als or drug and alc ohol r ehabilitaon cen ters. Their confinement is v ery prisonlik e and c an e ven c ount as part of the prison t erm if a per son has been c onvicted to ser ve a simult aneous prison sen tence. Ther efore, if people de tained in these ins tutes w ere t o be added to the t otal amoun t of inma tes, the inc arceraon r ate w ould be appr oximately 100.

Over the las t t en y ears, acc ording t o Eur ostat, crimes r eported t o the police ha ve diminished, and so has the European prison popula on. Ne vertheless, some EU St ates sho w diff erent t endencies. In parcular , among

5 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

the c ountries with a lar ger prison popula on, Fr ance sho wed a s teady incr ease in the number of de tainees and It aly, a er signific antly diminished its prison popula on, is no w manif esng a ne w rise in the number s. Romania sho ws an incr ease of prisoner s peaking in 2013 and then a decr ease t o le vels lo wer than t en y ears ago. The Cz ech R epublic, on the other hand, sho ws an opposit e tr end with a lo w peak in 2013 and a la ter return t o pr evious number s. Hung ary, P ortugal, and the Slo vak R epublic sho w a small incr ease c ompared t o 2008. Among the c ountries with less than 10,000 de tainees, only Aus tria, Ir eland, and Denmark sho wed slight rises while, in other c ountries, prison popula ons either dr opped or r emained essen ally fla t.

Prison capacity and overcrowding

The Eur opean Union r egion as a whole hos ts f ewer de tainees than the official c apacity of its prison s ystems, but when the r egion is br oken do wn t o the singles St ates, the diff erences in prison popula on densies ar e very pr onounced. T o discuss this issue, it is import ant t o poin t out tha t the minimum r equired space per detainee v aries fr om c ountry t o c ountry; ther efore, prison c apacies in Eur ope ar e not c alculated in the same w ay. This means tha t ther e ar e c ountries wher e the official occupancy r ate is lo wer than other s, but that in f act acc ommodate de tainees in less space. The mos t o vercrowded prison s ystems ar e those of Fr ance, It aly, Hung ary, and R omania, with occupancy rates r anging be tween 115% and 120%. Denmark, Aus tria, Gr eece, the Cz ech R epublic, P ortugal, Slo venia,

6 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Malta, and Belgium sho w occupancy r ates be tween 100,5 and 109,3 while the r emanent six teen c ountries have f ewer prisoner s than a vailable places. It is in teresng t o not e tha t among the c ountries with the lar gest prison popula ons, only It aly and Fr ance are o vercrowded.

Occupancy rate

Data source: COE, World Prison Brief

A further c omparison be tween prison densies and inc arceraon r ates sho ws tha t the alr eady-menoned eastern Eur opean c ountries char acterized b y high inc arceraon r ates and small g eneral popula ons (La tvia, Lithuania, Es tonia, and the Slo vak R epublic) pr esent occupancy r ates lo wer than 100%. Hence, their prison systems c ould hos t w ay mor e de tainees than the y do no w. P oland, with an inc arceraon r ate of 194.4 and an occupancy r ate of 85%, in this cir cumstance, is not an e xcepon as it w as in the pr evious c ase. The Cz ech Republic is in a similar situa on, notwiths tanding being sligh tly o vercrowded. The e xplanaon behind this phenomenon c ould la y in the leg acy of in frastructures of the pr evious r egimes and in the w ay the prison capacity is c alculated: each de tainee c ould be alloc ated b y la w in less squar e me ters c ompared t o other countries.

7 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Foreign inmates

On a verage, one- fih of de tainees in Eur ope is a non-na onal; ho wever, within the EU c ountries, ther e ar e significant diff erences. The c ountries wher e the per centages ar e abo ve a verage ar e g enerally those of northern, cen tral and southern Eur ope, while eas tern Eur opean c ountries r ank a t the bo om of the lis t with exceedingly lo w per centages. Lux embourg (72.1%), Aus tria (54.7%), and Gr eece (52.7%) ar e the c ountries presenng the highes t per centages of non-na onals. On the other hand, Bulg aria, Cr oaa, the Cz ech Republic, Es tonia, Hung ary, La tvia, Lithuania, P oland, R omania, and the Slo vak R epublic hos t less than 10% of f oreign prisoner s each. Some e xcepons within the fir st gr oup ar e r epresented b y the Unit ed King dom, Portugal, Finland, Ir eland, Fr ance, and the Ne therlands tha t sho w lo wer per centages than either the a verage or their neighboring c ountries. The majority of non-na onals (o ver 70%) is not a ciz en of an EU c ountry.

8 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Women in detenon

Currently, in Eur opean prisons, ther e ar e ar ound 30,000 de tained w omen. The ab solute number appear s quite high; ho wever, upon c omparison with the male de tained popula on, w omen r epresent a mer e 5.1% of the o verall de tained popula on. The a verage c alculated on the single c ountries is 5.7 and v alues v ary between 3.1% of Bulg aria and 10.4% of Malt a. On the other hand, when it c omes t o f oreign de tained women, per centages c alculated on the t otal number of non-na onals ar e w ay higher and c an e ven r each 30%.

9 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Juveniles in detenon

The number s of juv enile de tenon ar e v ery diff erent fr om those of adults f or se veral r easons. Fir st of all, there ar e almos t no minor f emales de tained while males ar e 4,873. P oland hos ts 1,421 of them, the Unit ed Kingdom almos t 900, and Fr ance and German y almos t 800. R omania, It aly, and Aus tria r ange fr om 315 t o 122 while all other c ountries r eport number s lo wer than 100. The ag e of criminal r esponsibility is g enerally 14. Se ven c ountries se t a higher ag e (15 or 16) and fiv e a lo wer one, either 12 or 13, e xcept f or the Unit ed Kingdom, wher e the criminal r esponsibility is se t a t 10 y ears f or England, W ales and Northern Ir eland, while Scotland indic ated tw o diff erent ag es: 8 and 12.

Pre-trial detenon and sentenced detainees

One-fih of the prison popula on in Eur ope is held in prison without a final judgmen t (i.e., a waing the fir st judgment and on r emand).

10 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Data source: COE, World Prison Brief

On a verage, among EU c ountries, de tainees not ser ving a final sen tence ar e 23% of the t otal. Coun tries with percentages higher than 40% ar e Lux embourg, the Ne therlands, and Denmark, f ollowed b y Belgium, It aly, and Gr eece, whose per centages r ange be tween 35.6% and 32.4%. Belo w 30% but abo ve a verage it is possible t o find S weden, Fr ance, La tvia, and Cr oaa. E astern Eur opean c ountries seem t o perf orm g enerally beer than the r est of Eur ope pr esenng per centages w ell belo w a verage. In its r eport on Gr eece, the Eur opean Public La w Or ganizaon poin ted out tha t one of the c auses of prison overcrowding is the high number of pr e-trial de tainees, especially f oreigners and/ or immigr ants, who due t o lack of a cert ain r esidence ar e mor e eligible f or pr e-trial de tenon. In some c ountries, it w as f ound tha t pr e-trial de tainees ha ve less access t o educ aonal, w ork, and recreaonal acvies. This c ould e ven r esult in pr e-trial de tainees t o be held in a har sher r egime than detainees with a final sen tence.

11 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Detainees not serving a final sentence

Data source: COE, World Prison Brief

Between 2007 and 2018, the number of de tainees not ser ving a final sen tence has decr eased b y ar ound 20 thousand people and does not appear t o f ollow the cur ve of the tr end of the t otal number of de tainees.

12 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Lengths of sen tences is another r elevant f eature of prison s ystems. In Eur ope a t the momen t, 19.4% of convicted de tainees ar e ser ving less than one y ear of de tenon. Such short prison sen tences c ould ha ve been giv en f or small or pe y crimes tha t ar e g enerally be er c ounteracted with alt ernaves t o de tenon rather than a prison sen tence, tha t c ould, in r eality, c ause the opposit e e ffect: t eaching pe y off enders t o commit mor e serious crimes. Concerning this specific gr oup of prisoner s, ther e ar e tw o c ountries with extremely high r ates tha t c ome dang erously close t o 50%: German y with 45.9% and the Ne therlands with 40.5%. As a r eference poin t t o be er under stand this da ta, it is possible t o c onsider the Eur opean a verage: 16.3%. In c ontrast, Gr eece, It aly, R omania, P ortugal, La tvia, the Unit ed King dom, and Spain, displa y percentages lo wer than 10%. Inmates sen tenced fr om one t o less than thr ee y ears r epresent a quart er of c onvicts in Eur ope. Indeed, also the Eur opean a verage per centage is the highes t c ompared t o the a verage per centages of prisoner s ser ving all other periods of de tenon: 24.1%.

Data source: COE; World Prison Brief

Prisoners ser ving sen tences fr om thr ee t o less than fiv e y ears r epresent another 16.4% of all c onvicts, those convicted t o fiv e t o less than t en y ears ar e 20%, and de tainees ser ving sen tences fr om t en t o less than twenty y ears ar e 11.6%. A r esidual per centage is c omposed of lif ers (3.5%) and de tainees with sen tences of over 20 y ears of imprisonmen t (4%). One in teresng c ase is r epresented b y Gr eece, which sho ws v ery lo w r ates of c onvicts ser ving up t o fiv e years and v ery high per centages of de tainees sen tenced t o fiv e t o less than t en y ears (30.3%) and tw enty years and o ver (29.9%).

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In some of the c ountries, the br eakdown of the leng th of sen tences w as not indic ated f or all sen tenced detainees; ther efore, the t otal of the per centages is not 100% in all c ases. Furthermore, almos t all c ountries pr ovided a br eakdown of the crimes c ommied b y sen tenced de tainees. Of the 421,364 c onsidered inma tes, the majority of them (16.3%) ar e de tained bec ause of the . The second-largest gr oup (15.3%) is inc arcerated due t o drug-r elated off enses, sho wing the r esults of the ongoing Eur opean w ar on drugs. R obbery f ollows a t a short dis tance with 13.6%. Crimes ag ainst the per son (homicides, assaults and ba eries, and se xual off enses) r epresent another 27% of the t otal while the lo west percentages c oncern ec onomic and financial off enses (4.1%), r oad tr affic off enses (4.1%), and t errorism (0.1%).

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Data source: COE; World Prison Brief

The a verage per centage of inma tes de tained f or drug-r elated crimes is 18.3%. La tvia, with its 40.7%, is the country with the highes t per centage of inma tes de tained f or drug-r elated crimes. Gr eece and It aly f ollow with 32.8% and 31.1% r especvely: their number s while being signific antly lo wer, r emain quit e high compared t o the a verage.

Percentage of drug-related offences

Data source: COE

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On the other hand, the tw o c ountries tha t ha ve e xceponal lo w per centages ar e P oland and R omania with 3.3% and 5.3% r especvely.

Suicide in detenon

In 2017, 1,380 people died during their de tenon in a Eur opean prison. Almos t one-thir d of them t ook their own liv es while the y w ere fr om their f amilies and lo ved ones. The c omparison be tween the suicide r ates (per 10,000 people) among the g eneral popula on (da ta r efer t o 2016 and ar e t aken fr om the W orld Health Organizaon) and in prison is s triking. The a verage of the f ormer is, in f act, 1.41 while the la er is 6.32: detainees c ommit suicide 4.4 mes mor e than the a verage. F our c ountries (Lux embourg, Gr eece, Cyprus, and Cr oaa) did not r eport an y suicide. Se ven of them sho w r ates belo w the a verage, while the r emaining ones sc ore abo ve the a verage. The highes t r ates ar e displaced b y Fr ance (12.6), Aus tria (12.3), German y (11.8), P ortugal (11.2), Denmark (10.9), the Ne therlands (10.7), and the Slo vak R epublic (10). 5.9% of the suicides w ere c ommied b y w omen, which is c onsistent with the per centage of f emale de tainees. As already men oned, de tainees not ser ving a final sen tence ar e 19% of the t otal of the de tained popula on, but the y c ommied o ver 30% of the suicides, which sug gests tha t the y ar e mor e vulner able than other detainees.

