JULIA, ANNE, MARIE PONT Née Le 22 Avril 1975 À PARIS XVI

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JULIA, ANNE, MARIE PONT Née Le 22 Avril 1975 À PARIS XVI ENVT ANNEE 2003 THESE : 2003- TOU 3 DES ANIMAUX, DES GUERRES ET DES HOMMES De l’utilisation des animaux dans les guerres de l’antiquité à nos jours THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLOME D’ETAT Présentée et soutenue publiquement en 2003 Devant l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse Par JULIA, ANNE, MARIE PONT Née le 22 avril 1975 à PARIS XVI Directeur de thèse : M. le Professeur Michel FRANC JURY Liste des professeurs 2 A Monsieur le Professeur …. 3 Professeur de la faculté de Médecine de Toulouse Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury de thèse A Monsieur le Professeur Michel Franc Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse Qui a accepté de diriger cette thèse, pour la confiance et la patience qu’il a bien voulu m’accorder. Je vous témoigne toute ma gratitude et ma profonde reconnaissance. A Monsieur….. Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse Pour l’attention qu’il a bien voulu apporter à l’examen de ce travail 4 A mes parents, présents au jour le jour. Ce que je suis aujourd’hui je vous le dois. Vous m’avez épaulée dans chaque moment de ma vie, soutenue dans tous les tracas et les aléas de l’existence, poussée en avant pour tenter de donner le meilleur de moi-même. Si aujourd’hui je réalise mon rêve d’enfant, c’est en grande partie grâce à vous, à la ligne de conduite que vous m’avez montrée, autant dans ma vie personnelle que professionnelle. Je vous aime. A Nanou, sans toi, cette thèse n’aurait pas lieu d’être. Tu m’as guidée tout au long de ce travail, a apporté ta touche personnelle d’une certaine manière. Tes conseils ont été et seront toujours aussi précieux. Mwem aime vou. A Anneux, pour son soutien et son amour A Cécile, mon maître en ce qui concerne internet. A Tata Nadoune, ma grande sœur par procuration. A Carole, Séverine, Valoche, Alice, Sissou, Alex et Karima, ma deuxième famille. A toute ma famille et à tous mes amis. Enfin, merci à Internet !! Lorsque l’on est loin de toutes sources d’information, cette avancée technologique vous permet d’acquérir toutes les données dont vous avez besoin, même à l’autre bout du monde. Ce n’est pas parce que les choses nous semblent inaccessibles, que nous n’osons pas ; c’est parce que nous n’osons pas, qu’elles nous semblent inaccessibles. Sénèque 5 Table des matières Liste récapitulative des enseignants 2 Remerciements 4 Table des matières 6 Table des illustrations 12 Introduction 14 1ère partie : Les éléphants 15 I. Les premiers éléphants de guerre 16 1-L’éléphant d’Asie 16 2- Les premières batailles des éléphants 16 3- Des éléphants face à des occidentaux 18 II. L’ère militaire des éléphants 19 1- Les éléphants : leurs premières batailles en occident 19 2- Les éléphants dans les grandes batailles de l’antiquité 20 3-L’impact psychologique des éléphants de guerre 21 4- Les différentes utilisations des éléphants 22 5- Ses attributs 23 III. Le déclin des éléphants de guerre 25 1- Les limites militaires des éléphants 25 2- Les parades employées contre les éléphants 25 3- Le renouvellement des éléphants de guerre 26 4- Les expéditions militaires 27 5- La fin militaire des éléphants durant l’antiquité 27 IV. L’éléphant depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à nos jours 28 1- Encore quelques siècles comme animal de combat 28 2- L’éléphant : animal de bât et bâtisseur 30 2ème partie : Les camélidés 34 I. De l’antiquité à la colonialisation de l’Afrique et de l’Asie 35 1- Le chameau et la conquête de nouveau monde 35 2- Le chameau : une monture aussi efficace que le cheval 36 2a- Les débuts de la cavalerie à dos de chameau ou de 36 dromadaire 2b-Du Moyen-Age à l’émergence des empires coloniaux 38 3- Le chameau : un animal de bât avant tout 40 3a- de l’antiquité jusqu’au Moyen-Age 40 3b- Du Moyen-age jusqu’au XVIe siècle 41 4- Les chameaux utilisés pour effrayer l’adversaire 42 II. Les camélidés de guerre depuis l’émergence des empires coloniaux jusqu’à la 43 seconde guerre mondiale. 1- L’emploi du chameau jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. 