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1 Benjamin C. Shavitz Stony Brook University Writing Systems Spring 2016 Awbodie Kens Inglis (Everybody Knows English): the Modi 1 Benjamin C. Shavitz Stony Brook University Writing Systems Spring 2016 Awbodie Kens Inglis (Everybody Knows English): The Modified English Approach to Writing Modern Scots 1. Introduction: More of an Approach than a System Scots is a variety of language spoken in lowland Scotland. It is a descendant of the form of Old English spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who settled in what is now south-east Scotland in the seventh century CE (Stuart-Smith 2004: 47-48). As such, it bears many similarities to Standard English. These similarities lead some to consider Scots a dialect of English. Others, however, consider Scots to be a separate language (Wilson 2012: 8). This paper will treat Scots as a language for the purposes of simplicity of terminology, but as the distinction between a dialect and a language is often more political than linguistic, it is important to bear in mind that this paper’s classification is somewhat arbitrary and that Scots and Modern English are very closely related. Scots and English are so closely related, in fact, that 1) they share or approximately share a vast number of lexical items, and 2) the speech of Scottish lowlanders tends to exist and move along a continuum that is bounded by Scots at one end and Scottish Standard English at the other. Scottish Standard English (SSE) is effectively Standard English spoken with a Scottish accent. Many lowlanders can speak both Scots and SSE and their speech often falls somewhere in between the pure forms of the two (Stuart-Smith 2004: 47). Scots has several broad dialects, each of which differs, at least slightly, in syntax, pronunciation, and/or B. Shavitz 2 lexicon from the other dialects and from Scottish Standard English. These dialects, based on region, are called: Southern Scots, Central Scots, Northern Scots, and Insular Scots (Stuart-Smith 2004: 47). There is no standard writing system for modern Scots, though the major writing systems employed all use the Roman alphabet and the spacing and direction of English writing (Scottish Language Dictionaries 2016: Spelling). There are three main approaches taken by Scots writers: 1) Traditional: Scots spelling is based on the spelling principles employed by Scots writers in earlier eras during which Scots had official status as the language of Scotland but modified occasionally to enhance agreement with the modern Scots language. This system might render the Scots word /hus/1 ‘house’ as <hous>. 2) Radical: Scots spelling is based on a system that stresses simplicity and internal consistency without any concern for maintaining a resemblance to any other spelling system. This system might render /hus/ ‘house’ as <hús>. 3) Modified English: Scots spelling is based on the spelling principles employed for writing modern English but modified to enhance agreement with modern Scots pronunciations. This system might render /hus/ ‘house’ as <hoose>. (Wilson 2012: 11-12) The purpose of this paper is to describe the modified English approach. The modified English system uses the modern English signary (the Roman letters and diacritical marks used by modern English writers) and is based, at its roots, on modern English orthography (SSE word structures, SSE sound-to-symbol correspondences, and SSE spellings of some 1 Pronunciations in this paper are based on the Dictionary of the Scots Language and/or SLD’s Scots Spelling guide, both hosted online by Scottish Language Dictionaries. B. Shavitz 3 words shared by Scots and English) (Wilson 2012: 11). The basic approach to writing a Scots word in the modified English system consists of two steps: 1) The word is composed mentally in correspondence with the principles of English spelling. If the Scots word also exists in English, the spelling may be exactly the same as the English spelling, even if the English spelling does not reflect the phonology of the word. This step leads to some words being partially morphographic since the spelling is based on an English-based sign of meaning, rather than phonology. 