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Probaon and alternaves to detenon At the end of Januar y 2018, in the EU o ver 800 thousand people w ere under the super vision of pr obaon agencies. Da ta fr om SP ACE II on this t opic is not as c omparable as da ta fr om SP ACE I s tascs bec ause EU States ha ve diff erent w ays t o c ategorize alt ernaves t o de tenon and pr e-trial de tenon, f orms of pr obaon and other pr ograms. Mor eover, SP ACE II da ta tha t w as used in this secon, only r efers t o people who ar e under the super vision of pr obaon ag ency (or the c ases tha t pr obaon ag encies ar e handling); ho wever, other f orms of alt ernaves t o (pr e-trial) de tenon migh t e xist but, since the y do not en tail the super vision of a pr obaon ag ency, the y migh t not ha ve been included in this da taset. Finally , another difficulty arises from the indic ators and da ta c ollecon me thods, tha t migh t diff er fr om c ountry t o c ountry. None theless, it is possible t o dr aw a enon t o some in teresng findings tha t c an be in ferred fr om da ta. First of all, it is in teresng t o not e tha t only ar ound 10% of all people placed under the super vision of probaon ag encies with diff erent measur es such as the c ondional suspension of the criminal pr oceeding, an alt ernave t o pr e-trial de tenon, or other measur es of super vision ar e a waing the fir st judgmen t. Also , five c ountries (Bulg aria, Denmark, Lithuania, R omania, and S weden) indic ated tha t the c onsidered f orms of alternaves t o pr e-trial de tenon under the super vision of pr obaon ag encies do not e xist in their criminal jusce s ystems. An issue w orth e xploring is the c orrelaon be tween the tr ends measur ed be tween 2010 and 2018 of alternaves t o de tenon and the number of de tained people . When a c orrelaon is de tected, it does not necessarily mean tha t one v ariable a ffects the other , it simply sho ws tha t the tr end of the tw o v ariables is somehow c onnected. A s tascal analy sis of the t otal number of inma tes and the t otal number of alternaves t o de tenon is not possible bec ause some da ta is missing and tha t a vailable lack s homog eneity. Nevertheless, it w as possible t o analy ze the situa ons of each c ountry separ ately. Out of 28 EU c ountries, it was possible t o t ake in to acc ount only 24 of them. German y, P oland, the Slo vak R epublic, and Slo venia had insufficient da ta t o c alculate a r eliable c orrelaon; furthermor e, almos t all da ta r efers t o the number of people who w ere under the super vision of pr obaon ag encies with fiv e e xcepons: Belgium, Denmark, It aly, Romania, and Sc otland, which c ollect da ta on number of c ases, tha t c an be higher than the number of people, who c an be giv en mor e than a measur e. Da ta on the Unit ed King dom, in this c ase, is disag gregated in ligh t of the diff erences in the da ta c ollected: England and W ales c ollect the number of people under going alternaves t o de tenon, Sc otland c ollects the number of c ases while Northern Ir eland is not included because da ta on alt ernaves t o de tenon w as not a vailable. Thanks t o a c oefficient tha t v aries be tween 1 and -1, it is possible t o measur e the c orrelaon be tween an y two se ts of da ta. If the c oefficient is closer t o 1, the c orrelaon is posiv e, if it is closer t o -1, it is neg ave, and if it is 0, ther e is no c orrelaon.

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As it is possible t o noce fr om the gr aph, Sc otland and Gr eece ar e the tw o c ountries with a c oefficient closest t o -1 and their gr aphs clearly sho w an incr ease in the number s of people under the super vision of probaon ag encies and a simult aneous decr ease in the number of inma tes. In the c ase of Gr eece, the use of alternaves t o de tenon has been incr eased pr ecisely t o t ackle the chr onic o vercrowding of Gr eek prisons.

On the other hand, Es tonia, Hung ary, La tvia, Spain, and S weden sho w a c oefficient closer t o 1, which indicates tha t both v ariables incr ease or decr ease similarly . In nine c ountries, a c oefficient belo w -0,51 indicates tha t wher e the number of pr obaoners incr eases, g enerally the number of de tainees decr eases. In It aly, the c oefficient is -0.68, and the r eason lies in the v arious policies tha t ha ve char acterized the las t few y ears: a er the Eur opean Court of Human Righ ts (E CtHR) issued a pilot judgmen t in the c ase Torreggiani

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and others v . It aly for the viola on of arcle 3 of the Con venon due t o o vercrowding, It aly undert ook several r eforms (including incr easing the use of alt ernaves t o de tenon) t o r educe o vercrowding. Be tween 2010 and 2015 the number of de tainees decr eased fr om 68,258 t o 52,164; ho wever, soon a er tha t, the prison popula on s tarted t o rise ag ain alongside the number of alt ernaves t o de tenon.

A c oefficient abo ve 0,51 w as f ound in nine c ountries and it sho ws tha t the number of de tainees and the number of people super vised b y pr obaon ag encies incr ease or decr ease r oughly in par allel. Finally , six countries sho w a c oefficient of c orrelaon be tween -0,5 and 0,5, meaning tha t the tw o v ariables do not correlate with each other almos t in an y w ay.

Staff working in prisons and employed by probaon agencies

The penit enary s taff has a crucial r ole in the smooth manag ement of a prison f acility and the resocializaon of the de tainee as the final g oal of the prison sen tence. T o achie ve this objecv e, the s taff needs t o be specializ ed, w ell tr ained and of sufficien t number . The dues perf ormed b y the penit enary staff ar e numer ous, hence their specializ aons also need t o be div erse. Un fortunately, the main v ocaon of European prisons is s ll one of a place of cus tody r ather than a place dedic ated t o r esocializaon. Indeed, around 70% of the St ate emplo yees w orking inside prison f acilies ar e dedic ated t o cus todial dues, corresponding t o an a verage of 2.7 inma tes per prison guar d. E astern Eur opean c ountries g enerally sho w a higher number of de tainees per prison guar d. P oland and Es tonia sho w the highes t r ao with 4.7 and 4.9 respecvely.

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Ratio of inmates per custodial staff and per educational and vocational training staff

Data source: COE

On the other hand, the a verage r ao be tween de tainees and the s taff r esponsible f or educ aonal acvies and v ocaonal tr aining is 56.6. Similarly t o earlier s tascs, P oland sho ws the highes t r ao with 351.5 detainees per s taff f ollowed b y Fr ance (136), La tvia (82.7), and Aus tria (82.4). The number of s taff of pr obaon ag encies is signific antly lo wer than the s taff dedic ated t o the penit enary with an a verage of 49.5 pr obaoners per s taff.

20 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Costs of detenon

Expenditures f or prison s ystems sub stanally v ary. Gener ally, c ountries with the highes t prison popula ons (i.e. German y, Fr ance, It aly, and Spain) alloc ate a v ery lar ge budg et t o penit enary s ystems. One e xcepon is represented b y P oland, which has the sec ond-highest number of de tainees and a budg et lo wer than the Netherlands, which hos ts only 9,300 de tainees. Its a verage amoun t spen t per da y per de tainee is indeed one of the lo west. Un fortunately, ther e ar e no number s on the budg et of the Unit ed King dom, which w ould have been v ery in teresng t o c ompare with other c ountries. Furthermor e, g enerally, eas tern Eur opean countries spend f ewer r esources (mos t of them under 50,00€) per de tainee per da y while cen tral Eur opean countries (It aly, Fr ance, German y, and Aus tria) spend o ver 100,00€. Finally , northern Eur opean c ountries (Ireland, the Ne therlands, Lux embourg, Denmark, Finland, and S weden) spend be tween 180,00€ and 380,00€. The aus terity measur es put in place t o addr ess the ec onomic crisis c onsiderably c onstrained the budg et of penitenary adminis traons in some c ountries. In P ortugal, f or e xample, budg etary cuts br ought on shortages of a vailable health c are and h ygiene pr oducts. A t one prison the br ead has been r aoned bec ause the las t inma tes t o arriv e a t the prison c anteen g et nothing.

Average daily amount spent per detainee

Data source: COE

21 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Prison c ondions in the c ountries of the Eur opean Prison Ob servatory A summary of the 2018 updated reports on prison condions The c ollecon and or ganizaon of a vailable da ta on the penit enary s ystems of each c ountry ha ve been coordinated b y the Univ ersità degli Studi di P adova, which de veloped and t ested a c omprehensive da ta collecon grid t o g ather the in formaon r equired t o describe the diff erent na onal penit enary s ystems. The da ta c ollecon grid has been de veloped k eeping in mind as the main r eference the Eur opean Prison Rules (Council of Eur ope. R ecommendaon R ec(2006)2. Adop ted on 11 Januar y 2006). The in formaon collected in e very c ountry monit ored b y the Ob servatory and pr esented in these R eports on prison condions, describes e very na onal penit enary s ystem, f ocusing in parcular on its c ompliance with the European Prison Rules. The r esearch acvies ha ve been c arried out b y the pr oject partner s, tha t dr aed a report on prison c ondions in their c ountry. The r eports dr aed in 2013 ha ve been upda ted t o the 2018 situaon. In the ne xt pag es, short ab stracts of the upda ted r eports ha ve been included pr epared b y Angone. Further in formaon and the full na onal r eports c an be f ound on the pr oject w ebsite www.prisonobservatory.org.

22 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Austria

Quantave da ta r efers t o 1 Oct ober 2019 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: 9,239 2 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity): 103% Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants (da ta a t 11 Sep tember 2018): 33 3 Percentage of f oreign de tainees (da ta a t 31/03/2018): 54.39% Percentage of f emale de tainees: 5,68% People in juv enile de tenon: 107 Sen tenced de tainees: 6,043 4 Total number of dea ths (2018): 33 Of which suicides: 11

General descrip on of the Aus trian penit enary s ystem The primar y leg al basis f or the penal s ystem in Aus tria is the 1969 P enal Ser vices Act. The r esponsibility f or the penit enary s ystem lies within the Minis try of Jus ce as the highes t authority and is support ed b y Directorate Gener al f or the Adminis traon of Cus todial Sen tences and Measur es in volving Depriv aon of Liberty (Gener aldirekon für den Str afvollzug und den V ollzugfreiheitsbeschränkender Maßnahmen). Currently ther e ar e 28 prisons (Jus zanstalten) with 12 addional br anches and an a verage of 8,800 prisoners in Aus tria. The y ar e separ ated in to se ven prisons f or men with sen tences o ver 18 mon ths, one juvenile prison, one w omen’s prison, thr ee ins tuons f or f orensic placemen t (Massnahmen vollzug) and 15 court prisons a t the sit es of r egional c ourts which ar e in char ge of criminal c ases. The ma terial and security condions of the penal ins tuons o verall fulfil modern s tandards. The tw o mos t r ecent prisons w ere built in 2015 and 2012 and older ones ar e c onnuously being r enovated and e xtended. The Aus trian leg al s ystem disnguishes be tween thr ee types of imprisonmen t: pr e-trial de tenon, penal ser vice and pr evenve measures.

Observaons on the prison popula on For some prisons, the Ombudsman Boar d not ed the inhumane and degr ading situa on due t o o vercrowding of the prisons tha t signific antly in fluenced the living c ondions of the prisoner s.5

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee The minimum s tandards ar e 6m² f or a single-occupancy cell, 4m² f or a mul-occupancy cell.

2 hps://www.jusz.gv.at/web2013/home/strafvollzug/stask/verteilung-desinsassenstandes~ 2c94848542ec49810144457e2e6f3de9.de.html (accessed 6 October 2019). 3 Stat Cube, h p://statcube.at/stask.at/ext/statcube/jsf/tableView/tableView.xhtml# (accessed 11. September 2018). 4 hps://www.jusz.gv.at/web2013/home/strafvollzug/stask/verteilung-desinsassenstandes~ 2c94848542ec49810144457e2e6f3de9.de.html (accessed 6 October 2019). 5 Stuefer, Alexia; Schöch, Johanna, Handbuch Strafvollzug, Fakten – Rechtsgrundlagen – Mustersammlung, (2018) NWV Verlag Österreich, Graz, p. 52; Volksanwaltscha (2018) p. 109.

23 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Allocaon of de tainees In mos t prisons due t o s tructural c ondions and a funconing o ver c apacies prisoner s sleep in cells of tw o or f our per sons. Individual cells ar e r are, especially in pr e-trial prisons and ar e some mes k ept f or prisoner s in higher need of c are. Due t o prison o vercrowding, a t some pr e-trial prisons, e. g. Gr az-Jakomini or Feldkirch, the separ aon be tween sen tenced and un tried prisoner s is not uphold as special wings f or pre-trial de tainees do not e xist. Prison manag ement tries t o separ ate un tried and sen tenced inma tes a t least during the nigh t in the cells. Male and f emale prisoner s ha ve t o be either k ept in separ ate prisons or be k ept in separ ate units within one prison. No viola ons of this principle w ere r eported. W omen ar e acc ompanied thr ough c ommon ar eas when g oing t o the medic al departmen t or the visit or ar ea. Furthermor e, in some prisons, c ommon w orking areas e xist, this c an be e valuated posiv ely. The pr ovisions f or h ygiene s tandards in prisons include giving female inma tes access t o sanit ary pr oducts and access t o a daily sho wer during mens truaon and menopause. This pr ovision also seems t o be r espected. An in fant c an s tay up t o the ag e of tw o y ears in the ins tuon with the mother , if this w ould pr ovide no harm f or the child. If the child r eaches an ag e of tw o and the mother has no mor e than one y ear of imprisonment le the child c an s tay un l he or she r eaches an ag e of thr ee. A t Sch warzau Prison, a prison for f emale prisoner s and f emale juv enile prisoner s, a kinder garten f or up t o 23 childr en is c onnected t o the instuon. Ther e, the childr en of f emale prisoner s ar e t aken c are of t ogether with the childr en of the prison staff. Furthermor e, c ourt prisons ma y alloc ate a separ ate ar ea t o mother s and their childr en. There is a specific es tablishment f or long imprisonmen ts of juv eniles specially designed f or tha t purpose. In addion, e very c ourt prison has designa ted departmen ts. In the ins tuons visit ed, the majority of juv eniles had the opportunity t o a end g eneral educ aon classes or v ocaonal tr aining. Young adults (be tween 18 and 21 y ears) abo ve the ag e of 18 y ears ar e not separ ated fr om adult inma tes, unless an e xcepon has t o be made bec ause of their ph ysical, men tal or emoonal s tate.

