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Double and Triple Modals in the Scottish Borders

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Double and Triple Modals in the Scottish Borders Description of Multiple Modality in Contemporary Scotland: Double and Triple Modals in the Scottish Borders Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philologischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Anthony Bour aus Metz SS 2014 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Bernd Kortmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Christian Mair Vorsitzende/r des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Hans-Helmuth Gander Datum der Disputation: 15/12/2014 Map of the Scottish Borders region Eyemouth Duns Peebles Galashiels Coldstream Innerleithen Melrose Kelso Selkirk Jedburgh Hawick Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Professor Bernd Kortmann and Professor Christian Mair for their advice and support during my doctoral thesis. This research project would not have reached its potential without their ongoing help. My thanks also go to Doctor Christian Langstrof for his suggestions concerning the presentation of the tables and the organization and content of the thesis in general. I am grateful to Doctor Alice Blumenthal who kindly provided me with the content of her doctoral thesis. The presentation of her PhD thesis allowed me to improve mine a great deal. My gratitude also goes to Norma Coquillat who helped me proofread the entire thesis for several days as well as my former Master’s supervisor, Doctor Marc Deneire, who made additional proofreadings and offered me suggestions as regards the introduction of the doctoral thesis. Finally, this research project would never have been complete without the precious support of the inhabitants of the Scottish Borders, who actively participated in the completion of the questionnaires. Their knowledge, open-mindedness and kindness enabled this research to achieve a better level of understanding of this lively and complex dialectal phenomenon. I am also thankful to my parents and family for their unwavering support during this research from beginning to end. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables ........................................................................................................ V List of figures ...................................................................................................... X Preface ................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Multiple Modality in the Anglophone world: general principles ................ 4 1.2. MM Variation Surveys from 1973 to the present day ............................... 11 1.3. Modal combinations in the Scots language ............................................... 18 1.4. Questionnaire survey .................................................................................. 22 1.5. Distribution of the questionnaires in the Borders’ towns .......................... 26 1.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 28 2. The morphosyntax and grammar of Multiple Modals in the Scottish Borders ............................................................................................. 30 2.1. MMs in the 2012 and 2013 surveys: questionnaire, task one ...................................................................................................... 31 2.2. MMs in the 2012 and 2013 surveys: questionnaire, task two ...................................................................................................... 62 2.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 87 3. Frequencies of MMs in speech and writing in Southern Scottish towns, 2010-2013 surveys ............................................................... 89 3.1. Tendencies of use of MMs in the 2010’s ................................................... 90 3.2. Towns investigated in 2011 ....................................................................... 91 I 3.2.1. Kelso ....................................................................................................... 91 3.2.2. Jedburgh .................................................................................................. 94 3.2.3. All the towns of 2011 ............................................................................. 97 3.3. Towns investigated in 2012 ...................................................................... 100 3.3.1. Galashiels .............................................................................................. 100 3.3.2. Selkirk ................................................................................................... 103 3.3.3. Peebles .................................................................................................. 106 3.3.4. All the towns of 2012 ........................................................................... 109 3.4. Towns investigated in 2013 ...................................................................... 112 3.4.1. Eyemouth .............................................................................................. 112 3.4.2. Duns ...................................................................................................... 115 3.4.3. Berwick-Upon-Tweed .......................................................................... 118 3.4.4. All the towns of 2013 ........................................................................... 121 3.5. Comparing the three main areas of research since 2010: Hawick, Kelso and Galashiels ................................................................. 123 3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 130 4. Multiple Modality in Scottish society: Which factors and social variables are favorable for modal sequences? .......................................... 131 5. Multiple Modals and Tag Questions: ........................................................ 136 6. MMs in negative and interrogative syntactic forms…………………….143 6.1. May can ............................................................................................................... 144 6.2. Should ought to .................................................................................................... 147 6.3. Might can ............................................................................................................. 150 6.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 153 II 7. ‘ll should can and used to would in syntactic environments other than the affirmative: ................................................. 154 7.1. The negativity of ‘ll should can in Southern Scotland ............................. 155 7.1.1. ‘ll should can becomes negative will can ............................................. 158 7.1.2. Alternate DMs to ‘ll should can ........................................................... 161 7.1.3. ‘ll should can with negative markers .................................................... 166 7.1.4. Scottish Single Modals in the negative ................................................. 170 7.2. ‘ll should can in inverted forms ................................................................ 172 7.3. What about used to would? ....................................................................... 175 7.3.1. The negative of a hybrid ....................................................................... 178 7.3.2. The inversion of a hybrid ...................................................................... 179 7.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 180 8. Combinatorial possibilities currently acceptable in the Scottish Borders: final task of the 2012 and 2013 questionnaire surveys .................................................................................. 181 8.1. The 2012 survey: enquiry on the Central and Western Scottish Borders area ................................................................................ 184 8.1.1. Group 1: MMs used frequently by the informants ............................... 184 8.1.2. Group 2: MMs which have an occasional use ..................................... 189 8.1.3. Group 3: MMs which are barely used .................................................. 202 8.2. The 2013 survey: enquiry on the Eastern Scottish Borders area .............. 209 8.2.1. Group 1: MMs used frequently by the informants .............................. 210 8.2.2. Group 2: MMs which have an occasional use ...................................... 218 8.2.3. Group 3: MMs which are barely used .................................................. 233 8.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 247 9. Final conclusion ........................................................................................... 248 III Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 252 Appendix 1 Bar graphs (figures 17-25) from the 2012 survey referring to the last task of the questionnaire survey (MMs belonging to group 3)………………....…259 Appendix 2 2011 Questionnaire .........................................................................................
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