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Manual of Modern Scots

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Manual of Modern Scots MANUAL OF MODERN SCOTS ' BY WILLIAM GRANT, M.A. (Aberdeen) LECTURER ON PHONETICS IN ABERDEEN TRAINING CENTRE LECTURER (1916—1920) ON THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY CONVENER OF THE SCOTTISH DIALECTS COMMITTEE AND JAMES MAIN DIXON, Litt.Hum.D. M.A. St Andrews University FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1921 PREFACE rpHE idea of this work first occurred to one of the authors^ J- Dr Main Dixon, in the course of his experience in lecturing on Scottish Literature to his students in the University of Southern California. He felt the need of a book to which he could refer them for details of Scottish Grammar and Pronuncia- tion, which he could employ, in class, for the recitation of our literary masterpieces, and which the students themselves, after they left the University, could use either for purposes of declama- tion or teaching. The book is divided into three parts. Part I describes the sounds of Modem Scots with examples of their use written in the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association. Part II contrasts Scots Grammar with Standard English usage and gives copious illustrations from Modern Scottish Literature. Part III consists of a series of extracts from Modern Scots writers and a selection of ballads and songs with phonetic transcriptions. Most of these transcriptions are in Standard Scottish Speech (see Introduction, p. xxi); Extracts XII A, XIII A, XVI A, XVII A, IX B, XIV B, may be described as Standard Scottish with local colour; Extracts VII A, XIV A, XX A, XXII A, XXIV A, are intended to represent the exact speech of definite sub-dialects. The authors desire to express their obligation to the following publishers and writers for kindly allowing them to reproduce copyright matter: Messrs Hurst and Blackett, Ltd. for the passage fi:om George Macdonald's Alec Forbes; Dr Charles Murray, and his publishers Messrs Constable and Co., Ltd., for the poem of "The Whistle"; Messrs Douglas and Foulis for the extract from Dr Alexander's Johnny Gihb; the Executors of the late Dr John Watson for the passage from Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush; Messrs Sands and Co. for the extract from for permission Salmond's My Man Sandy^ ; Mr J. Logie Robertson ' My Man Sandy, published by Messrs Sands and Co., Edinburgh and London, Is. net. VI PREFACE to print "The Absconding Elder" from his Horace in Homespun; Mr Joseph Waugh for the story of the "Wooer" from Robbie Boo; Mr J. J. Bell for the extract from Wee Macgreegor entitled "Taiblet"; Mr Alexander Kennedy for permission to use Mr Alexander Anderson's (Surfaceman's) poem of "Cuddle Doon"; the publishers of the Dumfries and Oalloway Courier and Herald for the passage from Trotter's Oalloway Gossip; Mr James S. Angus for the verses entitled "Klingrahool"; Lady Murray, Miss Hilda M. R. Murray and Sir Oswyn Murray for the extract from the Southern Scottish version of "Ruth" by the late Sir James A. H. Murray. Grateful acknowledgement is also due (1) to Professor Lawrence Melville Riddle, Head of the French Department in the University of Southern California, for his careful revision of Part I and his many useful suggestions, (2) to the Rev. Alexander Grieve, M.A., D.Phil., Glasgow, for valuable assistance in the correction and criticism of Parts I and II, (3) to the Rev. Robert McKinlay, M.A., Galston, for much information on local dialect forms and middle Scots, (4) to the Reader and Printers of the Cambridge University Press for their great patience and care in the production of this work. Finally the authors have to thank the Carnegie Trustees very heartily for the financial guarantee with the help of which the book is published. W. G. J. M. D. December, 1920. : CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE V VALUES OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS xv LIST OF CONTRACTIONS xix INTRODUCTION .... xx PART I. PHONETICS CONSONANTS List of terms used in describing consonants .... 3 Consonant Table 5 Plosives 6 Nasals 14 Laterals 17 Trills ... 19 Fricatives 20 VOWELS: List of terms used in describing vowels 34 Vowel Table 35 Vowel Systems compared of West Saxon, Scots, Modem English 36 Front Vowels 40 Back Vowels 48 Mid Central Vowel ... 54 Diphthongs 56 VOWEL AND CONSONANT LENGTH 60 STRESS 62 WORDS IN THE BREATH GROUP ...... 63 INDEX OF WORDS USED IN PART I 66 PART II. GRAMMAR CHAPTER I. THE ARTICLES 1. Indefinite article as " airae " 75 2. Use of " a " before vowels 76 3. Emphatic "a" as" a«" 76 4. Definite article for indefinite article 77 5. Definite article for pronoun 77 6. Definite article in adverbial combinations 77 78 7. Intrusive definite article in Sc 6 " Vlll CONTENTS CHAPTER II. NOUNS PAGE 8. Plurals in "-en" 79 9. „ "-r" 79 10. Exceptional plurals 80 11. Nouns expressing time, space, weight, measure, and number 80 12. Singular words treated as plm'als 80 13. Spurious singular nouns 80 14. Simpler verb form in place of noun derivative . 