Condions of de tenon The Ombudsman Boar d described the h ygiene c ondions in some prisons in its r eport as unsa sfactory. Facilies w ere o ver-used and dirty with signs of a fungus in fecon and t en inma tes shar ed a sanit ary f acility with f our sho wers without a ph ysical separ aon.6 The situa on in another prison also viola ted the leg al requirements a t the me of inspecon, as ther e w as no s tructural separ aon be tween t oilets in cells f or more than one prisoner . 7

Prison r egime Individual sen tence plans need t o include the type of imprisonmen t, w ork, educ aonal and medic al c are, contact t o the outside and sur veillance. It is based on a r esume b y the prisoner and a classific aon s ystem based on the individual c ase, the per sonal his tory, the per sonal cir cumstances, the type of crime and consideraons on ho w t o fulfil the purpose of the imprisonmen t. In addion t o tha t, these plans mus t be

6 Volksanwaltscha (2018) p. 109. 7 Volksanwaltscha (2018) p. 145.

24 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

talked thr ough with e very prisoner individually and c an be c omplemented with s tatements b y medic al or psychosocial pr aconers. Every prisoner , c apable of w ork has t o w ork, e xpect those in pr e-trial de tenon. This includes w ork tha t allows the funconing of the prison, f or public adminis traon, w ork of public bene fit, the pr oducon of goods f or sales, w ork f or c ompanies or other priv ate c ontractors. The emplo yment opportunies ar e, however, in some prisons sc arce making it difficult t o pr ovide all inma tes with opportunies who w ould lik e to w ork. Prisoners without a c ompleted v ocaonal tr aining or who c annot be emplo yed in the ar ea wher e the y ha ve completed a v ocaonal tr aining ar e en tled t o a tr aining tha t, if possible, should c omply with their in terest and needs and which the y c an finish within the prison t erm. T rainings tha t t ake place outside of the prison facilies ar e only allo wed f or prisoner s wher e a misuse of this privileg e is not e xpected. The Aus trian leg al situa on s tates tha t, if the siz e of the ins tuon allo ws f or it, educaonal pr ogrammes should be pr ovided f or prisoner s who do not ha ve the kno wledge and skills of primar y school le vel. The provided types of educ aon include c ourses school lea ving qualific aons (sec ondary school, v ocaonal school, poly technic, Gr ammar school, higher educ aonal ins tutes, univ ersity), v ocaonal tr ainings f or example as a bak er, but cher, c arpenter or me tal pr ocessing, c ourses such as German as a f oreign languag e, E-learning and Fir st Aid. Commen ts b y the Ombudsman Boar d cen tre parcularly on the lack of educ aonal programmes f or w omen and discrimina on of prisoner s in harm r educon pr ogrammes.8 In their non-w orking me prisoner s ar e allo wed t o do recreaonal acvies , addional w ork, pain t or dr aw, read and writ e and minimum once e very 3 mon ths an educ aonal, ars c or en tertaining e vent has t o be provided. Prison s taff is ask ed t o mov ate prisoner s t o use their fr ee me in a use ful w ay, including sports, listening t o r adio, r eading and social g ames. The r egime f or r emand prisoner s in some prisons w as described as e xtremely poor b y the CP T.9

Contacts with the outside w orld Phone c alls during pr e-trial de tenon ar e subject ed t o authorisa on b y a pr osecutor or judg e. Calls during imprisonment c an be made if ther e ar e an y specific gr ounds (e. g. illness, an issue tha t c annot be solv ed b y wring le ers or per sonal c ontact, if per sonal visits ar e not possible due t o the dis tance, e tc.). Calls with family or other thir d per sons c an be c ontrolled. Calls with authories or la wyers mus t be possible and mus t not be c ontrolled. The la w s tates tha t prisoner s ar e allo wed t o writ e and send le ers, c ards and t elegrams without limit aons and under pr otecon of the secr ecy of c orrespondence if the situa on of security and or der allo ws it. Adult r emand prisoner s ar e in principle allo wed t o r eceive tw o half -hour visits per w eek, but the visits as well as the phone c alls ar e subject ed t o authorisa on b y a pr osecutor or judg e. Acc ording t o la w, prisoner s can r eceive as man y visits during the official vising mes as the pr ocessing of the visits allo ws. A t leas t one visit per w eek with a dur aon of half an hour and a t leas t one visit with a dur aon e xtension t o one hour each six w eeks need t o be gr anted. If the prisoner r eceives f ew visits or the visit ors ha ve a long journe y, this

8 Volksanwaltscha (2019) p.133. 9 CPT (2015) p. 37.

25 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

needs t o be t aken in to acc ount. The ma ximum number of visit ors a t the same me is thr ee. The vising arrangements need t o ensur e the main tenance of f amily r elaonships. Official vising mes need t o t ake place a t leas t a t f our w orkdays each w eek, a t leas t once in the e vening or on the w eekend. The CP T names Graz-Karlau Prison as a g ood pr acce in its 2014 visit in this r egard. Nearly all prisoner s c ould r eceive visits under open c ondions and also be gr anted c onjugal visits f or up t o 14 hour s. The vising f acilies w ere found t o be in a high quality s tate. 10

Solitary c onfinement Solitary c onfinement c an be used as a punishmen t ag ainst prisoner s who pose a risk of esc ape, pose a threat ag ainst people, pr operty or themselv es or who pose a serious thr eat f or the security and or der of the instuon. If a prisoner is in solit ary c onfinement f or long er than f our w eeks ag ainst his or her will, this c an only happen via an or der b y the Court of En forcement. A prisoner c an only be k ept in solit ary c onfinement for long er than six mon ths if it is on his or her o wn demand and agr eed on b y the medic al pr aconer of the prison. It is r ecalled tha t the mos t se vere disciplinar y sancon is solit ary c onfinement (in an or dinary or disciplinary cell) f or up t o f our w eeks f or adult prisoner s and f or up t o tw o w eeks f or juv eniles.

Alternaves t o de tenon The la w f oresees a number of alt ernave measur es t o pr e-trial de tenon. The na onal la w c alls them “milder measur es”. Ther e ar e also div ersional means (c ompared t o pr oceedings) f oreseen as w ell as alternave “measur es” (c ompared t o sancons) t o prison. Some alt ernaves t o P TD ar e: pledg e not t o lea ve the place of r esidence or not t o impede the pr oceedings; c ompliance with cert ain or ders (e. g. medic al or other tr eatment) and c onfiscaon of cert ain documen ts; pr eliminary pr obaon or bail. If the crit eria ar e met, div ersional measur es c an be t aken ins tead of pur suing the pr oceedings in or der t o a void a judg ement (e.g. financial c ompensaon; c ommunity ser vice; pr obaon without addional or ders; pr obaon with addional or ders and r estuon). Electr onic monit oring c an be used as an alt ernave t o imprisonmen t f or the whole me or f or parts of the sen tence.

10 CPT (2015) p. 43.

26 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Germany

Quantave da ta r efers t o 31/08/2018 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: 62,902 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity): 85.2% Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants: 76. Unofficial 1 1: 100 Percentage of f oreign de tainees (da ta a t 31/03/2018): 26.16% Percentage of f emale de tainees: 5.81% P eople in juv enile de tenon: 3,520 Sen tenced de tainees: 48,004 Total number of dea ths (2016): 163 Of which suicides: 76

General descrip on of the German penit enary s ystem Germany is s tructured in a f ederal s ystem. Ther e ar e six teen Länder (f ederal s tates), which adminis ter their prison s ystems and, ther efore, ther e ar e six teen Minis tries of Jus ce, r esponsible f or the prison popula on. Also, six teen Minis tries of Public Health ar e acc ommodang o ver 10,000 per sons in f orensic ins tuons. An essenal aspect of the German prison s ystem is the "twin-tr ack-system" of sancons. On the one hand, imprisonment is c onsidered fir st and f oremost as punishmen t, on the other , ther e ar e other measur es of beerment and security tha t c an depriv e a per son of fr eedom based on the c ommission of a crime: treatment in p sychiatric ins tuons (Art. 63 P enal Code), drug- and alc ohol tr eatment (Art. 64 P enal Code), and pr evenve de tenon (Art. 66 e tc. P enal Code).

Observaons on the prison popula on The prison popula on r ate is 76. Ho wever, it does not include per sons acc ommodated in f orensic p sychiatric hospitals or drug and alc ohol r ehabilitaon cen ters, wher e people ar e c onfined in a v ery prisonlik e environment. Ther efore, if people de tained in these ins tutes w ere t o be added t o the t otal number of inmates, the inc arceraon r ate w ould be appr oximately 100. The t otal number of de tainees r elated t o the capacity of prison s ystems is 85.2%; ho wever, r ecently prisons ha ve been o vercrowded a er y ears during which this had not been the c ase.

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee There ar e no specific aons r egarding the siz e of the de tenon r oom or the minimum squar e me ters per detainee. A decision of the Cons tuonal Court of the St ate of Berlin in 2009 ruled tha t the acc ommodaon for thr ee mon ths in an individual r oom of 5.3 m2 viola tes the human dignity of the c omplainant. In pr acce, prisoners c an be ur ged t o giv e a wri en e xplanaon t o the prison manag ement tha t s/he agr ees t o a placement in a cell tha t is t oo small. Such a declar aon is usually not made v oluntarily b y the prisoner s and

11 See General descripon.

27 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

may r esult in a c omplaint ag ainst this type of acc ommodaon not being admi ed t o c ourt. Besides, such a declaraon is en forced as a r equirement when prisoner s apply f or open de tenon or other impr ovements.

Allocaon of de tainees Male and f emale prisoner s ar e acc ommodated separ ately. The y c an be hos ted in separ ate departmen ts or separate prisons; ho wever, join t acvies ar e allo wed. De tained w omen ar e usually tr ansferred t o an external hospit al f or the birth of the child. Childbirth in a ma ternity w ard in prison c an only be permi ed in exceponal cir cumstances and f or special r easons, such as the dang erous na ture of the prisoner and the financial e xpenses of guar ding her . In g eneral, childbirth under special security measur es is disproporonate, but ther e ar e kno wn c ases of r estrained w omen giving birth in hospit als. Childr en up t o three y ears of ag e c an liv e with their mother s in a separ ate departmen t fr om the g eneral prison popula on, rooms should be designed in such a w ay tha t "a prisoning e ffect" c an be a voided, and should be equipped to acc ommodate them. Detainees in juv enile de tenon ar e usually held separ ated fr om adults, but if the y ar e acc ommodated in prison f or adults, the y should be separ ated fr om the r est of the popula on. Juv eniles, adolescen ts and young prisoner s ar e acc ommodated separ ately. Ther e is an oblig aon t o enable prisoner s who ar e s ll subject t o c ompulsory educ aon t o be educ ated inside prisons. Pre-trial de tainees should be separ ated fr om other prisoner s but c an be acc ommodated with sen tenced prisoners t o allo w them t o parcipa te in w ork or educ aonal pr ograms.

Condions of de tenon Every prisoner is en tled t o individual acc ommodaon during the r est period. Those who ar e accommodated in gr oups ar e also en tled t o individual acc ommodaon during the r est period. In pr acce, however, mulple occupancy r ates ar e incr easing. T oilets tha t ar e not separ ated fr om the r est of the cell ar e no long er permi ed. Prisoner s ha ve no righ t t o sho wer on cert ain da ys; the y should ha ve the opportunity t o wash a t leas t f our mes a w eek with w arm w ater. Ho wever, it is not specified whe ther other s tandards could be applied t o per sons w orking ph ysically and/ or eng aging in sports. De tainees should be allo wed t o stay outside f or a t leas t one hour a da y. In some Länder this principle is r estricted. The withdr awal of the outdoor period as a disciplinar y measur e is abolished e verywhere, but it is s ll possible t o apply it as a special security measur e almos t in all Länder .