2) The English-derived base spelling is modified to reflect (often only partially), the Scots pronunciation of the word. This modification helps to align the final spelling with both the Scots deep phonological representation of the word and the individual writer’s regional, shallow phonetic (surface) representation of the word. The surface agreement element of the modification causes final spellings to vary depending on the dialect of the writer. Even so, the deep representation is still often indicated in the spelling. Thus, the approach employs both deep and shallow phonography. The end result of the modified English approach is an unstandardized spelling “system” with morphographic, deep phonographic, and shallow phonographic elements that is more phonographic than modern English spelling but far from the phonographic consistency of Spanish writing. Since the final Scots spellings are inconsistent, based on judgment calls, and vary from writer to writer, terming the modified English method of Scots writing a writing “system,” as our course title encourages would be somewhat misleading. It is really more of an approach. And, thus, such has it been labelled in this paper. B. Shavitz 4 2. Generating the Base Spelling: Scots Phonology The first step in forming a modified English spelling for a Scots word is to generate an intermediate base spelling by determining how someone writing Standard Scottish English would spell the word. Part of this process involves identifying whether the Scots word in question is shared either in its entirety or in individual morphemes with SSE. If there is overlap, the writer generally takes the English spelling of the shared word or morphemes and transfers it directly into the base spelling. For lexical items and morphemes not shared with English, the writer must translate the sounds of the Scots word or morphemes into corresponding Scottish Standard English sounds and then compose the base spelling from those English sounds using the principles of modern English spelling. Thus, to generate base spellings for non-shared words and morphemes, a writer must be aware of Scots-to-SSE sound correspondences, a matter complicated somewhat by the fact that any given writer will be writing in one of several dialects of Scots. A Scots speaker will know more or less how his dialect’s sounds translate to the sounds of SSE since, as is stated in the introduction, Scots speakers tend to move their speech along a continuum that terminates on one end with Scots and the other end with SSE. The linguist interested in how Scots writing works may not, however, be familiar with the phonological details of Scots and their relation to SSE, so this section will provide a summary. Most of the sound variation among the dialects of Scots and between Scots and Scottish Standard English occurs in the vowels. Following are two tables that illustrate several of the Scots and SSE vowel inventories and correspondences. English RP (Received Pronunciation), the standard middle-class accent of England, is also included for benefit of comparison. The two tables can be compared using the keywords in the left-hand column of each one. In addition to B. Shavitz 5 the vowels in the tables, the overall Scots vowel inventory may also contain the mid front rounded vowel /ø/ and the diphthong /aɪ/ (Scottish Language Dictionaries 2016: Vowels). Table 1: Scots, SSE, and RP Vowel Inventories and Correspondences (Taken from Stuart-Smith 2003: 116, Table 6.1) (The Glasgow Scots in this table differs from the Scots varieties in the following table, but the keywords in the left-hand columns of the tables allow for comparison.) (↔ indicates vowel alternation.) Keyword Scots (Glasgow) SSE RP MEET i i i i BEAT i i i i (DEAD) i i ↔ ɛ ɛ ɛ MATE e e e eɪ (BOTH) e e ↔ o o əʊ BAIT e e e eɪ PAY əi əi ↔ e e eɪ BOOT ɪ ɪ ↔ ʉ ʉ u DO e e ↔ ʉ ʉ u BIT ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ BET ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ OUT ʉ ʉ ↔ ʌʉ ʌʉ aʊ COAT o o o əʊ COT o o ↔ ɔ ɔ ɒ (OFF) a a ↔ ɔ ɔ ɒ CAT a a a a (LONG) a a ↔ ɔ ɔ ɒ (WASH) a a ↔ ɔ ɔ ɒ HAND ɔ ɔ ↔ a a a START ɛ ɛ ↔ a a a CAUGHT ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ (SNOW) ɔ ɔ ↔ o o əʊ CUT ʌ ʌ ʌ ʌ (PULL) ʌ ʌ ↔ ʉ ʉ ʊ NEW/DEW jʉ jʉ jʉ ju B. Shavitz 6 Table 1 (continued): Scots, SSE, and RP Vowel Inventories and Correspondences Keyword Scots (Glasgow) SSE RP BITE əi əi əi aɪ TRY ae ae ae aɪ EYE i i ↔ ae ae aɪ LOIN əi əi ↔ oe oe ɔɪ VOICE oe oe oe ɔɪ LOUP ‘jump’ ʌʉ ʌʉ (ʌʉ) - Table 2: Central Scots, Southern Scots, and Northern Scots Vowel Inventories and Correspondences (Taken from Stuart-Smith 2004: 55-56, Table 3) Central Scots Southern Scots Northern Scots MEET i i i, ɪi TREE i ɛi i, ɪi BEAT i i e, ɛi, i MATE e e e, i BAIT e e e BOOT ɛ̈ ɛ̈ i, e DO e e iː, ɪi, eː BIT ɛ̈ ɛ̈ ɛ̈ , ɪ, ɜ BET ɛ̝ æ, a e ~ ɛ OUT ʉ ʉ u, ü, ʉ COW ʉ, ʌʉ ʌʉ ʊu, u COAT o o o, ou COT o o ɔ, ɒ CAT a, ɑ, ɒ ɒ, ɑ, a ɑ, ɒ, ɔ, a CAUGHT ɔ ɑ, ɒ, ɔ ɑ, ɒ, ɔ, a CUT ʌ ʌ ʌ, ɐ, ɜ, ɔ NEW jʉ jʉ, iu, iʉ jʉ, ju DEW jʉ jʉ ju BITE əi, ɛ̈ i əi, ɛ̈ i ʌi, ɛi, əi TRY ae ae, ɐe ɑe, ae ~ ɐe LOIN əi, ɛ̈ i oe ʌi, ɛi, əi VOICE oe oe ʌi, ɛi, əi, oe, ɒi LOUP ‘jump’ əʉ, ʌʉ, ʌu əʉ ɛʏ, əu, əʉ B.
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