43 1a- Le méhari des arabes : description, dressage, armement 43 1b- L’utilisation des camélidés au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe 44 siècles 2- La campagne d’egypte de Napoléon bonaparte 45 3- Napoléon influence les autres nations 47 6 3a- Les autres nations au cours du XIXe siècle 47 3b- La tentative américaine 48 4- L’armée française au sahara 48 4a- De la nécessité du chameau comme animal de guerre en 48 Afrique 4b- Les avantages du chameau en Algérie 49 4c- L’expérinece française au Sahara 50 4d- Les limites de l’emploi des chameaux par l’armée française 52 5- Les dernières utilisations des camélidés au XXe siècle 54 3ème partie : Les pigeons 57 I. Le pigeon voyageur : un oiseau particulier 58 1-les races de pigeons voyageurs 58 2- Son orientation 58 II. Le pigeon voyageur : messager des guerres de l’antiquité 59 1- En orient 59 2- a rome 59 III. Le pigeon : du moyen-âge à la guerre de 1870 60 1-L’importance croissante des pigeons 60 2- Le pigeon au cours des croisades 61 3- Le pigeon en occident jusqu’à la guerre de 1870 62 IV. La guerre franco-prussienne de 1870 63 1- Les pigeons deviennent indispensables 63 2- les nouvelles techniques 63 3- Les services rendus 66 4- Les limites d’utilisation du pigeon 67 5- Bilan 67 V. A la veille de la grande guerre 68 1- Les nouvelles races de pigeons voyageurs 68 2- Le colombophilie militaire en France 69 3- La colombophilie militaire dans les autres pays d’Europe 69 VI. La première guerre de mondiale 70 1- Les pigeons sont réquisitionnés 70 2- Les innovations pendant le conflit 71 3- Les faits d’armes 73 4- Un héros : « cher ami » 76 VII. La seconde guerre mondiale 77 1- Les pigeons sont réquisitionnés de toute part 77 2- Les services rendus 79 VIII. De 1945 à nos jours 81 4ème partie : Les chiens 83 I. Le chien au cours des guerres de l’antiquité 84 1- La domestication du chien et des différentes races connues 84 2- L’apparition du chien sur les champs de bataille 84 3- Le chien : fantassin au combat 85 4- Les autres rôles du chien de guerre 87 II. Le chien dans les guerres du Moyen-age à la veille de la première guerre 88 mondiale 1- Les chiens dans les guerres du moyen âge et de la Renaissance 88 7 2- La colonisation de l’amérique 90 3- Du XVIIe siècle à la veille de la première guerre mondiale 91 III. La course à la première guerre mondiale 93 1- L’Allemagne 93 2- La Belgique 94 3- La France 95 4- Les autres pays 96 IV. Le chien au cours de la Grande guerre 96 1- L’organisation militaire du chien en France 97 1a- Le début de la guerre 97 1b- Le recrutement des chiens 97 1c- Les chenils militaires 97 1d- Le dressage 98 1e- Les soins 99 2- Les races employées par les armées 99 3- Les différents rôles des chiens durant la guerre 100 3a- Le chien sanitaire 100 3b- Le chien sentinelle 102 3c- Le chien de patrouille 103 3d- Le chien de liaison et le chien estafette 104 3e- Le chien de traction 105 3f- Les autres rôles du chien 107 4- Les problèmes vétérinaires 107 5- Les bilans de la guerre 108 6- Les hommages rendus 108 V. la deuxième guerre mondiale à nos jours 110 1- Les chiens au cours de la guerre de 1939- 1945 110 2- De 1945 à nos jours 113 3- Les honneurs rendus 116 4- La France et le chien de guerre aujourd’hui 118 5ème partie : Les chevaux 119 A. L’antiquité 120 I. Les chevaux et les chars 120 1- Description du cheval de guerre antique 120 2- Les chars de guerre 120 3- Avantage des chars sur les champs de bataille 121 4- Les inconvénients des chars 122 5- Le déclin du char de guerre et ses dernières utilisations 123 II. Les premiers cavaliers 124 1- Les cavaliers scythes 124 2- La cavalerie assyrienne 125 3- Les cavaleries grecques et romaines 126 3a- La cavalerie grecque 126 3b- La cavalerie romaine 127 4- La cavalerie perse 128 5- La cavalerie des numides 128 6- La cavalerie chinoise 129 7- La cavalerie celte 130 III. Les différentes utilisations de la cavalerie durant l’antiquité 130 IV. Les limites d’utilisation du cheval durant l’antiquité 131 8 1- Le cheval 131 2- Les cavaliers 131 V. La cavalerie lourde 132 1- Au temps d’Alexandre le Grand 132 2- La cavalerie lourde des Sarmates 133 3- La cavalerie lourde des Parthes 134 VI. L’évolution du harnachement 135 1- La selle 135 2- Les étriers 135 3-Les éperons 135 VII. La cavalerie lourde et les guerres de la fin de l’antiquité 135 B. Le Moyen-âge et la chevalerie 136 I. Les cavaleries byzantines, perses et turques 136 II. La chevalerie 137 1- Les nouvelles races de chevaux 137 2- Le développement de l’équipement du cheval 138 3- Naissance de la cavalerie dite « fieffée » 138 4- Les chevaliers 139 4a- Le cheval du chevalier 139 4b- Le harnachement du cheval 140 4c- Le prix de l’équipement 141 C.
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