Prison r egime The individual sen tencing plan should be de veloped within the fir st eigh t w eeks a er imprisonmen t and reviewed e very six mon ths (a t the la test e very 12 mon ths). It includes the possibility t o w ork, t o parcipa te in ther apeuc measur es or w ork tr aining as w ell as t o w ork self -employed. Prisoner s ha ve t o be acv ely involved in the planning pr ocess and ma y not bec ome the object of planning. In pr acce, ho wever, this requirement is s ll fr equently viola ted. In man y Länder an oblig aon t o w ork s ll e xists, while a f ew Länder ha ve abolished this oblig aon. W ork placements ar e off ered either b y the adminis traon or b y priv ate c ompanies and c an either t ake place in

28 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

the prisons' f acilies or f acilies of priv ate c ompanies. Although the minimum w age e xists in German y (fr om 2019: 9.19 Eur o per hour), it is not applied t o the c ase of prisoner s and prisoner s c an earn be tween 1.45 and 2.42 Eur o per hour . The prison mus t also pr ovide and pr omote training opportunies . Suit able prisoner s should be able t o aend schooling or v ocaonal tr aining (also off ered b y e xternal or ganizaons). P arcipaon in v ocaonal qualificaon measur es and v ocaonal tr aining is a vailable in the la w of almos t e very Land, but in r eality, restricon of r esources c an lead t o a lack of adequa te educ aon. Not all prisons off er, f or ins tance, c ourses on German as a sec ond languag e, e ven when the demand f or them is high. Various other acvies ar e off ered both b y the prison s taff and b y e xternal or ganizaons and v olunteers. The off er c overs a wide r ange fr om sports t o boar d g ames.

Contacts with the outside w orld The en tlement t o t elephone c alls diff ers within German y. In the majority of the Länder , the righ t t o a discreonary err or-free decision e xists, while in some of the F ederal St ates t elephone c alls ar e permi ed only in specific c ases. Prisoner s ha ve the righ t t o send and r eceive le ers and the prison manag ement ma y allow the prisoner s t o use other f orms of t elecommunicaon a t their o wn e xpense. Skype or r estricted use of the in ternet is used in some prisons on an e xperimental basis. According t o Art. 26 LandesR prisoner s ar e allo wed t o r eceive r egular visits. The t otal leng th is a t leas t tw o hours per mon th. If the prisoner is visit ed b y childr en under the ag e of 14, the dur aon incr eases b y tw o hours. In pr acce, o en mor e than the minimum visits ar e allo wed. The adminis traon c an also allo w se veral hour s of una ended visits. These should c ontribute t o the maintenance of f amily es, partner ships, and other similar c ontacts. Besides, in each of the Länder , visits can be permi ed f or tr eatment/integraon purposes.

Solitary c onfinement Solitary c onfinement c an be used as disciplinar y measur es and as special security measur es. The f ormer is applied bec ause of serious or mulple misc onducts and c onsists of unin terrupted solit ary c onfinement, isolated fr om the other prisoner s and the acvies within the prison. In pr acce, normal cells ar e a vailable for this purpose. Isola on as a special security measur e c an be applied in se veral c ases, among other s: if the prisoner, as a r esult of his/her beha vior or s tate of mind, has an incr eased risk of fligh t or violence ag ainst persons or pr operty or of suicide/ self-injury. It c an either t ake the f orm or a simple separ aon or a c onstant separaon f or mor e than 24 hour s. The c onstant separ aon is applied thr oughout the w orking and tr aining periods, leisur e me and r esng me. Ther e ar e diff erences in the la ws of the Länder . The CP T has poin ted out a er its visits t o German y1 2 tha t the one hour of daily out door e xercise shall not be suspended. Ho wever, only thr ee of the Länder br ought themselv es t o ab stain fr om the possibility of excluding prisoner s who ar e subject ed t o security measur es fr om out door e xercise.

12 e.g. CPT/Inf (2017) 13: Report to the German Government on the visit to Germany carried out by the European Commiee for the Prevenon of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)from 25 November 2015to 7 December 2015, margin 77.

29 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Alternaves t o de tenon Alternave sancons c an be de fined as measur es applied either be fore or ins tead of a sancon decision or as a means of en forcing a sen tence outside prison. Mor eover, alt ernaves ar e o en off ered as an addion to a cus todial sen tence. Super vision of c onduct is a g ood e xample, which is en forced a er the r elease fr om prison t o super vise and c ontrol the per son. An alt ernave sancon c an also incr ease the use of imprisonment bec ause a viola on of r egulaons c an lead t o a prison sen tence.1 3

13 Graebsch, Chrisne M.; Burkhardt, Sven-U. 2014: Ambulant Sancons as an Alternave to Imprisonment in the European Union. h p://www.csd.bg/artShow.php?id=17155 (14.02.2019): p. 14 et seq.

30 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Greece

Quantave da ta r efers t o Januar y 2019 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: 10,654 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity): 107.23 Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants: 99.2 P ercentage of f oreign de tainees: 54.46% Percentage of f emale de tainees: 5.19% Juv eniles in de tenon (ag ed 15-18): 14 Sen tenced de tainees: 7,337

General descrip on of the Gr eek penit enary s ystem Prisons ser ve as r egional adminis trave units funconing a t the le vel of dir econ under the c ontrol of the Hellenic Minis try of Jus ce, T ransparency and Human Righ ts via the Gener al Secr etariat f or Crime P olicy assisted b y the Dir ectorate f or Prisons Oper aonal Capability and Crisis Manag ement (es tablished in 2015), and the Gener al Dir ectorate f or Crime and P enitenary P olicy. The Ombudsper son, which is the Gr eek NPM according t o the Op onal Pr otocol t o the UN Con venon Ag ainst T orture (OPCA T), is designa ted t o c arry out independent monit oring and in vesgaon of arbitr ary inciden ts in prisons. Public pr osecutors ar e usually assigned t o penit enary ins tuons as in terim judg es f or ma ers such as the e xecuon of sen tences and the ob servance of prison rules and r egulaons. Currently, all cus todial ins tuons ar e classified in the f ollowing c ategories: g eneral (25) ther apeuc (3) and special (7). Gener al ins tuons ar e further divided be tween type A (short -term sen tences and inma tes awaing trial) and type B (long-t erm sen tences). Ther e ar e curr ently no ma ximum-security. Special prisons include rur al units, the cen tral open pr oducve unit (bak ery), juv enile ins tuons, and semi-liberty cen ters that ar e lar gely not funconal. Ther apeuc ins tuons c onsist of g eneral and men tal hospit als and drug detoxificaon cen ters. In Januar y 2019, the impact of the ec onomic crisis on the Gr eek P enitenary S ystem is s ll e vident. Its major chronic pr oblems ar e o verpopulaon, under staffing and inadequa te s taff tr aining, and lack of in vestment in modern in frastructure and r esources. Another highligh ted major pr oblem is r epresented b y the s tandards of prison medic al ser vices, tha t in some f acilies ha ve been c ausing c oncern, as not ed b y both CP T and decisions of the Eur opean Court of Human Righ ts.

Observaons on the prison popula on The pr oblem of o vercrowding has been acut e f or se veral y ears and as of Januar y 1s t, 2019, the prison density w as 107,23%. Ho wever, it is t o be t aken in to acc ount tha t prison density ma y v ary c onsiderably fr om one f acility t o another and either e xceed or f ollow bello w the a foremenoned a verage. Alt ernaves t o detenon ha ve been used t o decr ease the chr onic pr oblem of prison o vercrowding. R easons f or overcrowding include the lack of in vestment in in frastructure, especially during the y ears of the Gr eek crisis, the occ asional har dening of sen tencing la ws and pr acce, dela yed r eform of legisla on tha t migh t be

31 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

considered out dated in some of its aspects, and the high number of pr e-trial de tainees, especially f oreigners and/or immigr ants who due t o lack of a cert ain r esidence ar e mor e eligible f or pr e-trial de tenon.

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee The minimum space per de tainee is 35 m3 f or an individual cell, 40 m3 f or the acc ommodaon in a double cell and f emale inma tes with their childr en up t o thr ee y ears old, 6 m2 per inma te in w ards – v alid only f or instuons funconing a er Januar y 2000. Pr e-1999 legisla on (the 1989 Code of Rules f or the T reatment of Inma tes) pr ovided f or 30 m3 in an individual cell and 6 m2 per inma te in w ards acc ommodang up t o six inmates. Official da ta on the actual space a vailable per de tainee do not e xist. V arious monit oring bodies (CPT, Ombudsman, e tc.) ha ve r eported tha t on man y occ asions cells c an be o verpopulated and, since some facilies ar e o verpopulated while other s ar e not, in the fir st c ase it is possible tha t the minimum space allocaon r equirements ar e not me t. F or e xample, appr oximately 1700 (which in the pas t used t o be 2300) inmates in K orydallos (cen tral judicial prison) liv e in cells of 9,5 m2 with thr ee or f our cellma tes.

Allocaon of de tainees Due t o o vercrowding, in pr acce pr e-trial and sen tenced de tainees ar e not separ ated. Only un tried w omen are separ ated fr om the sen tenced ones, being k ept in tw o diff erent prisons. R ecently the Minis try of Jus ce ordered tha t the c ountry's big gest f acility, the K orydalos prison, w ould gr adually be tr ansformed in to a facility dedic ated t o pr e-trial de tainees. Un l no w, this policy has not y et been fully implemen ted. All juvenile inma tes (15-18 y ears old) ar e k ept a t the K orinthos f acility. Other y oung adults (18-21 y ears old) and, e xceponally y oung men up t o 25 y ears old, ar e k ept in special y outh ins tuons f or educ aonal reasons. Also , ther e is a special unit f or y oung f emale prisoner s in the Eleona, Thiv a F acility f or sen tenced women, but ther e is no such unit f or pr etrial de tainees. Primar y (six y ears) and sec ondary (thr ee y ears) school a endance is c ompulsory f or juv eniles and educ aonal f acilies ar e pr ovided in Juv enile and y oung adult prisons. Ho wever, this in itself does not guar antee tha t all juv enile prisoner s in pr acce a end an educaonal pr ogram.

Condions of de tenon As a r esult of chr onic o vercrowding, the c ondions of de tenons on some occ asions had seriously deteriorated leading t o declar aons b y both the Eur opean Court of Human Righ ts and the CP T tha t such condions of cus tody ar e inc ompable with human dignity . In such c ondions, basic inma te righ ts, such as privacy and h ygiene, c an be seriously c ompromised: it is possible tha t some inma tes w ould ha ve t o sleep on the floor . Ho wever, due t o the decr ease in the prison popula on, f ollowing the in troducon of early r elease legislaon, the situa on with r egards t o issues c aused b y o verpopulaon has signific antly impr oved, especially during the y ears 2016 and 2017.

Prison r egime There ar e se veral work opportunies f or inma tes of prisons, mos t of which r elate t o cleaning , main tenance and da y t o da y oper aon of the prison f acilies. Ther e ar e opportunies f or diff erent types of w ork in the

32 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

rural/farm prisons and the br ead pr oducon unit a t K orydallos as w ell as the ma ress pr oducon unit a t Halkida prison. These opportunies c an be both in the public and priv ate sect or and in principle a prisoner's work will r esult in a sen tence r educon and not in pa yment. Only a number of the job s a vailable c ould be useful f or the r eintegraon of prisoner s a er r elease and w orking while imprisoned mos tly ser ves as movaon f or a sub stanal r educon in sen tence me and g ood beha vior. Adult inma tes aspiring t o c omplete the 9- year c ompulsory educaon c an bene fit fr om 11 Sec ond Chance Schools. Mor eover, tw enty scholar ships f or s tudies a t the Hellenic Open Univ ersity (Ε ΑΠ) ar e y early a vailable to inma tes. Mos t educ aonal pr ograms ar e under the auspices of e xternal ins tuons r anging fr om the Ministry of E ducaon, R esearch and R eligious Aff airs, t o the Hellenic Emplo yment Or ganizaon (Ο ΑΕΔ), the Hellenic Open Univ ersity (Ε ΑΠ) and NGOs. There is also an incr ease in vocaonal tr aining pr ograms under the auspices of the Hellenic Emplo yment Organizaon (O AEΔ). A t leas t 7 such pr ograms (c ooking, air c ondion main tenance, building main tenance) were off ered in a t leas t 7 f acilies in 2018 and the off ering of mor e such pr ograms is en visaged. V ocaonal training schools (ΙΕΚ) ar e oper ang in se veral f acilies. When it c omes t o other acvies, in pr acce, not all f acilies c an off er sus tainable and long-las ng programs of acvies. Despit e the leg al oblig aons and the r ecent impr ovements, as not ed b y CP T and the Ombudsman1 4 r eports, the lack of such acvies r emains one of the c ore issues tha t the prison f acilies s ll face.

Contacts with the outside w orld Each prisoner is en tled t o a t leas t one social visit per w eek while pr e-trial de tainees ar e en tled t o tw o, lasng be tween 15-30 minut es. Visits with non-r elaves ar e not allo wed unless special permission is granted b y the Minis try of Jus ce. Closed visits t ake place in a cubicle with a separ ang glass o ver a telephone. Open visits ar e r are and ar e permi ed be tween husbands and wiv es with childr en. In some facilies, special places tha t ar e mor e child- friendly ha ve been cr eated f or such visits. F oreign na onals ma y also r eceive an open visit b y r epresentaves of the Embass y of their c ountry of origin.