80 15. Nouns intimately connected with family life 81 16. Familiar masculine or general personal terms . 84 17. Feminine personal terms 87 18. Familiar terms of quantity 88 19. Standards of quantity, etc. 92 20. Scottish coinage terms 93 CHAPTER III. PRONOUNS 21. Personal pronouns of the first person 95 22. „ „ second person 96 23. „ „ third person 97 24. Reflexive pronouns 98 25. Use of pronoun with "lane" 100 26. Interrogative pronouns 101 27. Relative pronouns 102 28. "Ilk," "ilkin," as pronouns 103 29. Indefinite pronouns . 103 " 30. Equivalents of " anything," " nothing 104 CHAPTER IV. ADJECTIVES 31. Cardinal numerals 105 32. Idiomatic uses of cardirtals 105. 33. Idiomatic compounds and phrases formed with cardinal numerals 105 34. Ordinal numerals 106 " " " 35. Uses and forms of <Ais," <Aese 106 36. „ „ " that," " those" 107 37. Indefinite adjectives 107 " " " 38. Equivalents of every," each 108 39. Xi&e:s oi"aeverals," "antrin," "orra" 108 40. Forms of " such " 109 41. Uses of "picHe," "puckle," "mair," "mae," "mickle," "muokle" 109 42. Some common comparatives and superlatives 110 43. Free use of " -est 111 44. Special comparative uses 111 45. Special intensive forms ... 111 " " CONTENTS IX CHAPTER V. VERBS 46. Inflections of the present tense indicative 47. " " Use of the're, they vmr . 48. Marks of the preterit in weak verbs . 49. The present participle and gerund . 50. Use of the ' present progressive form . 51. Use of "on," "ohn" with past participle or gerund 52. Special negative forms ... 53. Auxiliary verbs. Forms and uses of " do " (O.E don) 54. " " Forms and uses of do (can) . 55. ,, „ "wiU" . 56. Use of " vnll " when omitted in E. 57. Forms and uses of " sludl 58. „ „ "to be" 59. II II "have" 60. " " ,1 „ " mai/ and might 61. II II "can'' . 62. II „ "maun" 63. " 64. ,1 „ " owe," ouc/hi " . 65. „ „ "behoved" 66. Forraa oi " need" .... " 67. Forms and uses of " to . " 68. Causative use of ffar "... " '' 69. Preterit forms of ftegjim . 70. Some impersonal verbs Appendix to Chapter V: (A) List of irregular verbs " " (B) Frequency of -en forlns . (C) Order of verbs with " -na " suffix CHAPTER VI. APVBRBS 71. Adverbs of time 72. „ place .... 73. „ manner .... 74. „ degree .... 75. „ inference and argument . 76. Some interrogative adverbs 77. Adverbs of probability 78. „ affirmation and negation . 79. Colloquial equivalents for the ordinary negative SO. The negative adverb in meiosis . 81. Adjectives as adverbs 82. Adverbs with auxiliary in place of verb S3. Adverbs of emphasis 62 CONTENTS CHAPTER VIl. PREPOSITIONS 84. CONTENTS XI 127. xii CONTENTS Xlll PAGE v. Braid Olaith. Robert Fergusson 240 VI. Maudge and the Orphan. The Entail. Chs. I and II. John Galt 244 VII. Tarn o' Shanter. Robert Burns 252 VIII. Mrs Macshake. Marriage. Ch. XXKIV. Susan Ferrier 266 IX. The Cotter's Saturday Night. Robert Burns . 278 X. The Resurrectioners. Mande Wauch. Oh. X. David M. MoiR 284 XI. The Auld Farmer's New-Year Morning Salutation to his Auld Mare, Maggie. Robert Burns .... 294 XII. Blin' Tibbie. Alec Forbes of Howglen. Ch. XLIV. George Macdonald. .302 XIII. The Whistle. Charles Murray 318 XIV. The "News" of the Marriage. Johnny Oihb of OushetneuL Ch. XL. William Alexander 322 XV. To a Mouse. Robert Burns 334 XVI. The Saving of Annie. Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush. Ian Maclaren 338 XVII. The New Buits. My Man Saridy. Ch. X. J. B. Salmond 356 XVIII. The Absconding Elder. Logib Robertson . 364 XIX. The Wooer. Rohhie Boo. Joseph L. Waugh . .368 XX. Taiblet. Wee Macgreegor. J. J. Bell .... 376 XXI. Cuddle Doon. Alexander Anderson .... 388 XXII. Faur Waur. Oalloway Gossip. R. De Bruce Trotter . 392 XXIII. Winter. Echoes from KUngrahool. Junda (J. S. Angus) 398 XXIV. Ruth, Ch. I, Southern Scots. The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland. Sir J. A. H. Murray . 402 PAET IV. KEADEE: BALLADS AND SONGS I. Sir Patrick Spens 406 II. The Twa Corbies 414 III. The Dowie Dens o' Yarrow 416 IV. Fair Helen of Kirkconnel . 420 V. My Jo, Janet 424 VI. Annie Laurie. Lady John Scott 426 VII. Maggie Lauder. Francis Sempill ? 428 VIII. Bessie Bell and Mary Gray. Allan Ramsay 432 IX. Tulloohgorum. John Skinner . 434 X. The Laird o' Cockpen. Lady Nairne 440 XL The Land o' the Leal. Lady Nairne 442 XII. The Flowers of the Forest. Jean Elliot . 444 XIII. Auld Robin Gray. Lady Anne Barnard 446 XIV CONTENTS PAGE 450 XIV, Logie o' Buchan. George Halkex ? 452 XV. Auld Lang Syne. Robeet Burns . 454 XVI. A man's a man for a' that. Kobert Burns XVII. Dmican Gray, Egbert Burns.
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