Solitary c onfinement According t o e xisng legisla on segr egaon should be used f or disciplinar y/order, alle viaon/prevenon of self-harm and health-r elated r easons. In prisons, ther e ar e segr egaon or/ and isola on units which ar e used for inma tes who: (a) ar e punished t o s tay in a special cell f or a period up t o 10 da ys f or disciplinar y r easons, (b) ha ve made a wri en r equest t o be placed in pr otecon s tatus, (c) suff er fr om c ontagious diseases. Some of them, loc ated in the K orydallos P sychiatric f acility (widely kno wn as blue cells), and the disciplinar y cells in the Prisons of P atras and Corfu w ere r ecently abolished f ollowing cricism fr om CP T. It is t o be not ed, however, tha t authories do not fr equently mak e use of Isola on as a disciplinar y measur e.

Alternaves t o de tenon

14 Ombudsman report 2017: h ps://www.synigoros.gr/resources/opcat_2017_gr.pdf

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The main alt ernaves t o imprisonmen t ar e the suspension of the e xecuon of sen tence (pot enally under probaon/surveillance) and the c onversion of the sen tence t o a pecuniar y sen tence. Sen tencing t o community ser vice is not curr ently an independen t op on f or judg es but only an alt ernave t o the conversion of the sen tence t o a pecuniar y sen tence. The mos t c ommon alt ernave t o imprisonmen t imposed on a c onvict while s/he is ser ving me in a penit enary f acility a er the c onvicon is the early release on par ole. Con victs ma y be put t o house arr est under electr onic sur veillance. Ho wever, this measure, only r ecently legisla ted (2013) and s ll implemen ted on a pilot s tatus, does c ome with limit aons, due t o the limit ed number s of a vailable tr acking de vices, used both f or pr e-trial de tainees and c onvicts entled t o this alt ernave t o de tenon measur e. The Gr eek penit enary c ode also pr ovides f or the alternave sancon of semi-liberty living , acc ording t o which inma tes ar e allo wed t o w ork outside the prison en vironment. This measur e has not y et been widely implemen ted due t o the lack of a vailable infrastructure.

34 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Italy

Quantave da ta r efers t o 30/09/2019 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: 60,881 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity): 120.6% Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants (as of 2018): 96.0 Percentage of f oreign de tainees: 33.2% Percentage of f emale de tainees: 4.3% Juv eniles in de tenon (ag ed 14-17 as of 15/09/2019): 166 Sentenced de tainees: 41,079 Total number of dea ths (in 2018): 161 Of which suicides: 61. Unofficial: 67 1 5

General descrip on of the It alian penit enary s ystem The It alian prison s ystem is ruled b y a la w issued in 1975. In 2018, a g eneral r eform of the penit enary la w modified, among other things, some aspects of the health c are, of the prison daily lif e, of the access t o w ork for inma tes. The la w is based on the c oncept of penit enary tr eatment aiming a t r eeducaon and each prisoner should ha ve his individual plan f or his r eintegraon in to socie ty. Professionals w orking in each prison ar e the f ollowing. The w arden, a civilian, is a t the t op of the en re hierarchy. S/he is r esponsible f or the security and tr eatment ma ers, as w ell as f or the budg et. The prison police ar e r esponsible f or the inner security and the prisoner tr ansfers outside the jail. E ducators and social assistants ar e r esponsible f or wha tever c oncerns about social issues and r eeducaon. Social assis tants w ork outside the prison and ar e in char ge of the r elaonships be tween prisoner s and their f amilies as w ell as the whole t erritorial c ommunity. P sychologists ar e in some c ases emplo yed b y the Minis try of Jus ce while in others b y the Na onal Health Ser vice. Ph ysicians and healthc are assis tants ar e emplo yed b y the Na onal Health Ser vice. School t eachers ar e emplo yed b y the Minis try of E ducaon.

Observaons on the prison popula on Aer the Eur opean Court of Human Righ ts (E CtHR) issued a pilot judgmen t in the c ase T orreggiani and others v . It aly f or the viola on of arcle 3 of the Con venon due t o chr onic o vercrowding, It aly undert ook several r eforms (including incr easing the use of alt ernaves t o de tenon) t o r educe o vercrowding. Be tween 2010 and 2015 the number of de tainees decr eased fr om 68,258 t o 52,164. Ho wever, soon a er tha t, the prison popula on s tarted t o rise ag ain (alongside the number of alt ernaves t o de tenon) and curr ently Italian prisons hos t 60,348 people. T oo o en the lif e c ondions in jail do not r espect human dignity . The prison density is curr ently ar ound 120%, but not all prisons ha ve the same occupancy r ate, and some ar e way mor e o vercrowded than other s.

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee

15 The Ministry of Jusce considers only people who died inside the prisons, while the NGO Ristre Orizzon considers also prisoners who died outside.

35 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

The la w does not pr escribe a minimum of squar e me ters per de tainee. The only la w tha t is t aken in to account is a Departmen t of Health rule (1975, July 5th) tha t es tablishes the space crit eria f or housing. It states tha t a single bedr oom mus t ha ve a minimum surf ace of 9 squar e me ters, while a double bedr oom must ha ve a minimum surf ace of 14 squar e me ters.

Allocaon of de tainees The la w s tates tha t w omen should be hos ted in ins tuons or secons separ ated fr om men and the administraon c omplies with this disposion. In a f ew ins tuons tha t ar e parcularly c areful t o social reintegraon, men and w omen c an parcipa te t ogether in c ommon acvies such as thea ter, music, and learning. F acilies f or w omen do not diff er much fr om r egular prisons f or men, the la w only pr ovides women t o be alloc ated in cells equipped with a bide t, which some mes is lacking. Childr en ag ed less than three y ears c an liv e in jail with their mother s. The la w s tates tha t un tried prisoner s should be k ept separ ated fr om sen tenced prisoner s and hos ted in specific secons or jails. Some mes o vercrowding mak es it necessar y f or a less rigid separ aon be tween sentenced prisoner s and un tried prisoner s. There ar e special prisons des ned t o minor s and y oung adults tha t c ommit a crime when the y ar e be tween 14 and 18 y ears old. When the y r each the ag e of 25, the y ar e tr ansferred t o adult prisons. Jus ce administraon f or minor s and y oung adults is separ ated fr om tha t of adults. It ma y happen tha t the shortness of the period spen t in prison does not allo w the child t o be insert ed in a school class. The la w gives t o juv eniles also the possibility t o a end an e xternal educ aonal c ourse. Y oung adults, namely people having an ag e be tween 18 and 25, c an e ven be f ound in prisons f or adults if the y c ommied a crime a er they r eached the ag e of majority . In this c ase, the y should be k ept separ ate fr om the r est of the prisoner s; however, o vercrowding mak es tha t a v ery r are occurr ence. When it is possible, the dir econ of the ins tuon pr efers t o k eep t ogether f oreign prisoner s who speak a common languag e, t o a void tr oubles. But e thnic secons ar e a voided as w ell. Ther e is a high per centage of Roma in the juv enile prison s ystem bec ause the y ha ve har dly access t o the alt ernave t o de tenon. Ther e is as w ell a high per centage of R oma in the w oman prison s ystem. Man y mother s with child in prison ar e Roma.

Condions of de tenon The la w s tates tha t pr e-trial prisoner s should be acc ommodated in individual cells. Due t o o vercrowding, this is a r are occurr ence. The same holds f or lif ers, f or whom it is mor e lik ely t o find single cells. F or the other prisoner s, the la w giv es no specific pr ovisions. The la w imposes a separ ate ba throom with a sho wer in the cells and na tural ligh t. In man y places, these condions ar e not me t. In some prisons loc ated in big cies, ther e ar e dormit ories. In some prisons, ther e is no running w ater in the cells during the summer . Hot w ater is not alw ays a vailable. In some prisons, arficial light is alw ays on bec ause the meshes on the gr ang a t the windo ws ar e v ery narr ow t o a void objects been thrown out of the windo ws. In some jails, ther e ar e unhea ted secons. A er the T orreggiani judgmen t, the prison adminis traon has arr anged f or the de tainees (e xcept those in high-security cir cuits) t o spend a t leas t

36 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

8 hour s per da y outside their cells eng aged in v arious acvies. Ho wever, wha t c oncretely happened is tha t very o en the acvies ar e not or ganized and the inma tes w alk back and f orth thr ough the c orridor without leaving their prison secon.

Prison r egime According t o the la w, e very sentenced prisoner should be ‘ scienfically ob served' in his per sonality and should r eceive an individual penit enary tr eatment. A t eam should pr ogram an individual plan f or the prisoner's social r eintegraon. Ho wever, o en r eintegraon pr ograms c onsist only in indic aons t elling if the prisoner s ha ve or not ha ve enough merits t o mak e access t o some alt ernave measur e. In each jail, the quality and the quan ty of the or ganized acvies depend on v arious f actors: ther e ar e jails where the acvies ar e man y and w ell or ganized, while ther e ar e jails wher e the prisoner s ha ve nothing t o do and s tay in their cells w atching TV all da y long or w alk up and do wn the secon c orridor. The la w allo ws w orking f or the penit enary adminis traon and w orking f or priv ate c ompanies. The w ork outside the prison is allo wed. Ho wever, less than one-thir d of prisoner s w ork and in man y c ases only f or a limited amoun t of hour s. Mos t of them w ork f or the penit enary adminis traon, o en emplo yed in unskilled job s. The la w pr ovides tha t prisoner s ma y r equest t o be admi ed t o c ommunity ser vice (unpaid work). B y la w, prisoner s mus t be giv en a salar y equal t o the tw o-thirds of tha t s tated f or the same job b y the naonal c ontract. P art of the salar y is k ept t o pa y f or f ood and f ees. Almost e verywhere educaonal acvies ar e pr ovided and v ary fr om lit eracy c ourses f or f oreigners t o primary and pos t-primary school c ourses. In almos t all ins tuons f or sen tenced prisoner s, ther e ar e high school c ourses and man y t echnical ins tute c ourses. Ther e ar e also some s tanding agr eements be tween prisons and univ ersies, tha t ensur es tut oring and e xams.

Contacts with the outside w orld Most prisoner s c an mak e one t en-minute long t elephone c all per w eek. The y c an c all their r elaves or , only if ther e ar e r easonable gr ounds, someone else. In man y ins tutes, a t elephone c ard is giv en c onsenng detainees t o mak e the allo wed phone c alls. In these c ases, de tainees c an c all whene ver the y lik e, with mor e chances of finding the per son r equired. In man y jails, ho wever, it is s ll the policeman who decides when t o give the prisoner the line, thus r educing c onsiderably, parcularly f or f oreign prisoner s, the chances of success. Prisoner s ha ve no f ax, e-mail or the in ternet. Most prisoner s c an r eceive six visits per mon th of one hour each. The y c an see r elaves, c ohabitees, and friends if these ha ve been authoriz ed. When ther e ar e childr en, the visit ma y t ake place in g ardens t o mak e their e xperience less tr aumac. F or 41 bis prisoner s, a dividing glass is pr escribed. In man y prisons visits c an be book ed in adv ance, so t o a void long queues. In man y prisons, a f ew visits ar e allo wed also during the aernoon and on Sa turday or Sunda y t o f acilitate childr en a ending school and w orking people.

Solitary c onfinement The la w allo ws thr ee types of solit ary c onfinement: f or disciplinar y r easons (during the sancon of the ‘exclusion fr om c ommon acvies') and c annot e xceed 15 da ys; f or health r easons (acc ording t o the

37 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

physician's decision); f or judiciar y r easons (as pr escribed b y the judg e when the trial mak es it necessar y). Furthermore, the la w pr escribes daily c onfinement as an addional punishmen t f or prisoner s with mor e than one lif e sen tence.

Alternaves t o de tenon Alternave measur es in It aly ar e: t o be in volved in social ser vice pr ograms, semi-liberty , and house detenon. De tainees g ain access t o alt ernaves t o de tenon when the y ser ved a de fined poron of the sentence if c onsidered t o be r eady f or an e xternal r eintegraon pr ogram. Some prisoner s tha t ha ve commied a cert ain kind of crimes (e. g. ma fia and t errorism) c an ha ve access t o alt ernave measur es only if they c ooperate with jus ce.

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Latvia

General descrip on of the La tvian penit enary s ystem The La tvian prison s ystem is the leg acy of the So viet prison s ystem, and c onsequently man y pr oblems as poor c ondions, lar ge dormit ories, o vercrowding of cells, s trong in ternal prisoner hier archies, and s ll - disrespect of human righ ts r emain. Se veral prisons ar e loc ated in buildings older than 115 y ears and ha ve large dormit ories acc ommodang up t o 30 prisoner s. There ar e thr ee r egime types in La tvian prisons - closed (divided in lo wer, medium and higher le vel), semi-closed (divided in lo wer and higher le vel) and open prisons f or adults, as w ell as ins tuons f or juveniles. In closed prisons, as w ell as in r emand prisons, prisoner s ar e o en k ept in cells f or 23 hour s a da y, only being allo wed t o lea ve the cell f or a one hour e xercise a da y. In open prisons, prisoner s ma y mo ve freely ar ound the t erritory of the prison and ha ve the righ t t o lea ve the prison f or 2-5 da ys a mon th with the permission of the prison g overnor. A crucial elemen t f or the c ourt in de termining the r egime of the prison where the prisoner s s tart ser ving their sen tence is the gr avity of the crime. In its 2016 r eport on a periodic visit t o La tvia, the CP T e xpressed its r eservaons r egarding the e xisng system of pr ogressive sen tence e xecuon in La tvian prisons. All (adult) prisoner s held in closed prisons serve their sen tences in thr ee c onsecuve r egime le vels; the la w r equires tha t such prisoner s ser ve a t leas t a quart er of their sen tence on the lo w r egime le vel (and demons trate g ood beha vior) in or der t o qualif y f or the medium le vel, f ollowed b y the high le vel, both of which not ably in volve an open-door r egime within their r especve living units during the da y. The CP T ag ain s tressed tha t, although it is f or the judicial authority t o de termine the appr opriate leng th of sen tence f or a giv en off ense, prison authories should be r esponsible f or de termining security and r egime r equirements, based on pr ofessionally agr eed crit eria and individual assessmen ts of prisoner s.1 6 In 2018, the Ombudsman's Office r eceived an incr ease of 10,8% in the annual budg et t o c arry out the naonal pr evenve mechanism funcons. As a r esult, a Pr evenon Unit w as se t up and an addional fiv e persons w ere hir ed. Ne vertheless, La tvia, along with Slo vakia, is the only EU Member St ates which ha ve not rafied OPCA T.

Observaons on the prison popula on The prison popula on has c onnued t o decr ease as has the imprisonmen t r ate. F or the fir st me in post-independence y ears, it f ell belo w 200 prisoner s per 100,000 per sons - r eaching 195 prisoner s per 100,000 per sons, and do wn fr om 385 in 1995 and a r ecord-high 659 in 1985. 1 7 While La tvia is no long er among t op 3 EU c ountries1 8 with highes t imprisonmen t r ates, it r emains high (c ompared t o Spain – 127,

16 Report on Latvia. CPT/Inf (2017) 16 h ps://rm.coe.int/pdf/168072ce4f 17 Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 unl 1991. 18 Lithuania– 235, Czech Republic – 200, Poland – 196 hps://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_populaon_rate?field_region_taxonomy_d=14

39 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Portugal – 127, It aly – 100, Gr eece – 100, Aus tria – 98, German y – 77 prisoner s per 100,000 of na onal populaon).

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee Latvia's prisons ha ve cell type acc ommodaon (1-20 prisoner s per cell), ho wever, some r etain dormit ory type acc ommodaon fr om the So viet er a (30-60 prisoner s per dormit ory). The norm f or living space in prisons per per son in dormit ory/cell-type pr emises shall not be less than 4 squar e me ters.

Allocaon of de tainees During the nigh t prisoner s ar e either acc ommodated in cells (with occupancy 2-18 prisoner s) or dormit ory type r ooms (20-40 prisoner s). Individual cell occupancy is r elavely r are. Dormit ory type acc ommodaon is a r emnant of So viet-era prisons.

Condions of de tenon Prison in frastructure r emains dilapida ted and man y secons c annot be r enovated. 19 The majority of prisons are 115 y ears old and only tw o of nine w ere built as prisons. Despite the decr ease in the number of prisoner s and r educon in occupancy r ates in prison cells, inter-prisoner violence r emains a pr oblem, which is the r esult of insufficien t s taff pr esence in prisoner accommodaon ar eas, the e xistence of in formal prisoner hier archies and the lack of purpose ful acvies f or most inma tes. Access t o health c are in some prisons r emains a c oncern as health-c are t eams in mos t of the prisons ar e under-resourced. The number of v acant pos ts is high, and the r elavely lo w r emuneraon of s taff does not aract medic al pr ofessionals t o w ork in prisons.

Prison r egime Although prisoner emplo yment and educ aonal opportunies ha ve incr eased, r emand prisoner s and the great majority of sen tenced prisoner s in the lo w r egime le vel ar e usually lock ed up in their cells f or up t o 23 hour s per da y. Minors, on the other hand, ar e off ered educ aonal, r ecreaonal and sports acvies.

19 Grīva Secon of Daugavpils Prison

40 European Prison Ob servatory Prisons in Eur ope 2019

Portugal

Quantave da ta r efers t o 31/12/2017 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: 13,440 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity): 105.8% Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants: 131 P ercentage of f oreign de tainees: 16% Percentage of f emale de tainees: 6.4% P eople in juv enile de tenon : 147 Sen tenced de tainees: 11,335 Total number of dea ths: 69 Of which suicides: 15

General descrip on of the P ortuguese penit enary s ystem Portugal has 51 prisons of diff erent types: 15 penit enaries (“ central prisons” , normally lar ger ones) f or inmates c ondemned t o ser ve mor e than 6 mon ths; 31 penit enaries (“r egional prisons”) f or inma tes condemned t o ser ve less than 6 mon ths; and fiv e penit enaries (“ special prisons”) f or inma tes who need special a enon, such as w omen, y ouths, policeman, and the sick (hospit al). The fir st type of penit enary has security wings t o pr ovide s tricter isola on f or pr oblemac prisoner s as a more rigid disciplinar y r egime. Ther e ar e thr ee types of g eneral security r egimes: medium, high and special. Monsanto Prison being the only special r egime penit enary – meaning a kind of North-Americ an superma x regime. Almost all prison buildings ar e old. A r enewal pr ogram beg an in 2001 and included the c oncentraon of facilies and popula on in jus t a f ew much lar ger high-t ech buildings. Ho wever, due t o the financial crisis, except f or Ca xias and Carr egueira, which ar e ne w buildings, all the plans t o build ne w prisons w ere halt ed. Instead of the pr evious pr ogram, ther e is no w a r enovaon pr ogram of the old 19th- and the fir st half of the 20th-century buildings. There ar e v ery serious alleg aons of in ter-prisoner violence and the use of f orce is b y prison guar ds is indiscriminate, without an y sort of pr ofessionalism or r espect f or the ph ysical in tegrity of the prisoner s; force bec omes legima ted whene ver ins tuonal or der is arbitr arily declar ed t o be a t risk.

Observaons on the prison popula on Aer decr easing f or six y ears, in 2009 the prison popula on has been gr owing s teadily b y 31%, t o the poin t where t oday the s ystem is 20% o ver its c apacity.

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee The s tatute s tates only tha t the cubic space per de tainee mus t r espect human dignity .

Allocaon of de tainees

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The la w r equires tha t prisoner s be housed in individual cells, e xcept in special c ases, but the r eality is tha t there is a serious o vercrowding pr oblem and individual cells ar e r are. The guar ds choose who s tays in individual or c ommon cells. The la w does not r equire tha t pretrial de tainees be separ ated fr om sen tenced de tainees and in pr acce, there is no separ aon be tween the pr e-trial de tainees and c ondemned prisoner s. The la w r equires tha t de tained w omen be housed in ins tuons or units separ ate fr om male prisoner s and specifically se t up t o mee t their needs. The separ aon of the se xes is alw ays guar anteed, but the sanit ary condions ar e not adequa te and w omen ar e not alw ays supplied with the h ygiene pr oducts the y need. Children up t o thr ee y ears old (or up t o fiv e y ears old upon being gr anted special permission) c an be hos ted only in the w omen’s prisons in Tir es and San ta Cruz do Bispo. In other w omen’s prisons, c ondions ar e not suitable f or childr en. Juveniles be tween 12 and 16 y ears of ag e accused of a criminal off ense c an be c ommied b y a special c ourt to an E ducaon Cen tre of the Jus ce Minis try, under the jurisdicon of the Gener al-Directorate of Social Reinseron. Once the y turn 16, childr en suspect ed of ha ving c ommied a crime ar e tried thr ough the adult criminal jus ce s ystem and c an be c ondemned t o be inc arcerated in an adult penit enary. This is true e ven though, as a leg al c oncept, adulthood in P ortugal is r eached a t 18 y ears of ag e. Ther e is one “ school-Prison” at Leiria housing prisoner s fr om 16 t o 21 y ears of ag e, who o en end up s taying ther e up t o their 25th birthday. Ther e ar e se veral c omplaints of brut ality r eceived fr om this f acility, such as dogs being used t o inmidate childr en f orced t o line up nak ed, and a pr ogram tha t k eeps them, f or the fir st f ew mon ths, lock ed in their cells 22 hour s a da y without an y acvies. In the other penit enaries, ther e c an also be y ouths as young as 16, who ar e typic ally tr eated e ven mor e se verely than the adult prisoner s with whom the y ar e housed. E ducaonal acvies ar e not a vailable f or all juv eniles.

Condions of de tenon The s tatutes la yout guidelines and minimum r equirements c oncerning all tha t is necessar y f or the condions of de tenon t o mee t the basic s tandards of human dignity . Prisons suff er fr om poor h ygiene and health c ondions, as w ell as being o vercrowded with cells designed f or a single occupancy hos ng tw o or three prisoner s. The f acilies ar e dilapida ted and unc ared f or. Prisons ar e humid and windo ws ar e br oken during the summer t o v enlate but ar e not r eplaced f or the win ter in spit e of the c old tha t c omes thr ough them. Inma tes ha ve t o clean their cells with their cleaning pr oducts pur chased fr om the prison s tore (when they c an a fford them). Also , ther e ar e sanit ary f acilies wher e priv acy and accessibility ar e r espected, but in many other c ases, the y ar e not, namely wher e the sanit aon f acilies ar e c ollecve, or not separ ated b y the rest of a cell occupied b y mulple de tainees.

Prison r egime The s tatutes la yout tw o diff erent types of plans f or sen tenced de tainees t o be designed and adap ted ar ound each individual’ s specific needs a er a rig orous e valuaon pr ocess. The fir st is a tr eatment plan and the second is a r ehabilitaon pr ogram. In pr acce, some inma tes ha ve an individual r ehabilitaon plan dr awn

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up on paper , as s pulated b y la w, but ther e ar e no kno wn c ases of tha t documen t ha ving an y pr accal effect. The s tatute f oresees the possibility of the dir ectors de termining acvies pr ograms. The s tatute also se ts forth a r ather impr essive se t of such acvies t o be pr escribed and pr ovided f or each inma te (either in a group acvity or individually) as part of her/his r ehabilitaon pr ogram. In pr acce, ther e ar e r ounes of the gymnasium, y ard, and t elevision, without an y or ganized acvity . Occ asionally ther e ma y be isola ted acvies pr ograms, namely those off ered b y v olunteers fr om outside of the prison s ystem. Pre-trial de tainees ar e e xcluded fr om an y w ork opportunies . As t o sen tenced prisoner s, the s tatutes layout an e xtensive emplo yment pr ogram t o occup y prisoner s in ar eas of their parcular in terests as w ell as meet their tr eatment plan and ec onomic needs. The r eality is tha t mos t of the w ork a vailable is in instuonal housek eeping, and those who do it ar e vie wed as c ollaborators (in formers) bec ause the method of selecon f or emplo yment is arbitr ary and c an be used as punishmen t. Ther e is also r ecruitment of prisoner s b y priv ate c ompanies tha t or ganize w ork both inside and outside of the prison f acilies; but, even with these, emplo yment opportunies ar e insufficien t. The s tatutes la yout a br oad v ocaonal tr aining pr ogram designed t o mee t all types of needs and rehabilitaon g oals, but wha t v ocaonal tr aining does e xist is independen t of an y a vailable w ork, v ery limited as t o ar eas of tr aining, and only off ered a t a f ew f acilies. Such v ocaonal tr aining pr ograms ar e not appreciated b y the guar ds – perhap s bec ause the y ar e seen as a w orkload incr ease – and ther e ar e me thods of ob strucng enr olment or of bo ycong parcipa on, such as alleging disciplinar y misc onducts t o f orce prisoners t o dr op out. Studen t withdr awals fr om such tr aining pr ograms ar e v ery high. Pre-trial de tainees do not ha ve access t o educ aonal pr ograms. F or all other prisoner s the legisla on requires it, and ther e ar e elemen tary, pr eparatory and sec ondary school pr ograms, as w ell as t echnical and adult f ormaon c ourses tha t ar e equiv alent t o the nin th gr ade. The t eachers c ome fr om outside of the instuon. Prisoner s c an also apply t o univ ersies off ering r emote s tudies pr ograms. Ne vertheless, ther e seems t o be a lack of in terest on the part of man y inma tes. The y w ould be much mor e in terested in vocaonal tr aining, but the security ser vices r egularly use their authority t o bo yco such s tudy e fforts.

Contacts with the outside w orld The la w specifies one fiv e-minute c all per da y. Some prisoner s ha ve c alling c ards and other s who c annot afford t o pur chase them. Those who c annot a fford t o pa y c an r equest phone c alls paid b y the s tate, but this depends on their being able t o g et in c ontact with their r especve ins tuonal c ounselors and then convincing them t o gr ant each phone c all. Ther e ar e periods of a f ew minut es (in the morning and the aernoon) t o use the f ew public phones a vailable. Ther e is pr essure t o hurr y fr om those queuing on those making the phone c alls (tha t r arely e xceed fiv e minut es), as a c onsequence of which disput es be tween the prisoners o en arise. Ther e ar e prisons wher e access t o c ontraband cell phones r esolves these pr oblems. There is no limit on ho w man y le ers ma y be sen t or r eceived. The la w s pulates visits twice per w eek, of one hour each me, which in pr acce c an be r educed t o 15 minut es bec ause of the en try and scr eening procedures thr ough which the visit ors mus t fir st pass. The pr ocess of en try in to the prison c an be intenonally humilia ng. Ther e ar e c omplaints of abuses during the ph ysical sear ches of the visit ors, which

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may arise t o c omplete denuding , in clear viola on of the la w which s trictly pr ohibits e ven paral denuding of visit ors during the scr eening pr ocess. These viola ons c onnue without an y kind of c orrecve measur e on the part of the c ompetent authories, who limit themselv es t o alleg e such as the need t o c ontrol the passing of drugs.

Solitary c onfinement The mos t c ommon of the sanconed punishmen ts is f or the prisoner t o be lock ed in his/her cell 23 hour s per da y f or v arious da ys. Corpor al punishmen t (bea ngs) b y the guar ds o en happens on the w ay t o solit ary confinement. Placemen t in Solit ary/High-Security Unit is also a pr ocess o en disguised as some thing other than punishmen t, wher e de tainees c an be also hos ted f or mon ths. F or pr otecon, prisoner s c an be lock ed in their normal cells. In some c ases, when ther e ar e open cells, prisoner s c ommit themselv es t o isola on regime cing the need f or pr otecon and ar guing a lack of alt ernaves.

Alternaves t o de tenon The la w s pulates v arious alt ernaves t o de tenon, br oadly de fined as measur es not depriving of liberty , which c an be imposed as a sub stute t o pr e-trial de tenon and/ or as a sub stute t o sen tences of incarceraon f or crimes of lesser magnitude, these being gr anted b y judicial decision a t the r equest of the accused or c ondemned. The y ar e mainly used t o moder ate pr e-trial de tenon, or , fr om another poin t of view, t o augmen t the op ons of c oercive measur es a vailable t o the s tate, and, sec ondly, t o c ope with the new pr oblem (f or the ins tuons) of dealing with domes c violence off enses. The main alt ernave measur e is electr onic monit oring.

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Spain-Catalonia

Quantave da ta r efers t o Sep tember 2019 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: Spain St ate Adminis traon: 50,434; Ca talonia: 8,472 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity) (Sep tember 2015 2 0): Spain St ate Administraon: 83.9%; Ca talonia: 73.7% Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants: Spain St ate Adminis traon: 128.9; Ca talonia: 112.3 Percentage of f oreign de tainees: Spain St ate Adminis traon (July 2019): 24.72%; Ca talonia, Sep tember 2019: 46.6% Percentage of f emale de tainees: Spain St ate Adminis traon (July 2019): 7.65%; Ca talonia (Sep tember 2019): 6.87% People in juv enile de tenon (Sep tember 2019): Ca talonia: 207 Sentenced de tainees: Spain St ate Adminis traon (July 2019): 43,396; Ca talonia: 8,293 Total number of dea ths: Spain St ate Adminis traon (2014 2 1): 107; Ca talonia (Sep tember 2019): 14 Of which suicides: Spain St ate Adminis traon (2014 22): 24; Ca talonia (Sep tember 2019, inside prison): 4

General descrip on of the Spanish penit enary s ystem The Spanish prison s ystem is ruled b y a 1979 la w, the fir st La w a er the Cons tuon and this La w is developed with a Decr ee fr om 1981. The la w and the Decr ee ar e based on the c oncept of penit enary treatment dir ected t o r e-educaon so tha t the ob servaon of the per sonality of each prisoner should t ake place t o iden fy the bes t individual pa th t o be r eintegrated in to the socie ty. The Spanish prison s ystem has two diff erent penit enary adminis traons: Ca talan adminis traon (which depends on Departmen t of Jusce) and Spanish adminis traon, fr om the r est of the c ountry, which depends on the Minis try of Home Affairs since 1992. So , jus t one penit enary c ode but tw o diff erent and independen t adminis traons (o wn personnel, o wn budg et…). Ther e ar e 68 Spanish prisons and 11 Ca talan prisons, actually in Ca talonia ther e are tw o prisons built tha t c annot be opened f or lack of funds. Some of these prisons ar e so old tha t the y suffer fr om a lack of minimum c ondions t o be inhabit ed with dignity . The penit enary s ystem is divided into 4 penit enary degr ees which c orrespond with diff erent lif e r egimes: closed r egime (fir st degr ee), half-open (sec ond degr ee: prisoner s c an s tart t o g et penit enary bene fits), thir d-degree (open r egime: detainees only sleep in prison) and pr obaon. Finally , the Or ganic La w on the Pr otecon of Ciz en Security , effecve as of 2015, in troduces the r evisable prison sen tence. The ec onomic crisis is gr eatly impacng the Spanish penit enary s ystem. Thus, it is not ed: the c ompleon of the assis tance ser vice and leg al de fense of prisoner s in some aut onomous c ommunies; the end of diff erent health c are ser vices; cuts of tr eatment pr ograms in diff erent prisons in Ca talonia.

20 S pace 21 S pace 22 S pace

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Observaons on the prison popula on In the w orst y ears of the ec onomic crisis, the number of inma tes f ell b y 10%, which g ave rise t o diff erent interpretaons: a signific ant number of f oreign prisoner s e xpelled fr om Spain (Br andariz 2013); a leg al change in the crime of drug tr afficking tha t has r educed some sen tences prior t o this type of criminal offence (F orero and Jimene z 2013); the import ance of so-c alled "back door s trategies" which ar e c ausing prison leak s, such as suspension of the e xecuon of the penalty , mor e c ondional and similar liberes awards. (Larr auri and R odriguez 2012).

Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee The la w does not pr escribe a minimum r equirement of squar e me ters per de tainee. Curr ently, in all the ne w prisons in Spain, the surf ace is be tween 9 or 10 m2 per cell. Gener ally, ther e ar e tw o inma tes per cell.

Allocaon of de tainees According t o the La w, e very inma te should be acc ommodated an individual cell, e xcept in the c ase wher e dimensions and c ondions of habit ability and in macy allo w t o s tay mor e than one per son. T emporarily, when the penit enary popula on o vercomes the number of individual a vailable places, it will be possible t o stay mor e than one inma te per cell. In f act, in the special es tablishments and the prisons with the opened regime, c ollecve bedr ooms ar e pr esent, a pr evious selecon of suit able inma tes t o occup y them is made. The r eality of the situa on a t this poin t is tha t in the prisons of ne w c onstrucon the cells ar e designed with two beds dir ectly, but ther e ar e man y e xamples of prisons wher e the cells ar e occupied b y mor e than tw o people. The P enitenary La w es tablishes tha t un tried prisoner s ha ve t o be separ ated fr om sen tenced de tainees. In pracce, this isn’t true in all c ases. Male prisoner s ar e separ ated fr om f emale prisoner s. The assis tance t o w omen-specific ser vices is gr oups of risk and early gynec ological diagnosis de tecon of br east c ancer; indic aon and f ollow-up of non-sur gical contracepve me thods and advice on other me thods of c ontracepon and v oluntary t erminaon of pregnancy; c are during pr egnancy, ma ternal educ aon, including the pr omoon of br easeeding, prevenon of urinar y c onnence and birth pr eparaon. In this ma er, man y c omplaints ar e filed b y w omen lamenng the lack of specializ ed medic al c are t o their needs as w omen. Spanish legisla on c ontemplates the righ t of mother s t o k eep their childr en with them un l the y turn thr ee. Inside the nur series, ther e ar e specialists in early childhood educ aon who ar e r esponsible f or educ aonal and r ecreaonal pr ogramming for childr en. In pr acce, c ondions and ser vices v ary fr om prison t o prison. Since the end of the 1980s, there ar e also diff erent kinds of special acc ommodaons f or w omen with childr en either inside or outside prisons. The Spanish penal c ode es tablishes tha t childr en under 18 y ears of ag e ar e not liable criminally and when they c ommied a criminal act will be judg ed b y the la w of criminal r esponsibility of the minor (La w 5/2000, 2 Januar y 2000) and not b y the penal c ode. This la w applies t o per sons o ver 14 and under 18 and in volves a separate juv enile jus ce s ystem. The St ate Prison Adminis traon has no c ompetence c oncerning juv enile

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offenders, which ar e manag ed b y aut onomous c ommunies. Manag ement c an be public, priv ate or mix ed and in the majority of c ases is a ributed t o non-lucr ave na tures tha t ar e r esponsible f or implemen ng the measures. The manag ement of the juv enile s ystem is fully public only in Ca talonia.

Condions of de tenon The P enitenary La w se ts tha t the cells used a t nigh t and those used f or the daily c ommon lif e will ha ve t o sasfy the necessies of h ygiene and be in the c ondion so tha t the v olume of space, v enlaon, w ater, illuminaon s ystem, and hea ng adjus ts t o the clima c c ondions of the loc ality. Also , cells and c ollecve bedrooms mus t ha ve sufficien t space, ligh t, na tural v enlaon, h ygienic ser vices, and furnitur e t o mak e them inhabit able. Inma tes’ c omplaints ar e g enerally r elated t o the lack of windo w panes, hot w ater in winter. R ecently ther e has also been r at e xterminaon in the V alencia prison and the bedbug in festaon suffered in jail Model in Bar celona r ecently.

Prison r egime The adminis traon thr ough the Boar d of tr eatment pr epares the individualiz ed pr ogram of tr eatment (PIT) for each inma te pr oposing cert ain acvies. In principle, the r efusal t o parcipa te in such acvies does not entail disciplinar y sancon bec ause tr eatment is enshrined as a v olunteer, but it is true t oo tha t non-parcipaon ma y in volve the dela y or inability t o access t o cert ain prison bene fits. E ducaonal, training, cultur al and sports acvies ar e de termined b y the Boar d of Dir ectors, t aking in to acc ount the acon plans of the Dir ecng Cen tre, s tarng fr om the individual pr ograms de veloped b y the tr eatment Board. F oreign prisoner s c an fully access tr aining and educ aon. Pr e-trial de tainees c annot parcipa te and prisoners ar e only en tled t o parcipa te in the diff erent pr ograms a er ha ving ser ved half of the sen tence. Work opportunies ar e diff erent depending on the adminis trave ar ea. In Ca talonia: c ompanies, f or which the penit enary adminis traon w orks, will be giv en a place in buildings located in the same prison. The Departmen t of Jus ce pr ovides the w orkforce (prisoner s) and space while companies c ontribute machiner y and r aw ma terials. Under this pr emise, the Departmen t of Jus ce, thr ough its Cen tre of public c ompany f or R einseron (CIRE), has de veloped a c omprehensive plan of v ocaonal training and pr oducve w ork. Pr oducve w ork tha t is de veloped: clothing indus try, prin ng, and gr aphic arts, c arpentry, lock smith and assembly , and handling. In Spain: the Aut onomous Or ganism Prison W ork and T raining f or Emplo yment (O ATPFE) has the Plan of training and pr ofessional in tegraon of the INEM budg ets and with funding fr om the Eur opean Social Fund. The main pr oblem is tha t, due t o the number of prisoner s per prison, not all prisoner s c an g ain a place in the w orkshops. In the field of v ocaonal tr aining, the off er is c onstuted b y a wide v ariety of c ourses t o bec ome f amiliar with the inma tes a tr ade or a pr ofession, ser ving the needs and demands of the labor mark et. Educaonal Pr ograms ar e se veral. Priority is giv en t o basic tr aining t o illit erate inma tes, y oung and f oreign persons and those who ha ve specific pr oblems t o access t o educ aon, as w ell as the pr omoon and empowerment of an y educ aonal acvity . E ducaonal Pr ograms off ered in c orreconal ins tuons ar e Adult Lit eracy; Consolida on of kno wledge; Adult sec ondary educ aon; Lit eracy and Spanish f or f oreigners;

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High school; V ocaonal tr aining of medium and t op gr ade; Official school of languag es. It is also possible t o get F ormal Univ ersity E ducaon.

Contacts with the outside w orld Prisoners c an mak e 2 c alls per w eek, and send and r eceive unlimit ed le ers. The La w (art. 47) se ts a maximum of 5 c alls per w eek, but it c annot be implemen ted bec ause of the lar ge number of inma tes. The main pr oblem in Spanish prisons is the monopoly tha t the c ompany T elefónica has o ver the phone blas t on to be used b y prisoner s, ther e isn’t an y other c ompany and the price of this blas t is mor e e xpensive than outside prison. It is es tablished b y arcle 42.1 P enitenary La w tha t ther e will be a minimum of 2 visits per week but this issue is not alw ays easily solv ed, man y prisoner s in Spain ha ve a v ery lo w ec onomic le vel, so they c annot a fford tr avel t o prisons. All prisons will ha ve pr emises suit able f or f amily visits or r elaves of those inma tes who do not enjo y or dinary e xit permits.

Solitary c onfinement Isolaon as a f orm of punishmen t ma y not e xceed f ourteen da ys. In all ins tuons, ther e ar e secons used for solit ary c onfinement of the prisoner s. The closed r egime will be applied t o those c onvicts tha t, inially or for a r egression in the per sonality or c onduct, ar e classified under the fir st degr ee bec ause the y ar e extremely dang erous or manif estly maladjus ted t o the or dinary and opened r egime. The char acteriscs of these secons ar e individual cells, with a limit aon of the c ommon acvies of the inma tes and a higher control and vigilance. During this solit ary c onfinement, inma tes denounce the majority of c ases of ill-treatment, abuses, and humilia ons.

Alternaves t o de tenon In the curr ent P enal Code, the possibilies r eferred t o as alt ernaves t o de tenon ar e, among other s, the following: w ork in bene fit of the c ommunity, suspension of sen tence, and sen tence sub stuons. The y ar e intended t o a void the desocializing e ffects of de tenon. The suspension is applied be fore en tering prison.

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Turkey

Quantave da ta r efers t o No vember 2018 unless other wise s tated Total prison popula on: 258,660 Prison density (t otal number of prisoner s c ompared t o c apacity): 121% Prison popula on r ate per 100,000 inhabit ants (01/01/2018): 288 2 3 Percentage of f oreign de tainees (da ta a t 31/03/2018): 3% Percentage of f emale de tainees: 3.9% Juv eniles in de tenon: 3,019 Sen tenced de tainees: 199,861 Total number of dea ths (Januar y -Sep tember 2016): 277 Of which suicides: 66

General descrip on of the T urkish penit enary s ystem The t otal prison c apacity of T urkey is incr easing while the number of penal ins tuons is decr easing. Ther e are 338 prisons in T urkey and the t otal c apacity is 213,186. Acc ording t o the s tatement of the Minis try of Jusce (MoJ), 171 prisons and 34 addional buildings w ere built be tween 2000-2017 while the number of prisons decr eased fr om 559 t o 361 within the same me fr ame and then incr eased t o the curr ent number . MoJ plans t o build mor e prisons and it w as s tated tha t within this y ear 70 prisons will be built. Prisons of Turkey ar e mos tly ne w and the s ystem is g oing thr ough a tr ansformaon since the 2000s. Fr om district/city-based, small-c apacity and w ard-type prisons, penal ar chitecture is shiing t o c ampus-type, which c onstutes of se veral prisons tha t ar e high in c apacity and, in some c ases, includes c ourtrooms, hospital, mosque, e tc. The y ar e es tablished f ar a way fr om city cen ters, f amilies, la wyers and an y other related individuals and ar e mainly built as high-security prisons with cell-type units made f or 1 or 3 per sons. In some c ases, prison w orkers liv e in housings ar ound the c ampus, which mak es their lif e insepar able fr om prison.

Observaons on the prison popula on Between 2005 and 2015, the prison popula on incr eased fr om 55 t o 176 thousand and no w de tainees ar e more than 259,000. In prior s tatements, MoJ c onsidered this chang e as the r esult of ne w legisla on enact ed in 2005. The la w has s pulated long er dur aons of imprisonmen t t o be c ondionally r eleased. Further , the Criminal Code which w as enact ed in the same y ear r egulated long er sen tences f or se veral crimes. The immediate and f ast incr ease of the prison popula on c an be e valuated as the r esult of the penal policy tha t priorizes imprisonmen t. The prison popula on is signific antly a ffected b y the milit ary c oup a empt and following imprisonmen ts. As a r esult, ther e is a se vere pr oblem with o vercrowding. Acc ording t o the statement of r epresentaves of MoJ , the curr ent c apacity has "incr eased c apacity" and this w as achie ved b y transforming the e xisng c ondions t o hold mor e prisoner s.

23 W orld Prison Brief-ICPR Data. It increased to 316 by the updated prisoner data -2018 November- and the projecon of the increase of the total populaon as of November 2018 by using the increase rates last 3 years.

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Minimum squar e me ters per de tainee The la w does not se t an y minimum space per prisoner .

Allocaon of de tainees Prisoners mos tly shar e their units (cells) with other s, e xcept ag gravated lif e prisoner s who ar e solely confined, acc ording t o the la w. Ther e ar e se veral types of prisons in T urkey with units f or 2, 3 or mor e prisoners’ acc ommodaon. In high security closed prisons, prisoner s ar e acc ommodated in 1- or 3-per son units. Acc ording t o the la w, door s opening t o c orridors ar e k ept closed all the me. According t o the la w, prisoner s ar e gr ouped and acc ommodated t ogether on se veral crit eria including pre-trial or sen tenced as w ell as the s tage of the sen tence. Acc ording t o the in formaon w e r eceive, it is not oen pr acced. Ther e ar e no special prisons f or un tried prisoner s but the y ma y be separ ated fr om sentenced prisoner s within diff erent w ards. As f ar as w e kno w fr om the in formaon w e r eceive fr om prisoners un tried prisoner s and sen tenced prisoner s ar e k ept in the same w ards, mos tly due t o overcrowding. According t o la w, men and w omen mus t be acc ommodated separ ately. In pr acce, w e ha ve not r eceived any in formaon about an y imposion tha t c ontradicts this r egulaon. Ne vertheless, in c ase ther e isn’t fr ee space in w omen's prisons, w omen prisoner s c an s tay in separ ate r ooms in man prisons. Appr oximately half of the w omen prisoner s in T urkey s tay in men prisons in separ ate r ooms which r esults in not fulfilling man y of their needs. Further , men prisons do not ha ve kinder garten which neg avely a ffects childr en, who ar e staying with their mother s in men prisons. Childr en ar e allo wed t o s tay with their mother un l the y ar e 3 years old, which c an be leng thened t o six y ears with a c ourt decision. According t o la w, minor s shall be acc ommodated in ins tuons es tablished f or them. Ne vertheless, the la w also se ts f orth tha t in c ase ther e isn’t enough c apacity -or f or other legima te r easons-, minor s ma y be accommodated in separ ate ar eas inside adult ins tuons. Ther e ar e 1.265 minor s acc ommodated in establishments which ar e specially designed f or minor s, acc ording t o the da ta da ted Oct ober 2018. According t o this in formaon, 1754 minor s ar e in prisons f or adults. Ther e ar e tw o types of prisons f or juveniles in T urkey. E ducaon houses f or sen tenced prisoner s and closed prisons f or de tained prisoner s and sentenced prisoner s who ha ve a disciplinar y penalty as r eturning t o a closed prison. Acc ording t o the la w, both ar e based on educ aon. E fficaciously, a t educ aon houses (as open prison), juv eniles ar e subject t o compulsory educ aon. F or juv eniles in closed prisons, ther e is no enc ouragement or rules f or c ompulsory educaon.

Condions of de tenon According t o in formaon r eceived b y CİSS T/TCPS fr om prisoner s, ph ysical c ondions o en mee t CP T and ECtHR crit eria. Ne vertheless, the s tandard of CP T as 3 squar e me ters f or floor space c an be c onsidered as insufficient since prisoner s mos tly spend their me in their cells or w ards. CİSS T/TCPS also r eceives complaints on non- funconing or insufficien t r adiators. Prisons ar e mos tly built without c onsidering clima te. In v ery hot cies prisons do not ha ve cen tral v enlaon and the y ar e supposed t o buy a f an with their o wn money. Prisoner s ar e r esponsible f or the cleaning of their cells or w ards and pur chase cleaning ma terials

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which r esult in diff erent c omplaints. Ag gravated lif e prisoner s who ar e acc ommodated in single r ooms/cells frequently c omplain about space and ligh ng. With the f ast esc alaon of the prison popula on, applic aons regarding access t o health, h ygiene, floor space, lack of beds, amoun t of f ood, cubic air space ha ve se verely increased due t o o vercapacity. Within the las t y ears, CİSS T/TCPS has been r eceiving applic aons r egarding privacy tha t the r ange of c amera s ystems inside w ards includes t oilets and beds. W e ha ve also been informed tha t non-smok ers ma y be alloc ated in smoking w ards which mak es the quality of air e ven w orse and dang erous especially f or the prisoner s who ha ve as thma. Due t o o vercrowding, applic aons r egarding the lack of a sufficien t number of sho wers incr eased fr om all prison types, with a high r ank fr om open prisons. Further , man y prisons pr ovide hot w ater f or one or tw o hours, once in tw o or thr ee da ys. Prisoner s use this me t o w ash their clothes as w ell. As a r esult, w e received c omplaints r egarding prisoner s t aking sho wers less than once a w eek due t o o vercrowding.

Prison r egime According t o the la w, prisoner s c an be emplo yed in w orkshops or w orkplaces f or a f ee de termined b y the instuon. Prisoner s who ar e in open penit enary ins tuons and who ar e allo wed t o lea ve closed penal execuon ins tuons c an be emplo yed outside the ins tuon. Prisoner s in open penit enary ins tuons shall be emplo yed in the cus tody of penit enary officer s and those in the closed penit enary ins tuon shall be emplo yed under in ternal and e xternal security officer s’ super vision. In pr acce, close and high-security prisons ha ve f ewer w ork opportunies. In open prisons, prisoner s ha ve t o accep t t o w ork tha t is designa ted b y the adminis traon. R ejecng t o w ork is c onsidered a disciplinar y acon and the prisoner is sent back t o a closed prison. On the other hand, since w orking is manda tory in open prisons, if a prisoner is not able t o w ork she/he is not sen t t o open prisons. Ther efore, some disabled and elderly prisoner s do not benefit fr om this righ t in c ase a suit able job f or them is not f ound. The la w s pulates educaonal pr ograms but it is c ommonly s tated tha t the y ar e not applied or insufficien t and not upda ted. Only lit eracy c ourses ar e held in prisons. Prisoner s in open penal ins tuons c an parcipate in lessons and e xams in their school or univ ersity. Prisoner s in closed and high security closed prisons c an parcipa te in e xaminaons with special permission of the school or univ ersity. If not, their only alternave is dis tance educ aon.

Contacts with the outside w orld According t o the r egulaon, prisoner s c an ha ve one phone c all with their f amily member s up t o 3r d degr ee, once a w eek. This righ t is limit ed e xclusively with 3 phone number s. The leng th of the phone c all c annot exceed 10 minut es. F or ag gravated lif e prisoner s, it is one phone c all e very 15 da ys and it is limit ed t o relaves up t o 2nd degr ee. The c onversaon is lis tened t o b y the officer s and c an be cut if it c onstutes a threat t o the security of the prison. The la w does not se t f orth an y r estricon on the number of le ers but the prisoner s ha ve t o pa y the deliv ery char ge. Besides, all r eceived and sen t le ers ar e e xamined b y a commiee of officer s, in e very prison. Prisoner s c an also use a f ax. Acc ording t o the r egulaons, a prisoner can r eceive visit ors once a w eek and the leng th of the in terview c annot e xceed 1 hour . Only r elaves up t o 3rd degr ee, thr ee friends designa ted b y the prisoner and leg al guar dian ha ve the righ t t o visit prisoner s. F or

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aggravated lif e prisoner s, it is once in e very 15 da ys and limit ed t o only r elaves un to 2nd degr ee. While three of these visits occur behind a soundpr oof glass (close visit), once a mon th prisoner s ha ve the righ t t o open visit wher e the y c an ha ve sligh tly human c ontact. It is not enough neither f or the visit ors nor the prisoners especially c onsidering tha t man y f amily member s, friends, and partner s (unmarried) ar e not included. Besides, the righ t t o f amily visits is o en banned due t o disciplinar y punishmen ts. The conversaons in closed visits ar e lis tened t o b y the authories. Conjug al visits ar e r egulated as a r eward f or prisoners.

Solitary c onfinement The la w s pulates thr ee types of solit ary c onfinement: a) c ells used f or disciplinar y punishmen t, observaon, and e valuaon pr ocess tha t ma y be applied a er admission t o the ins tuon up t o 60 da ys, b) single room used f or ag gravated lif e prisoner s, and c) padded c ells or ob servaon c ells used on the gr ounds to pr event prisoner s hurng themselv es or other s. Ag gravated lif e prisoner s s tay in single rooms which ar e mainly the same as c ells tha t ar e 8 squar e me ters, includes a t oilet and r arely kit chen f acilies. P added c ells are sur veilled da y and nigh t with open t oilets and nothing is allo wed including w ater boles.

Alternaves t o de tenon In No vember 2016, a Departmen t of Alt ernave Measur es has been es tablished, which mainly f ocuses on prepay, r econciliaon and pos tponement of public pr osecuon. Ther e ar e other se veral alt ernave measures including judicial c ontrol during the trial (including in ternaonal tr avel ban, giving signa ture a t police s taon daily or w eekly bases, bail e tc.), addicon tr eatment, c ommunity ser vice, alt ernaves t o short date prison sen tence as judicial fine, c ompensaon f or damag e, de ferment of the announcemen t of the verdict e tc. The y ar e applic able only f or cert ain crimes.

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